Coordinate Systems and Projections: An Introduction...Horizontal Coordinate System Datum Spheroid...
Transcript of Coordinate Systems and Projections: An Introduction...Horizontal Coordinate System Datum Spheroid...
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Coordinate Systems and Projections:
An Introduction
Rob Juergens, Jianbin Duan
Projection Engine
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Transformations
Projections
Horizontal
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Horizontal
Coordinate Systems
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What does a coordinate system tell us?
Distance Location Direction
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Geographic coordinate system
Projected coordinate system
Two Kinds of Horizontal Coordinate Systems
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Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)
• 3D spherical surface
• Point P has:
- Longitude – 80º E
- Latitude – 50º N
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Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)
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X
Y
(0,0)
X > 0Y > 0
X < 0Y > 0
X < 0Y < 0
X > 0Y < 0
Projected Coordinate System (PCS)
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Horizontal Coordinate System
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Horizontal Coordinate System
Datum
Spheroid
Prime
Meridian
Geographic
Coordinate System
Angular Unit
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Horizontal Coordinate System
Datum
Spheroid
Prime
Meridian
Geographic
Coordinate System
Angular Unit Projection
Parameters
Projection
Projected
Coordinate System
Linear Unit
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Well-known ID
Well-known text
Two Ways to Specify a Coordinate System
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Well-Known ID (WKID)
• All predefined coordinate
systems have a WKID
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Well-Known ID (WKID)
• WKID ≤ 32767: EPSG
- EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
- http://www.epsg-registry.org/
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Well-Known ID (WKID)
• WKID ≤ 32767: EPSG
- EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
- http://www.epsg-registry.org/
• WKID > 32767: Esri
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Well-Known ID (WKID)
• WKID ≤ 32767: EPSG
- EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
- http://www.epsg-registry.org/
• WKID > 32767: Esri
• Any WKID may change
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Well-Known Text (WKT)
GEOGCS["GCS_ETRS_1989",
DATUM["D_ETRS_1989",
SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137.0,298.257222101]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],
UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]
Geographic
coordinate
system
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Well-Known Text (WKT)
PROJCS["ETRS_1989_UTM_Zone_32N",
GEOGCS["GCS_ETRS_1989",
DATUM["D_ETRS_1989",
SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137.0,298.257222101]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],
UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]],
PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
PARAMETER["False_Easting",500000.0],
PARAMETER["False_Northing",0.0],
PARAMETER["Central_Meridian",9.0],
PARAMETER["Scale_Factor",0.9996],
PARAMETER["Latitude_Of_Origin",0.0],
UNIT["Meter",1.0]]
Projected
coordinate
system
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Projections
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Projecting to a Different Coordinate System
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Vertical near side perspective
Wagner IV
Wagner V
Wagner VII
Winkel I
Winkel II
Winkel Tripel
Azimuthal equidistant auxiliary sphere
Eckert IV auxiliary sphere
Eckert VI auxiliary sphere
Equidistant cylindrical auxiliary sphere
Gnomonic auxiliary sphere
Lambert azimuthal equal-area
auxiliary sphere
Mercator auxiliary sphere
Miller cylindrical auxiliary sphere
Mollweide auxiliary sphere
Orthographic auxiliary sphere
Van der Grinten I auxiliary sphere
Aitoff
Albers
Azimuthal equidistant
Behrmann
Berghaus Star
Bonne
Cassini
Compact Miller
Craster Parabolic
Cube
Cylindrical equal-area
Double stereographic
Eckert Greifendorff
Eckert I
Eckert II
Eckert III
Eckert IV
Eckert V
Eckert VI
Mollweide
Natural Earth
Natural Earth II
New Zealand map grid
Ney modified conic
Orthographic
Patterson
Plate Carree
Polyconic
Quartic authalic
Rectified skew orthomorphic
Robinson
Sinusoidal
Stereographic
Times
Transverse cylindrical equal-area
Transverse Mercator
Two point equidistant
Van der Grinten I
Equidistant conic
Equidistant cylindrical
Flat polar quartic
Fuller
Gall stereographic
Gauss Kruger
Gnomonic
Goode Homolosine
Hammer-Aitoff
Hotine oblique Mercator
IGAC Plano Cartesiano
Krovak
Laborde oblique Mercator
Lambert azimuthal equal-area
Lambert conformal conic
Local
Loximuthal
Mercator
Miller cylindrical
Our Map Projections
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Why are there so many map projections?
• Shape
• Area
• Direction
• Distance
Illustration by Charles Preppernau, geolographer.xyz
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Web Mercator Projection
• Q: Which is bigger?
Antarctica
Greenland
South America
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Web Mercator Projection
• Q: Which is bigger?
Antarctica ~ 14 000 000 km2
Greenland ~ 2 166 000 km2
South America ~ 17 840 000 km2
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Web Mercator Projection vs. Reality
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What is most important to preserve?
• Shape
• Area
• Direction
• Distance
Depends on what you are doing
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Preserve Shape
• Stereographic
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Preserve Area
• Albers equal-area
conic
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Preserve Area
• Albers equal-area
conic
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Preserve Direction
and Distance
• Azimuthal equidistant
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What is happening when we project data?
• Case 1: Both PCSs contain the same GCS
PCS A2 (x, y)
(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
PCS A1(x, y)
GCS A
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What is happening when we project data?
• Case 1: Both PCSs contain the same GCS
PCS A2 (x, y)
(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
Unproject
PCS A1(x, y)
GCS A
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What is happening when we project data?
• Case 1: Both PCSs contain the same GCS
PCS A2 (x, y)
(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
ProjectUnproject
PCS A1(x, y)
GCS A
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What is happening when we project data?
• Case 2: Each PCS contains a different GCS
PCS B1 (x, y)
GCS B(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
PCS A1(x, y)
GCS A(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
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What is happening when we project data?
• Case 2: Each PCS contains a different GCS
PCS B1 (x, y)
GCS B(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
Unproject
PCS A1(x, y)
GCS A(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
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What is happening when we project data?
• Case 2: Each PCS contains a different GCS
Geographic (Datum)
Transformation
PCS B1 (x, y)
GCS B(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
Unproject
PCS A1(x, y)
GCS A(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
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What is happening when we project data?
• Case 2: Each PCS contains a different GCS
Geographic (Datum)
Transformation
PCS B1 (x, y)
GCS B(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
ProjectUnproject
PCS A1(x, y)
GCS A(lon, lat)
(λ, φ)
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Transformations
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Transforming Means Changing Datum
Earth’s surface
Earth-centered datum (WGS 84) Data
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Transforming Means Changing Datum
Earth’s surface
Local datum (NAD 27)
Earth-centered datum (WGS 84) Data
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Why do we need to transform our data?
WGS 1984
ED 1950
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Why do we need to transform our data?
WGS 1984
ED 1950
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Geographic (Datum) Transformation
NAD_1927_To_WGS_1984_1NAD 1927 WGS 1984
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Geographic (Datum) Transformation
NAD_1927_To_WGS_1984_1NAD 1927 WGS 1984
~NAD_1927_To_WGS_1984_1NAD 1927 WGS 1984
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Defined for Certain Area
• 33 transformations:
NAD 27
WGS 84
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How do I find transformations?
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Now you understand…
Coordinate Systems
Projecting your data
Transforming your data
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Resources
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help
- ArcMap → Map → Map projections
- Developer Help
- List of ArcGIS APIs
Lining Up Data in ArcGIS, Margaret Maher
ESRI Technical paper: Understanding Coordinate Management in the Geodatabase
ESRI Technical paper: Understanding Geometric Processing in ArcGIS
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Please Take Our Survey on the Esri Events App!
Select the session you attended
Scroll down to find the survey
Complete Answersand Select “Submit”
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your event
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