Cooling Textiles

Niklas Andersson - Interaction Design Lab – Institute of Design - Umeå University

Dynamic materialsTatiana Makarova & Niklas

Andersson


Smart materials in design


Plastic ManDC Comics (Cole, J., USA, 1941-56)

Our culture has made us ready…


Star TrekSci-Fi TV series (Roddenberry, G., USA, 1966 -)



Linda & ValerianSci-Fi Comic books(Christin & Meziéres, France, 1967 - )

I am ready. But how will you do it?

Take it easy, dear customer! You are only risking to be surprised . . .



Barbapapa Children TV-series and books(Tison & Taylor, France, 1971-80)



Terminator IISci-Fi Motion picture(Cameron, J., USA, 1992)

Abyss Sci-Fi Motion picture (Cameron, J., USA, 1989)



…and technology is close

• Artificial muscles

• NASAs Jet Propulsion Lab

• Electro Active Polymers (EAP)

• Nano technology – carbon nano tubes


Biomimetics• Miming the nature

• Molluscs • Octopus and Sepia

• Camouflage

• Colour blind?

• No bones


http://research.dh.umu.se/dynamic



• Electronic Ink

• Heat and light sensitive ink

Picture



• Piezoelectric materials

• Carbon ultra capacitors

• Ferrofluids



• Phase change materials

• Shape memory polymers and alloys

• Cooling textiles Picture



• Composite materials

• Electronic Ink

• Electrotextiles




• Conjugated polymers

• Photoluminicent materials

• Organic LEDs



• Piezoelectric polymers

• Magnetostrictors

• Auxetic materials

• Shape memory alloys

• Artificial muscles

• Menotic materials

• Hydrogelic polymers

Picture




• Active acoustic coating

Dynamic materials

by Tatiana Makarova

ACTUATORS

Actuators provide the driving force and motion for a variety of natural and man-made requirements

Natural actuators

Naturally occurring actuators include the muscles of animals, plant fibroplasts, cilia and flagella.

Basic concepts

Signal from neuron. All-Or-Nothing principle

is valid for one fibre. If impuls is strong

enough, more fibres will be excited.

Cilia and flagella

Cilia and flagella are whip-like appendages of many living cells.

Functions: moving cell, moving fluids, moving small particles across the cell surface .

Cilia and flagella move because of the interactions of a set of microtubules inside

Man-made actuators

Hydraulic and pneumatic: displacement via the flow of liquid

Electromagnetic: moving motors due to an electrically induced magnetic field

Electrochemical: convert electrical energy into mechanical energy via charge induction,

Piezoelectric: external electric field is applied to induce strain.

Magnetostrictive: strain under the influence of an applied magnetic field.

Thermal expansion: shape change with temperature

Pneumatic actuators

Consist of an inner tube covered by a mesh shell

Inner tube is inflated and the material expands vertically

Elastic actuators

Piezoelectric actuators

Piezoelectric property causing it to expand when electric voltage is applied to it and return to normal when the electric voltage is cut.

Piezoelectric Actuators are solid state (ceramic) actuators that convert electrical energy directly into motion (mechanical energy)

Very fast switchers!

•Electric impulse transformed in sound.•Sound transformed in electric impulse

Electromagnetic actuators

Motors Relays Solenoids

Ferroelectric liquid-crystalline elastomer By application of an

electric field, a tilt angle is induced in a plane perpendicular to the field. The sign of the tilt depends on the direction of the electric field E.

CARBON

Carbon has a unique position among the chemical elements:

Basic element of fiving substances

one of the lightest elements that forms covalently bonded solids at room temperature.

Therefore, we should not be surprised if carbon also plays a special role in nanotechnology and if a variety of technological applications are proposed.

One of these is actuators and in particular nanoactuators.

What are Nanotubes ? Discovered by Iijima (1991) Rolled up sheet of graphene Capped at the ends with half a fullerene

Buckypaper is a macroscopic ensemble of nanotubes, in which the tubes form bundles and the bundles entangle to a paper like fleece.

The new nanotube threads are about 10 times stronger than buckypaper, and can be tied into knots without breaking. But they are still much weaker than many other fibres, such as iron thread.

Nanotube paper and nanotube threads

Buckypaper as actuator

Nanotube actuation is caused by the geometrical expansion of the carbon–carbon covalent bond caused by charge transfer into the nanotube

Changing the voltage applied to single-walled carbon nanotube sheets causes the nanotubes to move, just like natural muscle fibres but not so ordered.

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Buckypapers

Experimental set-up used for the measurement of the dependence of SWNT sheet length on applied potential The Bucky Paper is set

on a double-sided sticky

The tape is immersed into an electrolyte (salt water),

the bucky paper is used as a working electrode and connected to a potentiostat,

Charge injection in nanotubes An electrolytic double layer

forms at the interface between the nanotube bundles and the electrolyte.

The tubes in the bundles expand and the double layer ensures charge neutrality

Without this double layer it would be difficult to apply much charge to the nanotubes, as there would be a large electrostatic repulsion of the charge on the nanotubes.

Cantilever-based nanotube actuator

Schematic view of a ‘bimorph’ cantilever operating in aqueous NaCl.

Two strips of SWNT (grey) are laminated together with an intermediate layer of double-sided adhesive tape (white).

The initially vertical structure bends when a potential is applied between the two strips of Buckypaper.

Actuators of individual carbon nanotubes

A trench was etched into a silicon chip and a nanotube was placed across this trench. The device was placed into an electrolyte, a potential applied to the tube, and the change of the tube length was to be monitored by the displacement of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip.

•After several futile attempts, an AFM signal of the expected amplitude was observed. •As an independent check, an experiment without electrolyte was designed. •If there is only one nanotube there is no need to compensate the charge with a double layer. •The tube can be charged by applying a voltage between the tube and the bulk of the silicon substrate.

Nanoscale electromechanical systems - nanotweezers Electrically conducting

carbon nanotubes were attached to independent electrodes (A)

Voltages applied to the electrodes closed and opened the free ends of the nanotubes

The mechanical capabilities of the nanotweezers were demonstrated by grabbing and manipulating submicron clusters (B)

and nanowires (C).

Elastic Response of Carbon Nanotube Bundles to Visible Light

A filament with one end attached on theelectrode and the other end free

The free end displaced as much as 1.3 mm in the direction of light

A thick filament with two ends fixed to electrodes.

Illumination of the halogen lamp. The middle part of the filament displaced about0.16 mm in the direction of light

Carbon is a basic element of living substances, and it is going to be a biocompatible device

Can the materials be used in a human body application where they will rub against other surfaces? Most materials are very abrasive and hard.

Carbon is a good structural member.

Possible applications: Artificial muscles

Bending back

Reversing the process would allow the nanotubes to be used as energy generators. Bending the tubes back and forth would create an electric current.

This would be good for ocean waves because they give and release a mechanical load as the waves go up and down.

Now we know the nanotubes move when we apply a charge, we can start to look at how they behave as energy generators

Nanomachines

Using single nanotubes as electrically driven robot-arms, called actuators, in tiny machines is an even longer-term goal.

"I think it will take about 20 years for these to exist," says Dr Roth. "You not only have to have an actuator, but also other elements which control this. So a lot of development has to be put in."

Other materials which can be used as actuators already exist, such as conducting polymers, but nanotube actuators could work harder, faster and longer than these.

Small but powerful: Carbon Nanotube Bimorph Actuators and Force Sensors

The nanotubes become elongated or shortened when biased at negative or positive voltage,

One could produce opposing changes in length in pairs of side-by-side, oppositely-biased nanotubes, resulting in a lateral deflection of the unsecured tube ends,

These devices would make possible novel microelectromechanical systems, possibly even microscopic robots.

Carbon Nanotubes would grow out from catalytic metal dots on electrodes, eventually becoming attached to each other by van der Waals forces to form a bimorph actuator or sensor.

The Nanotechnology Ecology:

The New Green Manufacturing

Since the industrial revolution, manufacturing has been creating unavoidable, wasteful by-products. These by-products are usually harmful to life yet too expensive to disarm.Carbon: No Waste...No By-Products...No Slag...Nothing to Dump or Pollute.

Nanotechnology

and Ecology meet in

the new field of

Nanoecology

Cooling Textiles

Technology

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