COP 3503 FALL 2012 Shayan Javed Lecture 2

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COP 3503 FALL 2012SHAYAN JAVED

LECTURE 2

Programming Fundamentals using Java

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Introduction to Java

High-level language.

Paradigm: Object-Oriented.

WORA (“write-once, run anywhere”)

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Some languages are compiled (C/C++)

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Some are interpreted (Python, Perl, Ruby, etc.)

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Some are interpreted (Python, Perl, Ruby, etc.)

What about Java?

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Source code (.java)

Bytecode (.class)

Interpret and run

Compilation and Interpretation

.java = compiled to .class

.class = interpeted by Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

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Java Syntax

Similar to C/C++. Variables: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char,

boolean

Field Modifiers: final (“constant”) ,

static (applies to classes)

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Java Operators

Numerical: +, -, *, /, % Boolean: >, <, <=, >=, ==, !=, !, instanceof Others: ++, --, Bitwise operators: & (AND),

^ (XOR), | (OR), <<, >> (shift)

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if statements

if (boolean-expression) {…

}else if (…) {

…

}else { …}

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Conditional expression

boolean-expression ? expression1 : expression2

Example:

int x = 3; int y = (x > 0) ? 1 : 5;

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switch statement

switch (byte/short/char/int/String/etc.) {

case x: break;

case y: …..break;

case …:break;

default: …..}

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Loops

while (boolean-expression) {// do something

}

do {// something

} while (boolean-expression);

Difference?

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Loops for (expression1; boolean-expression;

expression2) {// do something

}

Example:int i;

for (i = 0; i <= 10; i++)i++; // Value of i?

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keyword break

break = used to “break out” of a loop. Rest of the code is not executed.

int sum = 0;int number = 0;while (number < 20) {number++;sum += number;if (sum > 100) break;}

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keyword continue

continue = used in loops. Break out of current statement, but continue with the rest of the

loop.

int sum = 0;int number = 0;while (number < 20) {number++;if (number == 10)continue;sum += number;}

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Methods

Program modularity.

Avoid redundant code! Use whenever possible

Methods can be “called”

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Methods modifier returnValueType name (list of parameters) {

...}

public static int max (int num1, int num2) {if (num1 > num2)return num1;elsereturn num2;}

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Methods - modifiers

public = can be called by any class private = can only be called by the class Also protected (will look at it later)

static = don’t require an “instance” of the class to call the method.

ClassName.method(...)The Math class – Math.sin(), Math.acos(), etc.

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Methods

returnValueType = Can be primitive, class, etc. Even void (nothing to return)

list of parameters = a list of primitives, classes, etc. (or nothing)

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Recursion

Methods calling themselves

Write base case first! Otherwise might be stuck forever.

Classic example: Fibonacci numbers

Integer sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21...

F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2) F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1

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Recursion

public int fibonacci (int n) {if (n == 0 || n == 1) // base case(s)

return n;else

return fibonacci (n-1) + fibonacci (n-2);}

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Recursion

Later on we will look at recursion for other algorithms (searching/sorting)

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Method overloading

Can have multiple methods with the same name. Showed “max” method with ints Write one with double:

public static double max (double num1, double num2) {

if (num1 > num2)return num1;

elsereturn num2;

}

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Commenting

Single-line:// This is a single-line comment

Multi-line:/* This is going to be on multiple lines */

Comment your code properly!Very helpful – to you and others.

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Object-Oriented Programming

Paradigm which uses “objects” and “classes”.

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Used to represent real-life objects or concepts that can be distinctly identified.

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Objects have properties, methods.

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Objects have properties, methods.

Interaction between objects.

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Most modern languages support OOP

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Most modern languages support OOP

Alternatives: Procedural/Imperative ( C ) Functional (Lisp/PROLOG)

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Classes in Java

A template for objects of the same type.

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Classes in Java

A template for objects of the same type.

You create “objects” (or “instances”) of a class.

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Objects in Java

Unique identity, state and behavior.

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Objects in Java


state (properties/attributes): Data fields and their current values.

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Objects in Java


state (properties/attributes): Data fields and their current values.

behavior: The methods for that class

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Examplepublic Circle {

// Propertiesprivate double radius;

// Constructorspublic Circle() {

radius = 0.0;}

public Circle(double radius) {this.radius = radius;

}

// Methodspublic double getArea() {

return radius * radius * Math.PI;}

}

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Properties


private = only accessible by that class directly.

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Properties



Not a good idea to have public properties (for security reasons).

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Properties



Not a good idea to have public properties (for security reasons).

What if another class needs to access/modify the property?

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Properties

Add get/set methods:

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Properties


public getRadius() {return radius;

}

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Properties



}

public void setRadius(double radius) {this.radius = radius;

}

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Properties



}

public void setRadius(double radius) {this.radius = radius;

}POINT OUT THE MISTAKE

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this keyword

Refers to the property of this specific class

Used to distinguish between similar-named variables

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Constructors

// Constructors// default constructorpublic Circle() {}

public Circle(double radius) {this.radius = radius;

}

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Constructors

Special kind of method

Same name as the class

No return type (even void)

Used to initialize objects (using the new keyword)

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Constructors

Initialization example:

Circle circle1 = new Circle();

Circle circle2 = new Circle(4.5);

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Constructors

Should always provide a default constructor. Does not take in any properties

Good idea to have multiple constructors and default values

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Reference Variables

Objects accessed via reference variables.

Example from before:

Circle circle2 = new Circle(4.5);

circle2 = Reference variable used to access the object.

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Reference Variables

Can declare without initializing

Circle circle2; // What’s the value?

Initialize later:

circle2 = new Circle(4.5);

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Accessing properties/methods

referenceName.property // only if public!

referenceName.method(...)

Example:

double radius = circle1.radius;

double area = circle2.getArea();

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Revisiting static

Variables in classes can be static

Associated with the class, rather than a specific object.

Every object shares that variable

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Revisiting static

Example:public class Student {

private String name;public int ID;

private static int numberOfStudents = 0;

public Student(String name) {this.name = name;

this.ID = ++numberOfStudents;}

}

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Revisiting static

Example:

Student student1 = new Student(“John”);Student student2 = new Student(“Smith”);

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Revisiting static

Example:


System.out.println(student1.ID); // Output?

System.out.println(student2.ID); // Output?

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Revisiting static

Example:


System.out.println(student1.ID); // Prints 1

System.out.println(student2.ID); // Prints 2

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Summary

Creating classes

specifying properties, methods

reference variables, initialization

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Next lecture

Arrays (single and multi-dimensional)

Strings

Inheritance

COP 3503 FALL 2012 Shayan Javed Lecture 2

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