Copies of related papers are available at:
description
Transcript of Copies of related papers are available at:
![Page 1: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Long-term Sequelae of Sub-clinicalDepressive Symptoms in Early Adolescence
Joe AllenJoanna ChangoDavid SzwedoMegan Schad
University of Virginia
Copies of related papers are available at:WWW.TEENRESEARCH.ORG
Collaborators:Maryfrances Porter, Ph.D.Kathleen McElhaney, Ph.D.F. Christy McFarland, Ph.D.Ann Spilker
Farah Williams, Ph.D.Jill Antonishak, Ph.D.Joanna ChangoCaroline White
Elie HesselEmily Marston, Ph.D.Glenda Insabella, Ph.D.Erin Miga, Ph.D.Amanda Hare, Ph.D.
![Page 2: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms as Uniquely Problematic in
Adolescence
![Page 3: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Social Relationship Quality:Why Teens Care/ Why We Care
Links to numerous adult mental health indices• Anxiety, Depression, Antisocial Personality Disorder, etc.
Links to physical health• Self-care• Cardiovascular reactivity to Stress• Immune Functioning• Weight/obesity
Links to Survival
There’s a reason teens care so desperately about their peer relationships.
![Page 4: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Adolescence as Sensitive Period for Developing Relationship Competence
Development of Neural Structures• Prefrontal and Parietal Cortex
Development of Sophisticated Social Perspective-taking Capacity
First experience with True Adult-like Relationships
![Page 5: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Early Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
Concurrent Effects:
• Reduced Energy for Developmental Tasks
• Negative Bias Regarding Relationships/Hopelessness
• Self-fulfilling nature/vicious cycle
Impairment at a critical point in social development?
![Page 6: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Primary Question
How Are Adolescent Depressive SymptomsLinked to Future Social Functioning?
![Page 7: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sample 184 Adolescents, their Parents, Best Friends, Other Friends,
Romantic Partners
Intensive Interviews and Observations with all parties (Total N over first 13 years ~ 3200).
Equal numbers of Males and Females
Socio-economically Diverse (Median Family Income= $40- $60K)
31% African American; 69% European American
Very Low Attrition (98% participation rate in current phase)
![Page 8: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms
Adolescence: Childhood Depression Inventory (Kovacs & Beck, 1977)
27-items based on the Beck Depression Inventory• Screening Cutoffs – For possible depression• Clinical Cutoffs – For likely depression
• Aggregated Scores across 3 assessments (ages 14,15, 16)
Adulthood: Beck Depression Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1987) 21-items
assessing concurrent symptoms.• Aggregated Scores Across Ages 23, 24
![Page 9: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Functioning with Peers
Adolescence: Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden &
Greenberg, 1987) 21-item inventory summing Communication, Trust, and Alienation (reverse-scored)• Aggregated from three assessments (Age 14, 15, & 16)
Adulthood: UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980) 20 -item
inventory• linked to long-term mental and physical health risks• Aggregated from two assessments (Age 23 & 24)
![Page 10: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms Loneliness
.52***
Simple Prediction of Future Loneliness(Correlations)
Ages 14-16 Age 23-24
![Page 11: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms Loneliness
.41***
Simple Prediction of Future Loneliness*(Correlations)
Ages 14-16 Age 23-24
• Excluding most severely depressed adolescents (10% of sample)
Long-term Links are Found Even Among those with very mild levels of Depressive Symptoms
![Page 12: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms Loneliness
.34***
Predicting Loneliness Over and Above Covariates
Peer Attachment
-.11+
Concurrent Depression
.43***
Ages 14-16 Age 23-24
Predictions Even After Accounting forBaseline Functioning & Concurrent
Depression
Gender & Income
![Page 13: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms Predicting Loneliness (Categorical Description)
Loneliness (Age 23-24)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14-16)
Below Median
Above Median
Below Screening CutoffAbove Cutoff
![Page 14: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms Predicting Loneliness (Categorical Description)
Loneliness (Age 23-24)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14-16)
Below Median
Above Median
Below Screening Cutoff
80 68
Above Cutoff
![Page 15: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms Predicting Loneliness (Categorical Description)
Loneliness (Age 23-24)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14-16)
Below Median
Above Median
Below Screening Cutoff
80 68
Above Cutoff
24
![Page 16: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms Predicting Loneliness (Categorical Description)
Loneliness (Age 23-24)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14-16)
Below Median
Above Median
Below Screening Cutoff
80 68
Above Cutoff
0!! 24
EVERY Teen who was even mildly depressed in adolescence was above the median in adult loneliness.
![Page 17: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Limitations
All Based on Teen Self-Report
Need to Begin to Explore Possible Mediators of Long-term Links
![Page 18: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Maternal Relationship Quality
Adolescence: Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden &
Greenberg, 1987) 21-item inventory summing Communication, Trust and Alienation (reverse-scored)• Early adolescence: Aggregated from Age 14, 15, & 16• Late adolescence: Aggregated from Age 18, 19, & 20
Adulthood: Maternal Report: Network of Relationships Inventory
(Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) Total positivity (Six 3-item scales)• Age 23
![Page 19: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms
Maternal Relationship
Quality
-.30***
Simple Continuity(Correlations)
Ages 14-16 Age 23
![Page 20: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
-.31***
Simple Continuity *(Correlations)
Ages 14-16
• Excluding most severely depressed adolescents (10% of sample)
Age 23
Long-term Effects are Found Even Among those with very mild levels of Depressive Symptoms
Depressive Symptoms
Maternal Relationship
Quality
![Page 21: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
-.39***
Predicting Maternal Relationship Quality Over and Above Covariates
Maternal Attachment
-.03
Concurrent Depression
.18*
Ages 14-16 Age 23
Depressive Symptoms
Maternal Relationship
Quality
Gender & Income
![Page 22: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Even Mild Adolescent Depressive Symptoms Have Clear Long-term Sequelae
Key Question: Mediating Pathways?
![Page 23: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Potential Peer Pathway:
Avoidance?
![Page 24: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Social Avoidance Peers
Late Adolescence:
Social Avoidance Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (La Greca & Lopez, 1998) 14-item inventory.
Aggregated from 3 assessments (Ages 19, 20, & 21)
![Page 25: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Attachment to Peers
Depressive Symptoms
Avoidance of Peers Loneliness
Early AdolescentPredictors
(Age 14-16)
Late-Adolescent Intervening Variables
(Age 18-20)
Early Adult Outcomes
(Age 23-24)
.25***-.18**
.25***
Depressive Symptoms
.39***.41***
.30***
Gender & Income
![Page 26: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Attachment to Peers
Depressive Symptoms
Avoidance of Peers Loneliness
Early AdolescentPredictors
(Age 14-16)
Late-Adolescent Intervening Variables
(Age 18-20)
Early Adult Outcomes
(Age 23-24)
.25***-.18**
.25***
Depressive Symptoms
.41***
.30***
Gender & Income
.39***
![Page 27: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Attachment to Peers
Depressive Symptoms
Avoidance of Peers Loneliness
Early AdolescentPredictors
(Age 14-16)
Late-Adolescent Intervening Variables
(Age 18-20)
Early Adult Outcomes
(Age 23-24)
.25***-.18**
.25***
Depressive Symptoms
.41***
.30***
Direct and Indirect Effects on Future Loneliness
Gender & Income
.39***
![Page 28: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Potential Parent Pathway:
Disrupted Relationship
![Page 29: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms
Attachment to Mother
Attachment to Mother
Maternal Relat. Quality
Early AdolescentPredictors
(Age 14-16)
Late-Adolescent Intervening Variables
(Age 18-20)
Early Adult Outcomes
(Age 23-24)
-.14**
.53*** .35***
-.29***
Depressive Symptoms
.22**
.30***
Gender & Income
![Page 30: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms
Attachment to Mother
Attachment to Mother
Maternal Relat. Quality
Early AdolescentPredictors
(Age 14-16)
Late-Adolescent Intervening Variables
(Age 18-20)
Early Adult Outcomes
(Age 23-24)
-.14**
.53*** .35***
-.29***
Depressive Symptoms
.22**
.30***
Gender & Income
![Page 31: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms
Attachment to Mother
Attachment to Mother
Maternal Relat. Quality
Early AdolescentPredictors
(Age 14-16)
Late-Adolescent Intervening Variables
(Age 18-20)
Early Adult Outcomes
(Age 23-24)
-.14**
.53*** .35***
-.29***
Depressive Symptoms
.22**
.30***
Direct and Indirect Effects on Maternal Relationship Quality
Gender & Income
![Page 32: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Attachment to Peers
Depressive Symptoms
Attachment to Mother
Attachment to Mother
Avoidance of Peers Loneliness
Maternal Relat. Quality
Early Adolescent(Age 14-16)
Late-Adolescent (Age 18-20)
Early Adult (Age 23-24)
.25***-.18**
.18**
-.14**
.53*** .35***
-.29***
.25***
Depressive Symptoms
.39***
.22**
.41***
-.19*.30***
The Multiple Sequelae of Adolescent Depression
![Page 33: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Limitations
Correlational not Causal
Very Preliminary Understanding of Mediating Processes
NOT based on diagnostic/clinical interviews
Copies of related papers are available at:www.TeenResearch.org
![Page 34: Copies of related papers are available at:](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070422/568165ef550346895dd91433/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Conclusions
Importance of even MILD Depressive Symptoms Effects Beyond Simple Symptom Continuity Interference with Relationship
Formation/Maintenance – A Sensitive Period? Intervention Implications
Copies of related papers are available at:www.TeenResearch.org