Coppice Agroforestry

7/27/2019 Coppice Agroforestry

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Creating Multi-Purpose

Coppice Landscapes


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Coppice Landscapes


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Silviculture

The growing and cultivation of treeslate 19th cent.: from French sylviculture, from Latin silva

wood + French culture cultivation.

Both an art and a science. Coppice is one silvicultural practice that

creates and maintains an even-aged standstructure via vegetative reproductionstump sprouts.


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Coppice: from the French couper - to cut

Coppicing is a forestmanagement practice inwhich (mostly) broadleaftrees and shrubs are cut,

allowed to resprout fromthe stump, andsubsequently harvested on1-60 year cycles.

Plants are usually cutduring the dormant/winterseason, but not always.


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Why Coppice Now?From a Hydrocarbon Economy . . .

!

!

!

! !


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Why Coppice Now?From a Hydrocarbon Economy to a Carbohydrate Economy

The real issue of our age is how we make a graceful and

ethical descent from the energy peak.David Holmgren

Growth Tech!

Lifeboats!

Green Tech Stability!

Regenerative!Descent!


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Cordwood


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Charcoal


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Mushrooms


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Fencing


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Dormant buds


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Adventitious buds


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27/68 5 WOODLAND MANAGEMENT


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Diverse Yields fromCoppice with Standards

Nut or timber trees in the overstory (e.g., oak, hickory, walnut).

Coppice on short or medium rotation for fiber or otherproducts in the woody understory (e.g., willow, hazel, etc.).

Perennial veggies, medicinal herbs, fertility plants, mushrooms,small livestock (e.g., poultry, rabbits) in herbaceous layer.

One year after cutting. Five or more years after cutting, ready to recut.


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Winter, just after harvest.

The summer following.


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Cultivating the Meadow in the AirMichael Machatschek, Laubgeschichten, translation by Ian Miller in progress.


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Pollarded Trees & Shrubsin Central Europe

common ash, Fraxinus excelsior Russian & Scots elms, Ulmusglabra, U. laevis

hackberry, Celtis spp.

black and red elderberrySambucus nigra, S. racemosa sycamore maple,

Acer pseudoplatanus

field maple,Acer campestre hazel, Corylus avellana European chestnut,

Castanea sativa

oaks, Quercus spp.

lindens, Tilia spp. black poplar, Populus nigra horse chestnut,

Aesculus hippocastanum

European beech,Fagus sylvatica birches, Betula spp. willows, Salixspp.

green alder,Alnus viridis

common mistletoe,Viscum album

Source: Michael Machatschek, Laubgeschichten, in translation by Ian Miller.


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Shredding


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Why?


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What do you have?

What do you

need?

What does thecommunity

need?

Th Add d V l C i


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The Added-Value ContinuumRaw Material

Fire

wood

Woodc

hips

Ch

arco

al

F

aggo

ts&Fa

scin

es

Mushro

oms

Fen

cing

Stru

ctur

es

Crafts/B

aske

ts

Furni

ture

Art

Low Value/Minimal Processing High Value/High Processing

Fodde

r

Garde

nProd

ucts

H

olid

ayOrn

amen

ts

Foo

d,M

edicin

e,W

ine

Prop

agatio

nSt

ock

Woody

CutS

tem

s


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F l


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Fuel

Hickory- 25 to 28 million BTUs/cord - density 37-58 lbs/ft3

Hard Maple - 25.5 million BTUs/cord - density 42 lbs/ft3

Black Locust - 27 million BTUs/cord - density 43 lbs/ft3

Oak - 24 to 28 million BTUs/cord - density 37-58 lbs/ft3

Osage-Orange - 32.9 million BTUs/cord - 50 lbs/ft3

White Ash - 24 million BTUs/cord - density 43 lbs/ft3

Beech - 24 to 27 million BTUs/cord - density 32-56 lbs/ft3 ???? - What do you have?


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http://forestry.about.com/od/firewood/a/firewood_chart.htm
http://forestry.about.com/od/firewood/a/firewood_chart.htmhttp://forestry.about.com/od/firewood/a/firewood_chart.htmhttp://forestry.about.com/od/firewood/a/firewood_chart.htm


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Fodder


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Possible Woody Leaf Crops alfalfa hay 13% 50-55% TDN fresh: 20% CP wh. mulberry 15-28% 78-95% TDN well-studied (tropics), need ferts black locust 17-24% 53-66% IVDMD good potential; toxic to horses mimosa 17% 68-77% IVDMD low yielding? honeylocust 11-13% 63% TDN appears low yielding (lvs) red alder 14-16% fall leaves lower phenolics black alder 19% not much data sourwood 10-13% fall leaves nutritious! poplar 19% need more data Kermes oak 7-15% need more data manna oak 12% need more data acorns 3% aspen 17% high phenolics?; mixed results mesquite 16-20% high phenolics, indigestible


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Vigorous coppicer, pollarder. Zone 5 hardy. Also produces great fruit in

quantity.

Fallen leaves in autumn also used tofeed livestock on some farms.

Several otherMorus spp., includingM. rubra, a N. American spp! Havenot found data on them yet.

***Absorbs


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Leaves nutritious and highlypalatable to cattle, sheep, goats,pigs, rabbits, chickens, silkworms.

High yielding in tropics:8,000-11,000 lb/ac leaves DM(hi: 35k lb/ac???)

Only 3% drop in cow milk yieldat 75% WM:25% concentrate. Pigs: 15% WM optimal wt. gain. Rabbits: 85% WM: reduced wt.

gain 25% but cut production

costs by 50%. Better egg color, larger egg size,

more egg production with


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Max yield: 5,300 kg/ha=4,700 lb/ac, Aug.

CP: 1724%; drops by 1/3 thru season;still + 20% CP in Aug. at highest biomass.

In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (cattle):53-66%; hi-medium-& up; 56% in August

PollardedBlack Locust Foliage

15,000 trees/ha = 6,000 trees/ac*; 100 cm hi cuts

Burner, Pote & Ares. 2005. Management effects on biomass and foliar nutritive value ofRobinia pseudoacacia and

Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis in Arkansas, USA. Agroforestry Systems 65:207-214. * 32 or +80 cm o.c.

Red Alder (Alnus rubra) Defies Convention


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15.62&

14.68&

14.08&

12.68&

14.20&

11&

11.5&

12&

12.5&

13&

13.5&

14&

14.5&

15&

15.5&

16&

Spring& Summer& Fall&

Crudeprotein(percentdryweig

ht)

Season&

Crude&protein&of&red&alder&(Alnus&rubra)&leaves&through&

&the&growing&season&in&the&Pacific&Northwest,&USA.&&&Data&from&GonzalezHernandez,&et&al,&2000.&&Seasonal&variaon&in&concentraons&of&

fiber,&crude&protein,&and&phenolic&compounds&in&leaves&of&red&alder:&Nutrional&

implicaons&for&cervids.&&Journal&of&Chemical&Ecology&26(1):293301.&

Green&leaves & Abscised& leaves &

CP only drops 10% thru season; abscised leaves have equal CP!! Phenolic content drops over summer: cond. tannins, astringcy: -60%, Oregonin -50%!Protein becomes more available as the season goes on, in contrast to other browse spp. Even fallen leaves can be a key source of nutrition for browsers in the autumn!!!Charts by Dave Jacke using data from: Gonzalez-Hernandez, Starkey & Karchesy. 2000. Seasonal variations in concentrations of fiber, crude protein,and phenolic compounds in leaves of red alder (Alnus rubra): Nutritional implications for cervids. Journal of Chemical Ecology26(1):293-301.




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0.00#

50.00#

100.00#

150.00#

200.00#

250.00#

Spring# Summer# Fall#

Phenoliccontentinmg/gdryweig

ht.

Season)

Phenolic)content)of)green)and)abscised)leaves)of))

red)alder)through)the)growing)season.)

Condensed#Tannins,#

Green#

Astringency,#Green#

Oregonin,#Green#

All#Phenolics,#Green#

All#Phenolics,#Abscised#

15.62&

14.68&

14.08&

12.68&

14.20&

11&

11.5&

12&

12.5&

13&

13.5&

14&

14.5&

15&

15.5&

16&

Spring& Summer& Fall&

Crudeprotein(percentdryweig

ht)

Season&

Crude&protein&of&red&alder&(Alnus&rubra)&leaves&through&

&the&growing&season&in&the&Pacific&Northwest,&USA.&&&Data&from&GonzalezHernandez,&et&al,&2000.&&Seasonal&variaon&in&concentraons&of&

fiber,&crude&protein,&and&phenolic&compounds&in&leaves&of&red&alder:&Nutrional&

implicaons&for&cervids.&&Journal&of&Chemical&Ecology&26(1):293301.&

Green&leaves & Abscised& leaves &

CP only drops 10% thru season; abscised leaves have equal CP!! Phenolic content drops over summer: cond. tannins, astringcy: -60%, Oregonin -50%!Protein becomes more available as the season goes on, in contrast to other browse spp. Even fallen leaves can be a key source of nutrition for browsers in the autumn!!!Charts by Dave Jacke using data from: Gonzalez-Hernandez, Starkey & Karchesy. 2000. Seasonal variations in concentrations of fiber, crude protein,and phenolic compounds in leaves of red alder (Alnus rubra): Nutritional implications for cervids. Journal of Chemical Ecology26(1):293-301.



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Getting Started

Princi les


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Princi les

Optimize light!!!

Identify contiguous stands (orother patterns).

Develop convenient access. Harvest during dormancy. Cut low.

Keep stands dense.

Diversify! Add value.

Protect from browse.

A Coppice Pattern Language


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A Coppice Pattern Language Lone Stool

Swale Alley

Successional Shelterbelt

Pasture and Pollards (withStandards)

Chop and Drop

Nite(rogen) Nurse

Shredded Succession

Hedgerow

Backyard Buffer/Fedge

Copses in Clumps

Sucessional Suntrap

Grown in Graywater

Decorative Deer Fence

Pollarded Posts

Ripe-arian Buffer Contour Cants

Salad Stool


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There are two ways to start


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Planting

- Requires time, money andenergy to establish (esp.appropriate site prep).

- Wait 5-8 years beforeharvest.

- Protect trees from browse.- Manage herbaceous

competition.

- Irrigate if necessary.

+ Provides an optimally-spaced stand of desirablespecies.


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Forest Renovation

- Requires time and energy toestablish.

- May result in less-than-optimalspacing and/or species mix.

- Still requires protection from

browse and some herbaceouscontrol.

+ Once cut, established trees

coppice immediately, producinga crop of poles much morequickly than newly plantedindividuals.


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Which stand proves more promising?

Spacing


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Spacing

Optimal spacing depends on rotation length. Short rotation coppice can be very closely

spaced.

Basket willow, annually cut - 1 centers. Longer rotation - aim for 6-8, up to 11.

Stand Improvement


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Stand Improvement

When planting, you determine the spacing. When renovating existing forest stands, youll

need (aka want) to fill in gaps.

You have at least three options: 1 - plant.

2 - layer coppice shoots into gaps.

3 - plan a selective seed tree/shelterwood cutand use natural regeneration to fill in theunderstory.

Cant Layout


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Identify stands based on similar characteristics: Species, age, slope, soils, etc.

Use access patterns to help define the cants:

Good access is crucial to good management. Balance available land base with annual needs and projected yields todetermine cant size:

Aim to maintain clear cuts at least 1/4 acre in size (100x100) toensure adequate light for regrowth.

Minimize edges to simplify browse protection.

Cant Layout


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Species, Uses,

Tolerances andFunctions

D bili


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Durability

Catalpa Chestnut

Black Locust

Red Mulberry White Oaks

Osage-orange Sassafras

Polewood


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Polewood

Ash

Birch Black Locust

Red/Sugar Maple Hickory Tulip Poplar

Sycamore Elm

Poplar

Weavin


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Weavin

Willow Hazel

Dogwood

Viburnums Alder

Ash White Oak (splits)

H d


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Hedges Hawthorn

Ash Hazel

Wild Plum/Pear/

Crabapple

Black Locust Osage-orange

Honey Locust

Mulberry

Holly Hickory

Walnut

Oak Basswood

Poplar

Biomass


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Biomass Willow

Poplar/Cottonwood Black Birch Boxelder

Silver/Red Maple Alder Pawlonia**

Ailanthus**

Black locust

Siberian Pea Shrub Ceanothus Sweetgum

Sycamore Sumac Elderberry

Nitrogen


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Nitrogen

Black Locust Alder Siberian Pea Shrub

Sea Berry/Buckthorn Buffaloberry Honey Locust?

Elaeagnus spp. Ceanothus spp. Kentucky Coffee Tree

Wet Sites


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Wet Sites

Willow

Swamp White Oak Dogwood

Viburnum Cottonwood Mulberry

Poplar/Aspen

Red/Silver Maple Wet-adapted

Hickories

Tupelo Elm

D Si


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Dry Sites

Oak Chestnut

Hickory

Hazelnut Black Locust


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