Coordinated Research Activitiescra.iaea.org/cra/documents/2008-annual-report.pdf3 3. COORDINATED...

July 2009 Research Contracts Administration Section Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency http://cra.iaea.org/

Coordinated Research Activities Annual Report and Statistics for 2008

International Atomic Energy Agency

2416/D/Rev.1

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................... II

1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................1

2. COORDINATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF IAEA PROGRAMMES AND SUBPROGRAMMES ..........................................................................................................2

3. COORDINATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN 2008................................................................3 3.1. Member State Participation ..........................................................................................12 3.2. Extrabudgetary Funding ...............................................................................................13 3.3. Coordinated Research Projects Completed in 2008 .....................................................14

4. CRP EVALUATION REPORTS FOR COMPLETED CRPS ....................................................14 ANNEX I Total Number of Proposals Received and Contracts and Agreements Awarded in

2008 ANNEX II Distribution of Total 2008 Contract Obligations by Country and Programme ANNEX III Research Coordination Meetings Held in 2008 by Subprogramme ANNEX IV Research Coordination Meetings Held in 2008 by Country ANNEX V 2008 Total Contract Obligations per Country

APPENDIX A Active Coordinated Research Projects at End 2008 APPENDIX B CRPs Approved but Not Yet Initiated at End 2008 APPENDIX C Coordinated Research Projects Completed in 2008 APPENDIX D IAEA 2008 Programme/Subprogramme and Corresponding CRP Codes APPENDIX E Evaluation Reports for Completed CRPs

ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2008, a total of €6 619 993 were obligated for the IAEA’s Coordinated Research Activities (€6 268 889 from the regular budget and €351 104 from extrabudgetary resources). Most of the Coordinated Research Activities are carried out via Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) which bring together research institutes in both developing and developed Member States to collaborate on research topics of common interest. At the end of 2008, work was being carried out on 125 CRPs, as referenced in Section 3 of this report.

1197 research, technical and doctoral contracts and 716 research agreements with institutes in 100 Member States were operational at end 2008. 75% of the funds obligated for contracts in 2008 were in respect of institutes in developing countries, primarily in the areas of food and agriculture and human health.

During 2008, 20% of the Chief Scientific Investigators participating in IAEA CRPs were female researchers. Efforts will continue to increase the participation of women and younger researchers in the Coordinated Research Activities.

Detailed evaluation reports on the outputs, effectiveness, impact, recommended future action, and resulting publications of the 15 CRPs evaluated in 2008 are included in Appendix E of this report.

1

1. INTRODUCTION Article III of the IAEA Statute authorizes the IAEA to encourage and assist research on, and

development and practical application of, atomic energy for peaceful purposes throughout the world and to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information, as well as the exchange of scientists in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy. The IAEA’s Coordinated Research Activities stimulate and coordinate the undertaking of research in selected nuclear fields by scientists in IAEA Member States.

The IAEA supports research under its programmes, subprogrammes and projects that are listed in its approved Programme and Budget. These Coordinated Research Activities are normally implemented through Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) which bring together research institutes in both developing and developed Member States to collaborate on research topics of common interest. Research, technical and doctoral contracts and research agreements are awarded to institutes in Member States for their completion of research work under these CRPs. The IAEA may also respond to proposals from institutes for participation in the research activities under individual research contracts not related to a CRP. A small portion of available funds is used to finance individual projects, which deal with topics covered by the IAEA’s scientific programme.

The IAEA also supports doctoral CRPs, which are designed to strengthen promotion of research on nuclear technologies in developing Member States through pair building between agreement and contract holders. These CRPs include a PhD training programme at the contract holders’ institutes. Two doctoral CRPs currently implemented by the Human Health programme address the improvement of radiotherapy outcome in AIDS cancer patients, as well as quality assurance of the physical aspects of advanced technology in radiotherapy.

Further information on the IAEA’s Coordinated Research Activities, including current information on CRPs and supported programme areas, participation of institutes in Member States, as well as information on policies and procedures and the management of the activities is available on the IAEA’s Coordinated Research Activities website:

http://cra.iaea.org/

2

2. COORDINATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF IAEA PROGRAMMES AND SUBPROGRAMMES

The Coordinated Research Activities reported in this document are conducted in support of the

following IAEA programmes and subprogrammes (Ref: GC(51)/2 of September 2007).

Major Programme 1: Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science

Programme 1.1 (A) Nuclear Power

Programme 1.2 (B) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies

Programme 1.3 (C) Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development

Programme 1.4 (D) Nuclear Science

Major Programme 2: Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection Programme 2.1 (E) Food and Agriculture

Programme 2.2 (F) Human Health

Programme 2.3 (G) Water Resources

Programme 2.4 (H) Environment

Programme 2.5 (I) Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology

Major Programme 3: Nuclear Safety and Security Programme 3.2 (J) Safety of Nuclear Installations

Programme 3.3 (K) Radiation and Transport Safety

Programme 3.4 (L) Management of Radioactive Waste

Programme 3.5 (M) Nuclear Security

The Subprogrammes supported by the CRPs are listed in Appendix D.

Results of the research are available to all Member States and are disseminated through

national, international and IAEA scientific and technical publications. The Coordinated Research

Activities are complementary to the IAEA’s Technical Cooperation Projects, with the knowledge

gained via coordinated research used to enhance the quality of Technical Cooperation Projects. Some

research results are directly relevant to Technical Cooperation Projects and lead to successful

implementation of these projects, while some Technical Projects lead to participation in Coordinated

Research Activities. In addition, CRPs and TC Projects may also be carried out simultaneously.

3

3. COORDINATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN 2008

During 2008, 125 CRPs were carried out. 39 in Major Programme 1 – Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science, 75 in Major Programme 2 – Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection, and 11 in Major Programme 3 – Nuclear Safety and Security. Although the total amount obligated for these activities in 2008 was only slightly more than in 2007, an additional 10 CRPs were being carried out at the end of 2008. In terms of benefits to Member States through their participating research institutes, number of awards and degree of funding, the Coordinated Research Activities constitute a significant component of the IAEA’s overall programme.

Coordinated Research Activities Budget In 2008, the IAEA obligated a total of €6 619 993 in support of research projects under its

Coordinated Research Activities. Of this total amount 75% (€4 937 027) was used to finance contracts and CRP purchases and 25% (€1 682 966) was used to finance 77 Research Coordination Meetings (RCMs) held every 12 - 18 months during the life of a Coordinated Research Project (CRP).

815 contracts and 181 agreements were awarded in 2008 to institutes in IAEA Member States based on careful evaluation of research proposals received. Annex I lists the number of proposals received and awards made by country.

At the end of 2008, there were 125 active CRPs, the majority thereof in Major Programme 2 (see Appendix A). An additional 11 CRPs had been approved, but were not yet initiated. A list of these CRPs can be found in Appendix B. Total obligations amounted to €1 103 207 in Major Programme 1, €5 081 942 in Major Programme 2 and €434 844 in Major Programme 3.

Contracts and Agreements The 996 contracts and agreements awarded to institutes in IAEA and FAO Member States in

2008 consisted of 746 research contracts, 66 technical contracts, and 3 doctoral contracts, and 181 research agreements. The average contract size was €5 992 per annum, about 3.4% more than the 2007 average. TABLE 1, FIGURE 1 and FIGURE 2 summarize all awards by Programme in 2008.

Member States Participation Institutes in 100 IAEA Member States participated in the CRA in 2008. 75% of the funds

obligated for contracts were made to institutes in developing countries. 66 technical contract awards were made to institutes from developed and developing countries.

4

CRP Subjects The 2008 CRPs related to the following programmes:

Programme Subject Number of Active CRPs

1.1 (A) Nuclear Power 13 1.2 (B) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies 4 1.3 (C) Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance

for Sustainable Energy Development 3 1.4 (D) Nuclear Science 19 2.1 (E) Food and Agriculture 22 2.2 (F) Human Health 33 2.3 (G) Water Resources 4 2.4 (H) Environment 3 2.5 (I) Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology 13 3.2 (J) Safety of Nuclear Installations 3 3.3 (K) Radiation and Transport Safety 1 3.4 (L) Management of Radioactive Waste 5 3.5 (M) Nuclear Security 2 Total 125

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF FUNDS OBLIGATED BY PROGRAMME IN 2008

Regular Budget € Extrabudgetary Funding € RB+EB € Programme Contracts CRP

Purchases RCM

Expenses Total by

Programme Contracts CRP

Purchases RCM

Expenses Total by

Programme Total by

Programme 1.1 (A) Nuclear Power 70 100 0 135 451 205 551 5 200 0 9 829 15 029 220 580 1.2 (B) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials

Technologies 57 300 0 86 260 143 560 0 0 0 0 143 560 1.3 (C) Capacity Building and Nuclear

Knowledge Maintenance 57 000 0 47 370 104 370 0 0 0 0 104 370 1.4 (D) Nuclear Science 301 500 913 205 687 508 100 58 806 36 499 31 292 126 597 634 697 1. Major Programme 1 485 900 913 474 768 961 581 64 006 36 499 41 121 141 626 1 103 207 2.1 (E) Food and Agriculture 1 825 438 24 996 445 639 2 296 073 0 0 0 0 2 296 073 2.2 (F) Human Health 1 580 500 655 314 153 1 895 308 0 0 0 0 1 895 308 2.3 (G) Water Resources 145 240 0 53 091 198 331 0 0 0 0 198 331 2.4 (H) Environment 54 500 0 34 836 89 336 0 0 0 0 89 336 2.5 (I) Radioisotope Production and

Radiation Technology 361 884 47 266 193 744 602 894 0 0 0 0 602 894 2. Major Programme 2 3 967 562 72 917 1 041 463 5 081 942 0 0 0 0 5 081 942 3.2 (J) Safety of Nuclear Installations 30 000 0 0 30 000 2 000 0 0 2 000 32 000 3.3 (K) Radiation and Transport Safety 27 330 0 16 874 44 204 0 0 0 0 44 204 3.4 (L) Management of Radioactive Waste 75 400 0 75 762 151 162 0 0 0 0 151 162 3.5 (M) Nuclear Security 0 0 0 0 174 500 0 32 978 207 478 207 478 3. Major Programme 3 132 730 0 92 636 225 366 176 500 0 32 978 209 478 434 844 Total 4 586 192 73 830 1 608 867 €6 268 889 240 506 36 499 74 099 €351 104 6 619 993 Total Contract Awards 4 826 698 Total CRP Purchases: 110 329 Total RCM Expenditures: 1 682 966 €6 619 993

5

6

FIGURE 1: Illustrates the proportion of regular budget and extrabudgetary funding in 2008

€6 268 88995%

€351 1045%

Regular Budget Extra Budgetary Funds

Details of 2008 total obligations by project and type of award are provided in TABLE 2. Annex

II lists total obligations by country and programme.

FIGURE 2: Distribution of all 2008 Obligations by Programme and Type of Expenditure (in thousands)

58 57

361

1 825

1 580

14554

362

32 27174

37 25 1 4747

237

446314

53194

3376 75145

76173586

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

€

Contracts CRP Purchases RCM Expenses

7

TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF 2008 TOTAL FUNDS OBLIGATED BY IAEA PROJECT

Research Contracts

Technical Contracts

Doctoral Contracts

CRP Expenses Total RCMs Overall

Total Programme No. € No. € No. € € € No. € €

1.1 (A) Nuclear Power

A101 1 5 000 0 0 5 000 3 20 044 25 044

A401 6 8 500 1 2 000 0 10 500 3 43 324 53 824

A402 9 27 300 0 0 27 300 2 11 265 38 565

A403 0 0 0 0 2 26 859 26 859

A404 11 29 500 0 0 29 500 1 31 513 61013

A502 3 3 000 0 0 3 000 1 12 275 15 275

Subtotal 30 73 300 1 2 000 0 0 0 75 300 12 145 280 220 580 1.2 (B) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies

B201 6 25 600 25 600 1 24 992 50 592

B202 5 20 000 20 000 1 30 996 50 996

B302 1 1 700 1 700 1 21 355 23 055

B401 2 10 000 10 000 ** 8 917 18 917

Subtotal 14 57 300 0 0 0 0 0 57 300 3 86 260 143 560

1.3 (C) Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development C201 4 16 000 16 000 0 16 000

C202 10 41 000 41 000 1 29 146 70 146

C303 0 1 18 224 18 224

Subtotal 14 57 000 0 0 0 0 0 57 000 2 47 370 104 370

1.4 (D) Nuclear Science D103 1 5 000 5 000 5 000

D104 9 37 600 1 8 400 46 000 2 25 191 71 191

D106 1 4 000 4 000 1 9 985 13 985

D107 8 33 800 1 6 000 39 800 2 31 684 71 484

D201 8 26 800 26 800 26 800

D202 0 1 28 590 28 590

D203 11 74 806 36 499 111 305 2 37 699 149 004

D301 5 28 000 913 28 913 2 18 388 47 301

D303 5 25 000 25 000 25 000

D304 4 24 200 24 200 24 200

D305 0 1 16 888 16 888

* Funded from two programmes, therefore not counted on this line

8


Research Contracts

Technical Contracts

Doctoral Contracts



D401 22 81 200 2 5 500 86 700 3 68 554 155 254

Subtotal 74 340 406 4 19 900 0 0 37 412 397 718 14 236 979 634 697 2.1 (E) Food and Agriculture

E102 12 85 800 5 36 500 122 300 1 18 518 140 818

E103 37 235 760 2 20 000 255 760 1 38 840 294 600

E104 1 8 000 8 000 1 21 856 29 856

E105 26 200 500 2 16 800 217 300 3 101 895 319 195

E108 17 141 500 4 34 000 175 500 1 15 365 190 865

E202 27 218 888 2 16 800 235 688 3 92 266 327 954

E203 25 206 890 7 57 000 263 890 263 890

E302 11 55 000 2 27 000 18 462 100 462 1 3 894 104 356

E401 22 128 500 3 27 500 156 000 2 65 545 221 545

E402 19 139 000 139 000 1 44 047 183 047

E403 20 123 000 5 47 000 6 534 176 534 2 43 413 219 947

Subtotal 217 1 542 838 32 282 600 0 0 24 996 1 850 434 16 445 639 2 296 073

2.2 (F) Human Health

F101 27 246 400 3 25 000 271 400 1 23 607 295 007

F102 22 201 600 2 20 000 221 600 2 27 969 249 569

F104 5 25 600 25 600 2 40 807 66 407

F107 18 104 300 2 11 400 115 700 115 700

F201 34 210 000 1 1 000 211 000 2 43 678 254 678

F202 19 152 000 0 152 000 1 19 610 171 610

F205 2 15 000 15 000 15 000

F206 17 118 000 1 3 000 655 121 655 1 31 145 152 800

F303 42 177 500 7 57 200 1 7 000 241 700 2 35 583 277 283

F304 14 64 500 2 16 400 80 900 1 20 161 101 061

F306 18 73 000 2 14 500 87 500 1 22 270 109 770

F402 1 3 000 3 000 3 000

F403 1 7 600 7 600 1 21 085 28 685

F404 4 17 500 2 9 000 26 500 1 28 238 54 738

Subtotal 222 1 405 400 22 159 100 3 16 000 655 1 581 155 15 314 153 1 895 308

9


Research Contracts

Technical Contracts

Doctoral Contracts



2.3 (G) Water Resources

G104 1 4 000 4 000 4 000

G204 6 30 240 1 11 500 41 740 0 41 740

G205 11 44 000 44 000 1 33 055 77 055

G206 9 38 500 1 7 000 45 500 1 20 036 65 536

G302 1 10 000 10 000 10 000 Subtotal 28 126 740 2 18 500 0 0 0 145 240 2 53 091 198 331

2.4 (H) Environment

H104 2 8 000 8 000 1 15 479 23 479

H203 6 25 000 25 000 ** 3 894 28 894

H204 1 7 000 7 000 7 000

H303 1 5 000 5 000 5 000

H401 2 9 500 9 500 * 15 463 24 963 Subtotal 11 47 500 1 7 000 0 0 0 54 500 1 34 836 89 336

2.5 (I.) Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology

I101 5 21 000 21 000 1 24 702 45 702

I102 9 36 000 36 000 36 000

I103 19 80 000 12 163 92 163 2 57 504 149 666

I201 18 72 884 35 104 107 988 1 19 868 127 856

I202 22 88 000 88 000 1 34 521 122 521

I203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 892 15 892

I204 15 60 000 1 4 000 64 000 1 41 257 105 257 Subtotal 88 357 884 1 4 000 0 0 47 266 409 150 7 193 744 602 894

3.2 (J) Safety of Nuclear Installations

J601 15 32 000 32 000 32 000 Subtotal 15 32 000 0 0 0 0 0 32 000 0 0 32 000

3.3 (K) Radiation and Transport Safety

K101 2 27 330 27 330 27 330

K601 0 1 16 874 16 874

Subtotal 0 0 2 27 330 0 0 0 27 330 1 16 874 44 204 * Funded from two programmes, therefore not counted on this line

10


Research Contracts

Technical Contracts

Doctoral Contracts



3.4 (L) Management of Radioactive Waste

L203 5 19 200 19 200 1 40 509 59 709

L204 10 43 300 43 300 1 35 253 78 553

L404 3 12 900 12 900 12 900

Subtotal 18 75 400 0 0 0 0 0 75 400 2 75 762 151 162

3.5 (M) Nuclear Security

M301 15 144 900 1 29 600 174 500 2 32 978 207 478 Subtotal 15 144 900 1 29 600 0 0 0 174 500 2 32 978 207 478

Total 746 4 260 668 66 550 030 3 16 000 110 329 4 937 027 77 1 682 966 6 619 993

11

At the end of 2008, there were 1913 active research, technical and doctoral contracts and research agreements supported by the IAEA. 94.5 % of these represented participation in the 125 active CRPs shown in Appendix A and 5.5% were individual contracts and agreements. 77 RCMs (see Annex III) were held in support of the CRPs and an amount of €1 682 966 was spent in support of these meetings. 26 of these RCMs were hosted by Member States, as listed in Annex IV. FIGURE 3 shows the distribution of contracts and agreements by Major Programme, and FIGURE 4 shows the distribution of CRPs and RCMs held during the year, by programme.

FIGURE 3. Active Contracts and Agreements by Major Programme at End 2008

213344

917

295

67 77

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

MajorProgramme 1

MajorProgramme 2

MajorProgramme 3

Total Contracts: 1197 Total Agreements: 716

MP 1: 1.1 (A) Nuclear Power, 1.2 (B) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies, 1.3 (C) Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development, 1.4 (D) Nuclear Science

MP 2: 2.1 (E) Food and Agriculture, 2.2 (F) Human Health, 2.3 (G) Water Resources, 2.4 (H) Environment, 2.5 (I) Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology

MP 3: 3.2 (J) Safety of Nuclear Installations, 3.3 (K) Radiation and Transport Safety, 3.4 (L) Management of Radioactive Waste, 3.5 (M) Nuclear Security

12

FIGURE 4. CRPs Active at the End 2008 and RCMs Held During the Year

13

3 3

20 22

33

4 3

13

3 15

2

11

3 2

1215 15

2 28

1 1 3 205

101520253035

1.1 A

1.2 B

1.3 C

1.4 D

2.1 E

2.2 F

2.3 G

2.4 H

2.5 I

3.2 J

3.3 K

3.4 L

3.5 M Programmes

Total CRPs: 125 Total RCMs: 77

3.1. Member State Participation

The distribution of all contract obligations in 2008 by country is shown in Annex II and Annex V. 75% of the funds awarded for contracts were made to institutes in developing countries. FIGURE 5 shows the geographical distribution of all contract obligations in 2008.

FIGURE 5. Geographical Distribution of Obligations for Research, Technical and Doctoral Contracts 2008

Western Europe€400 900

8%

South East Asia and the Pacific

€314 6007%

Far East€550 80011%

Middle East and South Asia€817 42417%Latin America

€782 90016%

Africa€1 178 544

25%

Eastern Europe€640 50013%

North America€141 030

3%

13

3.2. Extrabudgetary Funding Extrabudgetary funds amounting to €351 104 were obligated in 2008 for financing contracts and

RCMs. The obligated funds were from Japan, the United States of America, Libya and the Nuclear Security Multi-donors Fund as shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3. SUMMARY OF 2008 EXTRABUDGETARY FUNDS OBLIGATED CRP Code Type of Expenditure and Amount in €

RCMs Contracts CRP Purchases Total Funds Title

Number € Number € € € Japan I32007

Analyses of and Lessons Learned from the Operational Experience with Fast Reactor Equipment and Systems

1 9 829 2 5 200 15 029

United States of America

J71011 Modelling and Analysis of Radionuclides Transport and Source Term Evaluation within Containment / Confinement and Release to the Environment, for Research Reactors

1 2 000 2 000

T12018 Developing Techniques for Small Scale Indigenous Molybdenum 99 Production Using Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Fission or Neutron Activation

1 20 000 4 36 000 56 000

T12020 Conversion of Miniature Neutron Source Research Reactors (MNSR) to Low Enriched Uranium (LEU)

1 11 292 3 11 292

Nuclear Security Multi-donors Fund

M22007 Development and Implementation of Instruments and Methods for Detection of Unauthorized Acts Involving Nuclear and other Radioactive Material

1 25 798 9 112 000 137 798

J02001 Application of Nuclear Forensics in Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and other Radioactive Materials

1 7 180 3 62 500 69 680

Libya T12018 Developing Techniques for Small Scale Indigenous Molybdenum 99 Production Using Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Fission or Neutron Activation

22 806 36 499 59 305

Total 5 74 099 22 240 506 36 499 351 104

14

3.3. Coordinated Research Projects Completed in 2008 19 CRPs were completed in 2008, 8 of which concerned topics in Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle

and Nuclear Science, and 11 in Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection. A list of these CRPs is included in Appendix C.

4. CRP EVALUATION REPORTS FOR COMPLETED CRPS Coordinated Research Projects must be fully evaluated one year after their completion. 18 CRPs

were completed in 2007: 4 related to Nuclear Power, Fuel Cycle and Nuclear Science, 11 related to Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection, and 3 to Nuclear Safety and Security.

Evaluations of 15 CRPs (9 completed in 2007, and 6 completed in 2008) are included in Appendix E. Work supported under these CRPs resulted in the publishing of about 869 articles and reports, scientific papers, proceedings of scientific conferences and contribution to international conferences, as well as 9 IAEA TECDOCs, and various scientific databases and websites. Detailed reports on the outputs, impact, and relevance of these completed CRPs, as well as recommended future action and resulting publications are included in Appendix E of this report.

Contracts Agreements Regular budget

Extra-budgetary Agreements

12 0 4 0 01 0 0 0 0

30 2 26 0 14 9 4 0 66 3 5 0 30 5 0 0 51 1 1 0 0

34 0 19 0 011 0 8 0 1

5 0 0 0 01 0 1 0 0

45 1 39 1 014 0 9 0 0

4 0 3 1 06 7 5 0 7

17 0 11 2 07 0 4 0 07 0 5 0 03 0 3 0 0

76 7 48 3 610 1 5 0 029 1 20 1 0

8 2 9 0 21 3 1 0 22 0 1 0 0

23 0 14 1 02 0 3 0 06 0 5 0 00 4 0 0 50 1 0 0 11 15 1 0 141 0 1 0 01 0 0 0 06 16 5 1 14

29 1 16 1 013 2 6 1 2

2 0 1 0 01 0 1 0 01 0 0 0 0

10 6 8 1 264 6 48 2 512 1 9 0 027 1 8 0 0

1 0 1 0 06 1 7 0 14 10 2 0 123 0 3 0 02 0 2 0 01 0 1 0 00 10 0 0 92 0 1 1 0

23 0 17 0 00 2 0 0 04 0 2 1 0

Total Total

Algeria 12Angola 1Argentina 32Australia 13Austria 9Belgium 5Benin 2Bangladesh 34Burkina Faso 11Bosnia and Herzegovina 5Botswana 1Brazil 46Bulgaria 14Belarus 4Canada 13Chile 17Cameroon 7Colombia 7Costa Rica 3China 83Croatia 11Cuba 30Czech Republic 10Denmark 4Ecuador 2Egypt 23Estonia 2Ethiopia 6Finland 4French Polynesia 1France 16Gambia 1Georgia 1Germany 22Ghana 30Greece 15Guatemala 2Guinea 1Honduras 1Hungary 16India 70Indonesia 13Iran, Islamic Republic of 28Iraq 1Israel 7Italy 14Côte d'Ivoire 3Jamaica 2Jordan 1Japan 10Kazakhstan 2Kenya 23Kuwait 2Lebanon 4 3

017

29123

148189

5511

0119

1720

01

151553

1513

1121

557

354

1312

49

40109

19158

1027

04

TOTAL NUMBER OF PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS AWARDED IN 2008

Proposals Received Contracts and Agreements Awarded*Country

* Also includes contracts and agreements resulting from proposals received in previous years

Annex I.1


Extra-budgetary AgreementsTotal Total



1 0 1 0 01 0 1 1 05 1 5 0 1

5 0 3 0 012 1 12 0 12 0 2 0 01 0 1 0 01 0 1 0 0

16 0 15 0 05 0 5 0 02 0 2 0 01 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0

12 2 10 0 03 0 3 0 01 0 1 0 02 4 2 0 58 0 7 1 00 1 0 0 13 0 3 0 0

83 0 40 1 06 0 6 0 0

13 0 11 0 015 4 9 1 23 1 2 0 0

12 11 12 0 923 4 15 1 340 3 34 2 325 4 23 0 31 1 1 0 11 0 1 0 03 0 2 0 02 0 1 0 08 2 7 0 14 1 4 0 10 2 0 0 36 0 4 0 06 0 3 0 06 0 6 0 00 2 0 0 21 5 1 0 3

22 0 13 0 033 0 21 0 00 0 1 0 0

13 0 7 0 014 1 11 0 11 0 1 0 09 0 7 0 0

15 10 15 0 1010 1 8 0 28 0 6 1 08 0 6 0 0

Lesotho 1Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1Lithuania 6

The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia 5Malaysia 13Mauritius 2Malta 1Mauritania 1Mexico 16Mali 5Malawi 2Republic of Moldova 1Mongolia 1Morocco 14Mozambique 3Namibia 1Netherlands 6Nigeria 8Norway 1New Zealand 3Pakistan 83Peru 6Philippines 13Poland 19Portugal 4Korea, Republic of 23Romania 27Russian Federation 43South Africa 29Saudi Arabia 2Senegal 1Sierra Leone 3Singapore 2Slovenia 10Slovakia 5Spain 2Serbia 6Sri Lanka 6Sudan 6Sweden 2Switzerland 6Syrian Arab Republic 22Thailand 33Trinidad and Tobago 0Tunisia 13Turkey 15United Arab Emirates 1Uganda 9United Kingdom 25Ukraine 11United Republic of Tanzania 8Uruguay 8 6

71025

71

1271

2113

426343581212

26391921

21211

641

318713

100025

15112

133

621


Annex I.2


Extra-budgetary AgreementsTotal Total



12 39 13 0 314 0 4 0 01 0 1 0 0

19 1 15 1 03 0 3 0 01 0 1 0 05 0 4 1 02 0 2 0 0

1099 219 788 27 1812

United States of America 51Uzbekistan 4Venezuela 1Vietnam 20Yemen 3Democratic Rep. of the Congo 1Zambia 5Zimbabwe 2Total 1318 996

513

1614

44


Annex I.3

New Renewal 1.1 (A) 1.2 (B) 1.3 (C) 1.4 (D) 2.1 (E) 2.2 (F) 2.3 (G) 2.4 (H) 2.5 (I) 3.2 (J) 3.3 (K) 3.4 (L) 3.5 (M)

Algeria 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 000 0 0 8 200 16 200 0 0 0 0 0 16 200

Argentina 7 19 3 500 4 000 4 000 15 000 26 500 37 700 34 500 4 000 0 20 200 96 400 0 0 5 000 0 5 000 127 900

Australia 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 900 26 000 0 0 0 35 900 0 0 0 0 0 35 900

Austria 3 2 0 0 0 6 000 6 000 28 400 0 7 000 0 0 35 400 0 0 0 0 0 41 400

Bangladesh 8 11 0 0 0 2 500 2 500 34 300 88 200 0 3 000 4 000 129 500 0 0 0 0 0 132 000

Belarus 1 3 3 500 0 0 4 000 7 500 0 7 500 0 0 0 7 500 0 0 0 10 000 10 000 25 000

Benin 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 000 0 0 0 0 6 000 0 0 0 0 0 6 000

Botswana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 414 0 0 0 0 7 414 0 0 0 0 0 7 414

Brazil 11 29 5 600 4 000 4 000 8 700 22 300 63 500 60 200 4 000 5 000 32 000 164 700 0 0 2 000 17 000 19 000 206 000

Bulgaria 3 6 0 8 200 4 000 4 000 16 200 21 400 0 0 0 0 21 400 0 0 5 000 0 5 000 42 600

Burkina Faso 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 64 583 0 0 0 0 64 583 0 0 0 0 0 64 583

Cameroon 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 12 700 6 700 4 000 0 0 23 400 0 0 0 0 0 23 400

Canada 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 700 0 0 0 45 700 0 0 0 0 0 45 700

Chile 4 9 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 11 700 50 500 0 0 4 000 66 200 2 000 0 0 10 000 12 000 82 200

China 12 39 15 400 4 300 4 000 29 900 53 600 174 850 47 200 5 000 0 12 000 239 050 2 000 0 7 800 10 000 19 800 312 450

Colombia 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 000 15 100 4 000 0 0 27 100 0 0 0 0 0 27 100

Costa Rica 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 000 0 0 0 4 000 29 000 0 0 0 0 0 29 000

Côte d'Ivoire 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 25 089 0 0 0 0 25 089 0 0 0 0 0 25 089

Croatia 0 5 0 0 0 10 000 10 000 0 8 200 4 000 0 0 12 200 0 0 0 0 0 22 200

Cuba 7 14 0 0 4 000 0 4 000 31 100 43 200 4 000 4 500 20 000 102 800 0 0 4 300 5 000 9 300 116 100Czech Republic 3 6 0 4 300 4 000 16 700 25 000 0 6 000 4 000 0 4 000 14 000 0 0 0 0 0 39 000

Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 889 0 0 0 0 8 889 0 0 0 0 0 8 889

Denmark 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 000 0 0 0 8 000 0 0 0 0 0 8 000

Ecuador 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 000 0 0 0 0 5 000 0 0 0 0 0 5 000

Egypt 4 11 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 8 400 32 200 0 0 16 000 56 600 2 500 0 0 0 2 500 63 100

Estonia 3 0 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 10 000 3 000 0 0 0 13 000 0 0 0 0 0 17 000

Ethiopia 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 21 000 17 200 0 0 0 38 200 0 0 0 0 0 38 200

France 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 0 0 0 10 000

Gambia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 0 8 400

Germany 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 38 400 0 0 0 0 38 400 0 0 0 29 600 29 600 68 000

Ghana 5 12 0 0 0 6 500 6 500 53 711 16 700 4 000 5 000 12 000 91 411 0 0 0 0 0 97 911

Greece 1 6 0 0 0 5 000 5 000 12 000 0 9 000 0 4 000 25 000 0 0 0 3 900 3 900 33 900

Total MP 3 Total by CountryTotal MP 2

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL 2008 CONTRACT OBLIGATIONS BY COUNTRY AND PROGRAMME IN EURO

CountryContracts MP 1

Total MP 1MP 2 MP 3

Annex II.1

New Renewal 1.1 (A) 1.2 (B) 1.3 (C) 1.4 (D) 2.1 (E) 2.2 (F) 2.3 (G) 2.4 (H) 2.5 (I) 3.2 (J) 3.3 (K) 3.4 (L) 3.5 (M)Total MP 3 Total by

CountryTotal MP 2



Total MP 1MP 2 MP 3

Guatemala 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 0 0 0 10 000

Guinea 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 0 8 400

Hungary 3 6 0 0 0 15 200 15 200 0 10 000 0 0 4 000 14 000 0 0 9 300 12 000 21 300 50 500

India 18 32 15 900 0 4 000 12 200 32 100 50 900 159 000 4 000 0 20 000 233 900 0 0 0 8 000 8 000 274 000

Indonesia 4 5 2 400 0 0 0 2 400 19 800 32 000 0 0 0 51 800 2 000 0 0 0 2 000 56 200Iran, Islamic Republic of 2 6 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 29 000 11 200 0 0 5 000 45 200 0 0 0 0 0 49 200

Iraq 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 000 0 0 0 0 5 000 0 0 0 0 0 5 000

Israel 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 31 000 11 000 0 0 0 42 000 0 0 0 0 0 42 000

Italy 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 400 3 000 0 0 0 11 400 0 0 0 0 0 11 400

Jamaica 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 200 0 0 0 22 200 0 0 0 0 0 22 200

Jordan 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 000 0 5 000 0 0 0 0 0 5 000

Kazakhstan 0 2 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 000 0 0 0 2 000 6 000

Kenya 2 15 0 0 0 0 0 108 252 18 700 0 0 0 126 952 0 0 0 0 0 126 952

Korea, Republic of 7 5 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 17 400 44 000 0 0 12 000 73 400 0 0 0 0 0 77 400

Lebanon 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 200 0 0 0 12 200 0 0 0 10 000 10 000 22 200

Lesotho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 000 0 0 0 0 8 000 0 0 0 0 0 8 000

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0 1 0 0 0 26 806 26 806 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 806

Lithuania 1 4 2 400 0 9 000 0 11 400 0 3 000 0 0 0 3 000 0 0 3 500 0 3 500 17 900

Malawi 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 000 10 000 0 0 0 18 000 0 0 0 0 0 18 000

Malaysia 5 7 0 0 0 5 000 5 000 11 700 34 200 0 0 12 200 58 100 0 0 0 0 0 63 100

Mali 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 23 200 15 100 0 0 0 38 300 0 0 0 0 0 38 300

Malta 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 000 0 0 0 4 000 0 0 0 0 0 4 000

Mauritania 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 0 8 400

Mauritius 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 0 0 0 10 000

Mexico 2 13 0 0 0 0 0 52 700 29 200 9 000 0 4 000 94 900 0 0 0 0 0 94 900

Morocco 1 9 2 500 0 0 0 2 500 14 700 22 200 9 500 0 0 46 400 2 000 0 0 0 2 000 50 900

Mozambique 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 12 700 0 4 000 0 0 16 700 0 0 0 0 0 16 700

Namibia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 0 8 400

Netherlands 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 500 0 4 000 15 500 0 0 0 0 0 15 500

New Zealand 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 27 000 0 0 0 0 27 000 0 0 0 0 0 27 000

Nigeria 3 5 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 24 000 11 700 0 5 000 0 40 700 2 500 0 0 0 2 500 47 200

Pakistan 12 29 0 1 700 4 000 10 500 16 200 51 600 93 200 14 000 5 000 20 200 184 000 2 000 0 0 10 000 12 000 212 200

Annex II.2


CountryTotal MP 2



Total MP 1MP 2 MP 3

Peru 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 300 0 0 8 000 22 300 0 0 0 0 0 22 300

Philippines 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 37 800 16 000 0 12 000 4 000 69 800 0 0 0 0 0 69 800

Poland 2 8 0 0 0 8 200 8 200 8 000 10 000 0 0 16 000 34 000 0 0 0 8 000 8 000 50 200

Portugal 0 2 0 0 0 7 000 7 000 5 000 0 0 0 0 5 000 0 0 0 0 0 12 000

Romania 5 11 0 8 200 8 000 14 900 31 100 8 000 0 0 0 12 200 20 200 2 000 0 12 800 0 14 800 66 100

Russian Federation 14 22 21 100 9 300 0 64 800 95 200 7 000 7 500 0 0 16 000 30 500 0 0 12 900 25 000 37 900 163 600

Saudi Arabia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 0 0 0 0 0 4 000

Senegal 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 8 400 0 0 0 0 0 8 400

Serbia 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 4 000 14 000 0 0 4 300 0 4 300 18 300

Sierra Leone 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 700 0 0 0 0 11 700 0 0 0 0 0 11 700

Singapore 0 1 0 0 0 4 200 4 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 200

Slovakia 2 2 0 0 0 8 200 8 200 10 000 0 4 000 0 0 14 000 0 0 0 0 0 22 200

Slovenia 2 5 0 0 0 10 000 10 000 0 17 500 4 000 0 0 21 500 0 0 0 0 0 31 500

South Africa 7 17 0 0 0 11 200 11 200 85 400 74 200 0 0 4 000 163 600 0 0 0 0 0 174 800

Sri Lanka 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 19 400 0 0 0 0 19 400 0 0 0 0 0 19 400

Sudan 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 16 000 23 600 0 0 0 39 600 0 0 0 0 0 39 600

Switzerland 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 0 0 10 000 0 0 0 0 0 10 000

Syrian Arab Republic 5 8 1 000 0 4 000 0 5 000 5 000 4 000 9 240 0 19 684 37 924 4 500 0 0 0 4 500 47 424

Thailand 9 12 0 0 4 000 0 4 000 14 000 92 200 0 0 16 000 122 200 2 000 0 0 0 2 000 128 200The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 0 3 0 0 0 4 200 4 200 8 000 6 000 0 0 0 14 000 0 0 0 0 0 18 200

Trinidad and Tobago 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 000 0 0 0 5 000 0 0 0 0 0 5 000

Tunisia 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 21 800 14 000 5 000 0 0 40 800 0 0 0 0 0 40 800

Turkey 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 31 500 22 800 0 0 12 000 66 300 0 0 0 0 0 66 300

Uganda 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 32 400 15 500 4 000 0 0 51 900 0 0 0 0 0 51 900

Ukraine 3 5 0 13 300 0 4 200 17 500 0 0 0 5 000 0 5 000 2 000 0 8 500 0 10 500 33 000

United Arab Emirates 0 1 0 0 0 5 000 5 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 000

United Kingdom 5 10 2 000 0 0 8 400 10 400 59 500 34 000 0 0 0 93 500 0 20 500 0 0 20 500 124 400United Republic of Tanzania 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 14 000 14 200 14 000 0 0 42 200 0 0 0 8 000 8 000 50 200

United States of America 3 10 0 0 0 0 0 40 500 48 000 0 0 0 88 500 0 6 830 0 0 6 830 95 330

Uruguay 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 000 0 0 12 200 29 200 0 0 0 0 0 29 200

Uzbekistan 1 3 0 0 0 4 000 4 000 6 700 0 0 0 4 000 10 700 2 500 0 0 0 2 500 17 200

Annex II.3


CountryTotal MP 2



Total MP 1MP 2 MP 3

Venezuela 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 000 0 0 0 6 000 0 0 0 0 0 6 000

Vietnam 3 13 0 0 0 0 0 60 150 16 000 0 5 000 8 000 89 150 2 000 0 0 0 2 000 91 150

Yemen 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 400 2 000 0 0 0 16 400 0 0 0 0 0 16 400

Zambia 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 16 400 17 500 0 0 0 33 900 0 0 0 8 000 8 000 41 900

Zimbabwe 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 400 3 200 0 0 0 11 600 0 0 0 0 0 11 600

Total 235 580 75 300 57 300 57 000 360 306 549 906 1 825 438 1 580 500 145 240 54 500 361 884 3 967 562 32 000 27 330 75 400 174 500 309 230 4 826 698

Annex II.4

1.1.1.CRP I21019

Contracts: 2 Agreements: 7Start: 2008-08-25

CRP I21020


CRP I21018


1.1.5.CRP I31013


CRP I25001


CRP I31014


CRP I33012


RESEARCH COORDINATION MEETINGS (RCMs) HELD IN 2008 BY SUBPROGRAMME


(A.1) Integrated Support for Operating Nuclear FacilitiesReview and Benchmark of Calculation Methods for Structural Integrity Assessment of Reactor Pressure Vessels During Pressurized Thermal Shocks

RCM Code: I2-RC-1007.3 End: 2008-08-27 Location: Vienna, Austria

Advanced Surveillance, Diagnostics, and Prognostics Techniques Used for Health Monitoring of Systems, Structures, and Components in Nuclear Power Plants

Project Officer: Kang Ki Sig Cost: €3 410

RCM Code: I2-RC-1095.1 End: 2008-05-30Project Officer: Glockler Oszvald Cost: €6 947

Location: Vienna, Austria

Master Curve Approach to Monitor the Fracture Toughness of Reactor Pressure Vessel in Nuclear Power Plants

RCM Code: I2-RC-986.3 End: 2008-04-09 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Kang Ki Sig Cost: €9 688

(A.4.) Technology Development for Advanced Reactor LinesConservation and Application of High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) Technology: Advances in HTGR Fuel Technology Development

RCM Code: I3-RC-833.5 End: 2008-12-05Project Officer: Tyobeka Mzubanzi Bismark Cost: €22 108


Small Reactors Without On-Site Refuelling

RCM Code: I2-RC-983.3 End: 2008-11-06 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Kuznetsov Vladimir Cost: €31 512

Natural Circulation Phenomena, Modelling and Reliability of Passive Systems that Utilize Natural Circulation

RCM Code: I3-RC-951.5 End: 2008-11-06 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Choi Jong Ho Cost: €27 072

Control Rod Withdrawal and Sodium Natural Circulation Tests Performed during the PHENIX End-of-Life Experiments

RCM Code: I3-RC-1105.1 End: 2008-09-26 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Stanculescu Alexander Cost:

(see footnote ¹)

Annex III. 1


CRP I31017


CRP I31016


CRP I31015 Contracts: 3 Agreements: 6

Start: 2008-07-01

CRP I32007


1.1.6.CRP I31015 Contracts: 3 Agreements: 6

Start: 2008-07-01

1.2.2.CRP T12022


CRP T12017 Contracts: 6 Agreements: 4

Start: 2008-10-13

1.2.3.CRP T13012 Contracts: 3 Agreements: 9

Start: 2008-06-02

RCM Code: I3-RC-1063.2 End: 2008-07-03

Advances in Nuclear Power Process Heat Applications


Benchmark Analyses of Sodium Natural Convection in the Upper Plenum of the MONJU Reactor Vessel

RCM Code: I3-RC-1104.1 End: 2008-09-25 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Stanculescu Alexander Cost: €1 436

(see footnote ²)

Heat Transfer Behaviour and Thermo-hydraulics Code Testing for Super-critical Water Cooled Reactors (SCWRs)

RCM Code: I3-RC-1085.1 End: 2008-07-25 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Bilbao Leon Rosa Marina Cost: €16 252

Advances in Nuclear Power Process Heat Applications

RCM Code: I3-RC-1063.2 End: 2008-07-03 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Khamis Ibrahim Cost: €4 751

(see footnote ³)

Analyses of and Lessons Learned from the Operational Experience with Fast Reactor Equipment and Systems

RCM Code: I3-RC-1052.2 End: 2008-05-23 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Stanculescu Alexander Cost: €9 829

1.2 (B) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies

(B.2.) Nuclear Power Reactor Fuel Engineering

Project Officer: Khamis Ibrahim Cost: €12 275

(see footnote ³)

(A.5) Support for Non-electric Applications of Nuclear Power

Improvement of Computer Codes Used for Fuel Behaviour Simulation FUMEX-III

RCM Code: T1-RC-1093.1 End: 2008-12-12 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Killeen John Christopher Cost: €30 996

Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC) of Zirconium Alloy Fuel Cladding

RCM Code: T1-RC-984.3 End: 2008-10-17 Location: Daejeon, KoreaProject Officer: Inozemtsev Victor Cost: €24 991

(B.3.) Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power ReactorsSpent Fuel Performance Assessment and Research (SPAR II)

RCM Code: T1-RC-979.3 End: 2008-06-06Project Officer: Lovasic Zvonko Cost: €21 356

Location: Budapest, Hungary

Annex III. 2


1.2.4.CRP T14002


1.3.2.CRP I11005 Contracts: 11 Agreements: 3

Start: 2008-12-02

1.3.3.CRP L53001


1.4.1.CRP F41025 Contracts: 1 Agreements: 8

Start: 2008-12-10

CRP F44002 Contracts: 3 Agreements: 12

Start: 2008-12-02


Start: 2008-11-17


Start: 2008-11-17


Start: 2008-10-08




(D.1.) Atomic and Nuclear DataCharacterization of Size, Composition and Origins of Dust in Fusion Devices

RCM Code: F4-RC-1098.1 End: 2008-12-12Project Officer: Clark Robert Edward Holmes Cost: €7 820

(B.4.) Topical Issues of Nuclear Fuels and Fuel Cycles for Advanced and Innovative ReactorsAccelerator Simulation and Theoretical Modelling of Radiation Effects (SMoRE)

RCM Code: T1-RC-1092.1 End: 2008-11-28 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Inozemtsev Victor Cost: €8 917

(see footnote ³)

1.3 (C) Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development

(C.2.) Energy Economy Environment (3E) AnalysisGreenhouse Gas (GHG) Mitigation Strategies and Energy Options

RCM Code: I1-RC-1026.3 End: 2008-12-05 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Jalal Ahmed Cost: €29 146

(C.3.) Nuclear Knowledge ManagementComparative Analysis of Methods and Tools for Nuclear Knowledge Preservation

RCM Code: L5-RC-1027.3 End: 2008-10-24Project Officer: Kosilov Andrey Cost: €18 224


Nuclear Data Libraries for Advanced Systems: Fusion Devices (FENDL-3)

RCM Code: F4-RC-1089.1 End: 2008-12-05Project Officer: Mengoni Alberto Cost: €21 150

Reference Database for Neutron Activation Analysis

RCM Code: F4-RC-999.3 End: 2008-11-19

Atomic and Molecular Data for Plasma Modelling

Project Officer: Kellett Mark Adrian Cost: €9 985

RCM Code: F4-RC-993.3 End: 2008-11-19Project Officer: Humbert Denis Pierre Cost: €17 371


Updated Decay Data Library for Actinides

RCM Code: F4-RC-1002.3 End: 2008-10-10 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Kellett Mark Adrian Cost: €10 533

1.4 (D) Nuclear Science

Annex III. 3


1.4.2.CRP T12018


CRP T12020


CRP J71013


1.4.3.CRP F12018


CRP F12019


CRP T14002


1.4.4.CRP F13010 Contracts: 8 Agreements: 5

Start: 2008-10-20


Start: 2008-05-19

Project Officer: Shokr Amgad Mohamed Amin Cost: €28 590

Accelerator Simulation and Theoretical Modelling of Radiation Effects (SMoRE)

RCM Code: T1-RC-1092.1***

(see footnote ³)

(D.2.) Research ReactorsDeveloping Techniques for Small Scale Indigenous Molybdenum 99 Production Using Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Fission or Neutron Activation

RCM Code: T1-RC-1013.3 End: 2008-10-16 Location: Columbia, USAProject Officer: Goldman Ira Neal Cost: €22 125

Conversion of Miniature Neutron Source Research Reactors (MNSR) to Low Enriched Uranium (LEU)

RCM Code: T1-RC-1043.2 End: 2008-05-15 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Adelfang Pablo Cost: €15 575

(D.3.) Accelerators and Nuclear Spectrometry for Materials Science and Analytical ApplicationsDevelopment of Harmonized QA/AC Procedures for Maintenance and Repair of Nuclear Instruments

(see footnote ⁴)

Innovative Methods in Research Reactor Analysis: Benchmark against Experimental Data on Neutronics and Thermalhydraulic Computational Methods and Tools for Operation and Safety Analysis of Research Reactors

RCM Code: J7-RC-1111.1 End: 2008-12-05 Location: Vienna, Austria

RCM Code: F1-RC-1004.3 End: 2008-12-04Project Officer: Muelhauser Francoise Cost: €16 888

Location: Mexico City, Mexico

Development of Nuclear Microprobe Techniques for the Quantitative Analysis of Individual Microparticles

RCM Code: F1-RC-998.3 End: 2008-09-19 Location: Lisbon, PortugalProject Officer: Dytlewski Nikolai Cost: €7 428

(D.4.) Nuclear Fusion ResearchJoint Research Using Small Tokamaks

End: 2008-11-28 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Inozemtsev Victor Cost: €10 960

RCM Code: F1-RC-963.3 End: 2008-10-24Project Officer: Louzeiro Malaquias Artur Jorge Cost: €25 770


Pathways to Energy from Inertial Fusion - An Integrated Approach

RCM Code: F1-RC-1032.2 End: 2008-05-23 Location: Prague, Czech RepublicProject Officer: Mank Guenter Cost: €26 333

Annex III. 4


CRP F13012


2.1.1.CRP D12010


CRP D12008


CRP D23024


CRP D23026


CRP D23027


CRP D15010


CRP D15009 Contracts: 9 Agreements: 1

Start: 2008-04-14

Integrated Approach to Dense Magnetized Plasma Applications in Nuclear Fusion Technology

RCM Code: F1-RC-1087.1 End: 2008-04-10 Location: Trieste, ItalyProject Officer: Mank Guenter Cost: €16 451

(E.1.) Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production SystemsStrategic Placement and Area-Wide Evaluation of Water Conservation Zones in Agricultural Catchments for Biomass Production, Water Quality and Food Security

RCM Code: D1-RC-1112.1 End: 2008-12-19 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Heng Lee Kheng Cost: €15 365

Selection for Greater Agronomic Water-Use Efficiency in Wheat and Rice Using Carbon Isotope Discrimination

RCM Code: D1-RC-943.4 End: 2008-11-07 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Heng Lee Kheng Cost: €32 517

Physical Mapping Technologies for the Identification and Characterization of Mutated Genes Contributing to Crop Quality

RCM Code: D2-RC-899.4 End: 2008-08-15 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Lokko Yvonne Rosaline Cost: €21 856

Identification and Pyramiding of Mutated Genes: Novel Approaches for Improving Crop Tolerance to Salinity and Drought

RCM Code: D2-RC-972.3 End: 2008-08-16 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Spencer Marie Madeleine Cost: €45 684

Molecular Tools for Quality Improvement in Vegetatively Propagated Crops Including Banana and Cassava

RCM Code: D2-RC-990.3 End: 2008-08-16 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Mba Romuald Emma Chikelu Cost: €38 840

Selection and Evaluation of Food (Cereal and Legume) Crop Genotypes Tolerant to Low Nitrogen and Phosphorus Soils through the Use of Isotopic and Nuclear-Related Techniques

RCM Code: D1-RC-1031.2 End: 2008-04-25 Location: Morelia, MexicoProject Officer: Adu-Gyamfi Joseph Jackson Cost: €23 694

Integrated Soil, Water and Nutrient Management in Conservation Agriculture

RCM Code: D1-RC-974.3 End: 2008-04-18 Location: Ankara, TurkeyProject Officer: Dercon Gerd Cost: €18 518

2.1 (E) Food and Agriculture

Annex III. 5


2.1.2.CRP D32025



Start: 2008-04-21

CRP D32026


2.1.3.CRP K41010


2.1.4.CRP D42010



Start: 2008-08-18


Start: 2008-08-18

CRP D41020


(E.3.) Improving Food and Environmental SafetyApplications of Radiotracer and Radioassay Technologies to Seafood Safety Assessment

RCM Code: K4-RC-1044.2 End: 2008-12-12

(E.2.) Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production SystemsThe Early and Rapid Diagnosis of Transboundary Animal Diseases: Phase I - Avian Influenza

RCM Code: D3-RC-1049.2 End: 2008-11-28Project Officer: Crowther John Cost: €36 047

Location: Beijing, China

Control of Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP)

RCM Code: D3-RC-1024.2 End: 2008-04-25 Location: Bamako, MaliProject Officer: Unger Hermann Cost: €25 770

The Early and Sensitive Diagnosis and Control of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)

RCM Code: D3-RC-1086.1 End: 2008-04-04 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Unger Hermann Cost: €30 449

(E.4.) Sustainable control of major insect pestsImproved and Harmonized Quality Control for Expanded Tsetse Production, Sterilization and Field Application

Location: ICTP, Trieste, ItalyProject Officer: Jeffree Ross Anthony Cost: €3 894

(see footnote ³)

RCM Code: D4-RC-919.4 End: 2008-10-17Project Officer: Feldmann Udo Cost: €19 521

Location: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Molecular Technologies to Improve the Effectiveness of SIT

RCM Code: D4-RC-931.4 End: 2008-08-22 Location: Antigua, Guatemala

RCM Code: D4-RC-1102.1 End: 2008-08-22

Project Officer: Hendrichs Jorge Cost: €27 694

Improving Sterile Male Performance in Fruit Fly Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) Programmes

Applying GIS and Population Genetics for Managing Livestock Insect Pests

Project Officer: Feldmann Udo Cost: €23 892

Cost: €44 047 Location: Valencia, Spain

Project Officer: Hendrichs JorgeRCM Code: D4-RC-947.3 End: 2008-04-05


Annex III. 6


CRP D41021


2.2.1.CRP E43021


CRP E43017


CRP G34002 Contracts: 9 Agreements: 6

Start: 2008-07-14

CRP E43019


CRP G34001


2.2.2.CRP E15020


CRP E13033


End: 2008-04-05

Development of Mass Rearing for New World (Anastrepha) and Asian (Bactrocera) Fruit Fly Pests in Support of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)

Location: Valencia, Spain

RCM Code: E4-RC-1108.1 End: 2008-12-19

(F.1.) Nutrition and Infectious Disease Prevention and ControlFood Fortification and Biofortification to Improve Micronutrients Status During Early Life


RCM Code: D4-RC-968.3

RCM Code: E4-RC-1021.2 End: 2008-08-14Project Officer: Davidsson Lena Margareta Cost: €10 439

RCM Code: G3-RC-1100.1 End: 2008-07-18Project Officer: Benedict Mark Quentin Cost: €27 719

Body Fat and its Relationship with Metabolic Syndrome Indicators in Overweight Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents

RCM Code: E4-RC-1016.2 End: 2008-03-19 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Slater Christine Cost: €23 608

Development of Standardised Mass Rearing Systems for Male Anopheles Arabiensis Mosquitoes

RCM Code: G3-RC-1084.2 End: 2008-03-20 Location: Ghent, BelgiumProject Officer: Benedict Mark Quentin Cost: €13 087

(F.2.) Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic ImagingApplication of FDG-PET and Molecular Gene Profiling for Risk Stratification of Diffuse Large B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Different Ethnic Populations

RCM Code: E1-RC-1036.2 End: 2008-11-14Project Officer: Khan Baldip Kaur Cost: €19 610

Location: Ankara, Turkey

Evaluation of the Biological Safety and Clinical Efficacy of 177 Lu-EDTMP for Bone Pain Palliation in Metastatic Prostate Cancer (PhaseI/II Clinical Trial)

RCM Code: E1-RC-1065.2 End: 2008-10-24 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Zaknun John Cost: €31 145

Project Officer: Hendrichs Jorge Cost: €37 851




Biology of Male Mosquitoes in Relation to Genetic Control Programmes

Assessment of Nutrients Uptake from Biofortified Crops in Populations from Developing Countries

Project Officer: Hyder S.M. Ziauddin Cost: €17 530

Annex III. 7


CRP E13031


CRP E13029


2.2.3.CRP E33032


CRP E33025 Contracts: 10 Agreements: 2

Start: 2008-10-13

CRP E33026


CRP E33029 Contracts: 14 Agreements: 0

Start: 2008-02-13

2.2.4.CRP E21006


CRP E24015


Role of Nuclear Cardiology Techniques in Ischemia Assessment with Exercise Imaging in Asymptomatic Diabetes

RCM Code: E1-RC-1022.2 End: 2008-07-11 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Dondi Maurizio Cost: €33 493

Evaluation of a Single Utilization of Pulmonary Perfusion Scintigraphy in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism

RCM Code: E1-RC-961.3 End: 2008-05-29 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Watanabe Naoyuki Cost: €10 185

(F.3.) Radiation Oncology and Cancer TreatmentImproving Outcomes in Radiotherapy using Novel Biotechnologies: Modification of Tissue Reactions and the Use of Stem Cell Therapeutics

RCM Code: E3-RC-1109.1 End: 2008-12-03Project Officer: Wondergem Jan Cost: €20 161


Resource Sparing Curative Treatment in Breast Cancer

RCM Code: E3-RC-1012.2 End: 2008-10-16 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Rosenblatt Eduardo Cost: €21 470

Clinical/Radiobiological Study on Viral-Induced Cancers’ Response to Radiotherapy, with Comprehensive Morbidity Assessment

RCM Code: E3-RC-1038.2 End: 2008-09-10 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Zubizarreta Eduardo Hernan Cost: €14 113

Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

RCM Code: E3-RC-1083.1 End: 2008-02-15 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Jeremic Branislav Cost: €22 270

(F.4.) Quality Assurance and Metrology in Radiation MedicineTesting of the Implementation of the Code of Practice for Dosimetry in X-Ray Diagnostic Radiology

RCM Code: E2-RC-1011.3 End: 2008-11-14Project Officer: McLean Ian Donald Cost: €21 085


Doctoral CRP on Quality Assurance of the Physical Aspects of Advanced Technology in Radiotherapy

RCM Code: E2-RC-1094.1 End: 2008-09-12 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Meghzifene Ahmed Cost: €28 238

Annex III. 8


2.3.2.CRP F33016


CRP F32004


2.4.1.CRP K41011


2.4.2.CRP K41010


2.4.4.CRP K41011


2.5.1.CRP F22047


CRP F22042


Project Officer: Osvath Iolanda Cost: €15 463

(see footnote ³)

Benchmarking Calibration for Low-Level Gamma Spectrometric Measurements of Environmental Samples

RCM Code: K4-RC-1096.1 End: 2008-12-05 Location: NAML, Monaco

(H.4.) Supporting Analytical Laboratory Performance


(G.2.) Isotope Methods for the Improved Understanding of the Water CycleGeostatistical Analysis of Spatial Isotope Variability to Map the Sources of Water for Hydrology Studies

RCM Code: F3-RC-1033.2 End: 2008-10-09 Location: Vienna, Austria

Isotopic Techniques for Assessment of Hydrological Processes in Wetlands

Project Officer: Araguas Araguas Luis Jesus Cost: €20 036

RCM Code: F3-RC-1035.2 End: 2008-09-12Project Officer: Ito Mari Cost: €33 055


2.4 (H) Environment

(H.1.) Marine Environmental and Radiological Assessment (MERA)Benchmarking Calibration for Low-Level Gamma Spectrometric Measurements of Environmental Samples

RCM Code: K4-RC-1096.1 End: 2008-12-05 Location: NAML, Monaco

(H.2.) Radioecological and Isotopic Solutions for Coastal Marine Problems (RISCMAR)

Project Officer: Osvath Iolanda Cost: €15 479

(see footnote ³)

Applications of Radiotracer and Radioassay Technologies to Seafood Safety Assessment

RCM Code: K4-RC-1044.2 End: 2008-12-12 Location: ICTP, Trieste, ItalyProject Officer: Jeffree Ross Anthony Cost: €3 894

(see footnote ³)

(I.1.) Development of Radioisotope Products for Medical and Industrial ApplicationsDevelopment of Radiopharmaceuticals Based on 188Re and 90Y for Radionuclide Therapy

RCM Code: F2-RC-1088.1 End: 2008-07-04 Location: Warsaw, Poland

Development of Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals Based on 177Lu for Radionuclide Therapy

Project Officer: Pillai Maroor Raghavan Ambi Cost: €21 610

RCM Code: F2-RC-1037.2 End: 2008-05-30Project Officer: Pillai Maroor Raghavan Ambi Cost: €35 895

Location: Milan, Italy

2.5 (I) Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology

Annex III. 9


CRP F22041


2.5.2.CRP F23023


CRP F23024



Start: 2008-07-14

CRP F22046


3.2.6.CRP J71013


3.3.4.CRP J13011


Improved High Current Liquid and Gas Targets for Cyclotron Produced Radioisotopes

RCM Code: F2-RC-1025.2 End: 2008-03-07 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Haji-Saeid Seyed Mohammad Cost: €24 702

(I.2.) Radiation technology support for cleaner industrial processes and material analysis and developmentApplications of Nuclear Analytical Techniques to Investigate the Authenticity of Art Objects

RCM Code: F2-RC-971.3 End: 2008-11-07Project Officer: Haji-Saeid Seyed Mohammad Cost: €41 257

Location: Cuzco, Peru

Electron Beam Treatment of Organic Pollutants Contained in Gaseous Streams

RCM Code: F2-RC-975.3 End: 2008-09-19 Location: Zubrowka, PolandProject Officer: Sampa Maria Helena Cost: €15 892

Validation of Tracers and Software for Inter-Well Investigations

RCM Code: F2-RC-962.3 End: 2008-07-18 Location: Vienna, Austria

Development of Radiation-Processed Products of Natural Polymers for Application in Agriculture, Healthcare, Industry and Environment

Project Officer: Jin Joon Ha Cost: €19 868

RCM Code: F2-RC-1091.1 End: 2008-04-25Project Officer: Safrany Agnes Cost: €34 520



(J.6.) Safety of Research Reactors and Fuel Cycle FacilitiesInnovative Methods in Research Reactor Analysis: Benchmark against Experimental Data on Neutronics and Thermalhydraulic Computational Methods and Tools for Operation and Safety Analysis of Research Reactors

RCM Code: J7-RC-1111.1 End: 2008-12-05 Location: Vienna, AustriaProject Officer: Shokr Amgad Mohamed Amin Cost:

(see footnote ⁴)

Cost: €16 874


(K.6.) Safety of the Transport of Radioactive MaterialThe Appropriate Level of Regulatory Control for the Safe Transport of Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)

Project Officer: Varley Kasturi KalyaneeRCM Code: J1-RC-1045.2 End: 2008-02-29 Location: Vienna, Austria

Annex III. 10


3.4.2.CRP T21025


CRP T23015 Contracts: 6 Agreements: 2

Start: 2008-06-02

CRP T21024


3.5.3.CRP J02001


CRP M22007



Project Officer: Drace Zoran Cost: €40 510

Upgrading of Near Surface Disposal Facilities

RCM Code: T2-RC-1133.1 End: 2008-06-06 Location: Kiev, UkraineCost: €10 709

RCM Code: T2-RC-1014.2 End: 2008-05-23

The Use of Numerical Models in Support of Site Characterization and Performance Assessment Studies of Geologic Repositories

(M.3) Detecting and Responding to Malicious Activities involving Nuclear and other Radioactive Material

Project Officer: Neerdael Bernard A. G. Cost: €24 543


Application of Nuclear Forensics in Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and other Radioactive Materials

RCM Code: J0-RC-1090.1 End: 2008-12-12 Location: Vienna, Austria

Development and Implementation of Instruments and Methods for Detection of Unauthorized Acts Involving Nuclear and other Radioactive Material

Location: Vienna, AustriaRCM Code: M2-RC-1097.1 End: 2008-07-18Project Officer: Colgan Peter John Cost: €25 798

Project Officer: Nogueira de Oliveira Carlos Alberto Cost: €7 180

RCM Code: T2-RC-1040.2 End: 2008-11-28

Location: Daejon, Korea

Project Officer: Nachmilner Lumir

Location: Bucharest, Romania

(L.2.) Management and Disposal of all Types of Radioactive WasteBehaviour of Cementitious Materials in Long Term Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste

Total RCMs Cost: €1 682 966

¹ All participants attended the RCM at their own expense; thus RCM cost free for the IAEA.

Total Number of RCMs: 77

² Only one participant attended the RCM at the IAEA's cost; all other participants were cost free for the IAEA.

³ The RCMs for CRPs I31015, T14002, K41011 and K41010 were funded jointly and are thus shown under each funding programme.⁴RCM funded totally from Programme D2.

Annex III. 11

RESEARCH COORDINATION MEETINGS HELD IN 2008 BY COUNTRY

Country Number of Meetings

Belgium 1

China 1

Czech Republic 1

Ethiopia 1

Guatemala 1

Hungary 1

Italy 3

Korea, Republic of 2

Mali 1

Mexico 2

Monaco 1

Peru 1

Poland 2

Portugal 1

Romania 1

Spain 2

Turkey 2

Ukraine 1

United States of America 1

IAEA Headquarters 51

Total 77

Annex IV.1

Country Total €

China 312 450

India 274 000

Pakistan 212 200

Brazil 206 000

South Africa 174 800

Russian Federation 163 600

Bangladesh 132 000

Thailand 128 200

Argentina 127 900

Kenya 126 952

United Kingdom 124 400

Cuba 116 100

Ghana 97 911

United States of America 95 330

Mexico 94 900

Vietnam 91 150

Chile 82 200

Korea, Republic of 77 400

Philippines 69 800

Germany 68 000

Turkey 66 300

Romania 66 100

Burkina Faso 64 583

Egypt 63 100

Malaysia 63 100

Indonesia 56 200

Uganda 51 900

Morocco 50 900

Hungary 50 500

Poland 50 200

United Republic of Tanzania 50 200

Iran, Islamic Republic of 49 200

Syrian Arab Republic 47 424

Nigeria 47 200

Canada 45 700

2008 TOTAL CONTRACT OBLIGATIONS PER COUNTRY

Annex V.1

Country Total €


Bulgaria 42 600

Israel 42 000

Zambia 41 900

Austria 41 400

Tunisia 40 800

Sudan 39 600

Czech Republic 39 000

Mali 38 300

Ethiopia 38 200

Australia 35 900

Greece 33 900

Ukraine 33 000

Slovenia 31 500

Uruguay 29 200

Costa Rica 29 000

Colombia 27 100

New Zealand 27 000

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 26 806

Côte d'Ivoire 25 089

Belarus 25 000

Cameroon 23 400

Peru 22 300

Croatia 22 200

Jamaica 22 200

Lebanon 22 200

Slovakia 22 200

Sri Lanka 19 400

Serbia 18 300The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 18 200

Malawi 18 000

Lithuania 17 900

Uzbekistan 17 200

Estonia 17 000

Mozambique 16 700

Annex V.2

Country Total €


Yemen 16 400

Algeria 16 200

Netherlands 15 500

Portugal 12 000

Sierra Leone 11 700

Zimbabwe 11 600

Italy 11 400

France 10 000

Guatemala 10 000

Mauritius 10 000

Switzerland 10 000

Democratic Rep. of the Congo 8 889

Gambia 8 400

Guinea 8 400

Mauritania 8 400

Namibia 8 400

Senegal 8 400

Denmark 8 000

Lesotho 8 000

Botswana 7 414

Benin 6 000

Kazakhstan 6 000

Venezuela 6 000

Ecuador 5 000

Iraq 5 000

Jordan 5 000

Trinidad and Tobago 5 000

United Arab Emirates 5 000

Singapore 4 200

Malta 4 000

Saudi Arabia 4 000

Total 4 826 698

Annex V.3

Contracts: 1Agreements: 7







1.1.1 (A.1.) Integrated Support for Operating Nuclear Facilities1.1 (A) Nuclear Power

I21019 Review and Benchmark of Calculation Methods for Structural Integrity Assessment of Reactor Pressure Vessels During Pressurized Thermal ShocksDuration: 2005-09-15 to 2009-07-31 Officer: KANG, Ki Sig 2nd Officer: KUPCA,

LudovitChinaCzech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Slovakia

I21020 Advanced Surveillance, Diagnostics, and Prognostics Techniques Used for Health Monitoring of Systems, Structures, and Components in Nuclear Power PlantsDuration: 2008-04-01 to 2011-03-31 Officer: GLOCKLER, Oszvald 2nd Officer: KANG, Ki

Belgium, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary(2), Japan, Republic of Korea(2), Sweden, United States of America(4)

1.1.5 (A.4.) Technology Development for Advanced Reactor Lines

I25001 Small Reactors Without On-Site Refuelling

Duration: 2004-12-01 to 2009-12-31 Officer: KUZNETSOV, Vladimir 2nd Officer: MODRO, Slawomir Michael

Brazil, India, Indonesia, Lithuania, Morocco, Russian Federation(4)Italy, Japan(2), United States of America(3)

I31013 Conservation and Application of High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) Technology: Advances in HTGR Fuel Technology DevelopmentDuration: 2000-11-01 to 2009-12-31 Officer: TYOBEKA, Mzubanzi

Bismark2nd Officer: RAO, Atambir Singh

China, France, Germany, Japan, Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Russian Federation, South Africa, Turkey, United States of America

I31014 Natural Circulation Phenomena, Modelling and Reliability of Passive Systems that Utilize Natural CirculationDuration: 2004-03-01 to 2009-03-04 Officer: CHOI, Jong Ho 2nd Officer: BILBAO

LEON, Rosa MarinaSlovakia

I31015 Advances in Nuclear Power Process Heat Applications

Duration: 2007-03-01 to 2010-02-28 Officer: KHAMIS, Ibrahim 2nd Officer: RAO, Atambir Singh

Argentina, India, Syrian Arab RepublicChina, Germany, India, Japan, Russian Federation, South Africa

I31016 Heat Transfer Behaviour and Thermo-hydraulics Code Testing for Super-critical Water Cooled Reactors (SCWRs)Duration: 2007-09-15 to 2011-09-14 Officer: BILBAO LEON, Rosa

Marina2nd Officer: CHOI, Jong Ho

China(2), India, Russian Federation, United KingdomCanada, Finland, Italy, Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Russian Federation, United States of America

ACTIVE COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS AT END 2008

Appendix A.1










I31017 Benchmark Analyses of Sodium Natural Convection in the Upper Plenum of the MONJU Reactor VesselDuration: 2008-07-15 to 2012-07-14 Officer: STANCULESCU,

Alexander2nd Officer: RAO, Atambir Singh

Russian FederationChina, France, Japan, Republic of Korea, United States of America(2)

I31018 Development of Methodologies for the Assessment of Passive Safety System Performance in Advanced ReactorsDuration: 2008-07-15 to 2012-07-14 Officer: KUZNETSOV, Vladimir 2nd Officer: MODRO,

Slawomir MichaelArgentina, India(2)France, Italy(2), Russian Federation, United States of America

I32006 Analytical and Experimental Benchmark Analyses of Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS)Duration: 2005-10-01 to 2010-09-30 Officer: STANCULESCU,


Belarus, Brazil, China, Poland, Russian Federation(2)Belgium, France(2), Germany(3), Greece, Hungary, Italy(2), Japan, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain(2), Sweden, Ukraine, United States of America

I32007 Analyses of and Lessons Learned from the Operational Experience with Fast Reactor Equipment and SystemsDuration: 2006-09-15 to 2009-09-14 Officer: STANCULESCU,


China, India, Russian FederationFrance, Japan, Republic of Korea

I32008 Benchmarking Severe Accident Computer Codes for Heavy Water Reactor Applications

Duration: 2008-12-10 to 2012-12-10 Officer: CHOI, Jong Ho 2nd Officer: LEE, Suk HoChina, IndiaCanada, India, Republic of Korea, Romania

I33012 Control Rod Withdrawal and Sodium Natural Circulation Tests Performed during the PHENIX End-of-Life ExperimentsDuration: 2008-07-15 to 2011-07-14 Officer: STANCULESCU,


Russian FederationChina, France, Japan, Republic of Korea, Switzerland, United States of America(2)


1.2.2 (B.2.) Nuclear Power Reactor Fuel Engineering

T12017 Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC) of Zirconium Alloy Fuel Cladding

Duration: 2005-03-01 to 2009-12-31 Officer: INOZEMTSEV, Victor 2nd Officer: GANGULY, Chaitanyamoy

Argentina, Canada, India, Lithuania, PakistanBrazil, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Sweden

T12019 Optimisation of Water Chemistry Technologies and Mangement to Ensure Reliable Fuel Performance at High Burnup and in Ageing PlantsDuration: 2006-05-01 to 2011-04-30 Officer: KILLEEN, John

Christopher2nd Officer: GANGULY, Chaitanyamoy

Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Romania, Russian Federation, UkraineCanada, Finland, France, Hungary, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Sweden(2), United States of America

Appendix A.2




Contracts: 11

Agreements: 3





T12022 Improvement of Computer Codes Used for Fuel Behaviour Simulation FUMEX-III

Duration: 2008-09-01 to 2012-08-31 Officer: KILLEEN, John Christopher

2nd Officer: GANGULY, Chaitanyamoy

Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Romania, UkraineBelgium, Canada, China, Finland, Germany(2), India, Italy, Japan(2), Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America

1.2.4 (B.4.) Topical Issues of Nuclear Fuels and Fuel Cycles for Advanced and Innovative Reactors

T14002 Accelerator Simulation and Theoretical Modelling of Radiation Effects (SMoRE)

Duration: 2008-05-15 to 2012-05-14 Officer: INOZEMTSEV, Victor 2nd Officer: ZEMAN, Andrej

Russian Federation(2), Slovakia, UkraineBelgium, China, France(2), India, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United States of America

1.3 (C) Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for Sustainable Energy Development

1.3.2 (C.2.) Energy Economy Environment (3E) Analysis

I11005 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Mitigation Strategies and Energy Options

Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2009-12-31 Officer: JALAL, Ahmed 2nd Officer: ROGNER, Hans-Holger

Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, India, Lithuania, Pakistan, Romania, Russian Federation, Syrian Arab RepublicAustralia, Germany, Republic of Korea

I12004 Techno-economic Comparison of Ultimate Disposal Facilities for CO2 and Nuclear Waste

Duration: 2008-12-10 to 2012-12-10 Officer: TOTH, Ferenc Laszlo 2nd Officer: BARKATULLAH, Nadira

Czech Republic, Lithuania, Romania, Thailand

1.3.3 (C.3.) Nuclear Knowledge Management

L53001 Comparative Analysis of Methods and Tools for Nuclear Knowledge Preservation

Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2009-09-14 Officer: KOSILOV, Andrey 2nd Officer: RIEDER, Seyda

Bulgaria, Jordan, Pakistan, Philippines, RomaniaCanada, Netherlands


1.4.1 (D.1.) Atomic and Nuclear Data

F41023 Development of a Reference Database for Ion Beam Analysis

Duration: 2005-07-01 to 2009-12-31 Officer: ABRIOLA, Daniel Hugo 2nd Officer: KELLETT, Mark Adrian

China, Croatia, Portugal, Russian FederationFinland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, United Kingdom

F41024 Minor Actinide Neutron Reaction Data (MANREAD)

Duration: 2007-07-01 to 2011-06-30 Officer: MENGONI, Alberto 2nd Officer: NICHOLS, Alan Leslie

Austria, Belarus, China, Hungary, Romania, Russian FederationAustria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, United States of America

Appendix A.3











F41025 Characterization of Size, Composition and Origins of Dust in Fusion Devices

Duration: 2008-09-01 to 2013-08-31 Officer: CLARK, Robert Edward Holmes

2nd Officer: HUMBERT, Denis Pierre

Russian FederationFrance, Germany(2), Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States of America(2)

F42005 Reference Database for Neutron Activation Analysis

Duration: 2005-07-01 to 2009-09-30 Officer: KELLETT, Mark Adrian 2nd Officer: ABRIOLA, Daniel Hugo

Argentina, Hungary, Nigeria, SloveniaBelgium(2), United States of America

F42006 Updated Decay Data Library for Actinides

Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2009-09-30 Officer: KELLETT, Mark Adrian 2nd Officer: ABRIOLA, Daniel Hugo

China, India, Romania, Russian FederationFrance, United Kingdom, United States of America

F43014 Atomic and Molecular Data for Plasma Modelling

Duration: 2005-06-15 to 2009-06-14 Officer: HUMBERT, Denis Pierre 2nd Officer: CLARK, Robert Edward Holmes

Czech Republic, Slovakia, The Frmr.Yug.Rep. of MacedoniaFrance, Germany(2), Italy, Japan(2), Sweden, United Kingdom(2), United States of America(2)

F43015 Atomic Data for Heavy Element Impurities in Fusion Reactors



China, Russian Federation(2)Australia, France(2), Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, United States of America(3)

F43016 Data for Surface Composition Dynamics Relevant to Erosion Processes



China, Russian Federation(2)Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, United States of America(2)

F43017 Heavy Charged-particle Interaction Data for Radiotherapy

Duration: 2007-09-15 to 2010-12-31 Officer: CAPOTE NOY, Roberto Mario

2nd Officer: ABRIOLA, Daniel Hugo

BrazilFinland, Germany(2), Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland(2), United Kingdom, United States of America

F44002 Nuclear Data Libraries for Advanced Systems: Fusion Devices (FENDL-3)

Duration: 2008-07-15 to 2011-07-14 Officer: MENGONI, Alberto 2nd Officer: NICHOLS, Alan Leslie

Hungary, Russian Federation, SloveniaFrance, Germany, Italy, Japan(2), Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Romania, United Kingdom, United States of America(3)

1.4.2 (D.2.) Research Reactors

F12020 Development and Application of the Techniques of Residual Stress Measurements in Materials

Duration: 2006-03-15 to 2009-03-14 Officer: RIDIKAS, Danas 2nd Officer: ZEMAN, Andrej

Hungary, Pakistan, Romania, Russian Federation, South AfricaGermany, India, Netherlands

Appendix A.4








Contracts: 10

Agreements: 10

T12018 Developing Techniques for Small Scale Indigenous Molybdenum 99 Production Using Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Fission or Neutron ActivationDuration: 2005-09-15 to 2009-09-14 Officer: GOLDMAN, Ira Neal 2nd Officer:

RAMAMOORTHY, Natesan

Chile, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Pakistan, RomaniaArgentina, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Poland, United States of America(2)

T12020 Conversion of Miniature Neutron Source Research Reactors (MNSR) to Low Enriched Uranium (LEU)Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2009-09-14 Officer: ADELFANG, Pablo 2nd Officer: GOLDMAN,

Ira NealChina, Ghana, Islamic Republic of Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Syrian Arab RepublicUnited States of America

1.4.3 (D.3.) Accelerators and Nuclear Spectrometry for Materials Science and Analytical Applications

F11013 Improvement of the Reliability and Accuracy of Heavy Ion Beam Nuclear Analytical Techniques

Duration: 2007-09-15 to 2011-12-31 Officer: DYTLEWSKI, Nikolai 2nd Officer: MANK, Guenter

Croatia, Portugal, South AfricaFinland(2), Germany

F12018 Development of Harmonized QA/AC Procedures for Maintenance and Repair of Nuclear InstrumentsDuration: 2005-09-15 to 2009-03-31 Officer: MUELHAUSER,

Francoise2nd Officer: MANK, Guenter

Argentina, Cuba(2), India, Mexico, Poland, United Republic of TanzaniaNetherlands

F12021 Improved Production and Utilization of Short Pulsed, Cold Neutrons at Low-medium Energy Spallation Neutron SourcesDuration: 2006-09-15 to 2010-09-15 Officer: MUELHAUSER,

Francoise2nd Officer: MANK, Guenter

Argentina, Czech Republic, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Russian FederationJapan, United States of America

G42002 Unification of Nuclear Spectrometry Applications: Integrated Techniques as a New Tool for Material ResearchDuration: 2006-09-15 to 2009-12-31 Officer: MARKOWICZ, Andrzej 2nd Officer:

MUELHAUSER, Francoise

Argentina, Croatia, Cuba, Greece, Slovenia, United Arab EmiratesAustralia, Austria, Belgium(2), Germany, Italy, United States of America

1.4.4 (D.4.) Nuclear Fusion Research

F13011 Pathways to Energy from Inertial Fusion - An Integrated Approach

Duration: 2006-06-15 to 2010-06-14 Officer: MANK, Guenter 2nd Officer: LOUZEIRO MALAQUIAS, Artur

Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Republic of Korea, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation(3), UzbekistanFrance, Germany, Italy, Japan(2), Spain(2), United Kingdom, United States of America(2)

Appendix A.5


Contracts: 10

Agreements: 3

Contracts: 11

Agreements: 2

Contracts: 8

Agreements: 3



Contracts: 12

Agreements: 5

Contracts: 12

Agreements: 5

F13012 Integrated Approach to Dense Magnetized Plasma Applications in Nuclear Fusion Technology

Duration: 2007-09-15 to 2012-09-14 Officer: LOUZEIRO MALAQUIAS, Artur Jorge

2nd Officer: MANK, Guenter

Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland(2), Russian Federation(2), Singapore, UkraineItaly(2), Russian Federation

2.1 (E) Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection

2.1.1 (E.1.) Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems

D12009 Managing Irrigation Water to Enhance Crop Productivity under Water-Limiting Conditions: A Role for Isotopic TechniquesDuration: 2007-09-15 to 2012-09-14 Officer: NGUYEN, Minh-Long 2nd Officer: HENG, Lee

Burkina Faso, China(2), Malawi, Morocco, Pakistan, Turkey, United States of America(2), Vietnam, ZambiaAustria, Spain

D12010 Strategic Placement and Area-Wide Evaluation of Water Conservation Zones in Agricultural Catchments for Biomass Production, Water Quality and Food SecurityDuration: 2008-10-30 to 2012-10-30 Officer: HENG, Lee Kheng 2nd Officer: NGUYEN,

Minh-LongChina, Estonia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Lesotho, Nigeria, Romania, Uganda, United KingdomUnited Kingdom, United States of America(2)

D12011 Integrated Isotopic Approaches for an Area-wide Precision Conservation to Control the Impacts of Agricultural Practices on Land Degradation and Soil ErosionDuration: 2008-12-08 to 2012-12-07 Officer: NGUYEN, Minh-Long 2nd Officer: DERCON,

GerdChina, Germany, New Zealand, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, Vietnam

D15009 Integrated Soil, Water and Nutrient Management in Conservation Agriculture

Duration: 2004-12-01 to 2009-11-30 Officer: DERCON, Gerd 2nd Officer: NGUYEN, Minh-Long

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, India, Morocco, Pakistan, Turkey, UzbekistanMexico

D15010 Selection and Evaluation of Food (Cereal and Legume) Crop Genotypes Tolerant to Low Nitrogen and Phosphorus Soils through the Use of Isotopic and Nuclear-Related TechniquesDuration: 2006-06-15 to 2011-12-31 Officer: ADU-GYAMFI, Joseph

Jackson2nd Officer: DERCON, Gerd

Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, China, Cuba, Germany, Ghana, Malaysia, Mexico, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, United States of AmericaAustralia, France, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal

D23025 Pyramiding of Mutated Genes Contributing to Crop Quality and Resistance to Stress Affecting QualityDuration: 2004-07-01 to 2009-12-28 Officer: SHU, Qingyao 2nd Officer: LAGODA,

Pierre Jean LaurentBulgaria, China(2), India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Poland, Sierra Leone, Thailand, The Frmr.Yug.Rep. of Macedonia, VietnamAustralia, Colombia, France, Japan, United Kingdom

Appendix A.6


Contracts: 17

Agreements: 5

Contracts: 12

Agreements: 5

Contracts: 10

Agreements: 2

Contracts: 10

Agreements: 5

Contracts: 13

Agreements: 2

Contracts: 13

Agreements: 2

Contracts: 12

Agreements: 3

D23026 Identification and Pyramiding of Mutated Genes: Novel Approaches for Improving Crop Tolerance to Salinity and DroughtDuration: 2004-12-01 to 2009-11-30 Officer: SPENCER, Marie

Madeleine2nd Officer: LAGODA, Pierre Jean Laurent

Bulgaria, China(2), Cuba, Egypt, Ghana, India(2), Indonesia, Italy, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Tunisia(2), Turkey, VietnamAustralia, Israel, Italy, United States of America(2)

D23027 Molecular Tools for Quality Improvement in Vegetatively Propagated Crops Including Banana and CassavaDuration: 2005-05-01 to 2010-04-30 Officer: MBA, Romuald Emma

Chikelu2nd Officer: LAGODA, Pierre Jean Laurent

Bangladesh, Brazil(2), China, Cuba, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, PhilippinesColombia, Czech Republic, France, United Kingdom(2)

D24011 Effects of Mutagenic Agents on the DNA Sequence in Plants

Duration: 2003-09-15 to 2009-12-31 Officer: LAGODA, Pierre Jean Laurent

2nd Officer: SHU, Qingyao

Bulgaria, China(2), Colombia, India, Republic of Korea, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United States of AmericaUnited Kingdom, United States of America

2.1.2 (E.2.) Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems

D31024 Development and Use of Rumen Molecular Techniques for Predicting and Enhancing Livestock ProductivityDuration: 2003-11-15 to 2009-11-14 Officer: ODONGO, Edwin

Nicholas2nd Officer: VILJOEN, Gerrit Johannes

Brazil, China(2), Colombia, Cuba, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Thailand, United States of AmericaAustralia, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland, United Kingdom

D31025 Gene-based Technologies in Livestock Breeding: Characterization of Small Ruminant Genetic Resources in AsiaDuration: 2004-12-01 to 2009-11-30 Officer: GARCIA PODESTA,

Mario2nd Officer: MALEK, Massoud

Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil(2), China(2), Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran(2), Kenya, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, VietnamItaly, Malaysia

D32023 Veterinary Surveillance of Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Duration: 2005-05-01 to 2010-04-30 Officer: VILJOEN, Gerrit Johannes

2nd Officer: SCHATEN, Kathrin

Burkina Faso, Democratic Rep. of the Congo, Gambia, Germany, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, South Africa(2), Uganda, YemenFrance, Germany

D32024 Control of Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP)

Duration: 2006-03-15 to 2011-03-14 Officer: UNGER, Hermann 2nd Officer: VILJOEN, Gerrit Johannes

Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Mali, Namibia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, ZimbabweAustria, France, Switzerland

Appendix A.7


Contracts: 15

Agreements: 4

Contracts: 11

Agreements: 4

Contracts: 10

Agreements: 5

Contracts: 15

Agreements: 6

Contracts: 18

Agreements: 2

Contracts: 8

Agreements: 3

Contracts: 11

Agreements: 2

D32025 The Early and Rapid Diagnosis of Transboundary Animal Diseases: Phase I - Avian Influenza

Duration: 2006-12-15 to 2010-12-31 Officer: CROWTHER, John 2nd Officer: VILJOEN, Gerrit Johannes

Austria, Benin, Burkina Faso, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Republic of Korea, Nigeria, Philippines, South Africa, Sudan, United Kingdom, United States of America, VietnamChina, Netherlands, Sweden, United States of America

D32026 The Early and Sensitive Diagnosis and Control of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)

Duration: 2007-09-15 to 2012-12-31 Officer: UNGER, Hermann 2nd Officer: SCHATEN, Kathrin

Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sudan, TurkeyAustria, France, Sweden, United Kingdom

2.1.3 (E.3.) Improving Food and Environmental Safety

D52035 Integrated Analytical Approaches to Assess Indicators of the Effectiveness of Pesticide Management Practices at a Catchment ScaleDuration: 2006-12-15 to 2011-12-14 Officer: MAESTRONI, Britt

Marianna2nd Officer: FERRIS, Ian Glen

Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Kenya, Philippines

Australia, Cyprus, Germany(2), Sweden

2.1.4 (E.4.) Sustainable Control of Major Insect Pests

D41020 Improving Sterile Male Performance in Fruit Fly Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) Programmes

Duration: 2004-07-01 to 2009-12-31 Officer: HENDRICHS, Jorge 2nd Officer: CARDOSO PEREIRA, Rui

Argentina(2), Brazil, China, Croatia, Greece, Israel, Mauritius, Mexico(2), Philippines, Portugal, South Africa, Thailand, United KingdomAustralia(2), France, Spain, United States of America(2)

D41021 Development of Mass Rearing for New World (Anastrepha) and Asian (Bactrocera) Fruit Fly Pests in Support of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)Duration: 2004-11-15 to 2009-11-14 Officer: HENDRICHS, Jorge 2nd Officer:

HENDRICHS, JorgeArgentina(2), Bangladesh, Brazil(2), Greece, Israel, Kenya, Mauritius, Mexico(2), Pakistan, Philippines, Samoa, Sri Lanka, United States of America(2), VietnamAustralia, Italy

D41022 Increasing the Efficiency of Lepidoptera SIT by Enhanced Quality Control

Duration: 2008-09-15 to 2014-09-09 Officer: HENDRICHS, Jorge 2nd Officer: VREYSEN, Marc

Austria, China, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa(2), Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia

Australia, United States of America(2)

D42010 Improved and Harmonized Quality Control for Expanded Tsetse Production, Sterilization and Field ApplicationDuration: 2003-06-12 to 2009-09-30 Officer: FELDMANN, Udo 2nd Officer: PARKER,

Andrew GordonBelgium, Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Slovakia(2), SouthAfrica, Switzerland, United Republic of TanzaniaAustria(2)

Appendix A.8


Contracts: 9

Agreements: 14

Contracts: 10

Agreements: 3





Contracts: 8

Agreements: 3

D42012 Improving SIT for Tsetse Flies through Research on their Symbionts and Pathogens

Duration: 2007-03-15 to 2012-03-14 Officer: HENDRICHS, Jorge 2nd Officer: ABD ALLA, Adly Mohamed Mohamed

Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya(2), Slovakia, South Africa, Uganda, United Republic of TanzaniaAustria, Belgium, Canada, China, France(3), Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, United States of America(3)

D42013 Applying GIS and Population Genetics for Managing Livestock Insect Pests

Duration: 2008-04-01 to 2013-03-31 Officer: FELDMANN, Udo 2nd Officer: HENDRICHS, Jorge

Brazil, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iraq, Kenya(2), Mozambique, United Kingdom, YemenAustralia, France, Israel


2.2.1 (F.1.) Nutrition and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control

E15019 Improved Accuracy of Molecular and Immunological Markers for Prediction of Efficacy of Antimalarial DrugsDuration: 2005-06-15 to 2009-06-14 Officer: KHAN, Baldip Kaur 2nd Officer: DONDI,

MaurizioBurkina Faso, Cameroon(2), Colombia, Kenya, Mali(2), Sudan, United Kingdom

E41014 Exposure to Toxic and Potentially Toxic Elements in Women of Childbearing Age in Developing CountriesDuration: 2005-07-01 to 2009-06-30 Officer: HYDER, S.M. Ziauddin 2nd Officer:

DAVIDSSON, Lena Margareta

Bangladesh, Belarus, Chile, China, Nigeria, Russian Federation, SloveniaAustralia, Japan

E43015 The Application of Isotopic and Nuclear Techniques in Studies Related to Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) Issues in Populations from Developing CountriesDuration: 2003-09-15 to 2009-12-31 Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena

MargaretaUnited Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania

E43017 Assessment of Nutrients Uptake from Biofortified Crops in Populations from Developing Countries

Duration: 2005-07-01 to 2009-06-30 Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena Margareta

2nd Officer: LAGODA, Pierre Jean Laurent

Bangladesh, Mexico, United States of America(2)

E43018 Zinc Nutrition During Early Life

Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2009-09-14 Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena Margareta

Bangladesh, Guatemala, India(2), Islamic Republic of Iran, Morocco, Pakistan, United States of AmericaFrance, United Kingdom, United States of America

Appendix A.9


Contracts: 12

Agreements: 2




Contracts: 8

Agreements: 2

Contracts: 9

Agreements: 6



E43019 Body Fat and its Relationship with Metabolic Syndrome Indicators in Overweight Pre-Adolescents and AdolescentsDuration: 2005-12-15 to 2010-12-31 Officer: SLATER, Christine 2nd Officer:

DAVIDSSON, Lena Margareta

Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jamaica, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, ThailandAustralia, United States of America

E43020 Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: The Efficacy of Food Based Interventions Evaluated by Stable Isotope TechniquesDuration: 2005-12-15 to 2010-12-14 Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena

MargaretaEthiopia(2), India, South Africa(2), Thailand, United Republic of TanzaniaDenmark, United Kingdom

E43021 Food Fortification and Biofortification to Improve Micronutrients Status During Early Life

Duration: 2008-09-15 to 2012-09-09 Officer: HYDER, S.M. Ziauddin 2nd Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena

Bangladesh, Ghana, India(2), Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand, ZambiaUnited States of America(2)

E43022 Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition during Early Life; Addressing Nutritional Requirements by Stable Isotope TechniquesDuration: 2008-10-30 to 2012-10-30 Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena

Margareta2nd Officer: HYDER, S.M. Ziauddin

Australia, Bangladesh, India, Jamaica, Pakistan, Sudan

G34001 Development of Standardised Mass Rearing Systems for Male Anopheles Arabiensis Mosquitoes

Duration: 2005-09-15 to 2010-12-31 Officer: BENEDICT, Mark Quentin

2nd Officer: DONDI, Maurizio

Belgium, Ghana, Italy, Kenya, Pakistan, Sudan, United Kingdom, United Republic of TanzaniaFrench Polynesia, United Kingdom

G34002 Biology of Male Mosquitoes in Relation to Genetic Control Programmes

Duration: 2007-12-01 to 2012-12-31 Officer: BENEDICT, Mark Quentin

2nd Officer: ROBINSON, Alan

Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Denmark, Ghana, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Trinidad and TobagoBurkina Faso, French Polynesia, United Kingdom(2), United States of America(2)

2.2.2 (F.2.) Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging

E13028 Standardisation and Quality Control of In-House Prepared Radiopharmaceuticals for Nuclear OncologyDuration: 2004-06-01 to 2009-05-31 Officer: SOLANKI, Kishor K. 2nd Officer: DONDI,

MaurizioCuba, India, Turkey, UruguayUnited States of America

E13030 Development and Quality Control of Hospital Prepared Radiopharmaceuticals for Infection Imaging for Use in HIV/AIDS Positive PatientsDuration: 2004-11-15 to 2009-05-31 Officer: SOLANKI, Kishor K. 2nd Officer: DONDI,

MaurizioIndia, South Africa

Appendix A.10


Contracts: 16

Agreements: 1


Contracts: 13

Agreements: 2

Contracts: 11

Agreements: 1



Contracts: 10

Agreements: 2

Contracts: 8

Agreements: 2

E13031 Role of Nuclear Cardiology Techniques in Ischemia Assessment with Exercise Imaging in Asymptomatic DiabetesDuration: 2006-03-15 to 2011-03-14 Officer: DONDI, Maurizio

Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt, India, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Slovenia, South Africa, United States of America, Uruguay, VietnamItaly

E13032 Performance of Rest Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in the Management of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency RoomDuration: 2007-03-15 to 2010-03-14 Officer: DONDI, Maurizio

Brazil(2), Chile, Cuba, India, Pakistan, Slovenia, South Africa(2), VietnamAustralia, Belgium, Italy

E13033 Evaluation of the Biological Safety and Clinical Efficacy of 177 Lu-EDTMP for Bone Pain Palliation in Metastatic Prostate Cancer (PhaseI/II Clinical Trial)Duration: 2007-03-15 to 2010-12-31 Officer: ZAKNUN, John 2nd Officer: PILLAI,

Maroor Raghavan AmbiArgentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, Czech Republic, India, Italy, Pakistan(4), Poland, UruguayIndia, Italy

E13034 Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Coronary Artery Disease with Nuclear Techniques

Duration: 2007-09-15 to 2010-12-31 Officer: DONDI, MaurizioBrazil, China, Cuba, Hungary, Pakistan, Philippines, Serbia, The Frmr.Yug.Rep. of Macedonia, Uruguay, Venezuela, VietnamItaly

E13035 Longitudinal Monitoring of Complicated Osteomyelitis by SPECT/CT

Duration: 2008-10-30 to 2011-10-31 Officer: SOLANKI, Kishor K. 2nd Officer: DONDI, Maurizio

Argentina, Chile, India, Israel, Republic of Korea, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey

E13036 Cost Effective Differential Diagnosis in Lung Cancer Using Gallium PET Generator Based RadiopharmaceuticalsDuration: 2008-10-30 to 2011-10-30 Officer: SOLANKI, Kishor K. 2nd Officer: DONDI,

MaurizioArgentina, Chile, India, Republic of Korea, South Africa, Thailand

E15020 Application of FDG-PET and Molecular Gene Profiling for Risk Stratification of Diffuse Large B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Different Ethnic PopulationsDuration: 2006-09-15 to 2011-12-31 Officer: KHAN, Baldip Kaur 2nd Officer: DONDI,

MaurizioBrazil, Chile, France, Hungary, India, Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, TurkeyItaly, United Kingdom

2.2.3 (F.3.) Radiation Oncology and Cancer Treatment

E33022 Doctoral CRP on Clinical and Experimental Studies to Improve Radiotherapy Outcome in AIDS Cancer PatientsDuration: 2003-06-15 to 2010-06-14 Officer: ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo

Hernan2nd Officer: SALMINEN, Eeva Kaarina

Canada, China, India, South Africa, Uganda, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, ZimbabweUnited Kingdom, United States of America

Appendix A.11







Contracts: 12

Agreements: 0


Contracts: 13

Agreements: 0

E33023 Resource Sparing Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer

Duration: 2003-09-15 to 2009-12-31 Officer: ROSENBLATT, Eduardo 2nd Officer: ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo Hernan

Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan, ThailandNetherlands

E33025 Resource Sparing Curative Treatment in Breast Cancer

Duration: 2005-10-01 to 2011-09-30 Officer: ROSENBLATT, Eduardo 2nd Officer: SALMINEN, Eeva Kaarina

Canada, Cuba, Egypt(2), Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, TurkeyFinland, Japan

E33026 Clinical/Radiobiological Study on Viral-Induced Cancers’ Response to Radiotherapy, with Comprehensive Morbidity AssessmentDuration: 2006-09-15 to 2011-09-14 Officer: ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo

Hernan2nd Officer: WONDERGEM, Jan

Brazil, Canada, India, Republic of Korea, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, South AfricaAustria, United Kingdom

E33027 Improving Outcomes in Radiotherapy Using New Strategies of Treatment Delivery with Focus on Oesophageal CancerDuration: 2006-12-15 to 2010-12-31 Officer: ROSENBLATT, Eduardo 2nd Officer: SALMINEN,

Eeva KaarinaCanada, China, Croatia, India(2), Pakistan, South Africa, ThailandUnited States of America

E33028 Investigation of Optimal Radiotherapy Regimen and Type of Irradiation in Treatment of Painful Bone MetastasisDuration: 2007-07-01 to 2010-06-30 Officer: JEREMIC, Branislav 2nd Officer: SALMINEN,

Eeva KaarinaAlgeria, Egypt, India, Lithuania, Mexico, Serbia, Tunisia, United KingdomSpain(3)

E33029 Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Duration: 2007-12-01 to 2011-12-31 Officer: JEREMIC, Branislav 2nd Officer: SALMINEN, Eeva Kaarina

Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Egypt, India, Malaysia, Malta, Pakistan, Peru, South Africa, Tunisia

E33030 Altered Fractionation and Radio-sensitisation in Head and Neck Cancer Radiotherapy

Duration: 2008-10-30 to 2012-10-30 Officer: SALMINEN, Eeva Kaarina

2nd Officer: ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo Hernan

Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, India(2), Pakistan(3), Poland, Slovenia

E33031 Optimisation of Radiotherapy in Low Resource Settings: Paediatric Cancer Patients

Duration: 2008-10-30 to 2012-10-30 Officer: SALMINEN, Eeva Kaarina

2nd Officer: ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo Hernan

Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil(2), Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey, United States of America, Yemen

Appendix A.12






Contracts: 11

Agreements: 6


Contracts: 11

Agreements: 3

E33032 Improving Outcomes in Radiotherapy using Novel Biotechnologies: Modification of Tissue Reactions and the Use of Stem Cell TherapeuticsDuration: 2008-10-30 to 2012-10-30 Officer: WONDERGEM, Jan 2nd Officer:

ZUBIZARRETA, Eduardo Hernan

Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea(2), Malaysia(2)France, Germany(2), Netherlands

2.2.4 (F.4.) Quality Assurance and Metrology in Radiation Medicine

E21005 Harmonization of Quality Practices for Nuclear Medicine Radioactivity Measurements

Duration: 2004-12-15 to 2009-03-23 Officer: PALM, Stig Harald 2nd Officer: MEGHZIFENE, Ahmed

Brazil, Cuba, Islamic Republic of Iran, Romania, Turkey, United States of AmericaCzech Republic, India, Republic of Korea

E21006 Testing of the Implementation of the Code of Practice for Dosimetry in X-Ray Diagnostic Radiology

Duration: 2005-11-15 to 2009-03-02 Officer: MCLEAN, Ian Donald 2nd Officer: MEGHZIFENE, Ahmed

Brazil, Cuba, Hungary, Republic of Korea, Thailand, VietnamAustria, Finland, Greece, United Kingdom

E24015 Doctoral CRP on Quality Assurance of the Physical Aspects of Advanced Technology in RadiotherapyDuration: 2008-06-15 to 2011-06-14 Officer: MEGHZIFENE, Ahmed 2nd Officer: IZEWSKA,

JoannaArgentina, Colombia, Cuba, Ghana, India, ThailandCanada, Italy, Spain, United States of America(3)


2.3.2 (G.2.) Isotope Methods for the Improved Understanding of the Water Cycle

F32004 Isotopic Techniques for Assessment of Hydrological Processes in Wetlands

Duration: 2006-09-15 to 2011-09-14 Officer: ITO, Mari 2nd Officer: AGGARWAL, Pradeep

Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Czech Republic, Ghana, India, Mozambique, Pakistan, Uganda, United Republic of TanzaniaAustralia, Austria, France, Spain, United Kingdom, United States of America

F32005 Quantification of Hydrological Fluxes in Irrigated Lands Using Isotopes for Improved Water Use EfficiencyDuration: 2007-09-15 to 2011-09-14 Officer: NEWMAN, Brent David 2nd Officer:

AGGARWAL, Pradeep China, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Syrian Arab Republic, TunisiaAustria

F33015 Isotopic Age and Composition of Stream Flow as Indicators of Groundwater Sustainability

Duration: 2004-07-01 to 2010-12-31 Officer: VITVAR, Tomas 2nd Officer: AGGARWAL, Pradeep Kumar

Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Ghana, Morocco, Pakistan, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, VietnamAustria, Netherlands, Portugal

Appendix A.13


Contracts: 12

Agreements: 2




Contracts: 5

Agreements: 8

Contracts: 10

Agreements: 6

F33016 Geostatistical Analysis of Spatial Isotope Variability to Map the Sources of Water for Hydrology StudiesDuration: 2006-09-15 to 2010-09-15 Officer: ARAGUAS ARAGUAS,

Luis Jesus2nd Officer: AGGARWAL, Pradeep Kumar

Austria, Croatia, Cuba, Greece, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, Slovakia, Slovenia, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, UgandaCanada, Spain

2.4 (H) Environment

2.4.1 (H.1.) Marine Environmental and Radiological Assessment (MERA)

K41011 Benchmarking Calibration for Low-Level Gamma Spectrometric Measurements of Environmental SamplesDuration: 2008-08-15 to 2012-08-14 Officer: OSVATH, Iolanda 2nd Officer: MARTIN,

Paul CraigBangladesh, Cuba, UkraineAustralia, Belgium, France, Germany(2), Greece, Romania, Slovenia

2.4.2 (H.2.) Radioecological and Isotopic Solutions for Coastal Marine Problems (RISCMAR)

K41010 Applications of Radiotracer and Radioassay Technologies to Seafood Safety Assessment

Duration: 2007-09-15 to 2011-09-14 Officer: JEFFREE, Ross Anthony 2nd Officer: BYRON, David Henry

Brazil, Chile, Ghana, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, VietnamCanada, China, France, French Polynesia, Japan, Switzerland

2.4.3 (H.3.) Ocean Climate Coupling and Carbon Cycling (OC4)

K41009 Nuclear and Isotopic Studies of the El Niño Phenomenon in the Ocean

Duration: 2004-03-01 to 2011-02-28 Officer: SANCHEZ CABEZA, Joan Albert

2nd Officer: HOULBREQUE, Fanny

Jordan, PeruAustralia(2), France, Monaco, New Zealand, United States of America(2)


2.5.1 (I.1.) Development of Radioisotope Products for Medical and Industrial Applications

F22041 Improved High Current Liquid and Gas Targets for Cyclotron Produced Radioisotopes

Duration: 2005-12-15 to 2009-12-31 Officer: HAJI-SAEID, Seyed Mohammad

2nd Officer: PILLAI, Maroor Raghavan Ambi

Islamic Republic of Iran, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, TurkeyBelgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, United States of America(2)

F22042 Development of Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals Based on 177Lu for Radionuclide Therapy

Duration: 2006-10-15 to 2010-10-14 Officer: PILLAI, Maroor Raghavan Ambi

2nd Officer: ZAKNUN, John

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Czech Republic, India, Pakistan, Peru, Russian Federation, UruguayAustria, China, Hungary, Italy, Poland, United States of America

Appendix A.14



Contracts: 9

Agreements: 6



Contracts: 10

Agreements: 3

Contracts: 10

Agreements: 5

Contracts: 11

Agreements: 6

F22045 Development of 99mTc Radiopharmaceuticals for Sentinel Node Detection and Cancer Diagnosis



Argentina, Brazil, China, Greece, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Romania, UruguayAustria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Switzerland(2)

F22047 Development of Radiopharmaceuticals Based on 188Re and 90Y for Radionuclide Therapy



Brazil, Cuba, India, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Serbia, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, VietnamGermany, Italy(2), Republic of Korea, Poland, United Kingdom

2.5.2 (I.2.) Radiation Technology Support for Cleaner Industrial Processes and Material Analysis and Development

F11012 Neutron Based Techniques for the Detection of Illicit Materials and Explosives

Duration: 2005-12-15 to 2010-12-31 Officer: MUELHAUSER, Francoise

2nd Officer: MANK, Guenter

Chile, Egypt, Georgia, India, Poland, Russian Federation(2), South AfricaArgentina, Australia, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, United States of America

F21010 Validation of Tracers and Software for Inter-Well Investigations

Duration: 2004-07-01 to 2009-04-30 Officer: JIN, Joon Ha 2nd Officer: HAJI-SAEID, Seyed Mohammad

Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, VietnamFrance, Norway

F22043 Optimization of Digital Industrial Radiography (DIR) Techniques for Specific Applications and Development of Procedures and Protocols Duration: 2007-03-15 to 2011-03-14 Officer: JIN, Joon Ha 2nd Officer: HAJI-SAEID,

Seyed MohammadAlgeria, Argentina, Brazil, Israel, Malaysia, Pakistan, Romania, Syrian Arab Republic, Uruguay, UzbekistanCanada, Germany, India

F22044 Evaluation and Validation of Radioisotopes Generators-Based Radiotracer for Industrial ApplicationsDuration: 2007-07-01 to 2011-06-30 Officer: JIN, Joon Ha 2nd Officer: HAJI-SAEID,

Seyed MohammadBrazil, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, India, Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Poland, ThailandAustralia, Chile, France, Germany, Norway

F22046 Development of Radiation-Processed Products of Natural Polymers for Application in Agriculture, Healthcare, Industry and EnvironmentDuration: 2007-12-01 to 2011-12-31 Officer: SAFRANY, Agnes 2nd Officer: SAMPA,

Maria Helena de O.Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Ghana, Philippines, Poland, Thailand, Turkey, VietnamCanada, France, India, Japan, Malaysia, United Kingdom

Appendix A.15


Contracts: 11

Agreements: 0

Contracts: 8

Agreements: 5

Contracts: 11

Agreements: 4

Contracts: 10

Agreements: 5


Contracts: 12

Agreements: 3

Contracts: 8

Agreements: 7

F23023 Applications of Nuclear Analytical Techniques to Investigate the Authenticity of Art Objects

Duration: 2004-11-15 to 2009-02-17 Officer: HAJI-SAEID, Seyed Mohammad

2nd Officer: SAMPA, Maria Helena de O.

Brazil, Croatia, Cuba, Ghana, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Syrian Arab Republic

F23024 Electron Beam Treatment of Organic Pollutants Contained in Gaseous Streams

Duration: 2004-12-15 to 2009-03-27 Officer: SAMPA, Maria Helena de O.

2nd Officer: SAFRANY, Agnes

Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Poland, Romania, Russian FederationChina, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, United States of America

F23026 Development of Novel Adsorbents and Membranes by Radiation-Induced Grafting for Selective Separation PurposesDuration: 2007-09-15 to 2011-12-31 Officer: SAMPA, Maria Helena de

O.2nd Officer: HAJI-SAEID, Seyed Mohammad

Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, Hungary, India, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Poland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, TurkeyFrance, Japan, Switzerland, United States of America

F23027 Application of Large Sample Neutron Activation Analysis Techniques for Inhomogeneous Bulk Archaeological Samples and Large ObjectsDuration: 2008-09-09 to 2012-09-09 Officer: ZEMAN, Andrej 2nd Officer: HAJI-SAEID,

Seyed MohammadBrazil, China, Egypt, Ghana, Malaysia, Peru, Romania, Russian Federation, Syrian Arab Republic, ThailandGreece, India, Japan, Netherlands, United States of America


3.2.3 (J.3.) Development and Use of Advanced Safety Assessment: Methods and Applications

J72005 Evaluation of Uncertainties in Best Estimate Accident Analysis

Duration: 2006-06-15 to 2009-06-14 Officer: PARK, Chan Oh 2nd Officer: MODRO, Slawomir Michael

Brazil, Bulgaria, China, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Russian FederationCroatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, Slovenia

3.2.6 (J.6.) Safety of Research Reactors and Fuel Cycle Facilities

J71011 Modelling and Analysis of Radionuclides Transport and Source Term Evaluation within Containment / Confinement and Release to the Environment, for Research ReactorsDuration: 2007-04-15 to 2010-04-14 Officer: BOOGAARD, Jean Pierre 2nd Officer: ABOU

YEHIA, HassanAlgeria, Chile, China, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Pakistan, Romania, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Ukraine, VietnamGermany, Greece, Turkey

J71013 Innovative Methods in Research Reactor Analysis: Benchmark against Experimental Data on Neutronics and Thermalhydraulic Computational Methods and Tools for Operation and Safety Duration: 2008-10-17 to 2011-10-17 Officer: SHOKR, Amgad

Mohamed Amin2nd Officer: SOARES, Adalberto Jose

Bangladesh, Egypt, Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Syrian Arab Republic, UzbekistanArgentina, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, South Africa, United States of America

Appendix A.16









3.3.4 (K.6.) Safety of the Transport of Radioactive Material

J13011 The Appropriate Level of Regulatory Control for the Safe Transport of Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)Duration: 2007-03-01 to 2010-02-28 Officer: VARLEY, Kasturi

Kalyanee2nd Officer: WHEATLEY, John

Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Islamic Republic of Iran, Israel, Romania, United Kingdom, United States of America


3.4.2 (L.2.) Management and Disposal of all Types of Radioactive Waste

T21024 The Use of Numerical Models in Support of Site Characterization and Performance Assessment Studies of Geologic RepositoriesDuration: 2005-10-01 to 2010-09-30 Officer: NEERDAEL, Bernard A.

G.2nd Officer: POTIER, Jan-Marie

China, Lithuania, Romania, UkraineBelgium, India, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America

T21025 Behaviour of Cementitious Materials in Long Term Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste

Duration: 2007-06-15 to 2010-06-14 Officer: DRACE, Zoran 2nd Officer: SAMANTA, Susanta Kumar

Brazil, China, Romania, Russian Federation, SerbiaAustralia, Belgium, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, India, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom(2)

T23015 Upgrading of Near Surface Disposal Facilities

Duration: 2007-11-01 to 2012-12-31 Officer: NACHMILNER, Lumir 2nd Officer: POTIER, Jan-Marie

Argentina, Bulgaria, Cuba, Hungary, Romania, UkraineFrance, India

3.4.4 (L.4.) Decommissioning of Installations and Remediation of Sites

T24007 Innovative and Adaptive Technologies in Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities

Duration: 2004-05-01 to 2009-04-30 Officer: LARAIA, Michele 2nd Officer: DINNER, Paul Joseph Casserly

CubaArgentina, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Republic of Korea(2), Norway, Slovakia, Ukraine, United Kingdom

T24008 Planning, Management and Organizational Aspects in Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities

Duration: 2008-05-15 to 2012-05-14 Officer: LARAIA, Michele 2nd Officer: DINNER, Paul Joseph Casserly

Hungary, Russian Federation(2)Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Slovakia, South Africa, Ukraine, United Kingdom

Appendix A.17



Contracts: 12

Agreements: 2


3.5.3 (M.3) Detecting and Responding to Malicious Activities involving Nuclear and other Radioactive Material

J02001 Application of Nuclear Forensics in Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and other Radioactive Materials

Duration: 2008-05-15 to 2011-05-14 Officer: NOGUEIRA DE OLIVEIRA, Carlos Alberto

2nd Officer: COLGAN, Peter John

Brazil, Germany, Greece, Hungary

Belarus, Chile, China, Cuba, India, Lebanon, Pakistan, Poland, Russian Federation(2), United Republic of Tanzania, ZambiaAustria(2)

M22007 Development and Implementation of Instruments and Methods for Detection of Unauthorized Acts Involving Nuclear and other Radioactive MaterialDuration: 2008-05-15 to 2011-05-14 Officer: COLGAN, Peter John 2nd Officer: COLGAN,

Peter John

Appendix A.18

1.21.2.3

T13013

1.2.4

T12021

1.41.4.2

T12023

1.4.3

F12022

2.12.1.1

D23028

D24012

2.1.3

D52036

D62008

2.1.4

D42014

2.22.2.3

E33033

2.2.4

E21007

E24016

2.32.3.2

F33017 Use of Environmental Isotope Tracer Techniques to Improve Basin-Scale Recharge Estimation

(D) Nuclear Science

(D.3.) Accelerators and Nuclear Spectrometry for Materials Science and Analytical Applications

Spent Fuel Performance Assessment and Research (SPAR III)

(G) Water Resources(G.2.) Isotope Methods for the Improved Understanding of the Water Cycle

Application of Nuclear Methods in Microstructural Characterisation and Performance Testing of Materials for Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Storage Technologies

(D.2.) Research Reactors

Feasibility Evaluation of the Use of Low Enriched Uranium Fuelled Homogeneous Aqueous Solution Nuclear Reactors for the Production of Short Lived Fission Product Isotopes

(E) Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection(E.1.) Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems

Improving Nutritional Quality by Altering Concentrations of Enhancing Factors Using Induced Mutation and Biotechnology in Crops

Enhancing the Efficiency of Induced Mutagenesis through an Integrated Biotechnology Pipeline

(E.4.) Sustainable Control of Major Insect Pests

Development and Evaluation of Improved Strains of Insect Pests for SIT

(E.3.) Improving Food and Environmental Safety

Development of Radiometric and Allied Analytical Methods to Strengthen National Residue Control Programs for Antibiotic and Anthelmintic Veterinary Drug Residues

CRPs APPROVED BUT NOT YET INITIATED AT END 2008

(F) Human Health

Development of Generic Irradiation Doses for Quarantine Treatments

(F.4.) Quality Assurance and Metrology in Radiation Medicine

Development of Quantitative Nuclear Medicine Imaging for Patient Specific Dosimetry

Development of Quality Audits for Radiotherapy Dosimetry for Complex Treatment Techniques

(F.3.) Radiation Oncology and Cancer Treatment

Short Course Versus Standard Course Radiotherapy, in Elderly and/or Fragile Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)

(B) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies

(B.4.) Topical Issues of Nuclear Fuels and Fuel Cycles for Advanced and Innovative Reactors

Front-and Back-End of Multilayer Coated Particle Fuel Cycle for High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGR) and Selected SMRs

(B.3.) Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors

Appendix B.1

CRPs APPROVED BUT NOT YET INITIATED AT END 2008

2.52.5.1

F22048

2.5.2

F23028

3.23.2.3

J41007

Nanoscale Radiation Engineering of Advanced Materials for Potential Biomedical Applications

(I) Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology(I.1.) Development of Radioisotope Products for Medical and Industrial Applications

Development of 18F-labeled Radiopharmaceuticals (beyond [18F]FDG) for use in Oncology and Neurosciences

(I.2.) Radiation Technology Support for Cleaner Industrial Processes and Material Analysis and Development

Analysis and Development of Safety Performance Indicators (SPIs) for Nuclear Power Plants (Assisting in the Use of Safety Management Tools)

(J) Safety of Nuclear Installations(J.3) Development and Use of Advanced Tools for Safety Assessment: Methods and Applications

Appendix B.2

COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS COMPLETED IN 2008

Planned Duration: 2005-03-01 to 2008-12-31Completed: 2008-12-10











D23024 Physical Mapping Technologies for the Identification and Characterization of Mutated Genes Contributing to C Q i Primary Officer: LOKKO, Yvonne Rosaline

Secondary Officer: LAGODA, Pierre Jean Laurent

D15008 Assess the Effectiveness of Soil Conservation Techniques for Sustainable Watershed Management Using i i Primary Officer: DERCON, Gerd

Secondary Officer: AGGARWAL, Pradeep Kumar

D12008 Selection for Greater Agronomic Water-Use Efficiency in Wheat and Rice Using Carbon Isotope i i i i Primary Officer: HENG, Lee Kheng

Secondary Officer: ADU-GYAMFI, Joseph Jackson


F41022 Parameters for Calculation of Nuclear Reactions of Relevance to Non-Energy Nuclear ApplicationsPrimary Officer: CAPOTE NOY, Roberto MarioSecondary Officer: NICHOLS, Alan Leslie

F13010 Joint Research Using Small TokamaksPrimary Officer: Secondary Officer: MANK, Guenter

F12019 Development of Nuclear Microprobe Techniques for the Quantitative Analysis of Individual MicroparticlesPrimary Officer: DYTLEWSKI, NikolaiSecondary Officer: MANK, Guenter

F12016 Ion Beam Modification of InsulatorsPrimary Officer: MUELHAUSER, FrancoiseSecondary Officer: MANK, Guenter

Primary Officer: LOVASIC, ZvonkoSecondary Officer: GANGULY, Chaitanyamoy


Primary Officer: HOSADU, Parameswara NawadaSecondary Officer: GANGULY, Chaitanyamoy

T13012 Spent Fuel Performance Assessment and Research (SPAR II)


T13011 Study of Process-Losses in Separation Processes in Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T) Systems in View of i i i i i

Primary Officer: STANCULESCU, AlexanderSecondary Officer: RAO, Atambir Singh

Primary Officer: KANG, Ki SigSecondary Officer: KUPCA, Ludovit

I32004 Studies of Innovative Reactor Technology Options for Effective Incineration of Radioactive Waste


I21018 Master Curve Approach to Monitor the Fracture Toughness of Reactor Pressure Vessel in Nuclear Power

Appendix C.1

COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS COMPLETED IN 2008



Planned Planned Duration: 2002-04-01 to 2007-12-31Completed: 2008-06-24






F22040 Development of Generator Technologies for Therapeutic RadionuclidesPrimary Officer: PILLAI, Maroor Raghavan AmbiSecondary Officer: HAJI-SAEID, Seyed Mohammad


G41003 Radiochemical, Chemical and Physical Characterisation of Radioactive Particles in the EnvironmentPrimary Officer: Secondary Officer: FESENKO, Sergey

Primary Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena MargaretaSecondary Officer: DAVIDSSON, Lena Margareta

2.4 (H) Environment

Primary Officer: IZEWSKA, JoannaSecondary Officer: MEGHZIFENE, Ahmed

E43016 Assessment of Total Energy Expenditure and Body Composition for Older Adult Subjects with Different if

Primary Officer: Secondary Officer: DONDI, Maurizio

E24014 Development of Procedures for in Vivo Dosimetry in Radiotherapy


E13029 Evaluation of a Single Utilization of Pulmonary Perfusion Scintigraphy in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary i

D61023 Testing the Efficiency and Uncertainty of Sample Processing for Analysis of Food ContaminantsPrimary Officer: BRODESSER, Peter JosefSecondary Officer: BYRON, David Henry

D41019 Molecular Technologies to Improve the Effectiveness of SITPrimary Officer: HENDRICHS, JorgeSecondary Officer: FRANZ, Gerald

D41018 Improvement of Codling Moth SIT to Facilitate Expansion of Field ApplicationPrimary Officer: VREYSEN, MarcSecondary Officer: HENDRICHS, Jorge

Appendix C.2

IAEA 2008 PROGRAMME/SUBPROGRAMME AND CORRESPONDING CRP CODES

Appendix D.1

MAJOR PROGRAMME 1. NUCLEAR POWER, FUEL CYCLE AND NUCLEAR SCIENCE

1.1. (A) Nuclear Power CRP Code1 1.1.1 (A.1) Integrated Support for Operating Nuclear Facilities I2 1.1.5 (A.4) Technology Development for Advanced Reactor Lines I2 I3 1.1.6 (A.5) Support for Non-electric Applications of Nuclear Power I3 1.2. (B) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Technologies 1.2.1 (B.1) Uranium Resources and Production and Databases for the Nuclear Fuel

Cycle T1

1.2.2 (B.2) Nuclear Power Reactor Fuel Engineering T1 1.2.3 (B.3) Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors T1 1.2.4 (B.4) Topical Issues of Nuclear Fuels and Fuel Cycles for Advanced and

Innovative Reactors T1

1.3. (C) Capacity Building and Nuclear Knowledge Maintenance for

Sustainable Energy Development

1.3.2 (C.2) Energy Economy Environment (3E) Analysis I1 1.3.3 (C.3) Nuclear Knowledge Management L5 1.4. (D) Nuclear Science 1.4.1 (D.1) Atomic and Nuclear Data F4 1.4.2 (D.2) Research Reactors F1, T1, J71.4.3 (D.3) Accelerators and Nuclear Spectrometry for Materials Science and

Analytical Applications F1, G4

1.4.4 (D.4) Nuclear Fusion Research F1 MAJOR PROGRAMME 2. NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2.1 (E) Food and Agriculture 2.1.1 (E.1) Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems D1, D2, 2.1.2 (E.2) Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems D3, D4 2.1.3 (E.3) Improving Food and Environmental Safety D5, D6 2.1.4 (E.4) Sustainable Control of Major Insect Pests D4 2.2 (F) Human Health 2.2.1 (F.1) Nutrition and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control E4, G3 2.2.2 (F.2) Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging E1 2.2.3 (F.3) Radiation Oncology and Cancer Treatment E3, E1 2.2.4 (F.4) Quality Assurance and Metrology in Radiation Medicine E2

___________________________________________________________________________ 1 Refers to the Section code where the CRP is being conducted

IAEA 2008 PROGRAMME/SUBPROGRAMME AND CORRESPONDING CRP CODES

Appendix D.2

2.3 (G) Water Resources CRP Code1 2.3.1 (G.1) Sustainable Water Use and Services F3 2.3.2 (G.2) Isotope Methods for the Improved Understanding of the Water Cycle F3 2.3.3 (G.3) Analytical Services for Isotope Hydrology F3 2.4 (H) Environment 2.4.1 (H.1) Marine Environmental and Radiological Assessment (MERA) K4 2.4.2 (H.2) Radioecological and Isotopic Solutions for Coastal Marine Problems

(RISCMAR) K4

2.4.3 (H.3) Ocean Climate Coupling and Carbon Cycling (OC4) K4 2.4.4 (H.4) Supporting Analytical Laboratory Performance K4 2.5 (I) Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology 2.5.1 (I.1) Development of Radioisotope Products for Medical and Industrial

Applications F2

2.5.2 (I.2) Radiation Technology Support for Cleaner Industrial Processes and Material Analysis and Development

F1, F2

MAJOR PROGRAMME 3. NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY

3.2 (J) Safety of Nuclear Installations 3.2.3 (J.3) Development and Use of Advanced Safety Assessment: Methods and

Applications J4, J7

3.2.6 (J.6) Safety of Research Reactors and Fuel Cycle Facilities J7 3.3 (K) Radiation and Transport Safety 3.3.1 (K.1) Developing Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation

and for the Safety of Radiation Sources J1

3.3.2 (K.6) Safety of the Transport of Radioactive Material J1 3.4 (L) Management of Radioactive Waste 3.4.2 (L.2) Management and Disposal of all Types of Radioactive Waste T2 3.4.4 (L.4) Decommissioning of Installations and Remediation of Sites T2 3.5 (M) Nuclear Security 3.5.3 (M.3) Detecting and Responding to Malicious Activities involving Nuclear and

other Radioactive Material J0, M2

___________________________________________________________________________ 1 Refers to the Section where the CRP is conducted

E.1

E.4E.9

E.13

E.17E.24

E.29

E.45

E.48

E.50

E.53

E.57

E.60E.65

E.71


CRP EVALUATION REPORTS FOR COMPLETED CRPs

I32005 Updated Codes and Methods to Reduce the Calculational Uncertainties of the LMFR Reactivity Effects


F12019 Development of Nuclear Microprobe Techniques for the Quantitative Analysis of Individual Microparticles

D32022 The Development of Strategies for the Effective Monitoring of Veterinary Drug Residues in Livestock and Livestock Products in Developing Countries


D31023 Integrated Approach for Improving Small Scale Market Oriented Dairy Systems

2.2 (F) Human HealthE13024 Improvement in the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) by the Detection

of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)E24012 Development of TLD-based Quality Audits for Radiotherapy Dosimetry in Non-reference

Conditions

2.3 (G) Water ResourcesF32003 Design Criteria for a Network to Monitor Isotope Compositions of Runoff in Large Rivers

F34010 Isotope Methods for the Study of Water and Carbon Cycle Dynamics in the Atmosphere and Biosphere

2.4 (H) EnvironmentK41008 Nuclear Applications to Determine Bioaccumulation Parameters and Processes Used

for Establishing Coastal Zone Monitoring and Management Criteria

2.5 (I) Radioisotope Production and Radiation TechnologyF21009 Industrial Process Gamma Tomography

New Development and Improvements in Processing of "Problematic" Radioactive Waste Streams


F22040

F12016 Ion Beam Modification of Insulators

D15008 Assess the Effectiveness of Soil Conservation Techniques for Sustainable Watershed Management Using Fallout Radionuclides

D41019 Molecular Technologies to Improve the Effectiveness of SIT

Development of Generator Technologies for Therapeutic Radionuclides

T21023

Appendix E

Appendix E.1

CRP No. 1205 (I32005) CRP Evaluation Report

Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Updated Codes and Methods to Reduce the Calculational Uncertainties of the LMFR Reactivity Effects

Section/Division: NENP Period Covered: 1999-10-01 through 2007-03-03 Total Cost: € 98,883.91 Objectives of CRP:

(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): TWG-FR Member States Member States expressed the need to obtain validated up-to-date codes and methods for fast reactor core physics analysis in support of R&D activities in the area of actinide utilization and transmutation. To date, research and technology efforts have focused on fast reactor systems for minor actinide utilization and on cores optimized for consuming rather than breeding plutonium. Such plutonium “burning” systems may have an important role to play in fuel cycle strategies aimed at managing plutonium stocks until major programmes of self-sufficient fast breeder reactors are established. For assessing the safety characteristics of these novel systems it is important to determine the prediction accuracy of the reactor physics parameters (reactivity coefficients) that have an impact on the accuracy of the transient simulations. (b) Specific (CRP): To verify, validate, and improve methodologies and computer codes used for the calculation of reactivity coefficients in fast reactor cores that are designed to enhance the utilization of plutonium and minor actinides.

Outputs: (a) Research: The CRP participants performed analytical benchmark studies of a hybrid UOX/MOX fuelled BN-600 core. The benchmark analyses were performed in five phases. Phases 1, 2 and 3 consisted in RZ homogeneous (Phase 1), Hex-Z homogeneous (Phase 2), and Hex-Z heterogeneous as well as burnup benchmarks (Phase 3). The analytical benchmarks in these three phases focused on reactivity effects and the influence of their calculational uncertainties on transient analyses. In Phase 4, a fully MOX loaded BN-600 core was studied. In support of the first three phases, the Phase 5 benchmark analyses dealt with the verification of uncertainties on reactivity coefficients and especially on the sodium void reactivity effect based on some BFS-62-3A experiments. The series of the CRP benchmarks clearly addressed the issues arising from the use of weapons-grade plutonium for energy production in the BN-600 reactor. The CRP produced an IAEA Technical Report and one external publication. (b) Others: N/A

Appendix E.2

Effectiveness of CRP: (a) In reaching Specific Objective: Results were obtained with various codes, data and methodologies. It also offered the possibility (albeit limited to one parameter) of calculation vs. experiment comparisons. It permitted deriving conclusions and recommendations. Thus, it can be asserted that the CRP was effective in reaching its specific objectives (as mentioned above). (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: Following a proposal by the Russian Federation, the CRP brought together experts from nine organizations in eight IAEA Member States to jointly analyse the uncertainties of reactivity coefficients (and their impact on transient analyses) in the hybrid UOX/MOX fuelled BN-600 reactor core that combines highly enriched uranium (HEU) and mixed oxide (MOX). The collaboration of these experts in an analytical and experimental benchmark effort whose scope clearly addresses expressed Member States’ needs (viz. code and methodology validation in fast reactors fuelled with weapons-grade plutonium) proved to be an effective means of reaching aforementioned IAEA project objectives. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: Budget constraints, specifically limitations in grants for research contracts.

Impact of the CRP:

Based on the analyses performed, the CRP arrived at conclusions that have a general character and provide guidance for the experts involved in research and design activities in this field.

Relevance of the CRP: The relevance of the CRP lies in the overall conclusions and recommendations. The most important are summarized below. The comparison of the diffusion and transport results for Phase 1 and 2, obtained for the homogeneous representation, generally shows good agreement between RZ and Hex-Z predictions obtained for reactivity coefficients other than sodium and steel density. The results for the absolute core reactivity, as well as for the sodium and steel density coefficients, however, show relatively large discrepancies between participants both in the diffusion and transport theory approximations. The differences in the integral reactivity coefficient for sodium arise from the compensation between large positive (spectral) and negative (leakage) contributions. It is therefore concluded that it is sufficient to use the diffusion theory approximation in RZ geometry for the calculation of all reactivity coefficients except those for sodium and steel. For these coefficients and the absolute core reactivity it is necessary to use a minimum of Hex-Z geometry transport theory to reduce uncertainties to the required level. In the Phase 3 study, the burnup effect and the heterogeneity effect on most reactivity parameters show good agreement for both diffusion and transport theory results. The heterogeneity effects on most reactivity parameters were shown to be small. The control rod worth is decreased when using a heterogeneous treatment. However, the important conclusion in this regard is that the heterogeneity effect on both criticality factor and control rod worth is strongly dependent on the method used to treat the heterogeneity effect. The major outcome of Phase 5 was the conclusion that transport theory must be used to obtain accurate results. In this case, the criticality and sodium void reactivity effect results obtained by the CRP participants using various basic data and computer code systems agreed with the measured values within the range of the experimental uncertainties. Moreover, the CRP concluded that the transferability of the BFS-62-3A sodium void reactivity effect to that of the BN-600 hybrid core is possible by taking into account a detailed breakdown of the individual reactivity contributions. The CRP recommends that this breakdown be made region wise, as well as according to spectral and leakage components. These two major Phase 5 conclusions lead to recommendations which, if followed, allow asserting the reliability of each of the participants’

Appendix E.3

safety related parameter results for the BN-600 hybrid, core using standard nuclear data, techniques and computer codes. The substantial spread between the different participants noticed for some of the reactivity coefficients and power distributions along with their associated uncertainties, did not have a significant impact on the ULOF (unprotected loss of flow) transient behaviour prediction of the BN-600 hybrid core, especially up to the onset of sodium boiling. This result is attributable to compensating effects between several different reactivity contributions for the specific design of the hybrid UOX/MOX. Based on this finding, the CRP concluded that, for partially MOX fuelled hybrid fast reactor cores, the outcome of this type of transient is understood and predicted reasonably well.

Recommended future action by Agency: There are no specific spin-off activities from this CRP.

Resulting Publications subject to internal IAEA approval: BN-600 hybrid core benchmark analyses Results from a Coordinated Research project on “Updated Codes and Methods to Reduce the Calculational Uncertainties of the LMFR Reactivity Effects”, PC/5246 Y. I. Kim, A. Stanculescu, et al., BN-600 HYBRID CORE BENCHMARK ANALYSES, PHYSOR 2002, Seoul, Korea, October 7-10, 2002

Appendix E.4

CRP No. 307 (F12016) CRP Evaluation Report

Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Ion Beam Modification of Insulators

Section/Division: NAPC Period Covered: 2004-08-01 through 2008-05-15 Total Cost: € 99,950.94 Objectives of CRP:

(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): Ion beam modification of insulators is attracting significant interest, worldwide, as a means of both modifying surface properties and fabricating new advanced materials. It also has applications in advanced electronic devices for high speed and power application and in radiation detection. The overall objective of this project is to facilitate applied, innovative R&D efforts using low energy accelerators for studying material characteristics, to develop appropriate techniques and synthesis of novel materials and to strengthen the capacity of accelerator laboratories in developing Member States. (b) Specific (CRP):

– To study crystalline materials using ion beams (e.g., silicon carbide and diamond). These types of materials can be used as high-density optical data storage media and photolithographic masks.

– To develop methods and techniques, for ion implantation, to produce buried layers. This field is of increasing interest for the fabrication of optical wave-guides, insulating layers and diffusion barriers in semi-conducting devices.

– To synthesise sub-micron sized elemental phases and compounds. The interest in these composites results mainly from their special optical and magnetic properties.

– To study ion induced modification of polymer properties. The introduce modification could lead to a change of the index of refraction, of the optical absorption, as well as of electrical properties.

– To study ion beam modifications of metal-nitride layers. These materials are interesting for a variety of applications in tribology, electronics and biocompatible implants.

Outputs:

(a) Research: A comprehensive program in ion beam modification requires not only facilities for materials production and ion beam implantation/irradiation, but also modern methods of analysis and diagnostics in order to characterize the ion beam induced effects. All these facilities may not be available in an individual laboratory, but can be achieved with collaborations between scientists from developed and developing Member States. Appropriate partnerships with research centres in developed Member States and participation in research networks will grant research students and scientists from developing Member States access to world class facilities and supervisory capacity.

Appendix E.5

The major and most relevant scientific and technical achievements of the CRP can be summarized, as follows:

1. Studying crystalline materials (e.g., silicon carbide and diamond) using ion beams. 2. Development of methods and techniques, for ion implantation, to produce buried layers.

3. Synthesis of sub-micron sized elemental phases and compounds with novel properties.

4. Study ion induced modification of polymer properties.

5. Study ion beam modifications of metal-nitride layers.

(b) Others: The results of the investigations of problems through this CRP have generated useful data and information of interest to laboratories in several Member States. The participants have improved or developed new methods. Successful joint workshops have been held, several exchange visits between participants took place and co-authored publications were presented at international conferences. Educational benefits: Two Master and six PhD theses were contributing to and benefiting from contract holders activities under this CRP.

Effectiveness of CRP:

(a) In reaching Specific Objective: Ion implantation and ion beam analysis are powerful tools for characterization and modification of materials by means of bombarding solids with energetic ions. Although the techniques have been highly developed during the past half century, they face new challenges as material processing approaches the nanometer scales. Thus, the objectives of this CRP are perfectly in line with the nanoscience research. The results presented emphasized (i) the versatility of ion beam techniques in material modification and characterization, (ii) the increasingly important role that it can continue to play in materials technology development and (iii) the successful training of young researchers, especially from developing countries. The 2nd and 3rd RCMs in South Africa and Thailand allowed for exchange of ideas, lively discussions of research results and exploration of partnerships. (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: The achievements attained and technology developed in some cases, and improved in others, can be transferred to other similar groups that did not participate in this CRP. The CRP provided opportunities from persons from geographically remote countries to travel to other research laboratories, and to be in closer proximity to the mainstream scientific community to interchange ideas and information and form and strengthen collaborations and partnerships. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: It is with deep sadness that the members of the CRP received news of the passing away of Mr Zvonko Medunić, of Zagreb (Croatia), who was an initiating member of this CRP.

Impact of the CRP:

The CRP was particularly successful in facilitating the exchange of knowledge and experience, initiating research programmes that will continue into the future, in spawning new research ideas in ion beam applications. In particular, with regards to the developing Member States the CRP has resulted in novel applications of ion beam methods which had not been explored before. Closer collaborations between developed and developing Member States have been strengthened and will continue beyond the life of the CRP. Successful joint workshops have been held, several

Appendix E.6

exchange visits between participants took place and co-authored publications were presented at international conferences.

Relevance of the CRP: The development of new materials is driven by the high impact of such materials in applications in important areas such as information technology, energy management, environmental protection, human health, etc. Most of these applications require devices having surface layers and thin film coatings or appropriately doped matrices with dedicated properties and structure. For many applications such accurately configured structures cannot be achieved by thermal diffusion methods. Ion beam methods, on the other hand, offer accurate control of implanted ion/dopant species, and implantation fluence, profile and temperature. They can be used to grow nano-composite materials by ion beam deposition, to create nano-patterned surfaces of materials by ion beam erosion, to introduce impurities into matrices by ion implantation, or to investigate novel properties resulting from impurity-defect interactions.

Recommended future action by Agency: The CRP participants have identified areas for future activities that the IAEA may consider for further promotion in its Member States. In particular:

– To continue to lend its support to the programmes and collaborations initiated by this CRP.

– Future CRP’s should be considered in ion beam applications in fields such as advanced material processing, sub-micron analysis and modifications, bio-technology, and high resolution and atomic scale analysis.

– Support training programs, schools, and interchange of young scientists, particularly in application areas in which high precision measurements are necessary, and for which a deep level of understanding and practical “know-how” is required to achieve it.

– Promote scientific visits by internationally recognised experts to laboratories geographical remote from the mainstream scientific community.

Resulting Publications: 1. S. Intarasiri, T. Kamwanna, A. Hallén, L.D. Yu, C. Thongleum, G. Possnert and S. Singkarat.

NECTEC Technical Jounral, Vol. V, No. 16 (Nov. 2004 – Oct. 2005)634-642. 2. S. Intarasiri, A. Hallén, A. Razpet, S. Singkarat, G. Possnert. Solid State Phenomena, 107 (2005)

51-54. 3. S. Intarasiri, T. Kamwanna, A. Hallén, L.D. Yu, M.S. Janson, C. Thongleum, G. Possnert and S.

Singkarat. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Ion Beam Analysis, June 26 – July 1, 2005, Sevilla, Spain, Nuclear Instruments and Methods B, 249(2006)859-864.

4. S. Intarasiri, T. Kamwanna, A. Hallén, L.D. Yu, M.S. Janson, C. Thongleum, G. Possnert and S. Singkarat. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Ion Beam Analysis, June 26 – July 1, 2005, Sevilla, Spain, Nuclear Instruments and Methods B, 249(2006)851-855.

5. S. Intarasiri, A. Hallén, J. Lu, J. Jensen, L.D. Yu, K. Bertilsson, S. Singkarat, and G. Possnert. Presented to the 15th International Conference on Ion Beam Modification of Materials (IBMM 2006), Taormina, Sicily, Italy, September 18-22, 2006; Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 257 (2007) 195-198.

6. S. Intarasiri, A. Hallén, J. Lu, L.D. Yu, M. Ottosson, J. Jensen, S. Singkarat and G. Possnert. J. of Applied Physics 101(2007) 084311(10 pages) (on line).

7. S. Intarasiri, A. Hallén, J. Lu, J. Jensen, L.D. Yu, K. Bertilsson, S. Singkarat, and G. Possnert. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 4836-4842.

8. JJ Hamilton, NEB Cowern, KJ Kirkby, EJH Collart, M Bersani, D Giubertoni, S Gennaro and A Parisini “Boron deactivation in pre-amorphised silicon-on-insulator: Efficiency of the buried oxide as an interstitial sink” Applied Physics Letters, Volume 91, Page 92122 (2007)

9. M Kah, AJ Smith, JJ Hamilton, JA Sharp, SH Yeong, B Colombeau, R Gwilliam, RP Webb and KJ Kirkby “Interaction of the end-of-range (EOR) defect band with the upper buried oxide (BOX) interface for B and BF2 implants in SOI and Si with and without pre-amorphising implant” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B (in press)

Appendix E.7

10. M Aboy, L Pelaz, J Monserrat, FJ Bermúdez and JJ Hamilton “Boron diffusion and activation in SOI and Bulk Si: The role of the buried interface” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, Volume 257, Page 152 (2007)

11. JJ Hamilton, B Colombeau, JA Sharp, NEB Cowern, KJ Kirkby, EJH Collart, M Bersani and D Giubertoni “The effect of the buried Si/SiO2 interface on dopant and defect evolution in PAI USJ” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, Volume 24, No.1, Page 442 (2006)

12. JJ Hamilton, EJH Collart, B Colombeau, M Bersani, D Giubertoni, M Kah, NEB Cowern and KJ Kirkby “Effect of B dose and Ge pre-amorphisation energy on the electrical and structural properties of ultrashallow junctions in silicon-on-insulator” Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Volume 912, C01.10 (2006)

13. KRC Mok, B Colombeau, M Jaraiz, P Castrillo, JE Rubio, R Pinacho, MP Srinivasan, F Benistant, I Martin-Bragado and JJ Hamilton “Modelling and Simulation of the Influence of SOI Structure on Damage Evolution and Ultra-Shallow Junction Formed by Ge Pre-amorphisation Implants and Solid Phase Epitaxial Re-growth” Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Volume 912, C03.04 (2006)

14. JJ Hamilton, B Colombeau, JA Sharp, NEB Cowern, KJ Kirkby, EJH Collart, M Bersani, D Giubertoni and A Parisini “Diffusion and activation of ultra shallow B implants in silicon-on-insulator: End-of-range defect dissolution and the buried Si/SiO2 interface” Applied Physics Letters, Volume 89, Issue 4, 42111 (2006)

15. JJ Hamilton, EJH Collart, M Bersani, D Giubertoni, S Gennaro, NS Bennett, NEB Cowern and KJ Kirkby “Optimal pre-amorphisation conditions for the formation of highly activated ultra shallow junctions in Silicon-On-Insulator” AIP Conference Proceedings: Ion Implantation Technology, Volume 866, Page 73 (2006)

16. JJ Hamilton, EJH Collart, B Colombeau, C Jeynes, M Bersani, D Giubertoni, JA Sharp, NEB Cowern and KJ Kirkby “Electrical activation of solid-phase epitaxially re-grown ultra-low energy boron implants in Ge pre-amorphised silicon and SOI”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, Volume 237, Pages 107-112, (2005)

17. JJ Hamilton, EJH Collart, B Colombeau, M Bersani, D Giubertoni, JA Sharp, NEB Cowern and KJ Kirkby “Understanding the role of buried Si/SiO2 interface on dopant and defect evolution in PAI USJ” Materials Science and Engineering B, Volumes 124-125, Pages 215-218 (2005)

18. EJH Collart, SB Felch, H Graoui, D Kirkwood, S Tallavarjula, JA Van den Berg, Hamilton, NEB Cowern and KJ Kirkby “Advanced front-end processes for the 45nm CMOS technology node” Materials Science and Engineering B, Volumes 114-115, Pages 118-129 (2004)

19. K. Zhang, M. Uhrmacher, J. Krauser, H. Hofsäss “Magnetic texturing of ferromagnetic thin films by sputtering induced ripple formation”, J. Appl. Phys., submitted

20. Wan-Yu Wu, Jyh-Ming Ting, H. Zutz, D. Lyzwa, I. Gerhards, C. Ronning, H. Hofsäss “Comparative study of self-assembling of multilayers using reactive sputter deposition and mass selective ion beam deposition”, submitted to Int. Conf. on Diamond, Diamond-Like Materials, Carbon Nanotube, and Nitrides, Berlin 2007

21. K. Zhang, F. Rotter, M. Uhrmacher, C. Ronning, H. Hofsäss, J. Krauser “Ion induced nanoscale surface ripples on ferromagnetic thin films with correlated magnetic texture”, New J. Phys. 9 (2007) 29

22. K. Takahiro, K. Zhang, F. Rotter, D. Schwen, C. Ronning, H. Hofsäss, J. Krauser “Morphological change of carbon surfaces by sputter erosion”, Nucl. Instr. Meth B 256 (2007) 378

23. K. Zhang, F. Rotter, M. Uhrmacher, C. Ronning,, H. Hofsäss, J. Krauser “Pattern formation by Sputter erosion of Si- and C-surfaces”, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2007) 8299

24. H. Hofsäss, F. Rotter, M. Uhrmacher, K. Zhang, C. Ronning, J. Krauser “Sputter erosion of ferromagnetic thin films”, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2007) 8477

25. C. Ronning, I. Gerhards, M. Seibt, H. Hofsäss, W.Y. Wu, J. M. Ting “Self-assembled nano-scale multilayer formation using physical vapor deposition methods”, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 242 (2006) 261-264

26. I. Gerhards, H. Stillrich, C. Ronning, H. Hofsäss and M. Seibt “Self-organized Nanoscale Multilayer Growth in Hyperthermal Ion Deposition”, Phys. Rev. B70 (2004) 245418

27. M. Jakšić, Z. Medunić, N. Skukan, M. Bogovac, D. Wegrzynek “Fabrication of a Si photodiode for position sensitive radiation detection”, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 54 (2007) 280-283

Appendix E.8

28. M. Jakšić , I. Bogdanović Radović, M. Bogovac, V. Desnica, S. Fazinić, M. Karlušić, Z. Medunić, H. Muto, Ž. Pastuović, Z. Siketić, N. Skukan, T. Tadić “ New capabilities of the Zagreb ion microbeam system”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 260 (2007) 114-118

29. A. Simon, G. Kalinka, M. Jakšić, Ž. Pastuović, A.Z. Kiss “Investigation of radiation damage in a Si PIN photodiode for particle detection”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., B260 (2007) 304-308

30. K. Bharuth-Ram et al., “Mössbauer study of 3C-SiC following 57Mn implantation”, Proc. International Conf. on Applications of the Mössbauer Effect, Kanpur, India, Sept 2007 (in press).

31. K. Bharuth-Ram et al., “Mössbauer spectroscopy of Fe sites and interactions in CVD diamond following 57Mn implantation”, Proc. International Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Iguasu Falls, Brasil, Aug. 2007 (in press).

32. H.P. Gunnlaugsson, K. Bharuth-Ram, et al., “Defect magnetism observed with 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy following implantation of 57Mn”, Proc. International Conf. on Applications of the Mössbauer Effect, Kanpur, India, Sept 2007 (in press).

33. D. Naidoo, H.P. Gunnlaugsson, K. Bharuth-Ram, et al., “57Mössbauer invetestigations in p-type SiGe single crystals”, Proc. International Conf. on Applications of the Mössbauer Effect, Kanpur, India, Sept 2007 (in press).

34. G. Weyer et al., “Defect-related local magnetism at dilute Fe atoms in ion-implanted ZnO”, Journal of Applied Physics (in press).

35. K. Bharuth-Ram, H. Hofsäss, C. Ronning, “151Eu sites in GaN”, Proc. International Conf. on Applications of the Mössbauer Effect, Kanpur, India, Sept 2007 (in press).

36. G. Weyer, H.P Gunnlaugsson, K. Bharuth-Ram, et al., “Acceleration of diffusional jumps of interstitial Fe with increasing Ge concentration in Si1-xGex alloys observed by Mössbauer spectroscopy”, Hyp. Inter.158 (2005) 417 - 421.

37. HP Gunnlaugsson, K. Bharuth-Ram, et al., “Indentification of substitutional and interstitial Fe in 6H-SiC”, Hyp. Int. 169(2006) 1318-1323.

38. HP Gunnlaugsson, K. Bharuth-Ram, et al., “Formation of Fei-B pairs in silicon at high temperatures”, Hyp. Int. 169 (2006) 1315-1318.

39. T.Tsvetkova, S.Balabanov, E.Borisova, L.Avramov, J.Zuk and L.Bischoff: “Optical properties of Si+ and C+ implanted polymers”, Proc. IX Int.Conf. on Laser and Laser-Information Technologies”, Oct.4-7,2006, Smolyan, Bulgaria, p.201.

40. T.Tsvetkova, S.Balabanov, L.Avramov, E.Borisova and L.Bischoff: “Si+ implantation induced photoluminescence enhancement in PMMA”, Proc. 5 Int.Conf. “New Electrical and Electronic Technologies”, June 12-15, 2007, Zakopane, Poland, “Przeglad Elektrotechniczny”, ISSN 0033-2097, R.84 NR3(2008)72.

41. S.Balabanov, T.Tsvetkova, E.Borisova, L.Avramov and L.Bischoff: “Dose dependence of visible range diffuse reflectivity for Si+ and C+ ion implanted polymers”, XVth Int. Conf. on “Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies”, VEIT’07, Sept.17-21, 2007, Sozopol, Bulgaria, J. Phys.: Conf. Series, in press.

42. S.Balabanov, T.Tsvetkova, E.Borisova, L.Avramov and L.Bischoff: “Spectral distribution of UV range diffuse reflectivity for Si+ ion implanted polymers”, XVth Int. Conf. on “Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies”, VEIT’07, Sept.17-21, 2007, Sozopol, Bulgaria, J. Phys.: Conf. Series, in press.

43. T.Tsvetkova, S.Balabanov, L.Avramov, E.Borisova, I.Angelov and L.Bischoff: “Photoluminescence enhancement in ion implanted PMMA”, Vacuum, 2007, in press.

44. T.Tsvetkova, S.Balabanov, L.Avramov, E.Borisova, I.Angelov and L.Bischoff: “Photoluminescence properties of Si+ implanted polymers”, Vacuum, 2007, in press.

45. A.C. Marques, U. Wahl, J.G. Correia, E. Rita, J.C. Soares, and the ISOLDE collaboration: “Lattice location and perturbed angular correlation studies of implanted Ag in SrTiO3”, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 249 (2006) 882-885.

46. J.P. Araújo, A.M.L. Lopes, E. Rita, J.G. Correia, V.S. Amaral, U. Wahl, ISOLDE Collaboration: “Local probe studies on oxides using radioactive Isotopes”, Mater. Sci. Forum 514 (2006) 1593-1597.

47. A. C. Marques, J. G. Correia, U. Wahl, and J. C. Soares: “Study of point defects and phase transitions in undoped and Nb-doped SrTiO3 using perturbed angular correlations”, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 261 (2007) 604-607.

Appendix E.9


Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Development of Nuclear Microprobe Techniques for the Quantitative Analysis of Individual Microparticles


(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To increase the effective utilization of particle accelerators. (b) Specific (CRP):

To increase the utility of accelerator-based microanalytical techniques for applications in the bio-, environmental, and material sciences through • Development of microprobe-specific nuclear instrumentation and data processing electronics • Development of improved measurement methodologies for more accurate and reliable results

Outputs: (a) Research:

• An enhanced electromechnical system for scanning transmission ion microscopy tomography was succesfully implemented

• A compact and fast digital data acquisition system was developed and sucesfully deployed • Improved measurement and sample preparation methodologies were developed to obtain more

reliable and improved detection limits for light elements (H, Li, B, C, N, O, and F) using ion beam microanalysis

• Complementarty measurement techniques were integrated to provide a more complete and quantitative characterization of atmospheric aerosol particles

• An ion microbeam version of the PIXE-PAGE technique combining particle induced X-ray emission and polyacrilamid gel electrophoresis was developed to speciate metal ions in metalloproteins

• A microbeam imaging technique was improved and optimised to better access iron body status in hemochromatosis by studying iron concentrations in skin

(b) Others: Research outputs from this CRP have been presented at international conferences, published in international scientific journals, and form part of some diploma and doctoral theses. The nuclear instrumentation developed is now commercially available for interested ion microbeam users.

Appendix E.10

Effectiveness of CRP: (a) In reaching Specific Objective: Overall, the CRP was successful in achieving most of its goals, particularly in the areas of nuclear instrumentation and the development of methodology of measurements of biological specimens. This was due mainly to the participation of key researchers and laboratories that are relatively free of institutional constraints. The CRP would have benefited from and been able to achieve its stretch objectives, by an increased participation, particularly in areas in which the deep level of practical knowledge and experience is generally concentrated in a few laboratories. (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: The outputs of this CRP will enable accelerator laboratories to better meet the demands for microanalytical tools and techniques, to become more productive, and to apply nuclear analytical techniques to a wider range and more complex level of problems. All these will help to increase the effective utilization of ion beam accelerators. Success will require a greater level of interdisciplinary collaboration, and research institutions will need to encourage the development of teams across disciplines. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: Many researchers expressed an interest in participating in this CRP, however, in many cases their institutes’ management considered there was insufficient justification to contribute on a cost-free basis or for little financial reward. Some participants did not achieve all their objectives due to either overly-ambitious goals or extraneous factors.

Impact of the CRP:

1. The CRP research outputs were allocated oral presentations at the 11th International Conference on Nuclear Microprobe Techniques and Applications, Hungary, 2008

2. Inquiries from microprobe laboratories are being received for procurement of the microprobe-specific nuclear instrumentation and data processing electronics

Relevance of the CRP:

Micro- and nanotechnologies are driving science and technology in many fields including materials, medicine, agriculture, and the environment. Accelerator-based nuclear analytical methods to support research in these areas has evolved from the now very mature broad beam (millimeter-sized) analysis, to micron-sized analysis (nuclear microprobe) and is now venturing into the nano-sized analysis. Recognising this, most analytical accelerator laboratories in Member States have acquired, or are in the process of acquiring, a capability in nuclear microprobe analysis.

Recommended future action by Agency: Activities that support the next generation of nano beam and single ion nuclear microprobes are recommended. Much activity is in progress to develop high resolution and atomic scale analysis for the study of radiation induced effects in materials and biological systems. Much of the “know-how” is concentrated in a few institutes. TMs and workshops/schools are considered the most effective vehicle to deliver optimum benefits to Member States.

Resulting Publications: The outputs of the work done under the CRP have been/will be published in international journals and proceedings of regional and international conferences. Some of the outputs of the work done on development of nuclear instrumentation have been incorporated into a TECDOC entitled “Signal processing and electronics for nuclear spectrometry” arising from an unrelated TM.

Appendix E.11

1. T. Pinheiro, M.D. Ynsa and L.C. Alves, “Imaging biological structures with proton microprobe. In Modern Research and Educational Topics in Microscopy”, Microscopy series Nº3, Vol. 1, Ed. A. Mendez-Vilas and J. Diaz (2007, Formatex, Badajoz, Spain) pp. 237.

2. A.Veríssimo, L.C. Alves, P. Filipe, J.N. Silva, R. Silva, M.D. Ynsa, E. Gontier, Ph. Moretto, J. Pallon, T. Pinheiro, Nuclear Microscopy: a tool for imaging elemental distribution and percutaneous absorption in vivo, Microscopy Res Tech. 70 (2007) 302-309.

3. T. Pinheiro, J.Pallon, L.C. Alves, A. Veríssimo, P. Filipe, J.N. Silva, R. Silva, The influence of corneocyte structure on the interpretation of permeation profiles of nanoparticles across skin, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B260 (2007) 119-123.

4. I. Batista, R. Fleming, R. Silva, P. Filipe, J. N. Silva, A. Veríssimo, L.C. Alves, T. Pinheiro, Using skin to assess iron accumulation in human metabolic disorders, Nucl Instr. Meth. B249 (2006) 697-701.

5. P. Aguer, L.C. Alves, Ph. Barberet, E. Gontier, S. Incerti, C. Michelet-Habchi, Zs. Kertész, A.Z. Kiss, P. Moretto, J. Pallon, T. Pinheiro, J.E. Surlève-Bazeille, Z. Szikszai, A. Veríssimo, M.D. Ynsa, Skin morphology and layer identification using different STIM geometries, Nucl Instr. Meth. B231 (2005) 292-299.

6. G. Tylko, J. Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, W.J. Przybyłowicz, In-vacuum micro-PIXE analysis of biological specimens in frozen-hydrated state, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B260 (2007) 141-148.

7. Grzegorz Tylko, Jolanta Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, Wojciech J. Przybyłowicz, X-ray microanalysis of biological material in the frozen-hydrated state by PIXE, Microscopy Research and Technique 70 (2007) 55-68.

8. G. Tylko, J. Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, W.J. Przybyłowicz, Application of the Nuclear Microprobe to X-ray Microanalysis of Biological Materials in Frozen-hydrated State, Microsc Microanal 12(Supp 2) (2006) 1128 -1129 CD.

9. W.J. Przybylowicz, G. Tylko, J. Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, A. Barnabas, ”PIXE microanalysis of biological materials in frozen-hydrated state” in Geochemistry of the Trace Elements: Environmental Protection, Remediation and Human Heath; Editors: Y Zhu, N. Lepp and R. Naido. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, Chin. ISNB 978-7-30215627-7, pp 338-339.

10. H.-J. Hawkins, H. Hettasch, J. Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, W. Przybylowicz, M.D. Cramer, Phosphorus toxicity in the Proteaceae: A problem in post-agricultural lands, Sci. Hortic. 117 (2008) 357-365.

11. H.J. Hawkins, H. Hettash, J. Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, W. Przybylowicz, M.D. Cramer, Micro-location of elements in leaves of Leucadendron ‘Safari Sunset’ (Proteaceae) with phosphorus toxicity, South Afr. J. Botany 73 (2) (2007) 290-290.

12. K. Vogel-Mikuš, M. Regvar, J. Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, W.J. Przybyłowicz, J. Simčič, P. Pelicon, M. Budnar,. Spatial distribution of Cd in leaves of metal hyperaccumulating Thlaspi praecox using micro-PIXE, New Phytologist 179 (2008) 712–721.

13. K. Vogel-Mikuš, J. Simčič, P. Pelicon, M. Budnar, J. Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, W.J. Przybyłowicz, M. Regvar, Comparison of essential and non-essential element distribution in leaves of the Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi praecox as revealed by micro-PIXE. Plant, Cell and Environment. Vol. 31 Issue 10 (2008) 1484-1496.

14. M. Augustyniak, W. Przybyłowicz, J. Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, M. Tarnawska, P. Migula, E. Głowacka, A. Babczyńska, Nuclear microprobe studies of grasshopper feeding on nickel hyperaccumulating plants, X-Ray Spectrom. 37 (2008) 142-145.

15. E. Orłowska, J. Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, W. Przybyłowicz, and K. Turnau, Micro-PIXE studies of elemental distribution in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots of Ni-hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii, X-Ray Spectrom. 37 (2008) 129-132.

16. G. Á. Sziki, A. Simon, Z. Szikszai, Zs. Kertész, E. Dobos, I. Uzonyi, Gamma ray production cross sections of deuteron induced nuclear reactions for light element analysis, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 251 (2006) 343.

17. A. Simon, G. Kalinka, M. Jakšić, Ž. Pastuović, M. Novák, Á. Z Kiss, Investigation of radiation damage in a Si PIN photodiode for particle detection, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B260 (2007) 304.

Appendix E.12

18. R. Fleming, R. Silva, P. Filipe, J.N. Silva, T. Pinheiro, “Assessing iron overload through skin in human metabolic disorders”, Proceedings of BIOIRON 2005, Prague, Czech Republic, 22-27 May 2005.

19. M.A. Barreiros, C. Ralheta, T. Pinheiro, L.C. Alves, P. Filipe, J.N. Silva, R. Silva, R. Fleming, "Monitoring plasma and skin iron concentrations in human metabolic disorders", Proceedings of EXRS2006 - European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry, Paris, France, June 2006.

20. T. Pinheiro, R. Fleming, H. Proença, A. Barreiros, C. Ralheta, P. Filipe, J.N. Silva, R. Silva, “Skin iron associates to hepatic iron and circulating hepcidin content in hemochromatosis”, Proceedings of European Iron Club Meeting EIC2006, Barcelona (Spain), 28-29 September, 2006.

21. J.N. Silva, R. Fleming, P Filipe, T Pinheiro, R. Silva,“A pele como órgão de monitorização da acumulação de Ferro na hemocromatose”, Proceedings of 9º Congresso Nacional de Dermatologia e Venereologia, Porto, Portugal, April 2006.

22. J.N. Silva, I. Guinote, R. Fleming, P Filipe, T Pinheiro, R. Silva, “Assessing skin as a marker of iron tissue overload in primary hemochromatosis”, Proceedings of American Association of Dermatology, 64th Annual Meeting, San Francisco CA, USA, 3-7 March 2006.

23. R. Fleming, T. Pinheiro, A. Gonçalves, P. Filipe, R. Silva, I. Távora, M. Galvão, “Determinação da concentração de ferro hepática por ressonância magnética em doentes com hemocromatose”, Proceedings of VI Congresso Nacional da Associação de Imunohemoterapia, Aveiro, Portugal, 12 a 13 Outubro de 2007.

A. Barreiros, C. Ralheta, P. Napoleão, R. Pinheiro, P.M. Felix, T. Pinheiro, “Uncertainty evaluation in the analysis of trace elements in blood”, Proceedings of Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences, NAMLS9, Lisbon, Portugal, 7-12 September 2008.

24. Zs. Kertész, I. Borbély-Kiss, E. Dobos, A. Simon, G. Á. Szíki, Z. Szikszai, I. Uzonyi, “Developments on the Debrecen Scanning Ion Microprobe: new possibilities in atmospheric aerosol research”, Proceedings of the 8th Hungarian Aerosol Conference, Siófok-Szabadifürdı, Hungary 25-26 May, 2006. Ed: Imre Salma

25. Zs. Kertész, “The Debrecen scanning nuclear microprobe and its application in biology and environmental science”, Proceedings of 4th International Summer School on Nuclear Physics Methods and Accelerators in Biology and Medicine. Prague, Czech Republic, 8-19 July, 2007. Proceedings. Eds: Granja, C., Stekl, I. New York, AIP (AIP Conference Proceedings 958) (2007) 33-36

26. Zs. Kertész, A. Simon, Z. Szikszai, E. Dobos, G. Á. Szíki, Á. Z. Kiss, I. Uzonyi, “Development of an ion microprobe setup for the complex microanalysis of individual microparticles and microstructures”, Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Particle-Induce X-ray Emission and its Analytical Applications. Pueble, Mexico, 25-29 May, 2007. Proceedings. Eds.: Miranda, J., Ruvalcaba-Sil, J.L., de Lucio, O.G. Mexico City, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CD) (2007) PI-12 pp 1-4.

27. Szikszai Z., Kertész Zs., Kocsár I., Oláh V., Quantitative elemental localisation in plants using ion beam microprobe análisis, Acta Biologica Szegediensis 52 (2008) 81-82.

Appendix E.13

CRP No. 618 (D15008) CRP Evaluation Report

Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Assess the Effectiveness of Soil Conservation Techniques for Sustainable Watershed Management Using Fallout Radionuclides

Section/Division: NAFA Period Covered: 2002-11-01 through 2008-02-18 Total Cost: € 565,746.76 Objectives of CRP:

(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To develop improved land use and management strategies for sustainable watershed management through effective soil erosion control practices (b) Specific (CRP): a) To further develop fallout radionuclide methodologies, with particular emphasis on the combined use of 137Cs, 210Pb and 7Be for measuring soil erosion over several spatial and time scales. b) To establish standardized protocols for the combined application of the above techniques. c) To utilize these techniques to assess the impact of short-term changes in land use practices and the effectiveness of specific soil conservation measures.


• Developed and applied guidelines and protocols for the combined use of fallout radionuclides (FRNS) such as Cs-137, Pb-210 and Be-7 to assess soil erosion/deposition rates at several temporal and spatial (from hillslope to small watershed) scales in a range of environments.

• A new and improved version of conversion models has been developed. Depending on the authorization by the authors, the models will be made available or the link to these models indicated on the IAEA website (The website has been prepared, and the request for authorization by the authors made; a definitive decision is expected before the end of 2008).

• The network confirmed that the Cs-137 technique is worldwide recognised as the main isotopic tracer for soil erosion/sedimentation investigations.

• The Be-7 technique has been further developed for application in short term soil redistribution studies. Particular applications include the assessment of the impact of tillage systems and forest harvest operations.

• A wealth of valuable information on soil redistribution and effectiveness of soil conservation was generated by the participants of the CRP using several fallout radionuclides and related techniques in a wide range of environments. A database (e.g. publications (or their references), datasheets, conversion models (software) and addresses of the participants) will be created by the SWMCN Section in 2009 for uploading it into the IAEA website for dissemination to the public in general.

Appendix E.14

(b) Others:

• The international research network established under past D1.50.05 CRP has been strengthened by the successful participation and integration of the current CRP (D1.50.08) participants. This is perhaps the most important outcome.

• Based on the results obtained in the CRP, 18 national success stories related to the development and application of FRNs were provided by the participants summarizing the main findings and impact of their work. They are currently being edited and will be disseminated via the Soils Newsletter of the SWMCN Section (Three success stories were published in the January 2008 edition).

• A total of 514 publications directly related to the CRP D1.50.08 were published by the CRP participants and IAEA staff involved in the project. From these publications, 143 were papers published in peer review journals and 43 are additional papers in preparation


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: From the achievements of the CRP outputs, this CRP has demonstrated that FRNs techniques are powerful tools to assess soil erosion/deposition at several spatial and temporal scales. Protocols were developed for the combined application of Cs-137, Pb-210 and Be-7 to obtain information on soil redistribution rates and spatial patterns in a wide range of environments represented by the 18 participants in this CRP. Furthermore this information has been utilised to assess the effectiveness of soil conservation measures in controlling soil erosion. Also participants developed twenty eight (28) datasheets that collect relevant information on erosion /deposition rates and effectiveness of soil conservation measures to create a database to be uploaded in the IAEA website for further dissemination to the public. Conclusions and recommendations related to main achievements of the CRP were provided at the Fourth and Final RCM of the project held in Vienna, 15-19 October 2007. (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: This CRP developed and applied fallout radionuclide technologies to assess the effectiveness of soil conservation measures to control soil erosion/deposition. The objectives of the project are in line with project E1.02 task 4 (IAEA PWB 2002-2003) Development of soil management and conservation practices for sustainable crop production and environmental protection and with the strategic objectives of the FAO’s Department of Agriculture. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP:

• Staff turnover, in particular changes of the Project Officer (3 times) greatly influenced the normal co-ordination/guidance during the CRP.

• The majority of participants had sufficient skills and experience in networked research gained from participation in past CRP (D1.50.05) but some newcomers had difficulties in becoming integrated in the network.

• The IAEA analytical laboratory support was limited to an inter-comparison exercise for 137Cs and 210Pb measurements. Because of the short half-life time of 7Be (53 days) an inter-comparison exercise can not be carried out.

Impact of the CRP:

• Significant progress has been made in the development and application of the combined use of fallout radionuclides (FRNS) such as Cs-137, Pb-210 and Be-7 to assess soil erosion/deposition rates at several temporal and spatial (from hillslope to small watershed) scales in a range of environments. Furthermore the estimated rates were utilised to assess the effectiveness of soil conservation measures in controlling soil erosion.

Appendix E.15

• A new and improved version of conversion models has been developed. The different models provide a powerful spatial and visual representation of soil redistribution data and processes. Also the models have demonstrated good calibration because of the consistency between model outputs and field measurements.

• Soil redistribution and sedimentation estimates obtained from the FRNs technologies were successfully correlated and validated by using conventional, often more costly and time consuming, non-isotopic measurements (e.g. erosion pins, erosion modelling e.g. RUSLE, WEPP; sediment yields and reservoir silting measurements, runoff plot monitoring data, sediment traps, etc.).

• The network confirmed that the Cs-137 technique is worldwide recognised as the main isotopic tracer for soil erosion/sedimentation investigations.

• The potential to combine Cs-137 data with a variety of other soil data layers (e.g. Digital Elevation Model, slope and soil parameters such as soil organic carbon, soil texture, etc.) in a GIS framework was demonstrated.

• The Be-7 technique has been further developed for application in short term soil redistribution studies. Particular applications include the assessment of the impacts of tillage systems and forest harvest operations.

• The IAEA Seibersdorf Laboratory contributed towards the achievements of the CRP through: (i) conducting backup research to improve spatialization of soil redistribution data using geostatistical tools, (ii) organizing a proficiency test of 137Cs and 210Pb, and (iii) developing a sampling tool (Fine soil increment collector) for assessing of the Be-7 content.

Despite a significant progress made on the use of Pb-210 and Be-7 by the team of CRP D1.50.08, there is still scope for further fine-tuning of the methodologies in particular in the field of analyses and data interpretation. Action is currently undertaken by the IAEA Seibersdorf Laboratory, and preliminary results are promising

Relevance of the CRP: Soil erosion and associated sedimentation are natural processes driven by water and wind that can be accelerated by man’s activities such as land use changes, farming mismanagement, deforestation and overgrazing. These processes occurring in the landscape cause not only on-site soil losses affecting crop productivity but also off-site problems of mobilization and deposition of sediment and associated contaminants that can find their way into dam/reservoirs and water bodies. Soil erosion is the predominant land degradation process occurring worldwide. More than three quarters of the surface land area affected by erosion is situated in developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, with about half occurring in Asia. Soil losses by water are more serious than by wind across all regions; worldwide more than 75% of the soil losses came from agricultural land. Global cost estimates of the soil loss are of the order of US $ 400 billion per year (1992 US $ dollars). In view of the above, there is an urgent need to obtain reliable quantitative data on the extent and rates of soil erosion/sedimentation to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the problems and to underpin soil conservation and sediment control strategies, including the assessment of their economic and environmental impacts. The information obtained through this CRP is highly relevant to the needs of developing Member States from Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Recommended future action by Agency: The technologies developed under this project should be transferred to Member States through IAEA’s Technical Co-operation Programme to underpin the selection of effective soil conservation measures for controlling soil erosion. Ongoing IAEA TC projects (cycle 2007-2008) dealing with soil erosion/ sedimentation include CPR5015, PHI5031, SRL5038, ALG/5/020, ALG5021, CHI5048, ELS8009, MLI5022, MAG5014, MON5015, RAS5043, TAD5002, and UGA5029. In addition, four new projects were designed for the TC cycle of 2009-2011, including a regional Latin American project with 14 participating countries to disseminate the use of FRN to assess soil erosion and the effectiveness of soil conservation measures. The network also acknowledged the potential for further development of FRNs applications, in particular up-scaling FRN research at the catchment level, linked with fingerprinting technologies to improve environmental quality in developing Member States. The network also recommended that

Appendix E.16

the IAEA should support these investigations through the Co-ordinated Research Programme. In this context, action has been already taken by organizing a Consultants’ Meeting on Integrated approaches for the assessment of land use impact on soil loss and related environmental problems, Vienna, 5-7 November 2007. A new CRP proposal on how to identify critical areas of soil loss was formulated. This proposal focuses on the use of fingerprinting technologies, such as Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA), in combination with Fallout Radionuclides. Since new abundant information is becoming rapidly available, information transfer is essential for educating both new and old users using several IT and dissemination mechanisms. The IAEA/FAO work on FRNs (success stories, meetings, publications, presentations, analyses, etc.) that has been done over the past 5 years, should be compiled in a dedicated website to soil erosion/sedimentation research using FRNs (SWMCN Subprogramme webpage, this activity is planned for 2009).

Resulting Publications: 19 manuscripts (369 pages) have been compiled for the publication of an IAEA TECDOC (in progress). • Success stories are currently being edited and will be disseminated via the Soils

Newsletter of the SWMCN Section (Three success stories were published in the January 2008 edition).

• A total of 514 publications directly related to the CRP D1.50.08 were published by the CRP participants and IAEA staff involved in the project. From these publications, 143 were papers published in peer review journals and 43 are additional papers in preparation

• According to the records (latest update of October 2007) of the “Bibliography of publications of 137Cs studies related to erosion and sediment deposition” of Ritchie and Ritchie (http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=16037) 4038 publications on the use of FRN in soil erosion/sedimentation were published.

Appendix E.17


Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Integrated Approach for Improving Small Scale Market Oriented Dairy Systems


(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): Demonstrate that an integrated approach can result in significant profits to market oriented dairy systems in developing countries. (b) Specific (CRP): - Identify and prioritise the constraints and opportunities in the selected dairy farms; - Determine the most important limiting factors; - Develop intervention strategies; - Assess the economic impact of the interventions; - Develop methodologies for recording and demonstrating the economic impact; - Promote the adoption and dissemination of proven strategies and methodologies.


• Development of economically, socially, and environmentally sound approaches and guidelines for better livestock management.

An integrated approach was successfully implemented through specialized and

validated surveys. The diversity of crops and animals, traditional methods of farming, the role and contribution of animals, multiple crop/animal interactions and numerous problems of farmers present complex issues that cannot be resolved easily and therefore, often specific problems can only be resolved by multidisciplinary approach. This is the rationale of farming systems research with a well defined approach and methodology that is based on careful identification of problems and their resolution. The Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an approach that is directed toward shared learning, data collection, and analyses between local people and communities and researchers. The PRA was successfully applied to get:

- Detailed understanding, identification and description of the prevailing farming systems and subsystems, types of interactions, and the manner in which the natural resources (land, crops, animals and labour) are used,

- A clear picture of the biophysical, socio-economic and other environmental factors that are constraining and problematic for the farming systems,

- Understanding of the nature and use of traditional methods and indigenous knowledge,

- Understanding of farmers’ attitudes, perceptions, and aspirations to facilitate efficient use of their resources to formulate technological interventions in a manner that it is feasible, acceptable, manageable and economical,

Appendix E.18

- Opportunities for potential increased income, improve livelihoods and sustainable animal production due to appropriate technology application and wide adoption.

An Economic Opportunity Survey (EOS) was especially created for this CRP as a tool

for veterinarians and farmers in small scale dairy holding areas to identify missed economic opportunities, to identify aspects for improvement and for future intervention, to set goals and targets to achieve greater economic returns in their respective farming systems, and to improve their economic situations through implementation of practical interventions. The EOS was useful in laying the foundation for interventions strategies that will hopefully be embraced by farmers.

A computer application linked to a database Livestock Information Management

Applications (LIMA) was developed and used during the intervention phase. The application contains convenient and easy-to-use data entry forms for the identification of the animal (six species), productive records (body weight, milk yield, wool and fibre production), reproductive parameters (heats, services, parturitions), health data (individual cases and collective preventive treatment), feeding records (paddocks, grazing, supply of forage and concentrates), and economical information (farm income and expenses). It also contains a wide collection of pre-defined reports for the analysis of the data, and facilities for data verification and export.

The understanding of cattle reproductive physiology and the effect of environmental,

managerial and health factors on productive and reproductive performance is crucial when devising corrective measures or further research. For this purpose, radioimmunoassay for measuring progesterone values at pre-determined times during the postpartum period or in relation to the service was an important tool and key component of the CRP.

• Identification of relevant farming constraints that can be targeted for improvement through

research and changes in management practices and breeding programmes for farm animals to increase livestock productivity and household income in different ecosystems.

The main aspects that were identified and monitored though the intervention phase

were the following: - General management and housing: hygiene, ventilation, climatic and other stresses,

calf management, recording system. - Nutrition: Feed quality, quantity and seasonal fluctuations, deficiencies in energy,

protein and minerals, feed intake, calf mortality, use of milk replacers for calves, weight gain of calves.

- Reproduction: Genetic potential, fertility parameters, efficiency of oestrous detection, timing of service, quality and quantity of artificial insemination services, bull fertility, diseases of reproduction.

- Diseases: Major clinical and sub-clinical diseases which cause losses and limit productivity in adults and calves.

- Other factors: Current status of integration with other farm activities, marketing of products, influence of farmer organizations and other support services, environmental and social indicators for small-scale dairy cattle production.

• Increased research capacity in counterpart institutions for integrated research on dairy

production systems.

The capability of all research contract (RC) holders in identifying livestock production constraints and proposing and implementing corrective measures through research trials and modification of livestock management practices was outstanding in their specific areas of expertise but limited in multidisciplinary approaches, especially when dealing with small-scale dairy cattle farms.

Appendix E.19

Training on the use PRA, EOS and LIMA as well as the interaction with agreement holders and their experiences on these methodologies under the conditions of developing countries proved to be valuable and effective for RC holders, as they managed to teach their colleagues in the respective countries, forming multidisciplinary teams and successfully implement the surveys and interpreting the resulting data.

• Dissemination of methodologies and knowledge through formal training, publications and

related information sources, open days, group discussions and exchange visits.

The integrated research approach on dairy production systems is currently being applied by former RC holders in their countries as well as in the regions (as they have been undertaken IAEA expert missions to train other IAEA project counterparts within their regions or have received IAEA trainees in their own institutions).

Results of CRP studies and additional studies using the methodologies learned have

been and most probably will continue to be published in international scientific journals and other type of scientific forums. One of the participants, Mr. H. Bayemi from Cameroon, used the project as the basis for a Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, which he successfully defended.

• Determined production constraints and intervention strategies of market oriented dairy

systems.

A large number of practical interventions, many of them evaluated through research trials were implemented and some of the results were the following:

- General management and housing: alleviation of stresses and other constraints, use of farms records.

- Nutrition: Nutritional management of calves for decreasing calf mortality and achieving early puberty, feeding cows for early resumption of postpartum ovarian activity, increase in forage availability, better utilization of locally available forages, use of agro-industrial by-products, formulation of supplements and their strategic use (e.g. milk production per lactating cow was increased in 50% in Peru using locally available feed products; similarly, milk yield and body condition score increased from 3.4 L/day and 2.6 to 5.0 L/day and 3.0 in the group of South African farms).

- Reproduction: Achieving sexual maturity of heifers at younger age, ensuring early resumption of postpartum ovarian activity, improving heat detection, better timing of artificial insemination, early diagnosis of non-pregnancy and infertility, proper management of pregnant and parturient cows, improved artificial insemination services (e.g. the interval from calving to conception in Tanzanian farms decreased from 140 to 102 days, while in Paraguay was obtained an important 65% pregnancy rate in dairy cows using intravaginal progesterone devices and a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol).

- Diseases: Reduction of calf mortality, establishment of programmes for control of internal and external parasites, prevention and control or mastitis, calf diarrhoea, navel-ill, joint-ill and lameness, vaccination and management protocols against infectious and parasitic diseases, integrated disease prevention and eradication protocols. (e.g. Calf mortality in buffaloes decreased from 21% in 2003 to 2% in 2007; number of somatic cells in milk, an indication of subclinical mastitis were reduced from 813,000/ml to 88,900/ml in South Africa).

- Other factors: Optimizing economic returns, decreasing environment pollutants, improved efforts to achieve social, economic, and environmental sustainability, implementing farm record keeping systems (e.g. Small dairy producers obtained an additional 61.5% net cash income after changes in feeding procedures in Peru, while in Tanzania, farmers had and economic return of $2.16 per $1 invested).

Appendix E.20

(b) Others: • The project activities created new opportunities for interaction between scientists and

stakeholders, increasing the uptake and sustained application of results, improving farm productivity and the livelihood of small scale dairy farmers.

• The project has developed tools for field managers and development agencies to: (a) determine production constraints of market oriented dairy systems; (b) identify appropriate enabling technologies; and (c) monitor the outcome through partial budget analyses.

• Increasing milk production per cow was recognized by all counterparts as the greatest opportunity for improvement of farm income. Low production was observed to be due to the combined effects of deficiencies in nutrition, management, health, and reproduction.

• The CRP provided an opportunity for participants to work directly with AI personnel and farmers; strengthened capability for project planning, organization and management; led to interchange of experiences at the international level and exposure to the range of problems existing in different countries; and shifted the research emphasis of participants to a more problem-solving approach.

• The CRP clearly demonstrated the value of accurately identifying the management problems as a basis for implementing interventions. It has already assisted in improving the performance of AI technicians and has been instrumental in initiating programmes aimed at improving the dairy industry in some countries.


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: • The preliminary phase of the research work was related to the first two specific objectives of

the CRP. For this purpose, training was provided to CRP participants on the understanding and proper use of the main two protocols (The Participatory Rural Appraisal –PRA– and the Economic Opportunity Survey – EOS–), and they subsequently trained their own teams and successfully conducted the surveys. Many productive and health limiting factors affecting dairy cattle productivity were identified and prioritized by farmers and stockholders according to their respective production systems and ecosystems.

• Based on these findings, in the second phase suitable technical interventions were successfully developed, implemented and the results were evaluated in relation to availability of feed resources, improved production parameters (milk and meat), reduction of calf mortality and diseases (mastitis, lameness, parasitism) and economic returns. The results were highly beneficial to the farmers and the methodology applied can be used as a model for replication to other groups and communities of farmers.

• The methodologies developed, validated, and applied in the project proved to be practical, easy to apply, and valuable in getting the necessary information for both the identification of the limiting factors and for the evaluation of the technical interventions.

(b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective:

• The approach, methodology and protocols developed during the planning stages of the CRP, and validated during the implementation of the first phase of the project proved to be highly effective in identifying farm constraints, in monitoring the technical interventions, and evaluating the economic impact of introduced changes in the production system.

• These protocols and the whole concept of integrated approach for improving small scale market oriented dairy systems are now been widely used. Not just for former CRP participants but many other researchers and extension staff in several IAEA Member States. For example,

Appendix E.21

expert missions and individual training under national TC projects in Africa have been implemented to disseminate and to train scientists on these methodologies for improving livestock productivity and farmers and household income of rural communities.

• There is a clear indication of the contribution of this CRP in achieving the Agency’s overall project objectives in animal production.

(c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP:

The wide geographical distribution of CRP participants and the diversity of the dairy production systems involved in the project resulted in an expected large and somehow dissimilar limiting factors affecting dairy cattle production. This situation created some minor delays in a few cases in starting the intervention phase as work plans had to be individually revised and evaluated according to existing results; however, this was properly handled by the Agreement holders and technical interventions were completed on time.

Impact of the CRP:

• The outputs from the CRP are now being used in a wider scale in the countries of former RC holders (Bangladesh, Cameroon, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Tunisia, and Venezuela). The concept of integrated approach for improving small scale market oriented dairy systems has been disseminated in various countries, especially in Africa, under both regional and national TC projects (RAF/5/054 “Improvement of Livestock Productivity through an Integrated Application of Technologies (AFRA III-4)”, BKF/5/006 “Establishment of Feeding Tables for Feedstuffs that are Locally Available to Stockholders in Burkina Faso”, CAM/5/015 “Use of Nuclear Techniques for Improving Ruminant Productivity and Disease Control”, KEN/5/027 “Assessment of Local Feed Resources for Enhancing Fertility and Productivity of Smallholder Dairy Cattle”, MAG/5/016 “Appling Nuclear Techniques to Optimize Animal Production”, CAF/5/04 “Improving Livestock Production Through Disease Control and Artificial Insemination”)

• The CRP has improved the capability of many National Agricultural Research Systems, livestock service providers and farming communities to increase the efficiency of productivity of dairy cattle, through the proper identification of the most important constraints and the implementation of practical solutions using local resources and available technical support. Capacity building was conducted during the implementation of the project on the participating countries of the CRP, and later through local training by former CRP research contract holders or through IAEA expert missions (e.g. BKF/5/006, CAF/5/04).


The results generated from this CRP are fully relevant, not just to the participating Member States and to the IAEA, but also to developing countries in which medium and small scale dairy production is important. Applied research and technology transfer to farmers, especially under the conditions of developing countries, has always been a difficult task due to cultural differences between research organizations, extension departments in government bodies and farmers and medium to small farmers. The methods applied and validated in the CRP have opened enormous possibilities for successful interactions between these groups.

Recommended future action by Agency: The following recommendations to the Agency were made at the final RCM, and are being addressed through regional and country TC projects: - The integrated approach for improving small scale market oriented dairy systems project

Appendix E.22

activities should be expanded to other farmers and other dairy production systems in the countries.

- Funding from local sources should be explored and mechanisms for full or partial cost recovery from farmers should be introduced.

- Education on effective farming skills and management should be part of outreach programmes in each country.

- Participatory approaches should be implemented in Agency-supported projects designed to improve farm productivity.

- Holistic and multi-disciplinary approaches should be applied to address issues in dairy production systems and agriculture in general.

- The EOS and partial budgeting should be used as simple, robust, and easy-to-understand approaches for economic analysis of dairy production systems.

- The LIMA database software was identified as a valuable tool for management of dairy production data and is recommended for use by scientists and farmers in other member States. The software should be translated into other languages, depending on demand from project counterparts. The Animal Production and Health Section should promote on their website the use of LIMA and distribute the software and manual to interested parties.

- It is strongly recommended that, based on the success of this CRP, the Agency initiate a new CRP on further methods to improve market-oriented dairy systems in developing countries. The following issues have been identified through this CRP and should be considered for incorporation in such a CRP:

- the interaction between nutrition and reproduction - appropriate forage production, conservation and utilization - improved methods for animal identification and recording - improvement of milk and meat quality - measurement of and monitoring of various metabolites and hormones involved in

animal production - efficient utilization of reproductive technologies

Resulting Publications:

Results of the first phase were compiled and published in a special edition of the Tropical Animal Health and Production, Springer international journal that publishes the results of original research, investigation and observation in all fields of animal health, welfare and production which may lead to improved health and productivity of livestock and better utilization of animal resources in tropical, subtropical and similar environments. - BMAO Perera. 2007. A Coordinated Research Programme to develop methodologies for an

integrated approach to improve small scale market oriented dairy systems in developing countries. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 543-548.

- Devendra C. 2007. Constraint analysis to improve integrated dairy production systems in developing countries: the importance of participatory rural appraisal. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 549-556.

- Nordlund KV, Goodger WJ, Bennett TB, Shamsuddin M, Klos RF. 2007. Methods for conducting an economic opportunity survey in smallholder dairy farms. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 557-566.

- Shamsuddin M, Alam MM, Hossein MS, Goodger WJ, Bari FY, Ahmed TU, Hossain MM, Khan AHMSI. 2007. Participatory rural appraisal to identify needs and prospects of market-oriented dairy industries in Bangladesh. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 567-581.

Appendix E.23

- Bayemi PH, Webb EC, Manjeli Y, Naoussi P. 2007. Economic opportunity survey of small scale dairy farms of the North West province of Cameroon. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 583-592.

- Abdul Ghaffar M, Qasim Khan M, Nemat Ullah. 2007. Integrated approach for improving small scale market oriented dairy systems in Pakistan participatory rural appraisal and economic opportunity survey. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 593-601.

- Ferreira N, Cattoni CJ, Cáceres SC, Frutos J. 2007. An economic opportunity survey of small dairy farms in Paraguay. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 603-610.

- Gomez C, Fernandez M, Salazar I, Saldaña I, Heredia H. 2007. Improvement of small dairy producers in the central coast of Peru. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 611-618.

- Rekhis J, Saaidane F, Laamouri M, Ben Hamida K, Mabrouk W, Slimane N. 2007. Participatory rural appraisal in smallholder dairy systems in Tunisia. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 619-626.

- Nkya R, Kessy BM, Lyimo ZC, Msangi BSJ, Turuka F, Mtenga K. 2007. Constraints on smallholder market oriented dairy systems in the north eastern coastal region of Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 627-636.

Papers related to the second phase of the CRP are being edited and will be submitted for publication as an Agency TECDOC. Other papers produced by Research Contract holders in association with the CRP include the following: - Bayemi PH, Webb EC, Ndambi A, Ntam F, Chinda V. 2009. Impact of management

interventions on smallholder dairy farms of the western highlands of cameroon. Trop Anim Health Prod (electronic publication available ahead of print)

- Bayemi PH, Webb EC. 2009. An integrated method for improving the dairy production sector in developing countries: the case of Cameroon. Trop Anim Health Prod 41: 525-534.

- Bayemi PH, Webb EC, Nsongka MV, Unger H, Njakoi H. 2009. Prevalence of Brucella abortus antibodies in serum of Holstein cattle in Cameroon. Trop Anim Health Prod 41: 141-144.

- Siddiqui MA, Bhattacharjee J, Das ZC, Islam MM, Islam MA, Haque MA, Parrish JJ, Shamsuddin M. 2008. Crossbred bull selection for bigger scrotum and shorter age at puberty with potentials for better quality semen. Reprod Domest Anim 43: 74-79.

- Bartl K, Gomez C, García M, Aufdermauer T, Kreuzer M, Hess HD, Wettstein HR. 2008. Milk fatty acid profile of Peruvian Criollo and Brown Swiss cows in response to different diet qualities fed at low and high altitude. Arch Anim Nutr 2008 62: 468-484.

- Bayemi PH, Nsongka VM, Perera BM, Cavestany D, Webb EC. 2007. Validation of a human progesterone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit for use on serum of cattle in Cameroon. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 335-338.

- Shamsuddin M, Goodger WJ, Hossein MS, Azizunnesa, Bennett T, Nordlund K. 2006. A survey to identify economic opportunities for smallholder dairy farms in Bangladesh. Trop Anim Health Prod 38: 131-140.

- Kanuya NL, Matiko MK, Kessy BM, Mgongo FO, Ropstad E, Reksen O. 2006. A study on reproductive performance and related factors of zebu cows in pastoral herds in a semi-arid area of Tanzania. Theriogenology 65: 1859-1874.

- Shamsuddin M, Bhuiyan MM, Chanda PK, Alam MG, Galloway D. 2006. Radioimmunoassay of milk progesterone as a tool for fertility control in smallholder dairy farms. Trop Anim Health Prod 38:85-92.

Appendix E.24


Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: The Development of Strategies for the Effective Monitoring of Veterinary Drug Residues in Livestock and Livestock Products in Developing Countries


(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To improve compliance with Codex Alimentarius food safety standards through improved nuclear and related analytical methods and capacities to assess and manage the risks associated with contaminants and residues. The objectives of the CRP are directly relevant to the Project E3.02 “Technologies for reducing risk from transboundary livestock diseases and those of veterinary public health importance” and also to Project E5.02, “Strengthened capacity for risk analysis related to food safety and pesticide management”. (b) Specific (CRP): To develop appropriate, effective and sustainable strategies for the monitoring of veterinary drug residues in livestock and livestock products to facilitate trade between developing and developed countries, through the development and application of an iodine-125 based radio-immunoassay, improved tritium-based radio-assays and isotope dilution confirmatory methods


• Although the CRP was planned to end on 31 December 2006, the research and development activities of several of the CRP research groups continued without additional IAEA funding throughout 2007

Development, characterization and comparison of immunoassay screening methods • The research group in Brazil successfully expanded the scope of a commercially available

radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit for the analysis of animal tissues for the β-agonist, clenbuterol, to include a range of β-agonists by utilizing the cross-reactivity of an available antiserum with the structurally related β-agonists. Tritiated clenbuterol was used as the label in the competitive assay, and extraction and clean-up techniques were developed to facilitate the analysis of both phenolic- and aniline-type β-agonists. The method was exhaustively validated for 7 analytes by applying the validation protocol developed in the CRP, and can now be routinely applied for regulatory screening purposes in Brazil.

• Reagents and protocols for a novel radioassay for chloramphenicol were developed in Munich Technical University and transferred to Brazil for further development. The technique involves conjugation of the target drug to a biotin molecule and the reaction of the complex with iodine 125 labeled streptavidin, giving a robust and sensitive detection step for receptor- or immuno-assays. Because the technique does not involve direct labeling of the target molecule, the principle is applicable to any molecule that can be bound to biotin, and could also be used with mixtures of

Appendix E.25

biotin/analyte complexes to provide a multi-residue screening capability. This approach overcomes problems with the lack of robustness of conventional enzyme immunoassay screening methods in developing countries.

• Good quality polyclonal antibodies against chloramphenicol were produced by the research group in Kenya in several species, most significantly in camels, potentially providing a plentiful supply of antisera for application in radio-immunoassays and enzyme immunoassays by all members of the CRP and for the African region. Protocols were elaborated for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using these antisera for chloramphenicol residues in sheep tissues and serum. The ELISA methods were applied to elaborate the pharmacokinetic parameters of chloramphenicol in sheep and have been used to monitor tissues of sheep at slaughter for chloramphenicol residues.

• Polyclonal antibodies to chloramphenicol were produced in Indonesia and were successfully lyophilized for long-term storage. The antisera were tested in an ELISA format which enables screening for chloramphenicol residues with an analysis time of approximately two hours. This method will be developed by the research group into kit format for transfer to regional laboratories in Indonesia.

• In Malta, commercial ELISA test kits and extraction procedures for chloramphenicol were evaluated and compared to identify and address problems with poor kit performance (low optical density readings, high false positive rate, poor precision). The main cause of the problems was identified as the handling and storage of kits during delivery to the laboratory. Whilst this could be overcome to some degree in Malta, it was concluded that in many countries these problems would render the kits ineffective. Other causes of problems with kit performance included inadequate sample preparation and operator errors in applying the kit protocols. Appropriate training in the use of the kits could minimize these factors. The commercial kit was validated in-house for the analysis of chloramphenicol in milk. Commercial kits were also compared and validated by the research group in Sri Lanka and Cyprus The research group in Cyprus optimized extraction/clean-up and reagent stabilization procedures.

• Swine tissues incurred with chloramphenicol at various levels were produced by the research group in Cyprus, for use by the CRP partners and other collaborating laboratories in method development and validation and for use in inter-laboratory comparison studies.

Confirmatory methods • Isotope dilution confirmatory methods for chloramphenicol residues in animal tissues and honey

using liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) were developed and validated in Thailand, Argentina and Korea. Methods for the major metabolites of the four main nitrofuran drugs were also developed and validated in Thailand and Argentina. These laboratories are now capable of providing confirmatory analyses for residues in food of the compounds that have been the major causes of trade disputes over the past few years, in the regions worst affected by those disputes.

• Investigations in Argentina demonstrated that 13C3-labelled aminohdrodantoin and 15N213C-labeled semicarbazide are unstable when used in isotope dilution assays for these nitrofuran antibiotic metabolites and their use can lead to erroneous results. This was previously not recognized and is significant in the application of such assays for regulatory purposes and import/export control.

• A number of investigations into the possible natural occurrence of chloramphenicol in poultry litter were carried out by the researchers in Thailand, using the sensitive LC-MSMS method developed. The objective was to test the hypothesis that poultry found to contain residues of chloramphenicol were contaminated by the antibiotic produced naturally by Streptomyces venezuelae rather than through illegal use of the drug. After exhaustive experimentation, no evidence was found that chloramphenicol was naturally produced in chicken litter under normal production conditions. This is an important result which has significant implications with regard to the illegal use of the drug in food-producing animals in various countries.

Appendix E.26

Chromatographic screening/quantitative methods • Extraction and clean-up techniques for the analysis of nitrofuran metabolites by high performance

liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed in South Africa and Namibia. A sensitive HPLC screening method was developed and validated in Sri Lanka.

• Nitrofuran metabolite derivatives for use in the HPLC-UV method were prepared in Namibia and shown to be of similar quality to commercially available, but expensive, products.

• An HPLC method was developed and validated for chloramphenicol in Indonesia. The method was applied to samples from aquaculture production and positives were detected in both shrimps and shrimp feed. (b) Others:

• The method validation protocol developed in the CRP is now being applied by all partners both for commercially available kits and for methods developed in-house.

• The institute of the research group in Korea has implemented a laboratory quality system and has attained accreditation to the ISO 17025 standard, which is an important factor in maintaining international trade capabilities for animal-derived food commodities.

• The same institute has initiated a collaboration, facilitated through participation in the CRP, with the Residues Section of the State Central Veterinary Laboratory (SCVL) in Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia (a TCP counterpart laboratory) resulting in the training of two Mongolian Scientists in Korea and provision of chromatography equipment to the SCVL with funding from the Korean International Cooperation Agency.

• An agreement was instigated between the institutes of the CRP partners in Brazil and South Africa, resulting in exchange visits of personnel and transfer/sharing of methods and quality assurance protocols to the benefit of both institutes. Personnel from South Africa and Brazil were trained in analytical techniques in Munich Technical University (technical contract holder) and the institutes maintain an ongoing collaboration.

• A collaborative network was established comprising the CRP research groups, technical contract and agreement holders and other partners who have become involved throughout the duration of the project.


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: The research and development work was focused mainly on residues of veterinary drugs that are major causes of international trade interruptions and disputes with immense economic consequences (chloramphenicol, nitrofurans and beta-agonists). The CRP facilitated the development of in-house reagents and methods to screen for these compounds and quantitative/confirmatory methods that meet the specification requirements for analytical methods to be used in monitoring programmes to support international trade. Quality assurance/control principles and sampling regimes were also enhanced in the participating laboratories. The objective, “To develop appropriate, effective and sustainable strategies for the monitoring of veterinary drug residues in livestock and livestock products to facilitate trade between developing and developed countries’ was, therefore, largely achieved. (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: The CRP was effective in contributing towards the goal of improving compliance with Codex Alimentarius food safety standards through improved analytical methods and capacities to assess and manage the risks associated with contaminants and residues.

Appendix E.27

(c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: One research contract holder, from Ankara Nuclear Research Centre in Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Turkey, was unable to continue after the second year of the project due to a lack of support from upper management of the institute following a change of Director.

Impact of the CRP:

The methods and procedures developed through the CRP are now being applied routinely in several countries, for example, Brazil, Argentina, Thailand, Korea and Sri Lanka to maintain trade of animal-derived food products with the EU, USA and other markets. Screening methods are being applied in Malta and Cyprus, which acceded as EU Member States during the course of the CRP, to help satisfy EU Food and Veterinary Office inspectors that they meet the requirements with respect to residue monitoring for EU membership. The principles for the development of in-house reagents and methods and their validation and application in a quality controlled environment are being extended beyond the original defined scope of the CRP workplan to enhance food safety and trade in most of the countries involved.

Relevance of the CRP: The CRP was relevant to the food safety and economic development needs of the participating (and other) countries and to the Agency mandate to promote the peaceful application of nuclear techniques. The application of screening methods based on the use of radiolabels, in conjunction with quantitative and confirmatory methods employing stable-isotope internal standards, provides a very powerful platform to address the issue of harmful trace-level chemical residues in food.

Recommended future action by Agency: The methods developed in this CRP would be applicable, with further elaboration and development, to the risk assessment and control of a wide range of chemical contaminants in food, addressing not only food safety and trade, but also the increasing threat of the development of microbes, parasites and pests that have developed immunity to the drugs and chemicals used to control them, through inadequate regulation of the use of those chemicals. This is especially important when the resistance is present in human pathogens. Funding of a future CRP(s) in this field would benefit Member States.

Resulting Publications: A TECDOC is in preparation. External publications include:

Granja, R.H.M.M., Montes Niño, A.M., Rabone, F., Montes Niño, R.E., Cannavan, A. and Gonzalez Salerno, A.G. (2008). Validation of radioimmunoassay screening methods for β-agonists in bovine liver according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Food Additives and Contaminants, in press. Kanarat, S., Tangsirisup N., Nijthavorn, N., Elliott, C. and Cannavan, A. (2008). An investigation into the possible natural occurrence of chloramphenicol in poultry litter. Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food, van Ginkel, L.A. and Bergwerff, A.A., eds., Proceedings of the Euroresidue VI Conference, Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands, 2008, 37-42. Fernandez Suarez, A., Achi, M., Longhi, A., Di Benedetto, N. and Vitale, A. (2008). Degradation of AHD13C3 and SEM15N2

13C used as internal standards in nitrofuran residue analysis. Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food, van Ginkel, L.A. and Bergwerff, A.A., eds., Proceedings of the Euroresidue VI Conference, Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands, 2008, 395-400. Fodey, T., Murilla, G., Cannavan, A. and Elliott, C. (2007). Characterisation of antibodies to chloramphenicol produced in different species by ELISA and biosensor technologies. Analytica Chimica Acta, 592, 51-57.

Appendix E.28

Wesongah, J., Murilla, G., Guantai, A., Elliott, C., Fodey, T. and Cannavan, A. (2007). A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of chloramphenicol. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 30, 68-73. Fernandez Suarez, A., Achi, M., Longhi, A. and Di Benedetto, N. (2007). Nitrofuran residue analysis: degradation of AHD13C3 used as AHD internal standard. Book of abstracts of the Saskatoon International Workshop on Validation and Regulatory Analysis, 10-13 June 2007, Saskatoon, Canada, 60. Murdiati, T.B., Djuariah, S and Rahayu, T.A. (2007). Liquid chromatography determination of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol residues in milk. Book of abstracts of the Saskatoon International Workshop on Validation and Regulatory Analysis, 10-13 June 2007, Saskatoon, Canada, 62. Granja, R., Montes Niño, A.M., Rabone, F., Montes Niño, R.E. (2007). Validation of a screening method for mabuterol and other beta-agonists in bovine liver monitoring according to a 2002/657/EC approach. Book of abstracts of the Saskatoon International Workshop on Validation and Regulatory Analysis, 10-13 June 2007, Saskatoon, Canada, 62. Longhi, A, Di Benedetto, N., Vranic, L., Fernandez Suarez, A. (2006). Determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in bovine muscle by liquid-chromatography-electrospray negative ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Book of abstracts of the Fifth International Symposium on Hormone and Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis, Antwerp, Belgium, 6-19 May 2006. Cannavan, A. (2005). The development of strategies for the effective monitoring of veterinary drug residues in livestock and livestock products in developing countries. Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Symposium on Recent Advances in Food Analysis, 2-4 November 2005, Prague, Czech Republic, 170.

Appendix E.29


Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Molecular Technologies to Improve the Effectiveness of SIT

Section/Division: NAFA Period Covered: 2003-06-12 through 2008-11-19 Total Cost: € 182, 695.92 Objectives of CRP:

(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To improve gene transfer technology for the safe and effective use of transgenic insects in pest management. To assess the performance of transgenic strains in large-scale rearing and under contained field conditions. (b) Specific (CRP): To define ecological and population concepts and models associated with the release of transgenic insects for pest management

Outputs: (a) Research: A collection of characterized molecular reagents and promoters/regulatory elements to be used for the expression of effector genes or selectable markers in pest insects.

Functional analyses of tra-2 in target species such as Ceratitis capitata and Bactocera oleae have uncovered its novel involvement as necessary auxiliary factor in transformer female-specific autoregulation. Functional analyses of tra show that the RNAi mediated suppression of tra in embryos resulted in complete masculinization of XX individuals of Anastrapha suspensa. It has been recently shown also that Medfly tra/tra-2 genes controls, as in Drosophila, fruitless sex-specific splicing which is a key event for proper development and execution of sexual courtship behaviour. Tra homologues have been identified and isolated in other target species such as B. tryoni, B. dorsalis, B. correcta and Muscidae species, such as Lucilia cuprina and tse tse fly Glossina morsitans. The peculiar autoregulation of the medfly Ceratitis capitata transformer gene and the involvement of tra-2 in this process seem to be widely conserved in other Tephritidae species, but also a very sensitive and useful target for RNAi-mediated sex reversal. Evidences supporting the role of the putative sex determining primary gene in Bombyx mori has been provided by cytogenetic and genomic analyses in addition to previous RNAi analysis. This gene, at least at larval stages, controls either directly or indirectly the sex-specific splicing of Bombyx doublesex gene. Novel doublesex homologues have been isolated in another related lepidopteran species (Antheraea assama) which reveals more complex sex-specific splicing regulation.

Appendix E.30

Recently developed EST databases of target species and many lepidopteran species have lead to the identification of several differentially expressed genes in two sexes; these genes provide unique opportunity to further characterize novel genetic functions and their further use in development of transgenic genetic sexing strains. ß2 tubulin promoter regions have been isolated from various tephritid species and have been successfully tested in transgenic strains for their male-specific larval and adult fluorescent reporter expression, which hence can be exploited in future for sexing. Another interesting characteristic of such strains is the observed fluorescence of the transferred sperms into non transgenic females. This can offer a unique opportunity to monitor the mating competitiveness of the released transgenic sterile males under natural conditions. Northern blot hybridization analysis suggests that in some species (e.g. Lucilia cuprina, Aedes aegypti) yolk protein gene transcription is female-specific but repressed under protein-depletion conditions. The promoters are active late in development and may not be useful unless the female-specific elements can be separated from the dietary repression elements of the promoter. Two female-specific genes have been isolated from the silkworm Bombyx mori. One of these is linked to the sex chromosome W. This promoter, driving a novel zinc finger protein (WZn1), has been characterized by an RCM member. Surprisingly, the promoter appears to be female-specific. A reporter gene construct containing the upstream region of WZn1 was expressed only in female embryos and larvae. In hematophagous insects such as mosquitoes, genes upregulated in response to blood meal are good candidates for female-specific promoters. The Anopheles gambiae AgG12 gene promoter has been shown to be female- and midgut-specific and is blood meal-inducible. An Anopheles gambiae vitellogenin gene promoter has been characterized by a non-RCM member and showed strong female-specific expression in response to blood meal. The identification and characterization of male-specific promoters should greatly facilitate the production of genetic sexing strains. An RCM member has directly compared the heat inducibility of the medfly hsp70 promoter with the heat inducibility of the Drosophila hsp70 promoter in transgenic medflies. It was found that the Medfly hsp70 promoter was several times more heat inducible than the Drosophila hsp70 promoter. Promoters from the L. cuprina heat inducible hsp23, hsp70 and hsp83 genes have been isolated by an RCM member. As in other Dipteran species the hsp83 gene promoter has a high constitutive basal activity. Additionally, conditions for heat induction of the Drosophila melanogaster hsp70 promoter in two distantly related insect species (Musca domestica, Tribolium castaneum) have been optimized by an RCM member. A heat shock promoter that has a very high on/off ratio would be particularly desirable. In this respect, an RCM member has compared the heat inducibility of a Tribolium hsp68 promoter with a synthetic heat inducible promoter known to have a high on/off ratio in zebrafish. The Tribolium hsp68 promoter was significantly more heat inducible than the synthetic promoter in transgenic Tribolium. These results highlight that it is advantageous to isolate endogenous heat inducible promoters from the species of interest.

(b) Others:

1. Data on the interaction between the transgene and the whole host genome in target pest insects.

2. Transgenic strains of pest insects including: a) genetically marked strains, b) male producing strains and c) refractory strains.

3. Data on transgene stability and fitness of transgenic strains during large scale rearing and contained release.

4. Mathematical models to predict the interactions between transgenic and wild type populations in the environment.

5. Knowledge and data to support risk assessment analysis for the eventual release of transgenic insect strains.

6. Publication of results and securing the intellectual property arising from the project.

Appendix E.31

Research results published by the participating institutes during the duration of the CRP:

Over 200 scientific publications were published by participants during the CRP. See Appendix A for a listing.

7. Additional Research Outputs

a) Research

• Availability of transposable elements, promoters and strategic genes described above. • Knowledge of the genetic constitution of world-wide and laboratory C. capitata

populations. • Extension of transformation technologies into tephritid pests other than C. capitata. • Demonstration of homologous recombination in D. melanogaster using technology

that, in principle, should be able to be extended into pest insect species. • Identification and characterization of X and Y chromosome-specific sequences and

promoters from Bactrocerid species thereby opening up these important species for sex-specific genetic manipulation.

• Investigations into the genetic fitness of transgenic lines of C. capitata, Anopheles stephensi and Ae. aegypti.

b) Others

• Instigation of appropriate containment facilities for rearing transgenic pest insects. • Fellowship support for research. • Transfer of technology, reagents and knowledge between participants and consultants. • Further emergence and establishment of FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology

Laboratory as a center for the development and testing of transgenic strains of pest insect species and for the coordination of the application of these technologies in the field.

• Encouragement to programmes outside of the agricultural field to use SIT for insect pest control.


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: Objective 1: “To improve gene transfer technology for the safe and effective use of transgenic insects in pest management.” As described above, four transposable elements now exist that can transform pest insect species. One of them was engineered to exclude the possibility of cross-mobilization. Systems for targeted integration are under development. This objective has been met. Objective 2: “To assess the performance of transgenic strains in large-scale rearing and under contained field conditions.” As described above, promoters, genes and systems for the improvement of SIT strains have been commenced. Several of these components have been analyzed in transgenic strains at various levels of rearing. Some transgenic lines have been evaluated with field-cage tests. This objective has been met. Objective 3: “To define ecological and population concepts and models associated with the release of transgenic insects for pest management.”

Models have been developed and have been tested. Baseline data were collected. This objective has been met.

Appendix E.32

(b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: “Enhancement of the Sterile Insect Technique through Genetic Transformation using Nuclear Techniques”. Genetic transformation of several species that are, or have been, the target of SIT programmes has been developed and even extended into other pest species, thereby opening up the possibility of extension of SIT into more pest species. New molecular components have been added that increase the applicability and usefulness of transgenesis for pest insects. Transgenic strains have been evaluated under standard rearing conditions and it was shown that strains can be developed that will function under mass rearing conditions. Mating performance of such strains was determined and it was demonstrated that they should be suitable for SIT. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: Opposition to genetic engineering. Some countries limit the effectiveness of their researchers through the introduction of regulations that restrict research, either directly or indirectly through the requirement of excessive permit applications. Difficulties in obtaining government approval for CRPs or for the exchange of contracts. Some governments refused or delayed the approval to hold a RCM in their country.

Impact of the CRP: That extraordinary progress has been made in the development of transgenic technologies for pest insect species during the tenure of the CRP and, given that many of the CRP participants, consultants and observers have played significant roles in this progress, is clear evidence of the impact of the CRP. In addition, the CRP has been critical for focusing the development of these technologies towards field applications. Relevance of the CRP: The CRP has played an important role in facilitating the research and exchange of ideas and reagents that has, in part, led to extraordinary progress witnessed over the past five years. This increased knowledge will provide the scientific basis that is absolutely essential for the successful development of improved strains for the practical application in SIT programmes. The relevance of this progress is directly proportional to the increased need for technologies that ensure an increasing global food supply while decreasing our dependence on chemical insecticides. The technologies developed here offer a targeted, yet area-wide approach to pest insect control that will only become more important as global warming increases the range of many of these species.

Recommended future action by Agency: The use of genetic engineering technologies for the improvement of the SIT should be further facilitated with the objective now being to push it toward field application. We therefore recommend that the Agency initiates support for research and action in the:

• Optimization, improvement and refinement of gene vectors, genes, genetic markers and promoters for use in genetic sexing strategies with particular attention devoted to their effects on the mass rearing and strain stability. This includes the development of insulator sequences and sequences that can stabilize transgenes.

• Assessment of the genetic fitness and stability of transgenic strains under the necessary

containment guidelines.

• The establishment of clear guidelines for the laboratory testing of genetically engineered pest insect strains before they are moved from the laboratory to field cage or field trials. Such guidelines would best be developed through the convening of a meeting of experts. Directly related to this is the need for the Agency to become involved with the formulation of international guidelines for determining calculations of risk associated with the applications of

Appendix E.33

these technologies and with working towards increasing public acceptance of the use of transgenic technologies for the betterment of human welfare.

• The establishment of intellectual property policies consistent with the rules of participating

institutions. Resulting Publications: It is planned to publish the results of the CRP in the journals “Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”, “Insect Molecular Biology” or Genetica. The publication will be a special issue of the journal highlighting the involvement of the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme in the field of applied molecular biology to improve the SIT. Preliminary titles of the contributions: Atkinson: Re-mobilization of a Mos1 element in the germ line of Aedes aegypti. Aksoy: Insights into tsetse's symbiotic biology enhances paratransgenic applications Scott: Organization and expression of a cluster of female-specific genes in the Australian

sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Malacrida: Identification of genes involved in medfly reproductive behaviour. Polito: Further insights into the key epigenetic autoregulatory function for female sex

determination of the Ceratitis capitata transformer gene and its implication in the sexual behaviour control.

Crisanti: Transgenic tools for SIT in Anopheles. Sait: Modeling the fitness effects of transgenesis in SIT. Raphael: Vectors, markers and promoters for stable transgene expression in the Queensland

fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni. Wimmer: Development of re-arrangeable gene transfer systems to increase transgene stability in

insects. Savakis: Development of efficient transgenesis methodology and genetic sexing strains for the

olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. Thanaphum: Isolation and characterization of doublesex genes and putative core promoter

regulatory sequences from two fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi).

Nagaraju: Molecular basis for sex determination in the silkworm. Han: Active piggyBac elements found in caterpillars.

Research results published by the participants (2004-2008):

1. Lawson, D., P. Arensburger, P. Atkinson, N. J. Besansky, R. V. Bruggner, R. Butler, K. S. Campbell, G. K. Christopides, S. Christley, E. Dialynas, M. Hammnod, C. A. Hill, N. Konopinski, N. F. Lobo, R. M. MacCallum, G. Madey, K. Megy, J. Meyer, S. Redmond, D. W. Severson, E. O. Stinson, P. Topalis, E. Birney, W. M. Gelbart, F. C. Kafatos, C. Louis, and F. H. Collins. (2008). VectorBase: a data resource for invertebrate genomics. Nucl. Acids Res. (in press).

2. Triboilum Genome Sequencing Consortium (2008). The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum. Nature, 452:949-055.

3. Ray, D. A., C. Feschotte, H. J. Pagan, J. D. Smith, E. Pritham, P. Arensburger, P. W. Atkinson and N. L. Craig. (2008). Multiple waves of recent DNA transposon activity in the bat, Myotis lucifugus. Genome Res, in press.

4. Subramanian, R. A., P. Arensburger, P. W. Atkinson and D. A. O’Brochta. (2007). Transposable element dynamics of the hAT element Herves in the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Genetics. 176:2477-2487.

5. Atkinson, P. W., D. A. O’Brochta and N. L. Craig (2007). The hobo, Hermes and Herves Transposable Elements of Insects. In Vreyson, M. J. B., A. S. Robinson, and J. Hendichs

Appendix E.34

(Eds.), Are-Wide Control of Insect Pests: From Research to Field Implementation. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (in press).

6. Nene, V., J. R. Wortman, D. Lawson, B. Haas, C. Kodira, Z. Tu, B. Loftus, Z. Xi, K. Megy, M. Grabherr, Q. Ren, E. M. Zdobnov, N. F. Lobo, K. S. Campbell, S. E. Brown, M. F. Bonaldo, J. Zhu, S. P. Sinkins et al., (2007). Genome sequence of Aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector. Science 316:1718-1723.

7. Lawson, D., P. Arensburger, P. Atkinson, N. J. Besansky, R. V. Bruggner, R. Butler, K. S. Campbell, G. K. Christophides, S. Christley, E. Dialynas, D. Emmert, M. Hammond, C. A. Hill, R. C. Kennedy, N. F. Lobo, M. R. MacCallum, G. Madey, K. Megy, K. Redmond, S. Russo, D. W. Severson, E. O. Stinson, P. Topalis, E. M. Zdobnov, E. Birney, W. M. Gelbart, F. C. Kafatos, C. Louis, and F. H. Collins. (2007). VectorBase: a home for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. Nucl. Acids. Res. 35 (database issue):D503-5.

8. Smith, R. C., M. F. Walter, R. H. Hice, D. A. O’Brochta and P. W. Atkinson (2007). Testes-specific expression of the ß2 tubulin promoter of Aedes aegypti and its application as a genetic sex-separation marker. Insect Mol. Biol. 16: 61-71.

9. O’Brochta, D. A., Subramanian, R. A., Orsetti, J., Peckham, E., Nolan, N., Arensburger, P., Atkinson, P. W. and J. D. Charlwood. (2006). hAT element population genetics in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Mozambique. Genetica 127:185-198.

10. Wang, X. H., R. Aliyari, . X. Li, H. W. Li, K. Kim, R. Carthew, P. Atkinson, and S. W. Ding (2006). RNA interference directs innate immunity in viruses in adult Drosophila. Science 312:452-454.

11. Atkinson, P. W. (2005). Green light for mosquito control. Nature Biotech.23:1371-1372. 12. Arensberger,P., Y-J Kim, J. Orsetti, C. Aluvihare, D. A. O’Brochta and P. W. Atkinson.

(2005). An active transposable element, Herves, from the African malaria Plasmodium. Genetics. 169:697-708.

13. Zhou, L., R. Mitra, P. W. Atkinson, A B. Hickman, F. Dyda and N. L. Craig. (2004). Transposition of hAT elements links transposable elements and V(D)J recombination. Nature 432:995-1001.

14. Li. W. X., H. Lu, R. Lu, F. Li, M. Dus, P. Atkinson, E. W. Brydon, K. L. Johnson, A. Garcia-Sastre, L. A. Ball, P. Palese, and S. W. Ding. (2004). Interferon antagonist proteins of influenza and vaccinia viruses are suppressors of RNA silencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:11350-1355.

15. Atkinson, P. W. Transgenic Mosquitoes and DNA Research Safeguards. In: The Biology of Disease Vectors (2nd edition). (B. J. Beaty and W. C. Marquardt, eds.). Accepted by Elsevier Press May, 2004.

16. Atkinson, P. W., D. A. O’Brochta, and A. S. Robinson. Insect Transformation of Use in Control. In: Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Pharmacology and Molecular Biology. (L. I. Gilbert, K. Iatrou, and S. S. Gill, eds.). Accepted by Elsevier Press July, 2004. 22 ms pp.

17. Robinson, A. S., G. Franz and P. W. Atkinson. (2004). Insect transgenesis and its potential role in agriculture and human health. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34:113-120.

18. Atkinson, P. W. and D. A. O’Brochta. 2004. Transgenic Malaria. Society for General Microbiology Symposium. Microbe-Vector Interactions in Vector-Borne Diseases. University of Bath, UK, Mar. 29-Apr. 2, 2004. Cambridge University Press. 63: 345-362.

19. Rowan, K., Orsetti, Atkinson, P.W., and D. A. O’Brochta. (2004). Tn5 as an insect gene vector. Insect Bioch. Molec. Biol. 34:695-705.

20. Irvin, N., M. S. Hoddle, D. A. O’Brochta, B. Carey and P. W. Atkinson. (2004). Assessing fitness costs for transgenic Aedes aegypti expressing the green fluorescent protein marker and transposase genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1001:891-896.

21. O'Brochta DA, Sethuraman N, Wilson R, Hice RH, Pinkerton AC, LeVesque CS, Bideshi DK, Jasinskiene N, Coates CJ, James AA, Lehane MJ, Atkinson PW (2003) Gene vector and transposable element behavior in mosquitoes. J. Exp. Biol. 206:3823-3834.

22. Michel. K. and Atkinson, P. W. (2003). Nuclear localization of the Hermes transposase depends on basic amino acid residues at the N-terminus of the protein. J. Cell. Biochem. 89:778-790.

Appendix E.35

23. Michel, K., O’Brochta, D. A and Atkinson, P. W. (2003) The C-terminus of the Hermes transposase contains a protein dimerization domain. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 33:959-970

24. Atkinson, P. W. and D. A. O’Brochta. 2003. Genetic Engineering of Insects. In: Encyclopedia Insects. (R. T. Carde and V. H. Resh, Eds.). Academic Press pp. 471-488.

25. Wilson, R., Orsetti, J., Klocko, A.D., Aluvihare, C., Peckham, E., Atkinson, P.W., Lehane, M.J. and D.A. O’Brochta. (2003). Post-integration behavior of a mariner gene vector in Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 33:853-863.

26. Guimond, N., D. K. Bideshi, A. C. Pinkerton, P.W. Atkinson and D. A. O’Brochta. (2003). Patterns of Hermes transposition in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Gen. Genomics. 268:779-790.

27. Aksoy, S., Brian, W and Attardo, G.M, (2007) Paratransgenesis applied for control of tsetse transmitted Sleeping Sickness”. In Transgenesis for Vector-borne disease management ed. Aksoy, S. Landes: NY City.

28. Aksoy, S., Gibson, W.C. and Lehane, M.J. (2003) Interactions between tsetse and trypanosomes with implications for the control of trypanosomiasis. Adv Parasitol 53, 1-83.

29. Attardo, G.M., Guz, N., Strickler-Dinglasan, P. and Aksoy, S. (2006a) Molecular aspects of viviparous reproductive biology of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans): Regulation of yolk and milk gland protein synthesis. Journal of Insect Physiology 52, 1128-1136.

30. Attardo, G.M., Lohs, C., Heddi, A., Alam, U.H., Yildirim, S. and Aksoy, S. (2008) Analysis of milk gland structure and function in Glossina morsitans: Milk protein production, symbiont populations and fecundity. J Insect Physiol, doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.1006.1008

31. Attardo, G.M., Strickler-Dinglasan, P., Perkin, S.A., Caler, E., Bonaldo, M.F., Soares, M.B., El-Sayeed, N. and Aksoy, S. (2006b) Analysis of fat body transcriptome from the adult tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. Insect Molecular Biology 15, 411-424.

32. Guz, N., Attardo, G.M., Wu, Y. and Aksoy, S. (2007) Molecular aspects of transferrin expression in the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans). Journal of Insect Physiology 53, 715-723.

33. Hao, Z., Kasumba, I. and Aksoy, S. (2003) Proventriculus (cardia) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidiae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33, 1155-1164.

34. Hu, C., Rio, R.V., Medlock, J., Haines, L.R., Nayduch, D., Savage, A.F., Guz, N., Attardo, G.M., Pearson, T.W., Galvani, A.P. and Aksoy, S. (2008) Infections with immunogenic trypanosomes reduce tsetse reproductive fitness: potential impact of different parasite strains on vector population structure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2, e192.

35. Hu, Y. and Aksoy, S. (2005) An antimicrobial peptide with trypanocidal activity characterized from Glossina morsitans morsitans. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 35, 105-115.

36. Lehane, M.J., Aksoy, S., Gibson, W., Kerhornou, A., Berriman, M., Hamilton, J., Soares, M.B., Bonaldo, M.F., Lehane, S. and Hall, N. (2003) Adult midgut expressed sequence tags from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans and expression analysis of putative immune response genes. Genome Biol 4, R63.

37. Lehane, M.J., Aksoy, S. and Levashina, E. (2004) Immune responses and parasite transmission in blood-feeding insects. Trends Parasitol 20, 433-439.

38. Nayduch, D. and Aksoy, S. (2007) Refractoriness in tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) may be a matter of timing. J Med Entomol 44, 660-665.

39. Rio, R.V. and Aksoy, S. (2005) Interactions among multiple genomes: tsetse, its symbionts and trypanosomes. Insect Biochem and Molecular Biology, 691-698.

40. Rio, R.V., Hu, Y. and Aksoy, S. (2004) Strategies of the home-team: symbioses exploited for vector-borne disease control. Trends Microbiol 12, 325-336.

41. Rio, R.V., Wu, Y.N., Filardo, G. and Aksoy, S. (2006) Dynamics of multiple symbiont density regulation during host development: tsetse fly and its microbial flora. Proc Biol Sci 273, 805-814.

42. Roshan R. Pais, C.L., Yineng Wu, Jingwen Wang Serap Aksoy (2008) The obligate mutualist Wigglesworthia glossinidia influences reproduction, digestion and immunity processes of its host,t he tsetse fly. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74.

Appendix E.36

43. Toh, H., Weiss, B.L., Perkin, S.A., Yamashita, A., Oshima, K., Hattori, M. and Aksoy, S. (2006) Massive genome erosion and functional adaptations provide insights into the symbiotic lifestyle of Sodalis glossinidius in the tsetse host. Genome Res 16, 149-156.

44. Wang, J., Hu, C., Stuart, A., Amemiya, C., Berriman, M., Toyoda, A., Hattori, M. and Aksoy, S. (2008) Characterization of the antimicrobial peptide Attacin loci in Glossina morsitans morsitans Insect Mol Biol in press.

45. Weiss, B.L., Mouchotte, R., Rio, R.V., Wu, Y.N., Wu, Z., Heddi, A. and Aksoy, S. (2006) Inter-specific transfer of bacterial endosymbionts between tsetse species: infection establishment and effect on host fitness. Appl Environ Microbiol 72, 7013-7021.

46. Scott, M.J. and Li, F. (2008) How do ncRNAs guide chromatin-modifying complexes to specific locations within the nucleus? RNA Biology 5: 13-16.

47. Li, F., Schiemann, A.H. and Scott, M.J. (2008) Incorporation of the non-coding roX RNAs alters the chromatin binding specificity of the Drosophila MSL1/MSL2 complex. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28: 1252-1264.

48. Weake, V.M. and Scott, M.J. (2007) The non-dosage compensated Lsp1alpha gene of Drosophila melanogaster escapes acetylation by MOF in larval fat body nuclei, but is flanked by two dosage compensated genes. BMC Mol Biol, 8: 35.

49. Sarkar, A., Atapattu, A., Belikoff, E.J., Heinrich, J.C., Li, X., Horn, C., Wimmer, E.A. and Scott, M.J. (2006) Insulated piggyBac vectors for insect transgenesis. BMC Biotechnology. 6: 27.

50. Li, F., Parry, D.A.D. and Scott, M.J. (2005) The amino-terminal region of Drosophila MSL1 contains basic, glycine-rich, and leucine zipper-like motifs that promote X chromosome binding, self-association, and MSL2 binding, respectively. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 8913-8924.

51. Scott, M.J., Heinrich, J.C. and Li, X. (2004) Progress towards the development of a transgenic strain of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) suitable for a male-only sterile release program. Insect Biochem Mol Biol, 34: 185-192.

52. Baliraine F.N., Bonizzoni M., Osir E.O., Lux S.A., Mulaa F.J., Zheng L., Gomulski L.M., Gasperi G. & Malacrida A.R. 2003 - Comparative analysis of microsatellite loci in four fruit fly species of the genus Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 93: 1-10.

53. Baliraine F.N., Bonizzoni M., Guglielmino C.R., Osir E.O., Lux S.A., Mulaa F.J., Gomulski L.M., Quilici S., Gasperi G. & Malacrida A.R. 2004 - Genetic differentiation, geneflow and possible geographical origin of three African pest fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) Molecular Ecology 13: 683-695.

54. Gomulski L.M., Torti C., Murelli V., Bonizzoni M., Gasperi G. & Malacrida A.R. 2004 - Medfly transposable elements: diversity, evolution, genomic impact and possible applications. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 34: 139-148.

55. Shao Z.-Y., Mao H.-X., Fu W.-J., Ono M., Wang D.-S., Bonizzoni M. & Zhang Y.-P. 2004 - Genetic Structure of Asian Populations of Bombus ignitus (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Heredity 95: 46-52.

56. Meiswinkel R., Gomulski L.M., Delécolle J.-C., Goffredo M. & Gasperi G. 2004 - The taxonomy of Culicoides vector complexes – unfinished business. Veterinaria Italaliana 40: 151-159.

57. Kanzok S.M., Hoa N.T., Bonizzoni M., Luna C., Huang Y., Malacrida A.R. & Zheng L. 2005 - Origin of Toll-like receptor mediated innate immunity. Journal of Molecular Evolution 58: 442–448.

58. Gomulski L.M, Brogna S. Babaratsas A., Gasperi G., Zacharopoulou A., Savakis C. & Bourtzis K. 2004 - Molecular basis of the size polymorphism of the first intron of the Adh-1 gene of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Journal of Molecular Evolution 58: 732-742.

59. Bonizzoni M., Guglielmino C.R., Smallridge C.J., Gomulski L.M., Malacrida A.R. & Gasperi G. 2004 - On the origins of medfly invasion and expansion in Australia. Molecular Ecology 13: 3845-3855.

60. Roda E., Municchi E., Conforti E., Pisu M.B., Gomulski L.M., Malacrida A.R. and Bernocchi G. 2004 - Nitric oxide synthase-dependent NADPH-diaphorase activity in the

Appendix E.37

optic lobes of male and female Ceratitis capitata mutants. European Journal of Histochemistry 48: 141-150.

61. Gomulski L.M., Meiswinkel R., Delécolle J.-C., Goffredo M. & Gasperi G. 2005 - Phylogenetic relationships amongst species of the Culicoides obsoletus Complex (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Italy based on ITS2 rDNA sequences. Systematic Entomology 30: 619-631.

62. Torti C., Gomulski L.M., Bonizzoni M., Murelli V., Moralli V.D., Guglielmino C.R., Raimondi E., Crisafulli D., Capy P., Gasperi G. & Malacrida A.R. 2005 - Cchobo, a hobo-related element in Ceratitis capitata. Genetica 123: 313-325.

63. Ciolfi S., de Filippis T., Torti C., Malacrida A.R. & Dallai R. 2005 - Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization of female-specific genes from the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Genome 48: 139-144.

64. Zheng L., Zhang L., Lin H., McIntosh M.T. & Malacrida A.R. 2005 - Toll-like receptors in invertebrate innate immunity. Invertebrate Survival Journal 2: 105-113.

65. Brogna S., Bourtzis K., Gomulski L.M., Denaxa M., Babaratsas A., Gasperi G. & Savakis C. 2006 - Genomic organization and functional characterization of the alcohol dyhydrogenase locus of Ceratitis capitata (Medfly). Insect Molecular Biology 15: 259-268.

66. Bonizzoni M., Gomulski L.M., Mossinson S., Guglielmino C.R., Malacrida A.R., Yuval B. and Gasperi G. 2006 - Is polyandry a common event among wild populations of the pest Ceratitis capitata?”. Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 1420-1429.

67. Gomulski L.M., Meiswinkel R., Delécolle J.-C., Goffredo M. & Gasperi G. 2006 - Phylogeny of the subgenus Culicoides and related species in Italy, inferred from internal transcribed spacer 2 ribosomal DNA sequences. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 20: 229–238.

68. Aketarawong N., Bonizzoni M., Malacrida A.R., Gasperi G. & Thanaphum S. 2006 - Seventeen novel microsatellite markers from an enriched library of the pest species Bactrocera dorsalis sensu stricto. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 1138-1140.

69. Malacrida A.R, Gomulski L.M., Bonizzoni M., Bertin S., Gasperi G. & Guglielmino C.R. 2007 – Globalization and fruitfly invasion and expansion: the medfly paradigm. Genetica 131: 1-9.

70. Bertin S., Guglielmino C., Karam N., Gomulski L.M., Malacrida A.R. & Gasperi G. 2007 - Diffusion of the Nearctic leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball in Europe: a consequence of human trading activity. Genetica 131: 275–285

71. Bonizzoni M., Gomulski L.M., Bertin S,. Scolari F., Guglielmino C.R., Yuval B., Gasperi G. & Malacrida A.R. 2007 - Unfaithful mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata: impact on the SIT? In Vreysen MJB, Hendrichs J, Robinson AS (eds.) Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests: From Research to Field Implementation. pp 175-182. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

72. Aketarawong N., Bonizzoni, Thanaphum, Gomulski L.M., Gasperi G., Malacrida A.R. & Gugliemino C.R. - Inferences on the population structure and colonization process of the invasive oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Molecular Ecology 16: 3522-3532.

73. Bonizzoni M., Gomulski L.M., Malacrida A.R., Capy P. & G. Gasperi 2007 - Highly similar piggyBac transposase-like sequences from various Bactrocera (Diptera, Tephritidae) species. Insect Molecular Biology 16: 645-650.

74. Scolari F., Schetelig M.F., Bertin S., Malacrida A.R., Gasperi G. & Wimmer E.A. 2008 - Fluorescent Sperm Marking to Improve the Fight against the Pest Insect Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann; Diptera: Tephritidae). New Biotechnology 25: 76-84.

75. Gomulski L.M., Dimopoulos G., Xi Z., Soares M.B., Bonaldo M.F., Malacrida A.R. & Gasperi G. 2008 - Gene discovery in an invasive tephritid model pest species, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. BMC Genomics 9: 243

76. Schetelig M.F., Scolari F., Handler A.M., Gasperi G. & Wimmer E.A. 2008 - New genetic tools for improving SIT in Ceratitis capitata: embryonic lethality and sperm marking. Proceedings 7th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, pp. 1-19 (10-15 September 2006, Salvador Bahia, Brazil)

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77. Khamis F., Karam N., Guglielmino C.R. Ekesi S., Masiga D., De Meyer M., Kenya E.U. & Malacrida A.R. 2008 - Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the newly discovered invasive fruit fly pest in Africa, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae). Molecular Ecology Resources (in press)

78. Karam N., Guglielmino C.R., Bertin S., Gomulski L.M., Bonomi A., Baldacchino F., Simeone V. & Malacrida A.R. 2008 - RAPD analysis in the parasitoid wasp Psyttalia concolor reveals Mediterranean population structure and provides SCAR markers. Biological Control (in press)

79. Scolari F., Schetelig M.F., Gabrieli P., Siciliano P., Gomulski L.M., Karam N., Wimmer E.A., Malacrida A.R. & Gasperi G. - Insect transgenesis applied to tephritid pest control. Journal of Applied Entomology (in press)

80. Di Cara, F., Rosa, M., Cavaliere, D., Polito, L.C. and Digilio, F.A. (2006). Structure and expression of a novel gene family showing male germline specific expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Insect Mol. Biol. 15: 813-822

81. Pane, A., De Simone, A., Saccone, G. and Polito, L.C. (2005). Evolutionary conservation of Ceratitis capitata transformer gene function. Genetics 171(2): 615-624.

82. Salvemini, M., Mauro, U., Velaeti, S. Polito, L.C. and Saccone, G. (2006) A new Minos vector for eye-specific expression of white+ marker in Ceratitis capitata and in distantly related dipteran species. Insect Mol. Biol. 15:341-349.

83. Ruiz, M.F., Milano, A., Salvemini, M., Eirin-Lopez, J.M., Perondini, A.L.P., Selivon, D., Polito, L. C., Saccone, G. and Sanchez, L. (2007) The gene transformer of Anastrepha fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and its evolution in insects. PLoS ONE 2(11): e1239 pp. 1-12.

84. Saccone, G., Pane, A., Salvemini, M., De Simone, A., Milano, A., and Polito, L., C. (2007). New sexing strains: transforming Ceratitis capitata females into males. In Area-wide Control of Insect Pests: from research to field studies, pp. 95-102, Eds Vreysen, Springer (ISBN-10: 1402060580).

85. Saccone, G., Salvemini, M., Pane, A., Polito, L.C. (2008) Masculinization of XX Drosophila transgenic flies expressing Ceratitis capitata DSXM isoform. Inter. Journal of Dev. Biol., in press.

86. Salvemini, M., Robertson, M., Aronson, B., Atkinson, P., and Polito, L.C., and Saccone, G., (2008) Drosophila transformer2 homologue in Ceratitis capitata plays a novel function required to establish and to maintain the positive autoregulation of Cctransformer, the master gene for female sex determination. Inter. Journal of Dev. Biol., in press.

87. Dottorini T, Nicolaides L, Ranson H, Rogers DW, Crisanti A, Catteruccia F. A genome-wide analysis in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes reveals 46 male accessory gland genes, possible modulators of female behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 9;104(41):16215-20.

88. Windbichler N, Papathanos PA, Catteruccia F, Ranson H, Burt A, Crisanti A. Homing endonuclease mediated gene targeting in Anopheles gambiae cells and embryos. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(17):5922-33.

89. Scali C, Nolan T, Sharakhov I, Sharakhova M, Crisanti A, Catteruccia F. Post-integration behavior of a Minos transposon in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Mol Genet Genomics. 2007 Nov;278(5):575-84.

90. Catteruccia F, Benton JP, and Crisanti A. An Anopheles transgenic sexing strain for vector control. Nat Biotechnol 2005 Nov; 23(11) 1414-7.

91. Scali C, Catteruccia F, Li Q, and Crisanti A. Identification of sex-specific transcripts of the Anopheles gambiae doublesex gene. J Exp Biol 2005 Oct; 208(Pt 19) 3701-9.

92. Brown AE, Bugeon L, Crisanti A, and Catteruccia F. Stable and heritable gene silencing in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. Nucleic Acids Res 2003 Aug 1; 31(15)

93. Catteruccia F, Godfray HC, and Crisanti A. Impact of genetic manipulation on the fitness of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Science 2003 Feb 21; 299(5610) 1225-7.

94. Graham, R.I., Rao, S., Sait, S.M., Attoui, H., Mertens, P.P.C., Hails, R.S. & Possee, R.D. (2008) Sequence analysis of a reovirus isolated from the winter moth Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and its parasitoid wasp Phobocampe tempestiva (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Virus Research 135, 42-47.

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95. Benton, T.G., Travis, J., Solan, S. & Sait, S.M. (2007) Microcosm experiments can inform global ecological problems. TREE 22, 516-521.

96. Graham RI, Rao S, Sait SM, Mertens, P.P.C. Hails, R.S. & Possee, R.D. (2007) Characterisation and partial sequence analysis of two novel cypoviruses isolated from the winter moth Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera : Geometridae). Virus Genes 35, 463-471.

97. White, S.M., Sait, S.M. & Rohani, P. (2007) Population dynamic consequences of parasitised-larval competition in stage-structured host-parasitoid systems. Oikos 116, 1171-1185.

98. Cameron, T.C., Metcalfe, D., Beckerman, A.P. & Sait, S.M. (2007) Intraspecific competition: The role of lags between attack and death in host-parasitoid interactions. Ecology 88, 1225-1231.

99. Cameron, T.C., Wearing, H.J., Rohani, P. & Sait, S.M. (2007) Two species asymmetric competition: effects of age-structure on intra- and inter-specific interactions. Journal of Animal Ecology 76, 83-93.

100. Burden, J.P., Possee, R.D., Sait, S.M., King, L.A. & Hails, R.S. (2006) Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of persistent baculovirus infections in populations of the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) within the British Isles. Archives of Virology 151, 635-649.

101. Graham, R.I., Rao, S., Possee, R.D., Sait, S.M., Mertens, P.P.C. & Hails, R.S. (2006) Detection and characterisation of three novel species of reovirus (Reoviridae), isolated from geographically separate populations of the winter moth Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on Orkney. Journal for Invertebrate Pathology 91, 79-87.

102. Cameron, T.C., Wearing, H.J., Rohani, P. & Sait, S.M. (2005) A koinobiont parasitoid mediates competition and generates additive mortality in healthy host populations. Oikos 110, 620-628.

103. Bonsall, M.B., Sait, S.M. & Hails, R.S. (2005) Invasion and dynamics of covert infection strategies in structured populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 464-474.

104. Graham, R.I., Tyne, W.I., Possee, R.D., Sait, S.M. & Hails, R.S. (2004) Genetically variable nucleopolyhedroviruses isolated from spatially separate populations of the winter moth Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Orkney. Journal for Invertebrate Pathology 87, 29-38.

105. Wearing H.J., Rohani, P., Cameron, T.C. & Sait, S.M. (2004) The dynamical consequences of developmental variability and demographic stochasticity for host-parasitoid interactions. American Naturalist 164, 543-558.

106. Wearing H.J., Sait, S.M., Cameron, T.C. & Rohani, P. (2004) Stage-structured competition and the cyclic dynamics of host-parasitoid populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 73, 706-722.

107. Boots, M., Greenman, J., Ross, D., Norman, R., Hails, R.S. & Sait, S.M. (2003) The population dynamical implications of covert infections. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 1064-1072.

108. Burden, J.P., Nixon, C.P., Hodgkinson, A.E., Possee, R.D., Sait, S.M., King, L.A. & Hails, R.S. (2003) Covert infections as a mechanism for long term persistence of baculoviruses. Ecology Letters 6, 524-531.

109. Rohani, P., Wearing, H., Cameron, T.C. & Sait, S.M. (2003) Natural enemy specialisation and the period of population cycles. Ecology Letters 6, 381-384.

110. MEATS, A., DUTHIE, R,. CLIFT, A. D., & DOMINIAK, B. C. (2003) Trials with variants of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for suppression of populations of the Queensland fruit fly in small towns neighbouring a quarantine (exclusion) zone. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43: 389-395.

111. PIKE, N.,. W.Y.S. WANG and MEATS, A. (2003) The likely fate of hybrids of Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis. Heredity 90: 365-370.

112. PIKE, N., and MEATS, A. (2003) Tendency for upwind movement in the sibling fruit fly species, Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis: influence of time of day, sex and airborne pheromone Bulletin of Entomological Research 93: 173-178

113. MEATS A., PIKE, N., AN, X, RAPHAEL, K. and. WANG, W. Y. S. (2003) The effects of selection for early (day) and late (dusk) mating lines of hybrids of Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis. Genetica 119: 283-293).

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114. WELDON, C. W. (2003). Effectiveness of coloured unbaited sticky traps for monitoring dispersal of gamma-irradiated Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae). General and Applied Entomology 32: 55 – 60.

115. ZHAO, J. T., BENNETT, C.L., STEWART, G., FROMMER, M. and RAPHAEL, K. (2003) The scarlet eye colour gene of the tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni and nature of two eye colour mutations. Insect Molecular Biology 12 263-269.

116. ZHAO, J. T., M. FROMMER, J. A. SVED, AND C. B. GILLIES (2003) Genetic and Molecular Markers of the Queensland Fruit Fly, Bactrocera tryoni. Heredity 94: 416-420.

117. SVED, J.A,, YU, H,, DOMINIAK, B., GILCHRIST, A.S. (2003) Inferring modes of colonization for pest species using heterozygosity comparisons and a shared-allele test. Genetics 163: 823-831.

118. WANG, Y., YU, H., RAPHAEL, K. AND GILCHRIST, A.S. (2003) Genetic delineation of sibling species of the pest fruit fly Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia using microsatellites. Bul. Ent. Res. 93: 351-360.

119. AN, X., TEBO, M., SONG, S., FROMMER, M. and RAPHAEL, K.A. (2004) The cryptochrome (cry) gene and a mating isolation mechanism in tephritid fruit flies. Genetics 168: 2025-2036.

120. MORRIS, V.B., ZHAO, J.T., SHEARMAN, D.C.A., BYRNE, M. and FROMMER, M. (2004). Expression of an Otx gene in the adult rudiment and the developing central nervous system in the vestibula larva of the sea urchin Holopneustes purpurescens. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48: 17-22.

121. RAPHAEL, K.A., WHYARD, S., SHEARMAN, D., AN, X. and FROMMER, M. (2004). Bactrocera tryoni and closely related pest tephritids – molecular background towards transgenesis. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34: 167-176.

122. GILCHRIST, A.S., SVED, J.A., MEATS, A. (2004) Genetic relations between outbreaks of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera : Tephritidae), in Adelaide in 2000 and 2002. Australian Journal of Entomology 43: 157-163.

123. Marc F. Schetelig, Carlos Caceres, Antigone Zacharopoulou, Gerald Franz & Ernst A. Wimmer. (2008). Conditional embryonic lethality to improve the Sterile Insect Technique in Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae).

124. Submitted. 125. Marc F. Schetelig, Bernhard G. M. Schmid, Grazyna Zimowska & Ernst A. 126. Wimmer. (2008). Plasticity in mRNA expression and localization of orthodenticle within

higher Diptera. Evolution & Development. In press. 127. Marc F. Schetelig, Francesca Scolari, Alfred M. Handler, Giuliano Gasperi & Ernst A.

Wimmer. (2008). New genetic tools for improving SIT in Ceratitis 128. capitata: embryonic lethality and sperm marking. In Proceedings, Symposium: 129. 7th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, 10-15 September

2006, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Malavasi, A (ed.). In press. 130. Scolari, F., Schetelig, M. F., Bertin, S., Malacrida, A. R., Gasperi, G. & E.A. Wimmer

(2008). Fluorescent sperm marking to improve the fight against the pest insect Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann; Diptera: Tephritidae). New Biotechnology 25: pp. 76-84. doi:10.1016/j.nbt.2008.02.001

131. Schinko JB, Kreuzer N, Offen N, Posnien N, Wimmer EA, Bucher G. Divergent functions of orthodenticle, empty spiracles and buttonhead in early head patterning of the beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera). Dev Biol. 2008 May 15;317(2):600-13.

132. Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium, Richards S et al. The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum. Nature. 2008 Apr 24;452(7190):949-55.

133. Viktorinová I, Wimmer EA. Comparative analysis of binary expression systems for directed gene expression in transgenic insects. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Mar;37(3):246-54.

134. Schetelig, M. F., Horn, C., Handler, A.M., & E.A. Wimmer (2007). Development of an embryonic lethality system for SIT in Ceratitis capitata. In Area-wide Control of Insect Pests: From Research to Field Implementation. M.J.B.

135. Vreysen, A.S. Robinson and J. Hendrichs (eds.). Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 85-93. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6059-5_6

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136. Ramos DM, Kamal F, Wimmer EA, Cartwright AN, Monteiro A. Temporal and spatial control of transgene expression using laser induction of the hsp70 promoter. BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 20;6:55.

137. Sarkar A, Atapattu A, Belikoff EJ, Heinrich JC, Li X, Horn C, Wimmer EA, Scott MJ. Insulated piggyBac vectors for insect transgenesis. BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jun 16;6:27.

138. Browne WE, Schmid BG, Wimmer EA, Martindale MQ. Expression of otd orthologs in the amphipod crustacean, Parhyale hawaiensis. Dev Genes Evol. 2006 Oct;216(10):581-95.

139. Wimmer EA. Insect transgenesis by site-specific recombination. Nat Methods. 2005 Aug;2(8):580-2.

140. Wimmer EA. Eco-friendly insect management. Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Apr;23(4):432-3. 141. Horn C, Wimmer EA (2003) A transgene-based embryo-specific lethality system for

insect pest management. Nature Biotechnology 21: 64-70 142. Hacker U, Nystedt S, Barmchi MP, Horn C, Wimmer EA. piggyBac-based insertional

mutagenesis in the presence of stably integrated P elements in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 24;100(13):7720-5.

143. Horn C, Offen N, Nystedt S, Häcker U, Wimmer EA. piggyBac-based insertional mutagenesis and enhancer detection as a tool for functional insect genomics. Genetics. 2003 Feb;163(2):647-61.

144. Wimmer EA. Innovations: applications of insect transgenesis. Nat Rev Genet. 2003 Mar;4(3):225-32.

145. Mandrioli M, Wimmer EA. Stable transformation of a Mamestra brassicae (lepidoptera) cell line with the lepidopteran-derived transposon piggyBac. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Jan;33(1):1-5.

146. Lagos D., Koukidou M., Savakis C., Komitopoulou K (2007). The transformer gene in Bactrocera oleae: the genetic switch that determines its sex fate. Insect Mol Biol. 16:221-30

147. Lagos D, Ruiz MF, Sánchez L, Komitopoulou K. (2005) Isolation and characterization of the Bactrocera oleae genes orthologous to the sex determining Sex-lethal and doublesex genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Gene. 348:111-21.

148. Komitopoulou K, Christophides GK, Kalosaka K, Chrysanthis G, Theodoraki MA, Savakis C, Zacharopoulou A, Mintzas AC. . (2004) Medfly promoters relevant to the sterile insect technique. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 34:149-57.

149. Thanaphum S. and U. Thaenkham. 2003. Relationships of Forms within theBactrocera tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Taxon Based on Heat Shock Protein 70 Cognate Sequences. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 96(1):44-53.

150. Aketarawong, N., M. Bonizzoni, A.R. Malacrida, G. Gasperi and S. Thanaphum 2006. Seventeen novel microsatellite markers from an enriched library of the pest species Bactrocera dorsalis sensu stricto. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 1138 -1140.

151. Aketarawong, N., M. Bonizzoni, S. Thanaphum, L.M. Gomulski, G. Gasperi, A.R. Malacrida* and C.R. Gugliemino. 2007. Inferences on the population structure and colonization process of the invasive oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Molecular Ecology 16:3522-3532.

152. Orankanok, W., S. Chinvinijkul, S. Thanaphum, P. Sitilob and W. R. Enkerlin. 2007. Area-Wide Integrated Control of Oriental Fruit Fly Bactrocera dorsalis and Guava Fruit Fly Bactrocera correcta in Thailand, pp. 517-526. In M.I.B. Vreysen, J. Hendrichs and A.S. Robinson (eds.), Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests: From Research to Field Implementation. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

153. Arunkumar K P, Kifayathullah L, Nagaraju J (2008) Microsatellite markers for the Indian golden silkmoth, Antheraea assama (Saturniidae: Lepidoptera). Molecular Ecology Resources (In press)

154. Mrinal N, Nagaraju J (2008) Intron loss is associated with gain of function in the evolution of gloverin family of antibacterial genes in Bombyx mori. Journal of Biological Chemistry 283:23376-87.

155. Arunkumar KP, Tomar A, Daimon T, Shimada T, Nagaraju J (2008) WildSilkbase: An EST database of wild silkmoths. BMC Genomics 9: 338.

Appendix E.42

156. Singh J, Nagaraju J (2008) In silico prediction and characterization of microRNAs from red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Insect Molecular Biology 17: 427-436.

157. Archak S, Nagaraju J (2007) InSatDb: A Genomic Tool for Insect Geneticists. FLY 1:5, 279-281.

158. Gandhe A S, John S H, Nagaraju J (2007) Noduler, a novel immune upregulated protein mediates nodulation response in insects. Journal of Immunology 179: 6943-6951.

159. Kanginakudru S, Royer C, Edupalli SV, Jalabert A, Mauchamp B, Chandrashekaraiah, Prasad S V, Chavancy G , Couble P, Nagaraju J (2007) Targeting ie-1 gene by RNAi induces baculoviral resistance in lepidopteran cell lines and in the transgenic silkworms. Insect Molecular Biology 16: 635-644.

160. Gandhe AS, Janardhan G, Nagaraju J (2007) Immune upregulation of novel antibacterial proteins from silkmoths (Lepidoptera) that resemble lysozymes but lack muramidase activity. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37: 655-666.

161. Meglecz E, Anderson SJ, Bourguet D, Butcher R, Caldas A, Cassel-Lundhagen A, d'Acier AC, Dawson DA, Faure N, Fauvelot C, Franck P, Harper G, Keyghobadi N, Kluetsch C, Muthulakshmi M, Nagaraju J, Patt A, Petenian F, Silvain JF, Wilcock HR (2007) Microsatellite flanking region similarities among different loci within insect species. Insect Molecular Biology 16:175-85.

162. Archak S, Meduri E, Sravana Kumar P and Nagaraju J (2007) In SatDb: A microsatellite database of fully sequenced insect genomes. Nucleic Acid s Research 35: D36 - D39.

163. Arunkumar KP, Nagaraju J (2006) Unusually long palindromes are abundant in mitochondrial control regions of insects and nematodes. PLoS ONE 1: e110.

164. Gandhe AS, Arunkumar KP, John SH, Nagaraju J (2006) Analysis of bacteria-challenged wild silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta (lepidoptera) transcriptome reveals potential immune genes. BMC Genomics 7: 184.

165. Khurad AM, Kanginakudru S, Qureshi SO, Rathod MK, Rai MM, Nagaraju J (2006) A new Bombyx mori larval ovarian cell line highly susceptible to nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 59-65.

166. Arunkumar KP, Metta M, Nagaraju J (2006) Molecular phylogeny of silkmoths reveals the origin of domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori from Chinese Bombyx mandarina and paternal inheritance of Antheraea proylei mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 419-427.

167. Johny S, Kanginakudru S, Muralirangan MC, Nagaraju J (2006) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new microsporidian (Protozoa: Microsporidia) isolated from Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Parasitology 132: 803-814.

168. Miao XX, Xub SJ, Li MH, Li MW, Huang JH, Dai FY, Marino SW, Mills DR, Zeng P, Mita K, Jia SH, Zhang Y, Liu WB, Xiang H, Guo QH, Xu AY, Kong XY, Lin HX, Shi YZ, Lu G, Zhang X, Huang W, Yasukochi Y, Sugasaki T, Shimada T, Nagaraju J, Xiang ZH, Wang SY, Goldsmith MR, Lu C, Zhao GP, Huang YP (2005) Simple sequence repeat-based consensus linkage map of Bombyx mori. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 16303-16308.

169. Nagaraja GM, Mahesh G, Satish V, Madhu M, Muthulakshmi M, Nagaraju J (2005) Genetic mapping of Z chromosome and identification of W chromosome-specific markers in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Heredity 95: 148-157.

170. Marec F, Neven LG, Robinson AS, Vreysen M, Goldsmith MR, Nagaraju J, Franz G (2005) Development of genetic sexing strains in Lepidoptera: from traditional to transgenic approaches. Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 248-259.

171. Prasad MD, Muthulakshmi M, Madhu M, Archak S, Mita K, Nagaraju J (2005) Survey and analysis of microsatellites in the silkworm, Bombyx mori: frequency, distribution, mutations, marker potential and their conservation in heterologous species. Genetics 169: 197-214.

172. Prasad MD, Muthulakshmi M, Arunkumar KP, Madhu M, Sreenu VB, Pavithra V, Bose B, Nagarajaram HA, Mita K, Shimada T, Nagaraju J (2005) SilkSatDb: a microsatellite database of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Nucleic Acids Research 33: D403-406.

173. Nagaraju J (2004) Spider silks: A possible key to evolution of spiders. Heredity 93: 520-521.

Appendix E.43

174. Khurad AM, Mahulikar A, Rathod MK, Rai MM, Kanginakudru S, Nagaraju J (2004) Vertical transmission of nucleopolyhedrovirus in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 87: 8-15.

175. Nageswara Rao S, Muthulakshmi M, Kanginakudru S, Nagaraju J (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of three new microsporidian isolates from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 86: 87-95.

176. Kanginakudru S, Subbaiah EV, Couble P, Nagaraju J (2003) LepidopteraAbstracts. Towards development of baculoviral resistant strains of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sixth International Workshop on the Molecular Biology and Genetics of the Lepidoptera. Journal of Insect Science 3: 36.

177. Prasad MD, Han SJ, Nagaraju J, Lee WJ, Brey PT (2003) Cloning and characterization of an eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha kinase from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1628: 56-63.

178. Prasad MD, Nagaraju J (2003) A comparative phylogenetic analysis of full-length mariner elements isolated from the Indian tasar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta (Lepidoptera: saturniidae). Journal of Biosciences 28: 443-453.

179. Priyadarshini P, Murthy BS, Nagaraju J, Singh L (2003) A GATA-binding protein expressed predominantly in the pupal ovary of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 33: 185-195.

180. Arun Kumar KP, Nagaraju J (2008) Testis-specifically expressed genes are distributed predominantly on Z chromosome in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

181. Satish V, Nagaraju J (2008) Isolation and characterization of a putative master sex determining gene in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

182. Min Wu, Zhichan Sun, Chunlin Hu and Zhaojun Han 2008 An active piggyBac-like element in Macdunnoughia crassisigna. Insect Science, In press. DOI 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2008.00237.x

183. Zhichan Sun, Min Wu, Thomas A. Miller, and Zhaojun Han. 2008piggyBac-like elements in cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Insect Molecular Biology （2008）17（1）： 9－18

184. Xiaoxia Ren, Zhaojun Han, and Thomas A. Miller 2006 Excision and transposition of piggyBac transposable element in tobacco budworm embryos.Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology，63(2): 49-56

185. Weina Xu, and Zhaojun Han 2008 Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of sid-1 like genes from aphids. Journal of Insect Science，8：30

186. Lu Qian, Guangchun Cao, Junxian Song, Qian Yin, Zhaojun Han 2008 Biochemical mechanisms conferring cross-resistance between tebufenozide and abamectin in Plutella xylostella. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2008.03.011

187. Zewen Liu, Zhaojun Han, et al. 2008 Amino acids outside of the loops that define the agonist binding site are important for ligand binding to insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Journal of Neurochemistry (2008) 106: 224-230

188. Baoli Gao 1, Juan Wu 1, Shuijin Huang2, Lanfang Mu3, Zhaojun Han 2008 Insecticide resistance in field populations of Laodelphax striatellus Fallén (Homoptera: Delphacidae) in China and its possible mechanisms. International Journal of Pest Management，54（1）：13-19

189. Mao-hua Chen, Zhao-jun Han*, Xian-feng Qiao, and Ming-jing Qu 2007 Mutations in acetylcholinesterase genes of Rhopalosiphum padi resistant to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Genome 50(2): 172-179.

190. Maohua Chen, Zhaojun Han, Xianfeng Qiao and Mingjing Qu 2007 Resistance mechanisms and associated mutations in acetylcholinesterase genes in Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology，87：189－195

191. Shuijin Huang, and Zhaojun Han 2007 Mechanisms for multiple resistances in field populations of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) in China. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology，87（1）：14－22

Appendix E.44

192. Guangchun Cao, Zhaojun Han 2007Biochemical mechanisms for resistance of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), to tebufenozide. Entomological Research, 37(Suppl.1): A13-A14

193. Shuijin Huang, Junfeng Xu and Zhaojun Han 2006 Baseline toxicity data of insecticides against the common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and a comparison of resistance monitoring methods. International Journal of Pest Management, 52（3）：209－213

194. Guangchun Cao and Zhaojun Han 2006 Tebufenozide resistance selected in Plutella xylostella and its cross-resistance and fitness cost. Pest Management Science, 62: 746-751

195. Maohua Chen and Zhaojun Han 2006 Cloning and sequence analysis of 2 different acetylcholinesterase genes in Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae. Genome, 49: 239-243

196. Zewen Liu and Zhaojun Han 2006 Fitness costs of laboratory-selected imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Pest Management Science, 62: 279-282.

197. Zewen Liu, Martin S Williamson, Stuart J Lansdell, Ian Denholm, Zhaojun Han, and Neil S Millar 2005 A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutation conferring target-site resistance to imidacloprid in Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper). PNAS, 102(24): 8420-8425 (973 J20000162, NSFC 30070502)

198. Liu Zewen, Han Zhaojun and Zhang Lingchun 2004 Relationship Between the Development of Methamidophos Resistance and the Activity of Three Detoxifying Enzymes in Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Rice Science, 11(3): 135-139

199. Li Fei, Han Zhaojun 2004 Mutations in acetylcholinesterase associated with insecticide resistance in the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 34 (4): 397-405

200. QU Mingjing, HAN Zhaojun*, XU Xinjun and YUE lina 2003 Triazophos Resistance Mechanisms in Rice Stem Borer，Chilo suppressalis Walker Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology，77：99-105

201. Liu Zewen, Han Zhaojun, Wang Yinchang, Zhang Lingchun, Zhang Hongwei and Liu Chengjun 2003 Selection for imidacloprid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens: cross-resistance patterns and possible mechanisms Pest Management Science，59: 1355-1359

Appendix E.45

CRP No. 1320 (E13024) CRP Evaluation Report

Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Improvement in the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) by the Detection of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)

Section/Division: NAHU Period Covered: 2002-10-24 through 2007-12-14 Total Cost: € 130,662.99 Objectives of CRP:

(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To enhance the capabilities of Member States to employ in-vitro nuclear medicine technology efficiently, for managing their important health problems and for undertaking related basic and clinical research. (b) Specific (CRP): To develop prognostic algorithms to improve ALL treatment protocols in clinical settings in developing countries • To establish a locally appropriate and potentially curative treatment protocol for children with

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in each participating region. • To develop the molecular technology to identify ALL-specific fusion genes with prognostic

significance at diagnosis, to inform primary treatment decisions in individual children. • To demonstrate, by the end of the CRP, an effective and clinically useful collaboration

between clinicians and the molecular diagnostics laboratory. • To implement evidence-based risk-stratification to guide management decisions in individual

children. • Though now not part of the current CRP, this work will lay the foundations for the future

development of quantitative monitoring of fusion gene transcripts during therapy (minimal residual disease monitoring), which is the next stage of ALL treatment risk stratification.

Outputs:

(a) Research: Overall Assessment of Progress towards achieving objective • Samples from 241 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients were collected which

represents an outstanding number for the project, considering the logistic delays. These represent samples that were analyzed by each country and then confirmed centrally.

• Four participating centres completed the study: Faisalabad Pakistan, Chennai India, Yangon Myanmar and Khartoum Sudan.

• A low frequency of TEL-AML1 (4-9%) which has an 80% cure rate, compared to population studies in Europe, where TEL-AML1 is identified in 19% to 25% of patients, was found.

Appendix E.46

• This was the first report of ALL fusion gene subtypes not previously reported from Pakistan or Myanmar.

• The low frequency of this most curable disease subgroup across southern Asia has implications for paediatric oncologists establishing new leukaemia treatment programmes, using European treatment protocols and aiming for outcomes based on western populations. The CRP data indicates that the biology of childhood ALL may make it an overall less curable disease in some resource-poor societies.

(b) Others: • Chile, India, Pakistan and Uruguay were already following potentially curative treatment

protocols but it was only after the inception of the CRP that this was done in Myanmar and Sudan.

• With the exception of Uruguay, progress reports showed all other countries now have the technology to identify ALL-specific fusion genes with prognostic significance at diagnosis.

• All countries established an effective and clinically useful collaboration between haematologists, oncologists, paediatricians, and molecular biologists. Commendably, in Pakistan, collaboration was established with 6 hospitals in different cities.

• Training by India and Myanmar and availability of phosphorimagers in Sudan and Uruguay have contributed to lay the foundations for the future development of quantitative monitoring of fusion gene transcripts during therapy (minimal residual disease monitoring), which is the next stage of ALL treatment risk stratification.


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: The following specific objectives were achieved: • To establish a locally appropriate and potentially curative treatment protocol for children with

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in each participating region. • To develop the molecular technology to identify ALL-specific fusion genes with prognostic

significance at diagnosis, to inform primary treatment decisions in individual children. • To demonstrate, by the end of the CRP, an effective and clinically useful collaboration

between clinicians and the molecular diagnostics laboratory. In retrospect the following were too ambitious to be achieved during the four years of the CRP: • To implement evidence-based risk-stratification to guide management decisions in individual

children. • Though now not part of the current CRP, this work will lay the foundations for the future

development of quantitative monitoring of fusion gene transcripts during therapy (minimal residual disease monitoring), which is the next stage of ALL treatment risk stratification.

(b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: By establishing the diagnostic technique of identifying ALL-specific fusion gene transcripts in children with ALL, the CRP contributed to the capabilities of Member States to employ in-vitro nuclear medicine technology efficiently, for managing ALL in children. Moreover the number of centres using an appropriately curative treatment protocol was increased. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: Problems encountered: • There was a delay in providing positive controls for internal quality control requirement for

the project.

Appendix E.47

• The provided protocols were not followed as they were supposed to be and therefore a strong heterogeneity could be found among the techniques employed.

• The quantitative assay requires plasmids containing the targets but these were provided late. •

Impact of the CRP:

• The number of collaborating centres using an appropriately curative treatment protocol at the end of the third year of the CRP, compared to the situation prior to the CRP, increased from 4 to 6. This has resulted in for example, an increase in survival rate at 1 year from 0% to 77%, in Myanmar, a highly significant improvement.

• The number of collaborating centres with the technical ability to accurately identify ALL-specific fusion gene transcripts in children with ALL has increased from 3 to 5 in Myanmar, Pakistan, and Sudan for the first time.

• This international project successfully introduced screening for ALL fusion genes in Myanmar, Pakistan and Sudan.

• In Myanmar the CRP contributed to the development of the country’s first childhood leukaemia treatment programme. Dr. Carr (Agreement Holder) should be commended for his efforts in making this happen.


The CRP is relevant to the objective of the Agency’s Project 2.F.2.04 - to establish the application of novel nuclear based and related in vitro molecular and biotechnological methods for effective investigation and management of neoplastic diseases and the CRP is also relevant to Member States since acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the most common childhood leukaemia.

Recommended future action by Agency: In order to increase the impact of the CRP, a future project should be considered that can include the objectives, namely to implement evidence-based risk-stratification to guide management decisions in individual children and quantitative monitoring of fusion gene transcripts during therapy (minimal residual disease monitoring).

Resulting Publications: A manuscript titled “The incidence of common genetic subgroups in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in four developing countries”1 has been submitted to the journal Paediatric Blood and Cancer.

1Siddiqui, R. National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Nancy, N. Cancer Institute (WIA), Department of Molecular Oncology; Naing, W.P.P. National Blood Research Centre, Experimental Medicine Research; Ali, S. Institute of Endemic Disease, Department of Molecular Biology; Khan, B. International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear - Medicine Section, Division of Human Health; Padua, R.A. Hopital Saint-Louis, Inserm U718;- Carr, R. Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, Haematology; King's College London.

Appendix E.48

CRP No. 1305 (E24012) CRP Evaluation Report

Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Development of TLD-based Quality Audits for Radiotherapy Dosimetry in Non-reference Conditions

Section/Division: NAHU Period Covered: 2001-12-15 through 2007-02-28 Total Cost: € 186,418.46 Objectives of CRP:

(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To assist Member States in developing national TLD-based quality audit programmes for radiotherapy dosimetry in non-reference conditions. (b) Specific (CRP): To make available a general strategy for the TLD-based quality audit programme for radiation dosimetry in non-reference conditions utilizing the Agency’s long experience in TLD audits. To develop a methodology/action plan for TLD audits in non-reference conditions. To perform a study of measurements on- and off-central beam axis with a modified TLD holder. To develop a methodology for dosimetry audits of electron beams. To develop the operating procedures for the photon and electron quality audits and design the instruction sheets, irradiation forms, discrepancy analysis forms and results reporting forms.

Outputs: (a) Research: A strategy for national TLD audit programmes has been developed under the CRP. It involves progression through three sequential dosimetry audit steps. The first step audits are for the beam output in reference conditions for high-energy photon beams. The second step audits are for the dose in reference and non-reference conditions on the beam axis for photon and electron beams. The third step audits involve measurements of the dose in reference, and non-reference conditions off-axis for open and wedged symmetric and asymmetric fields for photon beams. Through this CRP the methodology has been developed for the second and third step audits. Based on the IAEA standard TLD holder for high-energy photon beams, a new TLD holder was developed with horizontal arm to enable measurements off the central axis. Basic correction factors were determined for the holder and new procedures were developed for the TLD irradiation in hospitals. The off-axis measurement methodology for photon beams was tested in a multinational pilot study. The methodology of TLD audits in non-reference conditions developed under this CRP has been shown to work well at the national level. (b) Others: The CRP developed the operating procedures for the photon and electron quality audits and designed the instruction sheets, irradiation forms, discrepancy analysis forms and results reporting forms. Participants adapted these procedures and forms for the operation of audits at

Appendix E.49

the national level. For testing the sequential steps in dosimetry audits, pilot TLD runs were conducted at the national level with a selected number of hospitals in the participating countries


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: The specific CRP objectives have been met. The CRP helped the participating countries to establish a national strategy for external audits in radiotherapy dosimetry. It developed a standardized TLD methodology for both high energy photon and electron beams that was adapted to the specific conditions in each participating country and tested at the national level. The necessary documentation for auditing (instruction, reporting forms) have been written in national languages and tested in pilot runs with local hospitals. The IAEA Dosimetry Laboratory provided technical support in the research phase and acted as an external quality control of the performance of the national TLD systems. (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: The IAEA assisted seven countries participating in this CRP to develop TLD-based quality audit programmes for radiotherapy dosimetry in non-reference conditions and provided technical backup to the operations of the national TLD systems. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: Problems encountered during the implementation of the CRP that contributed to slowing down of the developments at the national level were mostly related to equipment breakdowns and staff rotation at CSI institutions.

Impact of the CRP:

The results of the CRP have contributed to the overall increase in the radiation dosimetry expertise in the participating countries. Direct experience has been gained by the countries involved in the CRP, on the practical methods and procedures to extend TLD measurements to conditions closer to those used for patient irradiations. Secondly, the network structures, extended to include these new auditing activities, will be available as examples of how to develop the infrastructure and implement new auditing methods and procedures. The expertise acquired in this CRP can be disseminated and adapted, using suitable methodology and structures, by national audit systems in any country operating dosimetry audits for radiotherapy based on mailed TLD, or wishing to do so.

Relevance of the CRP: The ultimate benefit of this CRP is to the potentially large numbers of patients requiring radiotherapy who will receive improved quality treatment with reduced likelihood for potential misadministration of the dose.

Recommended future action by Agency: There is a need to continue the development of methodology for TLD-based national audit networks for complex treatment techniques as used in up-to-date radiotherapy.

Resulting Publications: The participating institutions presented their work in the various local and international conferences; several posters and oral presentations were delivered at the IAEA QANTRM Conference in 2006. A paper entitled “A methodology for TLD postal dosimetry audit of high-energy radiotherapy photon beams in non-reference conditions” has been published in a peer review journal Radiotherapy and Oncology 84 (2007) 67–74. A TECDOC “National networks for radiotherapy dosimetry audit: structure, methodology, scientific procedures” is in preparation.

Appendix E.50


Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Design Criteria for a Network to Monitor Isotope Compositions of Runoff in Large Rivers


(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): The overall objective of this CRP was to lay the groundwork and scientific rationale for future design of an operational “Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers” (GNIR), to enhance the understanding of the water cycle of river basins and to assess the impact of environmental and climatic changes on the continental water cycle.

(b) Specific (CRP):

• To launch and coordinate a programme for isotope sampling of river discharge and related studies via a network of research institutes worldwide, establishing linkages where appropriate to existing research and monitoring activities undertaken by national counterparts, monitoring agencies, and international research programmes.

• To contribute to the understanding of the water cycle of large river basins by developing, evaluating, and refining isotope methodologies for quantitative analysis of water balance and hydrological processes, and for tracing environmental changes.

• To develop an optimal protocol for operational river water sampling, and to design a comprehensive database to support isotope-based water balance studies, and future monitoring of ongoing environmental changes.

Outputs: (a) Research: ● A system has been developed to compile isotope data on river water within the “GNIR-Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers”, thus complementing the 45-year-old IAEA/WMO Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP). GNIR aims to use isotope data to gain an improved understanding of stream/aquifer interactions, the impact of climate changes on river runoff, and most especially human impact on river discharge. ● The following particular hydrological processes in river basins have been investigated using isotopes among the CRP participants: 1. Tracing of seasonal changes of flowpaths between permafrost, lakes and rivers and their impact on the runoff regime in the rivers of Northern Russia and Canada. 2. Tracing of influence of precipitation induced by the El Nino-phenomena on the spatial and temporal runoff regime in the rivers of South America.

Appendix E.51

3. Tracing of multiple impacts (headwater mountain recharge, downstream regulations and transitions from the dominant groundwater recharge into the river to infiltration from river to aquifer and their development along a river course in temperate (Slovenia, Austria) regions 4. Tracing of spatial and temporal effects of irrigation return and lake evaporation in arid and semi-arid basins (Syria, Australia, Western USA). ● Pronounced seasonal variations in tritium and stable isotope content of river water are observed due to oscillations in mixing proportions of precipitation, quick surface runoff and groundwater runoff (baseflow). These variations allow estimation of mean residence time (age) of the river water up to 10 years. However, little is known about the partition of factors controlling the residence time of water in large river basis, although these factors are well described in small headwater catchments. ● It has been a consensus of the CRP participants that monitoring of isotopes in rivers worldwide provides basis for a better large-scale quantitative precipitation-runoff separation. In some cases the primary water balance isotope signals in precipitation may be more preserved in river discharge, whereas in semi-arid regions the initial isotope signature is quickly biased by evaporative enrichment. Implementing isotopes in validation of large-scale rainfall-runoff models reveals these spatial patterns that are less pronounced at small scales. ● A sampling protocol for collection of river isotope data was developed. Besides isotope data and geographical settings of every sampling point, it includes essential information about discharge and conductivity/temperature of the river water, which is essential information in surface water studies. Importance of synoptic isotope surveys along the river course was highlighted, because they reveal a better spatial resolution of zones of dominant hydrological processes as the river moves downstream. (b) Others: During the implementation of the CRP, experience was gained on the operational aspects of a global network of monitoring stations, and on the design of operational sampling protocol and database compiling and making available online all isotope and related information gathered as part of the CRP. The rationale and operational principles of GNIR are available at www.iaea.org/water.


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: Isotope data were collected in ~ 20 large rivers (ca 23% of land surface) from headwaters to outlets and provide a rationale for continuous monitoring in various types of rivers. The scientific and operational outcomes of the CRP allowed to effectively launch the GNIR database, now including isotope river data not only from the CRP, but also from IAEA Technical Cooperation Projects, other IAEA Coordinated Research Projects and other scientific studies worldwide. (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: The GNIR is volunteer database managed by the IAEA in a publicly available data repository (http://www.iaea.org/water), which is now combining data from all IAEA isotope hydrology projects. GNIR data are being cross-referenced to GNIP and part of the IAEA Isotope Hydrology database. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: Some difficulties have been observed in regular sampling at remote stations and in isotope analysis of larger amounts of samples. The latter has been substantially improved in the very recent time through the introduction of the laser isotope analyser.

Appendix E.52

Impact of the CRP: Currently the GNIR consists of data from approximately 500 sampling points worldwide. Three types of data are distinguished: first, regularly monitored river stations with testing occurring a minimum of once a month and with a sampling period of at least two years, second, instantaneous spatial or profile-longitudinal surveys, and last, all remaining ad-hoc data from IAEA Technical Cooperation Projects, other IAEA Coordinated Research Projects and other scientific studies worldwide. GNIR, and the CRP as its groundwork, are highly cited in the scientific forums and data are downloaded and solicited by scientific communities.

Relevance of the CRP: Use of isotope data to gain an improved understanding of stream/aquifer interactions, the impact of climate changes on river runoff, and most especially human impact on river discharge.

Recommended future action by Agency: IAEA may solicit contributions from established isotopic networks in some countries and initiate monitoring of rivers in areas without isotope data, predominantly in tropical and arid regions.

Resulting Publications: A TECDOC is in preparation to be published in 2010, collecting the principal results of the CRP Panarello, H.O., and Dapena, C.,2009. Large scale meteorological phenomena, ENSO and ITCZ, define the Paraná River isotope composition. Journal of Hydrology, 365, pp105-112 Sugimoto, A., Naito, D., Yanagisawa, N., Ichiyanagi, K., Kurita, N., Kubota, J., Kotake, T., Ohata, T., Maximov, T. C., Fedorov, A. N., 2003: Characteristics of soil moisture in permafrost observed in East Siberian taiga with stable isotopes of water. Hydrological Processes, 17: 1073-1092 Phillips, F.M., Hogan, J., Mills. S., and Hendricks, J.M.H. ,2003. Environmental tracers applied to quantifying causes of salinity in arid-region rivers: Preliminary results from the Rio Grande, southwestern USA: in Water Resources Perspectives: Evaluation, Management, and Policy (ed. A.S. Alsharhan and W.W. Wood), Developments in Water Science, v. 50, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, p. 327-334. Ogrinc, N., T. Kanduč, W. Stichler and P. Vreča, 2008. Spatial and temporal variations in δ18O and δD values in the River Sava in Slovenia, J. Hydrol. 359, pp. 303–312.

Appendix E.53


Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Isotope Methods for the Study of Water and Carbon Cycle Dynamics in the Atmosphere and Biosphere


(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) initiated in 2004 efforts to improve the availability of isotope data for additional components of the water cycle in an effort to supplement GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) data and integrate isotope applications in the hydrological cycle, the carbon cycle and climate research. The overall objective of the CRP was to develop a stable isotope sampling network (MIBA) contributing to an improved understanding of the water and carbon exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere under the present and future climate conditions. (b) Specific (CRP): The specific objectives anticipated were: a) To develop and undertake common field and laboratory methods required for a deeper insight and characterization of the interaction between the carbon and the water cycle. b) To set up protocols for the operation of a global monitoring network on water vapour, plant materials and soil moisture, complementary to other programmes such as GNIP and GNIR. c) To create, develop and maintain develop a dedicated database to facilitate access of isotope data to different types of users. d) To develop improved standardized sampling and analytical techniques for stable isotopes of water vapour, plant materials and soil moisture.

Outputs: (a) Research: The main scientific aspects addressed during the implementation of the CRP are listed below: a) Partitioning ET flux. Evapotranspiration flux partitioning requires vapour, stem and soil isotope measurements in addition to micrometeorology data. The needed isotopic measurements for this exercise have been obtained on the sites where water vapour was sampled as well. Data obtained so far showed that leaf water lines are not always derived from source water evaporation lines. Leaf water, rather, reflects local humidity regimes (impacted by canopy structure, water availability, climatic regime) at time of sampling and the disequilibrium between the soil water and the local vapour. This is particularly the case for arid and dry sites, with low

Appendix E.54

annual precipitation amounts. The results have demonstrated the importance of irrigation water on local vapour signal. b) Partitioning C18O2 Soil and leaf water isotope measurements have been carried out at all of the sites monitored. However, no MIBA data has been used in such a study up to now. c) Development of new global change indicators. Water vapour isotope measurements have been initiated at the 4 stations measuring water vapour. The more sites that can be introduced the better the global patterns that can be assessed. For the on-site and temporal high-resolution measurements of δ18O and δD, much progress has been made in the development of laser spectrometry. Such instruments are going to be deployed in some MIBA stations. d) Ecosystem functioning. The majority of MIBA data were collected in flux-tower sites, therefore the isotope data could be compared with eco-physiological and micro-meteorological measurements. The MIBA data were also collected in many different land use types highlighting issues of ecosystem functioning that results from land use change e.g. water use in agriculture or for other irrigation purposes. e) Interpretations of 13C and 18O analyses in organic matter. This output has met the interest of the tree ring isotope community where the oxygen isotope signals in tree ring materials (bulk wood and cellulose) are used as a temperature proxy. However, this oxygen isotope signal is often masked by some “other noise” and specific analyses on the influence of the ambient humidity often show a strong correlation. For the distinction between temperature and ambient humidity the isotopic signature of water vapour is needed. The data from GNIP alone do not lead to satisfying results. Several studies show an increased water use efficiency of trees derived from tree ring isotope analysis. To do this a dual isotope approach is applied using the stable C and O isotopes, which allows the distinction between stomatal and photosynthetic response to elevated CO2 concentration. The oxygen isotope is also a proxy for a change in temperature and for relative humidity. For a proper evaluation of this phenomenon the MIBA data represent a valuable data base. f) Validation of General Circulation Models. Some CRP participants compared the measured multi-year vapour isotope data at roof top with the GCM predicted isotopic composition of water vapour. They found that there was a significant mismatch of seasonality between the observed and modelled vapour isotopic compositions at this site, which will lead to improvement of GCM for the isotopic modelling. g) Adaptation to climate and land-use changes. This point involves the study of the changes in groundwater leading to ecosystem responses i.e. availability of water to rooting zones. Studies dealt with the consequences of these changes (ground water lowering due to groundwater pumping) on species composition / biodiversity / suitability of area for native species. h) Geographic implications for MIBA isotopes. The MIBA isotope data demonstrated differential geographic relationship between soil and leaf water, which may reflect different impact of climate conditions on leaf isotope enrichment. i) Development of more efficient sampling techniques for isotope analysis of water vapour, stem and leaf water, and soil moisture. (b) Others: During the implementation of the CRP, substantial experience was gained on the operational aspects of a global network of monitoring stations of this nature, as well as in the development of a dedicated database/web page compiling and making available online all isotope and related information gathered as part of the CRP.

Appendix E.55

Effectiveness of CRP: (a) In reaching Specific Objective: Under this CRP, 51 MIBA sampling sites in 14 countries were created or incorporated into the project, generating over the 3 years about 10 000 samples (water vapour, plant material and soil moisture). However, only a few counterparts and laboratories were properly equipped for monitoring the three proposed types of samples, for conducting the complete water extraction and the corresponding isotope analysis. Although some cooperation was established between some advanced laboratories and other counterparts only involved in field work, only about 30% of the samples could be analysed by the time of completion of the CRP. Some groups compiled excellent isotopes datasets, while others were limited to a few records. Some relevant progress and contributions were made to the scientific outputs listed above, while in other cases, the progress has been limited. (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: This CRP has represented a valuable attempt to initiate a complementary global isotope monitoring network to the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) and the Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR). The exercise proved that isotope tools can provide important information about global biogeochemical cycles and a number of the issues listed above, as long as sufficient spatial and temporal coverage is reached by the network of stations. However, the logistic implications and difficulties are larger than in the case of other monitoring programmes. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: The logistic implications to run a programme with the objectives of this CRP are far more complex than running other networks such as GNIP or GNIR. Sampling of water vapour and water extraction from plant and soils is time consuming and demands a lot of field and laboratory work. Also a large number of samples for isotope analysis are generated that could not be easily analysed by a number of participants. This situation led to significant differences in the progress made by the different counterparts.

Impact of the CRP:

Despite the problems listed above, the MIBA initiative has been highly cited in scientific forums dealing with the study of biogeochemical cycles and the links between the biosphere and the water cycle. Isotope tools are effectively providing key contributions to our understanding of these aspects. However, although the relevance of such exercise is well accepted, the logistic and financial implications of running such a programme are unaffordable for several institutes without a strong support for other sources, mainly from more developed countries.

Relevance of the CRP: The CRP demonstrated that the role of isotope tools in addressing most of the key questions on biogeochemical cycles is or will be crucial for advancing our understanding on the interaction between the carbon and the water cycle. The IAEA is certainly an excellent international organization to lead the efforts on the compilation of isotopes in the atmosphere and the biosphere at global scale and the efforts in this direction are greatly appreciated by many users of isotope data. However, the launch of such initiative was premature.

Recommended future action by Agency: The IAEA may provide support to individual contracts compiling information on the issues listed above, focusing on local and/or regional scales. Only when the number of local studies has reached a reasonable threshold, and the integration of information obtained by those studies is relevant, a similar exercise to this CRP can be implemented.

Appendix E.56

Resulting Publications: A brief list of publications in journals and for scientific meetings includes the following papers: Twining, J., Stone, D., Tadros, C., Henderson-Sellers A,, Williams, A. (2006): Moisture Isotopes in the Biosphere and Atmosphere (MIBA) in Australia: A priori estimates and preliminary observations of stable water isotopes in soil, plant and vapour for the Tumbarumba Field Campaign. Global and Planetary Change, 51, 1-2, 59-72. Knohl, A., Tu, K, Boukili, V., Brooks, P. D., Mambelli, S., Riley, W. J., Dawson, T E (2007): MIBA-US: Temporal and Spatial Variation of Water Isotopes in Terrestrial Ecosystems Across the United States, Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract: B12C-03. Hemming, D., Griffiths, H., Loader, N., Marca, A., Robertson, I., Wingate, L., Yakir, D. (2007): The Moisture Isotopes in Biosphere and Atmosphere network (MIBA): initial results from the UK. Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B13B-1205

Henderson-Sellers A. (2006): Improving land-surface parameterization schemes using stable water isotopes: Introducing the ‘iPILPS’ initiative. Global and Planetary Change, 51, 1-2, 3-24. Gat, J R., Salati, E., Victoria, R L.(2007). Review of the Isotope Aided Studies on the Water Balance of the Amazon Basin. Eos Trans. AGU, 88(23), Jt. Assem. Suppl., Abstract: H22A-0

Appendix E.57

CRP No. 378 (K41008) CRP Evaluation Report

Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Nuclear Applications to Determine Bioaccumulation Parameters and Processes Used for Establishing Coastal Zone Monitoring and Management Criteria

Section/Division: NAML Period Covered: 2002-12-15 through 2007-10-08 Total Cost: € 79,424.93 Objectives of CRP:

(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): Improved management of the coastal zone by MS through the applications of nuclear science and technology. (b) Specific (CRP): The CRP was focused on the use of radiotracer techniques to investigate the behaviour and fate of contaminants, including radionuclides, metals, organic pollutants and biotoxins in coastal marine environments, in order to establish or improve criteria to be used for Coastal Zone Monitoring and Management.

Outputs: (a) Research: All but one of the Research Contract holders published the results of their activities carried out in the framework of CRP K4.10.08 in a special issue of the international peer-reviewed journal Environmental Bioindicators (Taylor & Francis Publ.). These publications are a strong indicator of the good scientific quality reached by the Research Contract holders during the CRP and increased the visibility of the CRP to the international scientific community.

(b) Summary:

This CRP has played an important role in supporting MS in the use of nuclear techniques to establish regional species of marine organisms, that are also important as seafoods, as bioindicators of a diverse range of contaminants in coastal marine environments. The CRP has facilitated the practical use of these organisms to monitor harmful algal bloom contaminants in coastal aquaculture sites that are of critical importance for health and livelihoods of local populations, and also for decision-making with regard to the environmental management of metal contaminants that reside in lagoon sediments. The results will also be used in monitor radionuclides from nuclear facilities. Another important practical outcome of the CRP has been the strengthening of international networks in this field. These networks are relevant to the Agency’s plan to develop an international ‘virtual laboratory’ of marine radioecology (MARLIN) that will further support developing MS in the applications of nuclear techniques to problems of contaminants in the coastal zone.

Appendix E.58

(c) Conclusion: This CRP has been a showcase for the versatility of marine radioecology and its associated nuclear techniques for addressing an array of problems arising from contaminants in the coastal zone and their subsequent bioaccumulation by marine biota. (d) Others: Brazil RC focused on the transfer of a highly toxic organic pollutant (hexachlorobenzene, HCB) from sediment to edible bivalves from the Brazilian coasts, addressing uptake kinetics and retention of HCB within these molluscs. Cuba RC was dedicated to the selection and validation of reliable sentinel species for the monitoring of arsenic contamination levels in Cienfuegos Bay (Cuba), where a major arsenic spill occurred in late 2001. This spill prevented consumption of any local seafood and fish by the local population of 150,000 inhabitants for several months. Indonesia RC was dedicated to the selection of local molluscs to be used as bioindicator for surveying and monitoring metal contamination (Cd) in Jakarta bay. Pakistan RC investigated the influence of environmental parameters (salinity and temperature) on the bioaccumulation of radionuclides and metals (137Cs, 65Zn, 51Cr) in mussels from the coast of Pakistan. Important nuclear facilities are located along this coast, stressing the need to develop and implement a local biomonitoring program. Philippines RC focused on a state-of-the art nuclear detection technique to assess levels of algal biotoxins (saxitoxin) in edible seafood exposed to harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are recognized among today’s major seafood safety and socio-economic global issues. The Thai RC investigated the bioaccumulation of radionuclides and toxic metals (57Co, 85Sr and 134Cs) in bivalves in order to contribute to strengthening the monitoring program of Thailand, where many fishery-related activities are carried out.


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: Objectives were achieved. The CRP is a good example of some of the recent achievements of the NACA Cooperation Programme. The RCs only recently became involved in ecotoxicological radiotracer techniques, and have already reached a good level or proficiency. For instance, the Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, (CEAC) in Cuba, is now a recognized Resource Centre for the whole Caribbean region (RLA/7/012). (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: An important contribution to the improvement in the capabilities of MS for sustainable management of their coastal zones. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: Despite a long and slow launching period (first RC was awarded in Nov 02, last one in Aug 03) and two changes of Project Officer over a 4-month period, overall CRP objectives were successfully reached by the RCs. All teams have set up a laboratory environment in which they are able to use and to develop nuclear applications to carry out experiments related to marine pollution issues. RCs progressively improved their experimental skills all over the CRP duration. The main issues encountered were the need for controlling the experimental conditions and for investigating influence of ecological parameters over relevant range of variation. All these issues were regularly discussed (at RCM and via regular email exchanges with P.O.).

Impact of the CRP:

This has led to the further development of expertise and laboratory capabilities in coastal zone management.

Appendix E.59


Highly relevant to many MS, particularly developing countries.

Recommended future action by Agency: Maintain capability and activities with further CRPs in this area.

Resulting Publications: Environmental Bioindicators (Taylor & Francis Publ.): Volume 2 Number 4 October–December 2007 (see Table of contents here after). CONTENTS Radiotracer Techniques: A Unique Tool in Marine Ecotoxicological Studies Michel Warnau and Paco Bustamante Use of Perna viridis as a Bioindicator of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins at Low Pyrodinium bahamense var compressum Density using a Radioreceptor Assay E.Z. Sombrito, M.C.V. Honrado, A. de Vera, R.S. Tabbada Ma.L. Rañada, J. Relox Jr, and M.dC. Tangonan Bioaccumulation and Retention of 14C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB): I. The Marine Tropical Mussel Perna perna Mara M. De Andréa, Acácio R.G. Tomas Thaís M. Vampré, Oscar J.S. Barreto, and Luiz C. Luchini Bioconcentration and Retention of 14C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB): II. The Estuarine Clam Mytella gyuanensis Mara M. De Andréa, Acácio R.G. Tomas, Thaís M. Vampré, Oscar J.S. Barreto, and Luiz C. Luchini Bioaccumulation of Dissolved Arsenic in the Oyster Crassostrea virginica: A Radiotracer Study Miguel Gómez-Batista, Marc Metian, Jean-Louis Teyssie, Carlos Alonso-Hernández, and Michel Warnau Bioaccumulation of 137Cs, Zn and Cr[VI] in the Green Mussel Perna viridis: Influence of Salinity and Temperature R.M. Qureshi, A. Mashiatullah, N. Yaqoob, P. Akhtar, F. Chaghtai, A. Jabbar, and M. Warnau Experimental Studies on the Bioaccumulation of Selected Heavy Metals and Radionuclides in the Blood Cockle Anadara granosa of the Bang Pakong Estuary Kanitha Srisuksawad and Nikom Prasertchiewchan

Appendix E.60


Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Industrial Process Gamma Tomography


(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To strengthen the national capabilities of developing Member States to efficiently use radioisotope methodologies for controlling and developing cleaner and safer industries for exploration of natural resources. (b) Specific (CRP): To evaluate the feasibility of various computed tomography (CT) methods and validate them for investigation of multiphase industrial processes, in particular: � To evaluate the status and prospects of CT in industrial processing � To compare the performance of various CT methods � To design prototypes of simple CT systems for industrial processing, which can be

transferred to other developing countries � To present techniques that can complement and/or validate the dynamic capabilities of

gamma tomography � To evaluate hardware CT configuration and software for image reconstruction to select the

CT techniques that can be transferred to developing countries. Outputs:

(a) Research: It was planned to prepare technical packages, guidelines and software for CT applications in industry and publish technical reports and scientific papers. The research outputs of the CRP are given below: Portable gamma CT system using single-source and single-detector was developed. The system consists of two servo-motors, mechanical parts, collimators and a data logger. The source and detector are linearly translated to acquire individual measurement. After the completion of the linear measurement, both source and the detector are rotated to the next angular position to acquire the next set of measurements. The motor is controlled through a driver linked to a data logger for PC control. The system is light weight and easy to transport and install on industrial plants. Gamma CT scanner for industrial pipe inspection has been developed. The mechanical system design for the scanner is based on a third generation fan-beam gamma CT systems and data acquisition procedure is manipulated so that the ray-sum data is acquired. The scanner has a large potential to be used to determine the extent of corrosion under insulation, to detect blockages, to

Appendix E.61

measure the thickness of deposit built-up on pipe walls and to investigate material flow in pipelines. Another gamma CT scanner was developed for investigation of two-phase (gas/liquid) flows in a trickle bed reactor. It is also the third generation CT system composed of a radiation source and a curved-array bank detector. Instant non-scanning CT system was developed for the imaging of a flow, which moves quickly and changes its flow structure continuously. This design was achieved through arrangement of five modules, which is similar to that of third generation configuration. By incorporating the fixed radiation sources each of which faces an array of detectors on the opposite side of the process system to be investigated. All measurements are carried out simultaneously. This improves the measurement accuracy at a given speed of response. The system was used for cavitation phenomena analysis in space rocket cryogenic pump. Another important field of research is the analysis of foams; both structure analysis and liquid behavior in the structure. Image reconstruction software packages: Several participating member countries developed image reconstruction programs for their CT systems using various CT algorithms. The performance of five different image reconstruction algorithms was investigated. The algorithms evaluated are Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART), Multiplicative ART, Iterative Least Square Technique, Alternating Minimization (AM) and Maximum Likelihood - Expectation Maximization. Combination of gamma CT technique and electrical capacitance CT technique was tested to provide dual modality tomography to obtain good spatial and temporal resolutions. A new algorithm was developed using a priori knowledge provided by gamma-ray and capacitance tomography. Gamma emission tomography: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique was introduced. Both rotational and non rotational scanning systems were developed. Experiments were conducted on trickle bed reactor and fluidized bed reactor at laboratory scale to measure velocity field and diffusion using two SPECT systems. The SPECT technique is also used to measure thermal flow stratification in primary circuit of a French nuclear plant. The hardware and software for radioactive particle tracking (RPT) method were also developed and demonstrated. IAEA-TECDOC-1589 was prepared based on the findings and achievements of the CRP. The practical guidelines for industrial process tomography system design and introduction of available software packages are described in the TECDOC. The participants’ reports and software developed by them are compiled on a CD and attached to the TECDOC. It is a comprehensive technical document containing valuable information, not readily available in any single document elsewhere. This document is a valuable reference for developers and users of industrial process gamma tomography systems, and will be useful as training material the CT technology transfer to developing countries. (b) Others: The CRP generated an active network, which also includes other groups engaged in the CT field. The round robin test played an important role in validation of CT hardware and software developed by the CRP participants. The design of a standard specimen (phantom) for evaluation calibration of gamma transmission CT systems developed at the 2nd RCM. Nine phantoms were produced in Norway and distributed to all CRP participants involved in transmission tomography. All CT systems developed by the participants were calibrated with the phantom and the results were compared and discussed at the final RCM. In addition to this, many other cooperative works among the participating laboratories were implemented during the CRP period. Some typical examples are listed below; - The CSIs from UK and Norway cooperated with Poland in developing software for dual modality (ECT/GT) tomography.

Appendix E.62

- The CSI from Norway and Malaysia delivered lectures at a RCA Regional training course on Industrial Process Gamma Tomography which was held in Korea. - The CSI from Argentina was trained in USA through Fulbright research award in CARPT hardware preparation and data analysis for industrial multiphase contactors. - The members of the CRP participant groups of Malaysia and Brazil were trained on Industrial Process Gamma tomography in Norway and France, respectively, through IAEA TC fellowships. - The CSIs from France, Norway and USA visited some CRP participating countries for various tasks on the development of industrial process gamma tomography as the Agency’s TC expert missions.

Effectiveness of CRP: (a) In reaching Specific Objective: The CRP succeeded in achieving the specific objectives as set out during the formulation of the project. As described above practical CT systems and software packages were developed and demonstrated in several participating countries of the CRP. Technical documents for selection of a CT design for a particular application outline for hardware construction and generic algorithms for image reconstruction were prepared. All these achievements were compiled and published as TECDOC-1589. (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: The CRP succeeded in achieving the overall objective. Several developing courtries developed their own CT systems and image reconstruction software during the CRP period. The CT systems were validated through the network activities of the CRP and demonstrated their utilization for the investigation of multiphase system. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: None

Impact of the CRP:

During and after completion of the CRP several developing countries that did not participate in the CRP started to develop the industrial process CT technology for application in multiphase industrial processes. Some examples are China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand and Vietnam. Many more countries in RCA, ARCAL and AFRA regions showed keen interests in the technology. Brazil, Korea and Malaysia are implementing national TC projects on industrial process tomography. The technology was introduced to many developing countries through IAEA regional training courses.

Relevance of the CRP: The industrial process gamma tomography techniques developed by the CRP are typical nuclear techniques for industrial applications. Therefore, the CRP is highly relevant to the IAEA project on utilization of radioisotope techniques for industrial process management.

Recommended future action by Agency: - The industrial process gamma tomography technology should be introduced further to developing countries through the Agency’s regional training courses. It is also recommended to support the developing countries in implementing the technology through national TC projects. - The CT technology should be further developed for more convenient applications in field condition and utilized as a tool for future CRP projects in the field of industrial radioisotope applications.

Appendix E.63

- The Agency was required to consider organizing a consultant meeting to monitor and evaluate progress of the industrial process gamma tomography and to identify further actions to bring the technology into industry.

Resulting Publications: The results of the CRP on Industrial Process Gamma Tomography were summarized in the TECDOC. The result of the network activities are also described in details and packages of software for image reconstruction are given on a CD. It can be used as an introduction and guideline for working with the industrial application of CT techniques. It is also suitable as a lecture material for trainings to transfer the technique to developing countries. During the period of the CRP, the participating groups produced nearly one hundred publications: � G. Barouch, S. Legoupil, E. Chevalier, Détecteur linéaire pour la tomographie, 3ème Colloque

Interdisciplinaire en Instrumentation C2I-2004-Cachan, Actes du Colloque, 93 (Hermès-Science 2004)

� Hjertaker B T, Tjugum S-A, Hammer E A and Johansen G A Multi modality tomography for multiphase hydrocarbon flow IEEE Sensors Journal, 5 No 2 (2005) 153-160.

� Frøystein T, Kvandal H and Aakre H Dual energy gamma tomography system for high pressure multiphase flow Flow Meas. Instr. 16 (2005) 99–112.

� “Phase distribution in an upflow monolith reactor using computed tomography”, Al-Dahhan, M. H., Kemoun, A., Cartolano, A. R., AIChE Journal, 52(2), 745-753 (2006).

� “Liquid phase mixing in trayed bubble column reactors”, Alvare, Javier, Al-Dahhan, Muthanna H., Chemical Engineering Science

� “Solids flow mapping in a gas-solid riser: Mean holdup and velocity fields”, Bhusarapu, Satish, Al-Dahhan, Muthanna H., Dudukovic, Milorad P., Powder Technology, 163(1-2), 98-123 (2006).

� Žitný R, Thýn J. Application of analytical transmission tomography with limited number of detectors in analysis of two flows in cylindrical vessels or pipes. Tracer IV, Fourth International Conference On Tracers and Tracing Methods, 3-5 October 2006, Austrans, Grenoble, France.

� Jong Bum Kim, Sung Hee Jung, Jin seop Kim A study on an industrial CT by using a high energy gamma-ray, ICEE 2006

� Jong Bum Kim, Sung Hee Jung and Jin seop Kim A study on Industrial gamma ray CT with a single Source and detector Pair Journal of Korean Nuclear Society Vol 38 no 4, 2006

� Jong Bum Kim, Sung Hee Jung and Jin seop Kim The Comparison of the Iterative and Filtered Back Projection Method for a Gamma-ray CT, KNS spring conference 2006

� G.A Johansen, “Gamma ray tomography software and image reconstruction” IAEA/RCA Regional training course on Industrial Process Gamma Tomography , Korea, October 11-15, 2004

� W. R. Yusoff and J. Abdullah., (2005), Advanced non-disruptive evaluation technology: computed tomography simulation of industrial process column, PetroMin NDT and Corrosion Management Asia Conference

� Jaafar Abdullah, Glam Hadzir Patai Mohamed, Mohd Arif Hamzah, Mohd Soyapi Mohd Yusof, Mohd Fitri Abdul Rahman, Fadil Ismail and Rasif Mohd Zain (2003). “Development of A Portable Computed Tomographic Scanner for On-line Imaging of Industrial Piping Systems”, Proceedings of 5th National Seminar on Non-Destructive Testing, Shah Alam, Malaysia, 1st to 3rd October 2003

Appendix E.64

� Jaafar Abdullah, Said Aferka, Micheal Crine, Dominique Toye and Pierra Marchot (2006), “Investigating the liquid distribution in a reactive distillation packing using high energy x-ray tomography”, The 5th International Symposium on Measurement Techniques for Multiphase Flows (ISMTMF 2006), Macau, China, 10th to 13th December 2006.

� Romanowski Andrzej, Sankowski Dominik, Mosorow Włodzimierz, Grudzień Krzysztof: Application of the Bayesian/MCMC approach to the tomographic investigation of multiphase processes. Bulletin De La Societe des Sciences et des Lettres de Lodz, 2004, vol. LIV, no. XLV, pp 31 – 44.

� Sankowski D., Mosorov V., Wlodarczyk V., An image reconstruction algorithm for dual modality tomography system, In Proc. IEEE 8th CADSM 2005, Lviv, Febr. 23-26, 2005, pp. 154-156.

� Dyakowski T., Johansen G.A., Sankowski D., Mosorov V., Wlodarczyk J., A dual modality tomography system for imaging gas/solids flows, In Proc. 4th World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Aizu, Japan, 2005, pp.669-674.

� S. Lewandowski, V. Mosorow, J. Włodarczyk Image reconstruction based on an irregular grid for gamma-ray tomography (2006) An evaluation of improved DMR reconstruction algorithm for dual modality tomography International Symposium on Process Tomography in Poland, Warszawa, Proceedeings pp. 52-54.

Appendix E.65


Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: Development of Generator Technologies for Therapeutic Radionuclides


(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To enhance and strengthen the expertise and capability of Member States in deploying emerging radioisotopes and generators for medical and industrial applications in order to meet national needs as well as to assimilate new developments. (b) Specific (CRP):

• Development of reproducible methodologies for the preparation of 188W-188Re, 90Sr-90Y generators.

• Development of chromatography adsorbents (Zr/Ti polymers) having higher capacities and demonstration of their utility in the preparation of column generators for 188Re.

• Development of technologies for post elution concentration of 188Re in order to improve the radioactive concentration.

• Development of quality control techniques and derive specifications for generator eluted therapeutic radionuclides.

Outputs:

(a) Research: The research outputs of the CRP are given below.

90Sr/90Y Electrochemical generator A 90Sr/90Y generator system based on electrochemical separation technique was developed. The process involves two stage electrolysis of a mixture of 90Sr and 90Y using platinum electrodes to get highly purified 90Y. The electrochemical generator offers several advantages which include the use of feed solution for electrolysis without further modification. Minimal amounts of chemicals are used for the whole process and hence there is very little possibility of additional introduction of metal contamination. The generator was named ‘Kamadhenu’, the eternally milk yielding Indian mythological cow. This generator can be automated which could result in wider deployment and large scale operations. Two stage supported liquid membrane based 90Sr/90Y generator A two-stage SLM based 90Sr/90Y generator was developed, using two different organophosphorus extractants. The separation is achieved due to the pH dependent preferential

Appendix E.66

transport of 90Y+3 from 90Sr/90Y mixture, from one chamber to another across the membrane. The major attribute of this generator is that highly pure quality of 90Y+3 results at the end of separation in >80% yields. This generator can be automated which could result in wider deployment and large scale operations. Ion exchange based generator A 90Sr/90Y generator system based on ion chromatography separation technique was evaluated. This system uses Dowex 50Wx8 (50-100 mesh) resin in Na+ form as the matrix and a diluted solution of EDTA to elute 90Y. The method was tested for 100 mCi of 90Sr solution. Results showed that consistent and repeated separation can be achieved. Radionuclidic purity estimation of 90Y using extraction chromatography This method is based on a mini column containing Sr specific resin commercially available from Eichrom® Technologies, which possess high affinity for strontium at low pH whereas at the same conditions the affinity for yttrium is very low. This procedure allows achieving the estimation of 90Sr in 90Y at the Pharmacopoeia permissible levels. ‘BARC technique’ for estimation of the radionulcidic purity of 90Y The technique combines chelate based extraction with paper chromatography. A PC strip impregnated with KSM-17 at the point of spotting is used for chromatography. Upon development, 90Sr moves to the solvent front leaving 90Y completely chelated and retained at the point of spotting. The activity at the solvent front (90Sr) is quantified by liquid scintillation counting and the data are compared with the total applied activity to provide the RN purity of the test solution. The method has a sensitivity of ≥ 74 kBq (2 µCi) of 90Sr per 37 GBq (1 Ci) of 90Y. 188W production 188W needed for the CRP participants was produced in the SM Reactor in Dmitrvgrad by double neutron capture of 186W. By using isotopically enriched 186W as target, the specific activity of 188W is augmented. A specific activity of 4-5 Ci/g (at delivery) is obtained by using enriched target and following an irradiation cycle of about 20-24 days. Tungsten oxide or metal tungsten (granular/powder pressed/sintered) enriched with 186W isotope is commonly used as a target material. The final product is typically supplied for generator loading as sodium tungstate solution. Preparation of alumina based 188W/188Re generators Participants of the CRP worked on an alumina based generator, similar to the 99Mo/99mTc generators. Elution yields of 188ReO4

- varied between 70-95%. The radiochemical purity of 188Re (as perrhenate) was higher than 98%, the 188W breakthrough was within permissible limits and the level of contamination with W and Al were below 10 ppm as verified by ICP-OES. The results of these studies showed that by using high specific activity 188W and the standard alumina column, it is possible to produce stable 188W/188Re generator providing 188Re eluate suitable for medical purposes.

Appendix E.67

Higher Capacity Adsorbents The zirconium Compound (PZC) and polymer titanium compound (PTC) based sorbents for the preparation of chromatographic 188W/188Re generator was synthesized by some of the participants. Chemical composition, molecular structure and physicochemical characteristics of these sorbents were studied. The optimal conditions for tungstate (188W) adsorption as well as the elution of 188Re were investigated. Gel type generators The titanium and zirconium tungstate gels were synthesized. The WZr gel was characterized for structure by X-Ray diffraction, particle size determination, estimation of W and Zr content by neutron activation analysis and by UV-visible spectrometry. The amount of W and Zr in the gel was 37% and 43%, respectively. The best 188Re elution efficiency values (73 %) were obtained with titanium 188W-tungstate generators. The performance of the WZr gel generators was good. The results of the quality control studies showed that the 188Re eluted is of good quality. Post elution concentration of 188Re The availability of methods for the post elution concentration of 188Re in order to get high specific volume solutions of 188Re is important for the effective and routine use of the 188W/188Re generators. Several participants worked on the 188Re concentration systems and developed successful methods for concentration of 188Re and the final products have sufficient radioactive concentration for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. (b) Others: During the course of the CRP, several fruitful collaboration and cooperation were developed among the participating laboratories. Some examples are listed below:

• The Chief Scientific Investigator from Brazil participated in a 6 month scientific visit at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) USA on the development of 188Re generator technology and other projects

• Cooperation was established between Russia and Brazil through the inter-governmental programme in the field of radionuclide production and application, allowing for exchange of experience between corresponding participants in generator technology development.

• The exchange of experience has been established between Poland and Germany on the practical aspects of 188W/188Re generator handling. There is also a common approach among the two countries on the automation of the generator production.

• The Chief Scientific Investigator from Mexico worked at ORNL as a guest researcher and investigated the adsorption capacity of hydroxyapatite for 188Re under bilateral collaboration Mexico-USA (FUMEC-AMC).

• Italy provided technical assistance to Cuba for the 90Sr/90Y generator development. • One of the staff members from Vietnam was trained in Italy on the 90Sr/90Y generator

preparation. • Techne Generator, Inc., Japan provided the polyzirconium compound (PZC) to Brazil,

India and Mexico for use in the preparation of high capacity generators.

Appendix E.68


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: As can be seen from the above write up on the technologies developed and the cooperation emerged during the CRP, the CRP succeeded in achieving all the objectives set out during the formulation of the project (b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: The technologies developed under the CRP can be adapted by MS for the preparation of Sr-90/Y-90 and W-188/Re-188 generators. The quality control methods developed can be used for ensuring the purity of the product for safe application in targeted therapy. Overall, the procedures developed under the CRP will enhance the availability of therapeutic radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals in MS. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: None

Impact of the CRP:

The Impact of the CRP is very good as can be seen from the large number of publications in high impact journals by the participants of the CRP.

Relevance of the CRP: The CRP is highly relevant to the ongoing IAEA project for development of cost effective radiopharmaceuticals.

Recommended future action by Agency: None at this stage. A new CRP on ‘Development of radiopharmaceuticals based on 188Re and 90Y for radionuclide therapy’ is already started in 2008.

Resulting Publications: The manuscript of a Technical Report Series on ‘Therapeutic Radionuclide Generators: 90Sr/90Y and 188W/188Re Generators’ is with the Publication Section. The participants of the CRP were successful in publishing several papers in international journals as well as presenting these data at national and international conferences. A list of journal publications by the participants is given below: Most of these Journals have the highest impact factor in their category. BECKFORD D. A., XIQUES A., LEYVA R., PÉREZ M. CASANOVA E., ZAMORA M. New Radioimmunoconjugate 90Y-DOTA-h-R3. Synthesis and Radiolabeling. NUCLEUS 41 (2007), 3-8. CHAKRAVARTY, R., PANDEY, U., MANOLKAR, R.B., DASH, A., VENKATESH M., PILLAI, M.R.A., Development of an electrochemical 90Sr-90Y generator for separation of 90Y suitable for targeted therapy, Nucl. Med. Biol. 35 (2008) 245-253. DHAMI, P.S., NAIK, P.W., DUDWADKAR, N.L., KANNAN, R., ACHUTHAN, P.V., MOORTHY, A.D., JAMBUNATHAN, U., MUNSHI, S.K., PANDEY, U., VENKATESH, M., DEY, P.K. Studies on the Development of a Two Stage SLM System for the Separation of

Appendix E.69

Carrier Free 90Y Using KSM-17 and CMPO as Carriers. Separation Science and Technology 2007, 42, 1107-1121. DRISHTY S., KORDE A., PANDEY U., DHAMI P.S., BANERJEE S., VENKATESH M., SATPATI, D., Synthesis and evaluation of 90Y-DOTA-Colchicine conjugate in murine fibrosarcoma model. J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. 49 (2006) 951-958. DU, J., CHINOL, M., SAVONEN, A., HILTUNEN, J., Simple and safe production of yttrium-90 from a new type of 90Sr/90Y generator. Radiochim Acta 93 (2005) 111-113. FERRARI, M., CREMONESI, M., BARTOLOMEI, M., BODEI, L., CHINOL, M., FIORENZA, M., TOSI, G., PAGANELLI, G. Dosimetric model for locoregional treatments of brain tumors with 90Y-conjugates: clinical application with 90Y-DOTATOC. J Nucl Med 47 (2006)105-112. ILLER, E., Zelek, Z., KONIOR, M., SAWLEWICZ, K., STANISZEWSKLA, J., MIKOŁAJCZAK, R., KARCZMARCZYK, U. Technological line for production of carrier free 188Re in the form of sterile isotonic solution of sodium perrhenate (VII). Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals (ISTR-2005) Vol. 1, IAEA, Vienna, 323-328 (2007). JEONG, J. M., KNAPP, F. F., Jr. Use of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Tungsten-188/Rhenium-188 Generator for Preparation of the Rhenium-188 HDD/Lipiodol Complex for Trans-Arterial Liver Cancer Therapy, Semin. Nucl. Med., 38 (2008) S19-29. MARCZEWSKI, B., DIAS, C.R., MORAES, V., OSSO JUNIOR. J.A., Liquid Kit for Preparation of 188Re-etidronate, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48 (2005) 137-140. MONROY-GUZMAN, F., BADILLO ALMARAZ, V.E., FLORES DE LA TORRE, J.A., COSGROVE, J., KNAPP, F.F. (RUSS), Hydroxyapatite-Based Mo/99mTc and 188W/188Re Generator Systems. Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals (ISTR-2005) Vol. 1, IAEA, Vienna, 333-347 (2007). PANDEY, U., BANERJEE, S., MUKHERJEE, A., SARMA, H. D., VENKATESH, M., 90Y-DOTA-Lanreotide: a potential agent for targeted therapy, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 273 (2007) 719-723. PANDEY U., BAPAT K., SAMUEL G., SARMA H. D., CHAUDHARI P.R., DHAMI P.S, KANNAN R., VENKATESH M. Evaluation of 90Yttrium phosphate particles as a possible radiation synoviorthesis agent, Nucl. Med. Comm. 26 (2005) 459-64. PANDEY, U., DHAMI, P.S., JAGESIA, P., VENKATESH, M., PILLAI, M.R.A., A novel extraction paper chromatography (EPC) technique for the radionuclidic purity evaluation of 90Y for clinical use, Anal. Chem. Anal. Chem. 80 (2008) 801-807. PARK, S.H., DEMBERELNYAMBA, D., JANG, S.H., BYUN. M.W., Ionic liquid-type crown ether as novel medium for a liquid/liquid extraction of radioactive metal ion 85Sr2+, Chem. Letters 35 (2006) 1024-1025. PARK, S.H., SEIFERT, S., PIETZSCH, H.-J., Novel and efficient preparation of precursor [188Re(OH2)3(CO3)]+ for the labeling of biomolecules, Bioconjugate Chem. 17 (2006) 223-225. SARKAR, S.K., VENKATESH, M., RAMAMOORTHY N., Evaluation of two methods for concentrating perrhenate (188Re) eluates obtained from 188W-188Re generator. Appl. Radiat. Isot. (In Press)

Appendix E.70

URBANO, N., PAPI, S., GINANNESCHI, M., DE SANTIS, R., PACE, S., LINDSTEDT, R., FERRARI, L., CHOI, S.J., PAGANELLI, G., CHINOL, M., Evaluation of a new biotin-DOTA conjugate for pretargeted antibody guided radioimmunotherapy (PAGRIT®). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34 (2007)68-77.

Appendix E.71

CRP No. 155 (T21023) CRP Evaluation Report

Title of the Co-ordinated Research Project: New Development and Improvements in Processing of "Problematic" Radioactive Waste Streams

Section/Division: NEFW Period Covered: 2003-03-15 through 2007-12-14 Total Cost: € 166,121.14 Objectives of CRP:

(a) Overall (Agency Project towards which CRP directed): To investigate, research and find solutions for treatment and conditioning of “problematic” radioactive waste, for which safe, efficient and cost effective methods for processing are not readily available. (b) Specific (CRP): CRP focused its R&D on the following specific problematic waste streams: • Aqueous waste. • Aqueous concentrates. • Spent resins and sludge. • Site specific and miscellaneous waste.

Outputs:

(a) Research: New technologies for treatment of a problematic waste streams are proposed to address treatment and conditioning of specific waste streams. (b) Others: A full range of technical solutions are offered for the variety of “problematic” waste streams that were the subject of the CRP. The extent of progress evident on treatment methods examined varied considerably, from promising and scaleable results demonstrated at the laboratory level, through those with demonstrated performance at pilot plant scale, to fully developed commercial applications.


(a) In reaching Specific Objective: CRP has reached all specific objectives identified and provided a review of processing for a variety of operational and decommissioning wastes with complex compositions, processing of some specific liquid waste concentrates and treatment and conditioning of spent organic ion exchangers generated in the nuclear industry.

Appendix E.72

(b) In contributing towards Overall (i.e. Agency Project) Objective: CRP results are most effective as an initial screening tool to identify technologies best able to meet specific waste management objectives in terms of the waste generated the technical complexity, the available economic resources, the environmental impact considerations, and the desired end product (output) of the technology. (c) Factors, if any, which adversely affected the effectiveness of the CRP: NONE

Impact of the CRP:

The report contains a review of processing for a variety of operational and decommissioning wastes with complex compositions, processing of some specific liquid waste concentrates and treatment and conditioning of spent organic ion exchangers generated in the nuclear industry. Use of this report is likely to be most effective as an initial screening tool to identify technologies best able to meet specific waste management objectives in terms of the waste generated the technical complexity, the available economic resources, the environmental impact considerations, and the desired end product (output) of the technology. The report should assist the user to compare technologies and to reach an informed decision based on safety, technological maturity, economics, and other local needs. This CRP is a prime example to the value of the information exchange among its participants and for the results achieved and offered to Member States. The full value of the IAEA CRP program approach will be reached once coordinated program results in either multilateral or bilateral research agreements/contracts among its participants or wider. Although this CRP resulted in limited number of bilateral agreements between the participants, further efforts are required to promote the idea of legally binding contracts/agreements for the sharing of results of technology development programs. The bilateral agreements were established between participants from Belarus, Czech Republic, Finland and Ukraine. The result was organization of a researcher exchange which was organized for more than 10 person-months.

Relevance of the CRP: Probably the most important observation –and conclusion - that can be made on the basis of the studies performed in the framework of the CRP is this: multistage processes, aimed at breaking down the issues associated with ‘problematic’ waste into ‘standard’ issues in the initial stages of the sequence, generally seem to offer the most versatile and effective solutions to the treatment of ‘problematic’ wastes. This approach enables the processing of such wastes, after a suitable waste-specific pre-treatment, by standard treatment technologies.” There is one very pronounced commonality in the approach of several groups involved in this CRP – the emphasis on further minimising the volume of the waste to be finally disposed-of by partitioning radionuclides, regenerating media, and re-using as much of the waste as technically and economically feasible. This approach, emphasizing the reuse/recycling strategy, represents a robust waste treatment strategy for the 21st century and should be appropriately pursued.

Recommended future action by Agency: There is no doubt that the issue of “problematic” waste will stay as an emerging issue, regardless of the wealth of research results presented within this CRP, considering that expected new developments in the application of nuclear energy will result in the generation of new and not always easy to process “problematic” waste streams. A key element to the approach to solving the issues of problematic wastes is in the diversity of options that may be available, which may or may not be site specific. The CRP brings these options or ideas together to enable fruitful discussions, assessment of options and lessons learned, and to serve as a generator of ideas for the future progress. The research in this particular field will not come to an end, so it

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could be recommended to the IAEA to consider continuing to support the coordinated research project on the subject matter.

Resulting Publications: IAEA-TECDOC-1579, New Developments and Improvements in Processing of ‘Problematic’ Radioactive Waste, was published in 2007.

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