INTRODUCTION

Not Feeling Normal (e.g. :- I don’t feel right)Specific Symptoms (e.g. :- physiological / psychological)Specific Illness (e.g. :- Cancer, Cold, Depression)Consequences of Illness (e.g. :- I cant do, what I usually do)The absence of Health (e.g. :- Not being healthy)

ILLNESSWhat does it mean to be

sick?

IDENTITY (Diagnosis, Symptoms)CONSEQUENCES (The possible effects)TIMELINE (How long it will last?)CAUSE (What caused the illness?)CONTROL (How and whether it can be treated?)

5 COGNITIVE DIMENSIONS OF ILLNESS

When faced with the problem of illness, the individual will therefore

develop coping strategies in an attempt to return to a state of

healthy normality…

In psychology, coping is expending efforts to solve personal and

interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress or

conflict.

WHAT IS COPING?

LEVELS OF COPING STRATEGIESINDIVIDUAL

INDUSTRIAL

COMMUNITY

NATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL

HEALTH PROMOTING AND

HEALTH DAMAGING

BEHAVIORS

Health related behavior is one of the most important element in people’s health and well being. Health behavior is any activity people perform to maintain or

improve their health, regardless of their perceived health status or whether the behavior actually

achieves that goal.

HOW IS HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR RELATED?

HEALTH PROMOTING• These are self

initiated and enduring actions.

HEALTH DAMAGING• Behaviors that cause

illness and lead to death.

HEALTH PROMOTING V/S HEALTH DAMAGING BEHAVIOR

Cigarette smoking

Tobacco use

Alcohol consumption

Abuse of illicit drugs

Sexual behaviour

CERTAIN HEALTH DAMAGING BEHAVIORS

FACTORS INFLU

ENCING

COPING STRATEGIES FOR

HEALTH PROMOTING

BEHAVIOR

Health promoting behavior change is a key outcome of many health promotion programmes ; however behavior change is complex and involves many factors.

An awareness of these factors is essential when planning, implementing and evaluating health promotion programmes. It is difficult to develop appropriate coping strategies unless the reasons why individuals and populations behave in certain ways are understood.

These are the factors that influence health either positively or negatively and may include:-HeredityEnvironmentAccess to health care systemBehavioral factors

HEALTH DETERMINANTS

Recognizes the strong influence of society on health and that some group of people, due to their positions and role in their societies do not have equitable access to resources that they need to ensure good health.

Berkman and Kawachi (2007)- Most behaviors are not randomly distributed in the population. Rather they are socially patterned and often cluster with one another.

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

WHO identifies 10 key social determinants described by Wilkinson and Marmot

(2003):-

Social Gradient / ClassStress

Early Life Social Exclusion

WorkUnemploymentSocial Support

AddictionFood

Transport

OTHER SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

GENDER CULTURE HEALTH LITERACY

INDIVIDUAL COPING STRATEGIES

You might lose your friends – analyze the situation in a positive way.Talk about your problems but not all the time.Some friends can take advantage of your present situation and drain you emotionally.Surround yourself with people with whom you feel great and avoid those who make you feel low or depressed.Very much depressed? Seek a professional help.

SOCIAL SUPPORT

Accept the reality and be enthusiastic about life again.

POSITIVE ATTITUDE ABOUT LIFE

TWO CHOICES

Stay depressed and keep on complaining

OK for short term

In long term feeling sorry for yourself will take

you nowhere

Make most of your life with all your limitations

Best for long term

For e.g. :- Cancer patients with positive attitude live longer than those who become very depressed.Same applies to other illnesses and disabilities.

Start thinking about your strengths rather than concentrating on your limitations.

Talk to them about your problems they don’t get bored as they are suffering from same illness.You can learn how others are dealing with it.People support each other.Doesn’t solves the problem naturally but they can help overcome some of the unpleasant sides of life.Don’t think “Y ONLY ME?”

SELF HELP GROUPS

WHO IS THE MOST PRECIOUS PERSON IN YOUR LIFE?But, there can be times when even they can let you down. “THE ONLY PERSON YOU CAN TRUST IS YOU”.So, take care of yourself and keep yourself as healthy as possible.You cant cure your illness but you can learn how to live your life to the best.Do what you like, develop an interest / a hobby.Nobody will praise you for coping with your illness so praise yourself each day… “WELL DONE FOR COPING SO WEEL”.

NURTURE YOURSELF

Exercise helps.But, the problem is you don’t feel like exercising because you experience too much pain, stiffness and lack of energy.However, it helps to ease stiffness/muscular pain.IT IS IMPORTANT TO FIND RIGHT EXERCISE.Do not expect immediate results.Aerobic exercise stimulates and strengthens the heart and lungs, improves body utilization of oxygen.A mere 30 minutes of exercise a day can decrease the risk of chronic disease including heart disease and some cancers including breast cancer.

EXERCISE

64%- men, 72%-women do not have any regular leisure time source of physical activity.2/3rds of older adults are not as active as they should be.Surprising fact- health practitioners do not uniformly recommend physical exercise to their patients who could especially benefit from it; yet studies show that a physician recommendation is one of the fact that lead people to increase their exercise (Calfas et al., 1997).

Diet effects health through an individual’s weight in terms of the development of eating disorders/obesity.Eating disorders - physical problems (heart irregularities, heart attacks, reproduction, etc).Obesity – diabetes, heart diseases, some forms of cancer.Some researches suggest a direct link between diet and illness (heart diseases, cancer and diabetes).Diet also has a role to play in treating illness once diagnosed.

HEALTHY DIET

Don’t go for drastic diets to lose weightVery often people who lose weight after dieting gain it back sooner or later.This is more dangerous for health.It is important to eat regularly.Include all food groups in your diet.Follow a health and well balanced diet.

Salt has been linked to hypertension and to cardiovascular disease in some individuals.Dietary habits have also been implicated in the development of several cancers, including colon, stomach, pancreas and breast (Potter et al., 1994)40% of chances increase for cancer due to dietChanging the diet can improve health. For e.g. :- a diet high in fiber may protect against obesity and cardiovascular disease by lowering insulin levels

When our body senses danger it prepares flee in which case our heart rate increases.Experiencing such states too often affects our health.SLOWER THE HEART RATE LONGER THE LIFE WILL BE.There are several techniques to calm down influencing heart in a positive way.Try & live in HARMONY with everyone.

ELIMINATE STRESS

Prayers have a positive effect and keep you peaceful.They work very much like hypnosis.Make it simple- Thank God for everything you have.Praying is all about making you a happier and healthier person.It is also well known that people who would worship God regularly live healthier, longer and happier lives- this is because of social contact and support from people over there.

SPIRITUAL

COPING AT INDUSTRIAL LEVEL

INDUSTRIAL

SCREENING

THEY GIVE FULL

ATTENTION ON THE PEOPLE

THEY RECRUITE ,THE

Y ANALYSE THEM

THROUGH THEIR

BEHVAIOUR AND BODY LANGUAGE AND THEN

TAKE THEIR DECISION

ABOUT WHOM TO TAKE.

BIO-MEDICAL HISTORYAT THE TIME OF HIERING

PEOPLE THEY CHECK THEIR BIO MEDICAL HISTORY AND THEY DO NOT

PREFER THOSE PEOPLE WHO

ARE SUFFERING FROM ANY KIND OF

DISEASE .

Even if they select such kind of people they keep in mind that they make proper

arrangements for such patients.

For e.g. :- If someone is ASTHEMATIC they will keep in mind about this deficiency.

And they also do have a clinic in their campus area

CAMPAIGN

PROMOTIONSEMINARRECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

COPING THROUGH ADVERTISEMENT

COPING AT NATIONAL LEVEL

TV, radio, newspaper and magazines plays a vital role in creating awareness among people.

Help them knowing about the negative consequences activities such as smoking, drinking, etc.

ROLE OF MASS MEDIA

These are some sources through which we get information.

People interested in promoting their health have frequent access on all internet of health promotion

People can learn how to avoid health problems, and if they become ill, they can get the detailed information about it over the internet.

E-MEDIA

Government apply public policy and legal approaches to reduce per capita income consumption of tobacco alcohol and drugs by creating awareness to buying and using them.Prohibiting underage persons from buying or consuming alcohol.For preventing drug use, the main approaches have been to outlaw possessing. Selling and consuming drugs.

PUBLIC POLICIES AND LEGAL APPLICATIONS

Government promote awareness program to every

class of people through various ways!

COPING AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

WHO is a specialized agency of the UN that is

concerned with the international public health.

WHO

Providing leadership on the matters of critical to health.Setting norms and standards promoting and monitoring the implementation.Providing technical support and building sustainable institutional capacity.Monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.

ROLE OF WHO IN PUBLIC HEALTH

Through statistics we can see that India still needs to invest enough for the better health condition .

SURVEY BY WHO ON GOVT. EXPENDITURE ON PUBLIC HEALTH

(2002)

SCREENING

• Screening : Origin : Medical sciences. • It is a strategy used in a population. • AIM : To identify an unrecognized disease in

individuals without signs or symptoms.• To identify disease in a community early, thus

enabling earlier intervention and management in the hope to reduce mortality and suffering from a disease.

CONCEPT

• Universal screening involves screening of all

individuals in a certain category (for example, all children of a certain age).

• Case finding involves screening a smaller group of people based on the presence of risk factors (for example, because a family member has been diagnosed with a hereditary disease).

TYPES

• Mass screening : Mass screening means, the screening of a whole population or a subgroup. It is offered to all, irrespective of the risk status of the individual.

• High risk or selective screening : High risk screening is conducted among risk populations only.

• Multiphasic screening : It is the application of two or more screening tests to a large population at one time instead of carrying out separate screening tests for single diseases.

• The condition should be an important health problem.• There should be a treatment for the condition.• Facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available.• There should be a latent stage of the disease.• There should be a test or examination for the condition.• The test should be acceptable to the population.• The natural history of the disease should be adequately

understood.• There should be an agreed policy on whom to treat.• The total cost of finding a case should be economically

balanced in relation to medical expenditure as a whole.• Case-finding should be a continuous process, not just a

"once and for all" project.

PRINCIPLES

• Screening can involve cost and use of medical resources on a majority of people who do not need treatment.

• Adverse effects of screening procedure (e.g. stress and anxiety, discomfort, radiation exposure, chemical exposure).

• Stress and anxiety caused by a false positive screening result.

• Unnecessary investigation and treatment of false positive results.

• Stress and anxiety caused by prolonging knowledge of an illness without any improvement in outcome.

• A false sense of security caused by false negatives, which may delay final diagnosis.

LIMITATIONS

• Screening targets the nature of health psychology.- It helps in the PREVENTION of illness.- It helps in the PREVENTION of dysfunction in currently healthy person.- It helps in the maintenance of good health.- It helps in the treatment of the illness.

RELATIONSHIP OF SCREENING WITH HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY