COPERT 4 v11.0 revisions July 2014

Full report: www.emisia.com/copert

ERMES Plenary Graz, 2014-09-17

Outline

HBEFA 3.2 EFs transfer for post Euro 5/V

Chlorinated species

NH3

N2O

F-NO2

COPERT Link-Based level developments

HK activities

HBEFA 3.2 EFS

COPERT/HBEFA Hot Start Base EFs

4

Emission factors

Traffic situations

Engine

power

Engine

speed

Engine map Fuel

PHEM model

Engine maps

Example

HBEFA

COPERT

Remaining differences to HBEFA (hot EFs)

No slope correction for LCVs/PCs

No A/C correction apart from CO2

‘Old’ EFs have not been updated

CHLORINATED SPECIES

Chlorinated Species

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)

Highly toxic, environmentally persistent species

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Not as toxic but usually also found together with dioxins

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a probable human carcinogen with very high environmental lifetime (3-6 years)

All species act through bio-accumulation to humans mainly by consuming exposed species (fish, birds, …)

LRTAP requires reporting of PCDD/Fs, HCB, and (voluntarily) PCB

Main Sources

These species form at high temperature in the presence of Cl.

Main sources

Waste incineration

Manufacturing process of solvents and pesticides

Metal smelting

Sewage sludge incineration

Cement production

Fuel combustion as a source

Current fuels do not contain measurable quantities of Cl, but fuel combustion in vehicles may form such species through

The pre-existing POPs either in the fuel or in the ambient air, which did not decompose during combustion.

The gas-phase synthesis of chlorinated precursors at temperatures over 500oC.

Heterogeneous catalytic chemical reactions on the surface of dust particles containing metals and their oxides such as Cu, Ni, Fe, Al, Zn in temperatures below 400oC.

The “de novo” synthesis from free radicals, elemental carbon and chlorine, catalysed by heavy metals, occurring in the temperature range of 250-700oC.

Toxic equivalency of PCDD/F

New emission factors

Based on literature review

Few sources available

Experimental judgment had to be used

Order of magnitude estimates

Not a single source of HCB emission measurement could be found in EU or US

Low levels?

Even if low levels, contribution needs to be assessed

PCDD/F

Range of HCB:PCDD/F in different combustion sources

HCB/PCB

*Assuming HCB=PCDD/F, but no single measurement exists!

AMMONIA

Ammonia formation

Ammonia forms in aftertreatment devices as a byproduct of NO reduction

Despite emphasis on SCR, ammonia is mainly formed in aged TWC!

10 ppm limit for HDV SCR but no limit for Euro 6 PC!

Ammonia is toxic and forms new particles in the exhaust, even downstream of DPFs.

New solid particle formation downstream of SCRs

Particle formation starts when SCR catalyst starts to saturate

Amanatidis et al. (2014), ES&T

Literature review of recent studies

Mostly US data

Technology equivalencies established

Effort made to reveal the negative role of S (similar to previous COPERT approach)

New and aged EFs values found in the literature

Emission factors expressed as:

GPC Emission Factors

Diesel Vehicle EFs

NITROUS OXIDE

Nitrous oxide relevance

Similar to ammonia, it is formed in aftertreatment devices

It is a potent GHG

Few new studies found in literature since last COPERT update, mostly from US (and Sweden!)

Because of catalyst degradation, N2O emissions increase with age

GPC Emission Factor

Diesel vehicle emission factors

F-NO2

Outline

Review and update of existing COPERT emission factors

Capturing the positive effect of SCR

Checking results with environmental (RSD) studies

Measured data exist in EU (HBEFA, TNO, …)

Some interesting observations

The relative position of DPF and SCR is important!

SCR+cDPF: 50% f-NO2

cDPF+SCR: 10%

One vehicle with only DPF: 2.5%

Different DPF concepts

cDPFs/fb-DPFs: 50%/10%

All such possibilities possible for Euro 6 diesel passenger cars

Proposed ratios

COPERT LINK-BASED (STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT)

Limits of average speed approach

Based on CO2. May be different for other pollutants

Concept proposed for hot EFs

Concept proposed for cold-start