CoolBody Final Report

7/31/2019 CoolBody Final Report

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Dr. Khan,

This year has been a very productive year for team CoolBody. Over the summer it was observed

that overheating was a very common problem among athletes and medical patients. With this in

mind, the team decided to focus a senior design project around this issue. Thus, the objective of

the CoolBody project became to develop an athletic shirt that would allow the user to cool and

monitor their core temperature.

To complete this objective, the team conducted much research and testing. In order to find the

appropriate starting place and to gain as much knowledge about the topic as possible, the team

conducted a large literature search. This included not only studying the competition, but learning

the basics, such as fabric selection as well. Experimental findings of similar clothing products

were also studied. Using the ideas and knowledge gained during this search, the team began an

extensive array of material tests. These tests were primarily focused on fabric selection and

enhancing the teams knowledge of the gel being used. Once the appropriate combination ofmaterials was determined, a second research effort was conducted in order to determine features

of the planned prototypes such as the amount and location of cooling. When all of this was

complete, the team began prototype construction.

Six prototypes were constructed, taking an average of about eighteen hours each. With these, the

team was able to complete two large tests. The purpose of these two tests was to validate the

performance of the prototypes as well as to determine the marketability of the CoolBody shirt as

an athletic and medical product. Product validation was accomplished through inner-team

testing using a V02 machine and performing a failure test with and without a CoolBody

prototype. Marketability was determined through perception testing using volunteers within theUniversity of Portland Community. More perception testing with M. S. Patients may continue

this summer.

In conclusion, the CoolBody team has completed the development, validation, marketing and

finance phases of the project. The team will be competing in the 100K competition to gain

resources for starting a company. If there are any questions concerning this project please do not

hesitate to contact team captain Aaron Morris [email protected].

Respectfully,

Aaron Morris, Cassie Kuwahara, Greg Kachmarik, Jacob Lampe, and Zach McMullen

Received by: Dr. Khan, Dr. OHalloran, Mr. Chris Galati
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND

School of Engineering

ME 482A

Mechanical Engineering Project II

CoolBody

4/20/2012

Submitted To: Dr. Khalid Khan

M.E. Department, University of Portland

Technical Advisor: Dr. Steven OHalloran

M.E. Department, University of Portland

Industrial Advisor: Mr. Chris Galati

NW Natural Gas Company, Portland, OR


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE

Executive Summary 3

Introduction... 3

Background 4

Discussion.. 5

Conclusions and Recommendations. 16

References. 17

Attachments

Attachment 1 - Design Proposal 19

1.1Completed Charter

1.2Schedule

1.3Itemized Budget

Attachment 2 - Prototype Memo 34

2.1 Results

2.2 Test Setup

2.3 Test Data

2.4 Calculations

Attachment 3Mid-Project Memo 48

3.1 Design Decision Documentation

3.2 Engineering Drawings

3.3 FinancialsAttachment 4Other Design Decision Documents .................................................. 54

4A Crystal Absorption

4B Temperature Location

4C Temperature Device Calibration

4D Polymer Crystal Water Evaporation 1

4E Stitching

4F Cristal Absorption 2

4G VO2

4H Perception

Attachment 5Deliverables ...................................................................................... 100Attachment 6Action Item Log ............................................................................... 103


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our thanks go out to:

Chris Galati Industry Advisor, NW Natural Gas

David Barnes Advisor, NW Natural Gas

Cecily ORielly Advisor, Adidas

Brady Anderson Advisor, Adidas

Dr. Lulay ME 481 Professor

Dr. Khan ME 482 Professor

Dr. Lu Electrical Engineering Professor

Craig Henry Electrical Technician

Dr. Ali MD Neurologist

Allen Hansen + Staff Shop Technician

Professor Lafrenze Biology Professor

Dr. Flann Biology Professor

Dr. Martin Biology ProfessorMr. Wilson Bright and staff RCT Fabrics

Ms. Carol Choutka Oregon Multiple Sclerosis Society

Dr. Bard Chemistry Professor


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of the CoolBody project was to develop an athletic shirt that would allow the user

to both cool and monitor his or her core temperature. This was in response to the observation

that overheating is a frequent problem among members of both athletic and medical

communities.

The team has successfully completed research, development, validation, marketing, and finance

for the CoolBody athletic shirt. First semester, the team transitioned from an initial literature

search and material testing to the initial prototype construction. Second semester the team

completed the construction of six prototypes and used them to perform concept validation and

perception tests.

Having completed a VO2 test and perception testing, the team has found that the there is some

empirical evidence that the shirt provides some energy saving and that many people find the shirt

to provide cooling. The best application for the shirt is any activity with convection, high heat,

and low humidity such as cycling or running. More research would further determine the

effectiveness and best application for the CoolBody shirt.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to discuss the CoolBody project, what CoolBody is, what the team

accomplished, and future plans. CoolBody is an athletic shirt that cools the user. It uses natural


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body heat to evaporate water from a gel. The gel was strategically placed in order to provide the

maximum amount of cooling. The shirt is primarily made out of lycra with a sphere textured

wickaway material sewn on top of the strategic locations to create pouches for the gel. The shirt

also has the option to provide the user with an ear temperature measurement device that enables

the user to complete a safer and smarter workout. Team CoolBody created two different styles

of athletic shirts to test, one for men and one for women.

The team has completed much research, testing, and product validation. Through VO2 testing,

the team has found the shirt to save the user energy at the beginning of exercise. Perception

testing has shown the product to be cooling, comfortable, and purchasable. With this knowledge,

the team will enter the 100K challenge on April 21, 2012 in hopes to gain enough funding to

start a business around the product.

BACKGROUND

The CoolBody idea stemmed from the problem of overheating during exercise or outdoor

activities. Soaking clothing in water was observed to decrease this problem but this often

resulted in an uncomfortable short-term solution. Products such as ice pack vests and headbands

containing the polymer crystal gel were also observed to aid in decreasing this problem;

however, these options lacked in comfort and practicality. Thus, the idea of an athletic shirt with

cooling veins was born. In addition, research has suggested that between 60-80% of M.S.

patients display temperature dependent symptoms (Syndulko 24). While patients are told to

maintain a healthy and active life style, exercise can raise core body temperature and provoke


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these symptoms. Thus, the idea of tailoring the product to M.S. patients by enabling them to

monitor their body temperature was incorporated into the project.

Using clothing to cool the user is very counter-intuitive. Articles such as Clothing and

Thermoregulation During Exercise (Wendt 669-682) have shown that clothing generally

increases body temperature; however, the concept of using clothing to cool the user has been

proven and discussed in articles such as Design and performance of personal cooling garments

based on three-layer laminates (Rothmaler 825-832). In addition, the effects of using cooling

clothing on M.S. patients have been proven in articles such as Cooling Suit for Multiple

Sclerosis: Functional Improvement in Daily Living (Kinnman 20-24).

DISCUSSION

The objective of the CoolBody project was to develop an athletic shirt that would allow the user

to cool and monitor their core temperature. To achieve this goal, the following criteria table was

developed. The first priority was to achieve the project objective. This would be accomplished

by making a product that produces at least 1.5C cooler core temperature during exercise. It was

later realized that 1.5C degrees cooler is not realistic given body thermoregulation. It was

decided that 250 watts of cooling to aid thermoregulation should be the new criteria. Along with

producing the target cooling, the project would be a complete failure if it were not safe to use in

its intended manor. As well as being functional and safe, the garments must be reusable and

washable. The garments were too costly and labor intensive to be a onetime use item.


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Table 1- Design Criteria

# Criteria Priority Description

1 Cool User Essential In common environmental conditions the product willcool the user during exercise through the evaporativecooling of the crystals. The quantifiable goal is to aidthermoregulation with 250 watts at room temperaturewith light convection.

2 Safe Essential Does not cause harm to users or others.

3 Reusable and washable High Product is able to be machine washed and wornrepeatedly without showing signs of wear over 6months of bi-weekly use

4 Provide reliable bodytemperature reading

High Product will provide readings accurate to within 1degree Celsius.

5 Comfortable Medium The benefits of use during daily or athletic activity forextended periods of time outweigh any potentialdiscomfort. (A test and survey next semester willdetermine if this goal is met. Iterative feedback isnecessary.)

6 Affordable/inexpensive Medium Individual prototype cost will not exceed $100.

7 Easy to operate Medium All processes surrounding the use of thermometer andcontrols, washing, hydrating, removal and addition ofcrystal pouches if applicable will be relatively simpleand require little learning or effort.

8 Stylish Low Have aesthetic properties that prevent the user from

being embarrassed during use.9 Environmentally friendly Low Product is nontoxic and disposable, possibly

recyclable.

CoolBody Shirt Design

Gel

In order to determine the feasibility of using the planned cross-linked polymer gel, as well as the

amount of gel to be used, it was necessary for the team to determine both the gels rate of water

absorption as well as the total amount of water able to be absorbed. Accordingly, a test was

designed and undertaken in order to determine these critical material properties.


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The absorption test conducted was composed of several iterations of placing a measured amount

of crystals into a known amount of water to soak for a specific time interval. For each iteration

the amount of crystals and water remained constant; however, the soak time was increased.

Thus, the rate of absorption from thirty seconds to two hours was obtained as well as the

approximate maximum amount of water able to be absorbed. The rate of absorption was found to

exponentially decay as the time interval was increased, but it was averaged to be about 0.02

grams of water per second over the course of the two hours. The mass of the crystals was found

to increase by 300% after the two hours of soaking. For more information on this test see

Attachment 4ACrystal Absorption, and 4FCrystal Absorption 2.

In order be able to estimate the prototypes effectiveness as well as the amount of gel needed per

shirt, it was necessary not only to discern the absorption properties of the gel, but to measure its

evaporative properties as well. Accordingly, a test was designed to allow the team to measure

these material properties.

The test conducted compared the evaporation rate of the saturated polymer to a control sample of

plain tap water when both were in a primarily conductive heat transfer environment. This was

completed by filling one beaker with saturated crystals and another with plain tap water, both

having the same initial mass and temperature. Both beakers were then set upon a hot plate and

periodic mass measurements were taken. The evaporation results found stated that the crystals

had an average evaporation rate of 0.05 g/m while water control sample averaged that of 0.13

g/m. When these results were calculated into cooling values, they revealed that the plain water

sample produced 2.45 times more cooling than the crystals. For more information concerning


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this test please refer to the Polymer Crystal Water Evaporation Test Memorandum located in

Attachment 4D.

Although the evaporation rate of plain water was shown to be faster than that of the crystals in a

high temperature pure conduction environment, it was hypothesized that at body temperature

with light convection the gel might have an adequate evaporation rate. In addition, the wicking

effects of the fabric might also increase the rate of evaporation. The team later conducted an

evaporation test with layered fabrics as will be discussed in the fabric section.

Stitching

In order to hold the gel into the shirt, it was decided to stitch the gel between two pieces of

fabric. To determine the best stich to sew the gel pouches, the team conducted a short

experiment. A basic Baby Lock sewing machine was used in this experiment. The team was

limited to six stretch stiches to test. A pouch for with each stitch was created, and then a small

amount of crystals were added to each pouch. The pouches went through a rigorous test of

stretching, twisting, and stuffing to determine the flex and strength of the stitch as well as the

ability to hold crystals. This process was done with both crystals and gel. The test resulted in a

zigzag stitch being most effective. More information on this test can be obtained by viewing the

memorandum located in Attachment 4EStitching.

Fabric

Having determined the stitch the next step in creating the CoolBody shirt was to determine the

fabrics to be used. A layer combination for the shirts gel pouches a test was performed. The


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team selected four types of fabric, with help of Rose City Textile Fabrics, to create ten different

layer combinations. The ten layer combinations went through two tests, one to test convection

and the other for conduction. The conduction test results showed the pouch with sphere texture

wickaway on the bottom and lycra on top had a gel mass loss of 11.1%. The convection test

results showed the lycra on the bottom and sphere texture wickaway on top had a gel mass loss

of 17.3%. Based on the experiment sphere textured wickaway and lycra were definitely the

teams best choice of fabric layer. Since the sphere texture wickaway on top and the lycra on the

bottom showed the greatest percent mass loss, this was chosen for use on the CoolBody shirt. A

detailed memorandum of this test is located on Attachment 2Prototype Memo.

Gel Placement

Through research and personal experience, the team decided that covering the entire area of the

garment with gel would not be advantageous. The weight of the shirt was the first concern. To

determine the amount of gel that should be in a shirt, a second absorption test was conducted.

The second absorption test had same procedure as the first but with shorter time intervals. For

the sake of convenience, the team decided that the user should not have to soak the shirt for more

than 20 minutes. From the test it was determined that in 20 minutes the polymer absorbed 130

times its mass in water. Using the evaporation rate of 17% in 40 minutes it was calculated that

for 250 watts of cooling 1.6 liters of water is required. For details see Attachment4FPolymer

Crystal Absorption Test 2.

The next concern for the team was where to place the gel on the garment. Since the body has a

pre-existing cooling system, the team decided it would be best to cool areas that the body does


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not thermally regulate well. To determine these locations, the team performed a gel location test.

Thermal images of a test subject before and after running on a treadmill allowed the team to

determine the specific hot spots where cooling aid was needed. In addition to placing the gel

in warmer locations, ease of motion was a concern. When designing the gel pattern, the locations

that impeded motions, such as inside the armpit and on the elbow were avoided. Locations along

veins and arteries were also targeted.

The extra weight stored in the gel also determined where the gel was placed. Appropriate weight

bearing locations such as the shoulders and torso were chosen. After all the technical aspects of

the gel location were taken into consideration, style was considered. The final product was

comfortable, produced maximum cooling, and contained an element of fashion.

Core Temperature Feedback System

Power

As the team researched and gained background knowledge on multiple sclerosis, it became

apparent that it would be very useful to include a core temperature feedback system in the

design. The first design decision necessary for the temperature feedback system was to determine

how the device would be powered. The possibility of harnessing the bodys heat with

thermoelectric generators was the first considered. After simple research and calculations, the

feasibility of acquiring enough power from the generators required numerous generators. This

would be bulky and too heavy for an athletic garment. The team decided upon powering the

device with watch batteries due to their small size, lightweight and longevity.


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Temperature Location

The next step in designing the temperature feedback system was to decide where and how to take

temperature readings. The team toyed with the possibilities of skin temperature, oral

temperature, intestinal temperature, and tympanic (ear) temperature. A Temperature Location

Test as seen in Attachment 3.1 was used to determine the location and type of temperature sensor

used. The data derived from the experiment allowed the team to make the informed decision to

utilize an infrared tympanic sensor.

Display

A sensor alone would not allow the user to determine their core temperature. A digital display

and a computer chip would be necessary to process the information received from the sensor for

the digital display. The team determined that a logical placement for a digital display would be

on the wrist of the garment. With this location, the person wearing the garment would be able to

read their core temperature at any time during their exercise as easily as looking at a wristwatch.

A simple three digit digital display was determined sufficient for the readout.

Micro-processing and Calibration

The computer chip was the most time consuming and arduous portion of the tympanic

temperature feedback system. Since every one of the team members were mechanical

engineering students with very little experience with such matters, outside help was necessary.

By utilizing an Arduino Uno chip, a circuit that combined all three portions (sensor, chip, and


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display) of the system was constructed. After the device was constructed, the process of

calibrating the sensor was required.

To calibrate the sensor for its intended use, a blackbody device was constructed and testing was

done resembling the guidelines laid out by ASTM standard E1965-98(2009). The black body

device was constructed out of thin-walled copper tubing and plate, some 2 delrin stock, and

black paint designed to replicate the inner ear. Based off of the calibration data, it was decided

that the I.R. sensor was already calibrated accurately. This was visible in both consistently low

error values and in the temperature comparison plot, by producing a trend line with slope near 1

and a bias of zero. The experiment did not, however, validate that the sensor was perfectly

suitable for its purpose and was within the predetermined tolerances. This is likely due to

experimental error. Another test is recommended. The test setup and experimental data from this

calibration can be viewed in Attachment 4C.

Integration

The final portion of the systems development was to integrate the system into the garment and

make sure it was comfortable to wear. The first issue faced with integrating the thermometer into

the garment was that it needed to be washable. After a long brainstorming session, the team

resolved to shrink-wrap the chip and display portion. As for the sensor, the team chose to employ

a quick release connection to the chip. A headphone cord connecting the sensor to the chip was

chosen because it would be easily unplugged and taken out for washing purposes. After

miniaturizing the circuitry and adding the headphone jack, the Arduino chip stopped working.

With more time a new chip could be purchased for a once again functional prototype. A small


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pocket with a display opening could be sewn into the garment so the chip and display would be

easily installed and removed for washing. A wire-based earpiece was designed and constructed

to hold the tympanic sensor in the inner ear. The design was based on athletic headphones, which

already exist on the market.

CoolBody Validation

Energy Consumption

In order to determine the effectiveness of the Athletic shirt, the team conducted a VO2 test. A

VO2 test measures the volume of oxygen that an individual uses during exercise. By measuring

the volume of oxygen consumed by the participant, a quantitative measure of energy used can be

obtained.Two rounds of volume of oxygen (VO2) testing were performed by CoolBody team

members. Each subject participated in the test twice, once while wearing the CoolBody shirt and

once while wearing a loose fitting, short sleeve shirt made of a synthetic fabric. By comparing

the energy used with the CoolBody shirt on to the energy used with an alternative synthetic shirt

on a quantitative measure of energy savings due to the cooling properties of the shirt was

obtained. However, the data collected in the testing demonstrated no statistically significant

energy reduction over the entire workout while using the CoolBody shirt. Data did suggest that

some energy savings may be possible near the onset of exercise. For details see Attachment 4G

VO2 Test.


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Human Perception

Like any potential product, it was deemed necessary to determine the marketability of the

CoolBody Prototype. A group oftwenty-one voluntary subjects was chosen from within the

University of Portland community. The subjects completed an initial concept feedback survey, a

week trial with a CoolBody prototype, and a post use questionnaire. The subjects also

participated in a focus group discussion after the week trail.

The results from the initial concept survey showed that over 75% of the subjects had experienced

cooling issued in the past year and over 95% of them would be willing to purchase a shirt that

provides extra cooling. The results from post-use questionnaires showed that the subjects ranked

comfort, cooling, and purchase-ability of the prototype at 6.54, 6.82, and 6.24 out of 10

respectively. The overall results from the perception test showed that most subjects would be

interested in purchasing the product, but it still needs some design improvements. The product

could improve with further modifications such as creating a short sleeve model, decreasing size,

changing to a lighter color, and making the fit more consistent. For more details see Attachment

4HPerception Test.

Feasibility Study

For a product to be feasible it must be manufacturable, marketable, and profitable. The

CoolBody team performed an analysis to test these criteria.


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Manufacturing

The CoolBody prototype was developed using materials from existing products, the shirt was

then hand sewn and stuffed by team members. The individual shirt construction time was

upwards of 18 hours and material costs were $60. The team focused on streamlining processes

using production line concepts by making fabric templates and assigning each person a different

task. In the end, CoolBody contracted out sewing and cut production time down to

approximately 9 hours. CoolBody underwent initial negotiations with manufacturers in the area

in order to determine how much production costs could be diminished with a highly automated,

high production order. Estimates ranged between $30 and $65 per shirt.

Marketing

CoolBodys product finds itself in an odd position, somewhere between sports apparel mega

companies like Nike and Adidas, and niche medical product companies. This unique positioning

provides CoolBody with some disadvantages. Without the high production capabilities and deep

pockets of large sports apparel companies it will be difficult to compete with them on a price

basis. Yet, CoolBody has the opportunity to position itself in the market as a high performance

athletic and medical product. Therefore, a higher price point may be advantageous from a

financial perspective as well as from a marketing perspective.

Financing

As discussed above, price point and market capitalization will be key factors for CoolBody as a

startup company in a highly competitive market. CoolBody is planning on developing a web

based retail store, focused on reaching the highly competitive extreme sports and medical


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communities via web based marketing and at strategic event appearances. A web based plan will

help to reduce operating costs and allow for a more organic growth strategy. In addition, it is

planned to implement exclusive distribution to specialty shops. This will simultaneously create a

status-quo for the product as well as introduce it to the desired target market through trusted

vendors. Manufacturing will be contracted out, again to reduce startup costs. A price point and

growth plan is currently being developed in a business plan and will vary based on negotiations

with manufacturing.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Throughout the length of the project, the team has accomplished almost every design criteria.

The team produced a safe, reusable, washable, comfortable product. The garment is stylish

according to the opinion of focus groups and test subjects. The design is reusable and washable

which makes it environmentally friendly. The manufacturing process and fabric choices are

currently more costly than desired, but with refinement and mass production techniques, the

product could be produced affordably. The temperature feedback system has not been tested in

its intended application, but the design is promising and the components have adequate

resolution.

Validation of the cooling power of the shirt has not been fully proven. VO2 testing showed some

evidence of energy savings early in the workout. Overall the test did not have enough subjects to

have conclusive results. Perception testing showed that most people found the shirt cooling,

comfortable, and purchasable. The product could improve with further modifications such as


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creating a short sleeve model, decreasing size, changing to a lighter color, exploring other gels,

and making the fit more consistent.

In conclusion, team CoolBody has completed the entire process of exploring an innovative

product. The team has developed an idea, validated its effectiveness, sought consumer feedback,

and researched the market and finances. Believing to have found a place for CoolBody both in

the high performance athletic and the medical market, the next step for team CoolBody is to

compete in University ofPortlands $100K competition. Should this prove successful, the team

will have gained enough additional resources to start a small business around the product.

REFERENCE

Douglass, Claudia, Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire, and Robert A. Wallace. Study Guide

[for] Biology of Humans, Concepts, Applications, and Issues, Second Edition [by]

Goodenough, McGuire, Wallace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007.

Print.

Kinnman, Jorgen. "Cooling Suit for Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Improvement in Daily

Living." Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 32.1 (2000): 20-24. Print.

.

Rothmaier, M. "Design and Performance of Personal Cooling Garments Based on Three-Layer

Laminates."Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. 46.8 (2008): 825-832.


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Print. .

Syndulko, K., M. Jafari, A. Woldanski, R. W. Baumhefner, and W. W. Tourtellotte. "Effects of

Temperature in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of the Literature."Neurorehabilitation and

Neural Repair10.1 (1996): 23-34. Print.

Wendt, Daniel. "Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat: Strategies for Maintaining

Health and Performance."Sports Medicine. 37.8 (2007): 669-682. Print.

.


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Attachment 1

Design Proposal


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THE UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND

5000 N Willamette Blvd.

Portland, OR 97203

Senior Design Project ProposalTeam Cool Body

Mechanical Engineering Project I

ME 481A

Dr. Kenneth Lulay

10/4/2011

Submitted To: Chris Galati

Submitted by:

Zachary McMullen

Cassie Kuwahara

Greg Kachmarik

Aaron Morris

Jacob Lampe


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Executive Summary

Team CoolBody, a senior design group at the University of Portland, is made up of group members,

Zachary McMullen, Greg Kachmarik, Aaron Morris, Jacob Lampe, and Cassie Kuwahara. The team is

designing an evaporative cooling athletic shirt that will both lower body temperature as well as monitor

it with the use of a thermometer and digital read out. The shirt will help athletes maintain a lower body

temperature during workout and thus, extend the possible length and intensity of their training,

resulting in improved performance. In addition to athletes, the shirt will also be targeted towards

helping Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patience to track and manage their temperature related symptoms. The

CoolBody team will utilize the evaporative cooling ability of a crystal comprised primarily of cross linked

acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymer that can absorb up to 600 times its body weight in water. The crystal

will run along veins in the shirt that parallel the bodys major arteries. The blood within the arteries will

be cooled and then circulated throughout the body. In addition to its cooling ability, the shirt will also

be fitted with a thermometer that will monitor the users body temperature throughout a workout. For

a one off shirt of this magnitude, cost will be high. The goal of the design team is to develop the first

prototype for under $100 dollars. The crystals are the least expensive component at $10 per pound

(with only a few ounces being used per shirt) and the thermometer and related equipment will be the

most expensive, ranging from $7 to about $40 dollars, depending on the accuracy and type.

Introduction

This document serves to introduce you to the CoolBody project, what the project idea stems from, and

what the project goals are. It will also explain several of the projects intricacies as far as design and

technology used, and discuss any possible outside aid in design and construction. Other topics included

are background information, goals, alternatives being considered, sketches, and scheduling.

The purpose of the CoolBody Project is to design, assemble, and test a cooling and temperature

monitoring athletic shirt. This shirt will be soaked in water to cool the user through the evaporative

cooling as water absorbed in a polymer crystal gel transitions from liquid to vapor. This gel will be stored

in veins sewn throughout the shirt. The shirt will also give the user a digital readout of body

temperature so that the user can complete a safer and smarter workout. Once sufficient testing and

research have been completed, the team also plans to tailor the shirt towards aiding patients with

Multiple Sclerosis monitor and control their symptoms.

Background

The CoolBody Project stemmed from the problem of overheating during exercise or outdoor activity.

Soaking clothing in water was observed to decrease this problem but this often resulted in an

uncomfortable short term solution. Products such as ice pack vests and headbands containing polymer

crystal gel were also observed to aid in decreasing this problem; however these options lacked in

comfort and practicality as well. Thus, the idea of an athletic shirt with cooling veins was born. In

addition, research has suggested that between 60-80% of M.S. patients display temperature dependent

symptoms (Syndulko 24). While patients are told to maintain a healthy and active life style, exercise can


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raise core body temperature and provoke these symptoms. Thus, the idea of tailoring the product to

M.S. patients by enabling them to monitor their body temperature was incorporated into the project.

Using clothing to cool the user is very counter-intuitive. Articles such as Clothing and Thermoregulation

During Exercise (Wendt 669-682) have shown that clothing generally increases body temperature;

however, the concept of using clothing to cool the user has been proven and discussed in articles such

as Design and performance of personal cooling garments based on three-layer laminates (Rothmaler

825-832). In addition, the effects of using cooling clothing on M.S. patients have been proven in articles

such as Cooling Suit for Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Improvement in Daily Living (Kinnman 20-24).

Proposed Program

The intent is to create a tool to asses and assist body cooling during a workout. To do this the CoolBody

team will use cooling gel and a temperature feedback in an athletic shirt. The tool should be especially

helpful for people with multiple sclerosis. Cooling the body is the most essential criteria. The cooling will

be done using water absorbing polymers. The preliminary goal is to cool the skin temperature 0.5

degrees Celsius.

The second essential objective is to enable a safe workout experience. Toxic materials or designs that

might cause harm will not be acceptable. The product must be environmentally friendly and not

wasteful. Also it must be made clear that this shirt will not be a solution to overheating for athletes or

M.S. patients but only a helpful tool to aid in cooling, especially during exercise. The shirt must be

usable and washable so that users will be satisfied with their investment. Team CoolBody set a goal of

showing no signs of wear after 6 months of bi-weekly use (52 cycles). The shirt must also be

comfortable; this will be confirmed through product testing and consumer feedback.

A temperature reading will be taken. This must have enough relative resolution and accuracy to give

meaningful feedback to the user. Accuracy to 1 degree Celsius must be accomplished and more accuracy

is a high priority. The shirt must be affordable with prototyping cost of less than $100 (per shirt). Easy

operation and an aesthetically pleasing appearance are also important for product adoption.

The design being considered involves an athletic shirt with small pouches/veins of water absorbing

crystals. The pouches/veins will be sewn into the shirt or be removable pouches, as shown in Figure 1.

The function of the pouch/veins will be to hold the gel and promote evaporation. These pouches/veins

must be positioned in biologically effective areas. It is hypothesized that the best location will be along

major arteries because the body naturally uses the cardiovascular system in conjunction with the

integumentary system to cool the body through perspiration and circulation (Douglass). Thus warm

blood will be cooled and circulated through the body, lowering body temperature.


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Figure 1.1: Athletic Shirt Sketch

Since people with multiple sclerosis typically have heat related symptoms and their nervous system has

irregular and/or impaired functionality a body thermometer will be used to give feedback to the user.

Potential locations for this are ear, mouth, back of neck, forehead, temple, and armpit. The system usedfor temperature reading will potentially be a freezer thermometer or customized Arduino chip with

display. There is potential for a heart rate monitor; though, that concept will not be pursued unless the

rest of the criteria are fully accomplished.

After conducting research on thermoelectric generators it was decided that, though it would be novel

and an environmentally friendly thing to do, it will not be part of this project. The project is large enough

without it and producing enough energy to power a temperature device and display would require an

electrical engineering background.

To complete this project, it is planned to have a working shirt and thermometer device by the end of thissemester and to conduct human testing next semester. To do this, the team outlined a few major

milestones. The first major milestone is to meet with Chris Galati, the teams industrial advisor on or

before October 7th. Next, is to determine the amount of crystals in the pouches after completing the

absorption, evaporation, and heat retention gel tests. This is to be done by October 10th. The

temperature monitor location must also be determined by October 10th. The Stitching and Fabric must

be decided by October 25th after testing evaporative cooling effects (i.e. cooling capacity) of various


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stitching and fabric designs. The thermometer device must be completed by November 15th and the

shirt must be constructed by November 9th. Testing on Athletes must be completed by February 26 th

and Testing on people with Multiple Sclerosis will be completed by May 15th. For a more detailed

schedule including several more milestones see Attachment 1. 2.

Table 1.2- Design Criteria

# Criteria Priority Description

1 Cool User Essential In common environmental conditions the product will

cool the user during exercise through the evaporative

cooling of the crystals. Preliminary goal is for the skin

temperature should be at 1.5 degrees Celsius less than

a control skin temperature reading.

2 Safe Essential Does not cause harm to users or others.

3 Reusable and washable High Product is able to be machine washed and worn

repeatedly without showing signs of wear over 6

months of bi-weekly use

4 Provide reliable body

temperature reading

High Product will provide readings accurate to within 1

degree Celsius.

5 Comfortable Medium The benefits of use during daily or athletic activity for

extended periods of time outweigh any potential

discomfort. (A test and survey next semester will

determine if this goal is met. Iterative feedback is

necessary.)

6 Affordable/inexpensive Medium Individual prototype cost will not exceed $100.

7 Easy to operate Medium All processes surrounding the use of thermometer and

controls, washing, hydrating, removal and addition ofcrystal pouches if applicable will be relatively simple

and require little learning or effort.

8 Stylish Low Have aesthetic properties that prevent the user from

being embarrassed during use.

9 Environmentally friendly Low Product is nontoxic and disposable, possibly

recyclable.

Outside Support

Team CoolBody plans to do most of the design and production work for this project on their own.However, the group is working closely with engineering and physiology professors at the University of

Portland. The teams faculty advisor, Dr. Steven OHalloran, is helping with the development of

equations and experiment theories. If they decide to build their own thermometer circuit, assistance

from Dr. Peter Osterberg and other electrical engineering professors will be acquired. The group may

also ask assistance from computer science professors if programming a memory chip for the

thermometer becomes a problem. They are also collaborating ideas with physiology professors, Dr.


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Terry Favero, Dr. Kyle Flann, and Dr. Andrew Lafrenz, on the best placement for the cooling gel and

thermometer sensor as well as general product test design and setup.

The teams industrial advisor, Chris Galati, is helping with the business and future side of the project. He

has also generously offered to make a call to Nike for some help. However, the group will need to talk

to Dr. Kenneth Lulay before moving forward with the Nike help.

In Spring 2012, the team plans to test their finished product. Although, most of the testing will be

conducted on the team members, they have contemplated using other students or possibly multiple

sclerosis patients as a test subject. The paper work has been taken into account and is being held for

future submission.


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References

Douglass, Claudia, Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire, and Robert A. Wallace. Study Guide [for] Biology

of Humans, Concepts, Applications, and Issues, Second Edition [by] Goodenough, McGuire,

Wallace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. Print.

Kinnman, Jorgen. "Cooling Suit for Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Improvement in Daily Living."

Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 32.1 (2000): 20-24. Print.

.

Rothmaier, M. "Design and Performance of Personal Cooling Garments Based on Three-Layer

Laminates." Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. 46.8 (2008): 825-832. Print.

.

Syndulko, K., M. Jafari, A. Woldanski, R. W. Baumhefner, and W. W. Tourtellotte. "Effects of

Temperature in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of the Literature."Neurorehabilitation and Neural

Repair10.1 (1996): 23-34. Print.

Wendt, Daniel. "Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat: Strategies for Maintaining Health and

Performance."Sports Medicine. 37.8 (2007): 669-682. Print.

.


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Attachment 1.1

Completed Charter


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Figure 1.2: Project Schedule


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Attachment 1.3

Itemized Budget


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Itemized Budget

Activity Cost (US $)

Materials/Equipment

Cooling Gel ........................................................................................................................20

Fabric .................................................................................................................................30

Electrical Components .......................................................................................................50

Thermoelectric Generators .................................................................................................20

Needles/Thread/Bobbin .....................................................................................................10

Long Sleeve Athletic Shirt .................................................................................................50

Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................20

Subtotal Materials/Equipment $200

Testing

Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................50

Subtotal Testing $50

Project Total $250


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Attachment 2

Prototype Memo


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List of Attachments:

Attachment 2.1: Results page 3

Attachment 2.2: Test Setup page 7

Attachment 2.3: Data page 11

Attachment 2.4: Calculations page 14


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Attachment 2.1

Results


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Figure 2.1. The conduction percent mass loss chart.

Figure 2.2. The conduction temperature verses time chart.

0.000

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

%MassLoss

Pouch Number

Side 1

Side 2

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

0 10 20 30 40 50

Temperature

(oC)

Time (min)

pan (side 1) (1-5)pan (side 2) (1-5)pan (side 1) (6-10)pan (side 2) (6-10)1 (side 1)1 (side 2)2 (side 1)2 (side 2)3 (side 1)

3 (side 2)4 (side 1)4 (side 2)5 (side 1)5 (side 2)6 (side 1)6 (side 2)7 (side 1)7 (side 2)8 (side 1)8 (side 2)9 (side 1)

9 (side 2)10 (side 1)10 (side 2)


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Figure 2.3. The convection percent mass loss chart.

Figure 2.4. The convection temperature verses time chart.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

%MassLoss

Pouch Number

Side 1

Side 2

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

0 10 20 30 40

Temperature(o

C)

Time (min)

pan (side 1) (1-5)pan (side 2) (1-5)pan (side 1) (6-10)pan (side 2) (6-10)1 (side 1)1 (side 2)2 (side 1)2 (side 2)

3 (side 1)3 (side 2)4 (side 1)4 (side 2)5 (side 1)5 (side 2)6 (side 1)6 (side 2)7 (side 1)7 (side 2)8 (side 1)8 (side 2)

9 (side 1)9 (side 2)10 (side 1)10 (side 2)


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Figure 2.3. Side 1 of pouches 1 and 4 respectively.

Figure 2.4. Side 2 of pouches 1 and 4 respectively.


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Attachment 2.2

Test Setup


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Table 2.1: Equipment used in the Laboratory

Equipment

Scale Sartorius ELT202SN 22654026

Voltage Meter MAS830

Fluke 80TK Thermocouple Module

Wire Type K wireSN: 8896; 9475; 8700

Hot Plate Barnstead ThermolyneMN HP46515SN 46501742

Variable Autotransformer STACO ENERGY Product CompanyMN 3PN1210B

Stop Watch OSLOMN LR44

Pan

Pot

Table 2. The pouch number in correspondence with material side.

Side 1 Side 2

1 Sphere Textured Wickaway Sphere Textured Wickaway

2 Supplex Lycra Sphere Textured Wickaway

3 Cotton Lycra Sphere Textured Wickaway

4 Sphere Textured Wickaway Lycra

5 Supplex Lycra Supplex Lycra

6 Supplex Lycra Cotton Lycra

7 Supplex Lycra Lycra

8 Cotton Lycra Cotton Lycra

9 Cotton Lycra Lycra

10 Lycra Lycra


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Figure 2.5. The teflon pan, water bath, hotplate, and variable autotransformer test setup.

Figure 2.6. The gel pouches on teflon pan with pan temperature sensor.


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Figure 2.7. The convection test setup.

Figure 2.8. The conduction test setup.


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Attachment 2.3

Data


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Table 2.3. The conduction fabric layer data sheet


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Table 2.4. The convection fabric layer data sheet.


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Attachment 3

Mid-Project Memo


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DONALD P. SHILEY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGUNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND

TEAM COOLBODY5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203

DATE: December 2, 2011

TO: Dr. Steve OHalloran, Mechanical Engineering Advisor

FROM: Zachary McMullen, Aaron Morris, Jacob Lampe, Greg Kachmarik, CassieKuwahara

SUBJECT: Senior Design Update

Team CoolBody has been conducting experiments, performing design calculations, and

developing prototype iterations for an athletic shirt that utilizes evaporative cooling since the

beginning of September. This memo summarizes their process and findings.

Throughout the semester Team CoolBody developed a compression shirt that utilized a water

soaked crystal polymer to provide extra evaporative cooling to the body and an infrared

tympanic thermometer that connects to a small computer chip and displays inner ear temperature

on a digital display.

In order to develop the best possible shirt design team CoolBody performed several tests

including the Temperature Location Test, detailed in the design decision document in

Attachment 3.1, and several tests on the crystals to determine their cooling capacity in

evaporation. In addition to the tests performed, the team also investigated articular paths along

the skins surface and surface body temperature distribution in order to optimize the cooling for

the human body, which includes allowing the bodys natural evaporative cooling process to take

place where it is most effective.

The Temperature Location Test helped team CoolBody to decide on the use of a tympanic

temperature sensing device because it is much closer to core body temperature than a surface

reading and is more user friendly than an oral or rectal device. Due to cost benefits and some

desire to experiment the team opted to program and wire a custom infrared device using an

arduino chip, a digital display, and an infrared device. The devices wiring diagram and a modelof the earpiece are shown in Attachment 3.2. Several iterations were performed, but eventually

the system was integrated and sized down for practical application and insertion into the shirt.

After a few iterations and market research the first, fully functional prototype was completed on

November 22, 2011 and is ready to be integrated with the thermometer device and begin in field

product testing. Product testers are being identified currently and the team will begin testing at


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the onset of the spring semester 2012. The testing will be useful in gaining customer feedback

and qualitatively evaluating the effectiveness of the product. Such market analysis will help

team CoolBody to better assess their projected financials. A breakeven analysis from the

financials has been provided in Attachment 3.3.

If you have any additional questions, please feel free to contact us at [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], or [email protected].

Attachment 3.1: Design Decision DocumentationAttachment 3.2: Engineering DrawingsAttachment 3.3: Financials


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Attachment 3.1: Design Decision Documentation


TEAM COOLBODY

5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203

DATE: October 8, 2011

TO: Team CoolBody

FROM: Zachary McMullen, Team member

SUBJECT: Temperature location test

On October 3, 2011, an experiment was conducted in Swindels Hall. The purpose of theexperiment was to determine the optimal location for temperature device intended to measurecore body temperature. This letter contains the procedure and results for the experiment.

Measuring temperature in an athletic scenario is difficult because the bodys core temperature isnot directly related to its surface temperature. This phenomenon makes it difficult to accuratelymeasure the body temperature of an individual during exercise. Ingested temperature devices area hassle for the user and expensive, yet even the most accurate surface temperature can be up toabout four degrees Fahrenheit lower than the core temperature. To balance budget and theperformance of the device Team CoolBody developed an experiment to determine the accuracyof different measurement locations.

During the experiment the test subject ran on a treadmill in a lab for 15 minutes and their bodytemperature was measured every five minutes at five locations. Temperature readings weretaken at the temple, forehead, under arm, lower back of the neck, and orally. The participant ranat approximately eight miles per hour for the first five minutes and then increased the speed to 10miles per hour for the final 10 minutes.

The results in Table 1 show no clear signs of correlation between the core temperature and thesurface temperature of the body. In all surface temperature locations, the temperature droppedfrom the initial body temperature while the core body temperature rose during the course of aworkout. It is for this reason that Team CoolBody chose an infrared, in ear, temperature sensingdevice for their workout shirt. Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis are associated with core bodytemperature and not surface, it is for this reason that the variation between core and surface bodytemperature is unacceptable.

If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me [email protected] call at(253)266-3588.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Attachment 3.2: Engineering Drawings


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Attachment 3.3: Financials

Table 3.3: Break Even Analysis

Variable costs dollars percent

COGS 67 0.56

Taxes 0.153

Raw Materials 67

Labor

Shipping 3 to 5 0.025

Total 70 0.738

Fixed costs

Salaries $100,000.00

Supplies $200.00

Repairs andmaintenance

Advertising $5,000.00

Accounting and legal $5,000.00

Rent $24,000.00

Phone $1,800.00

Utilities $6,000.00

Insurance

Taxes

Depreciation $20.00

Debt payment

Other

Owners draw

Total $142,020.00

Break even sales $542,061.07

Number of shirts 4517


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Attachment 4A

Crystal Absorption


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Project Coolbody

Testing

Memorandum


TO: Coolbody Team

FROM: Jacob Lampe

SUBJECT: Polymer Crystal Absorption Test

As planned, a test to determine the rate of water absorption by the polymer crystals was

conducted in room 104 of Shiley Hall on October 6, 2011. The following memorandum

describes the test procedures and results.

Equipment used for this experiment included an Omega Barometer, an Extech psychrometer, an

Oslo stopwatch, three 400mL beakers, a Scout Pro balance, and a strainer. Before the

experiment began the mass of each of the three beakers was recorded as well as the temperature,pressure, and relative humidity of the testing room. After zeroing the balance on the first beaker,

0.2 grams of crystals were added to this beaker. A second beaker was then filled with about

300mL or nearly 300g of water. The crystals would then be added to this beaker for the desired

time interval then strained using the strainer. After being strained the crystals were added to the

third beaker and their mass was measured on the balance by subtracting the mass of the third

beaker. This was carried out in thirty second soak time intervals until two minutes, then in two

minute intervals until ten minutes. One last sample was done with a soak time of one hour. A

picture of the test setup may be seen in Attachment 4.1 and the results may be seen in

Attachment 4.4a.

During testing, the crystals were observed to continue absorbing water throughout the entire one

hour soak period although the rate of water absorption was seen to decrease throughout the

experiment. The average absorption rate of the crystals from all testing data was approximately

0.08 g/s with a maximum of 0.25 g/s at the start of the experiment and a minimum of 0.02 g/s at

the end. Using the density of water, the volume of the 0.2 g of crystals when containing water

was estimated at 27.9 cm^3 after 10 minutes of soaking and at 75.8 cm^3 after one hour. A more

thorough understanding of the results may be gained by viewing Attachment 4.4a of this

document.

The overall accuracy of this test is suspect due to the inaccuracy of the balance. An input

resolution of 0.1g was all that was measureable using the given balance. This resolution is poor

when dealing with crystals that measure only several hundredths or thousandths of a gram in

mass individually. Other than the poor resolution of the balance, the experiment went fairly

smoothly. The increase in mass gain and decrease in absorption rate are clearly portrayed in the

plots seen in Attachment 4.4a. It is recommended that further testing is done at soak times


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between 10 minutes and two hours in order to collect more data that might prove useful to the

team. It is also recommended that the shirt prototype be soaked between for between 5 and 20

minutes for practicality during use and to avoid excess weight gain.

If any further questions should arise concerning the results or procedures of this test I am

available by email at [email protected].


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Attachment 4.3a

Calculations

Equations Constants

m = mw - mi water = 958.6

kg/m^31

dm/dt = m/soak time (s)

dm/dt avg = (m)/9

V = m * 1/

Sample Calculation for first interval

m = 7.8g0.2g = 7.6g

dm/dt = 7.6g/30s = 0.25g/s

dm/dt avg = (0.25 + 0.09 + 0.06 + 0.04 + 0.09 + 0.06 +0.04 + 0.04 + 0.02g/s)/9 = 0.08g/s

V = 7.6g *1/958.6 kg/m^3 *1kg/1000g *100^3cm^3/m^3 = 7.93cm^3

-assuming the addition of the initial volume of the crystals to be negligible compared to the

volume of water added.

1 Moran, Michael J. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. Table A-5. 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 2008


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Attachment 4.4a

Results

Figure 4.2a: Crystal Mass Gain Over Entire Experiment

Figure 4.3a: Crystal Mass Gain Over 10 Minutes


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Figure 4.4a: Absorption Rates Over 10 Minutes

Attachment 4B

Temperature Location Test


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TO: Team CoolBody

FROM: Zachary McMullen, Team member

SUBJECT: Temperature location test

On October 3, 2011, an experiment was conducted in Swindels Hall. The purpose of the

experiment was to determine the optimal location for temperature device intended to measurecore body temperature. This letter contains the procedure and results for the experiment.

Measuring temperature in an athletic scenario is difficult because the bodys core temperature isnot directly related to its surface temperature. This phenomenon makes it difficult to accuratelymeasure the body temperature of an individual during exercise. Ingested temperature devices area hassle for the user and expensive, yet even the most accurate surface temperature can be up toabout four degrees Fahrenheit lower than the core temperature. To balance budget and theperformance of the device Team CoolBody developed an experiment to determine the accuracyof different measurement locations.

During the experiment the test subject ran on a treadmill in a lab for 15 minutes and their bodytemperature was measured every five minutes at five locations. Temperature readings weretaken at the temple, forehead, under arm, lower back of the neck, and oral. The participant ran atapproximately eight miles per hour for the first five minutes and then increased the speed to 10miles per hour for the final 10 minutes.

The results of the laboratory are shown in the following table:

Table 4.4b: Temperature Location Test Results (oF)

Temple Forehead Back Neck Armpit Oral

Prelim 94.8 92.5 94.5 98.1 97.95 min 97.1 96 90.4 97.9 97.6

9:10 resume - - - -

14:10 99.1 96.5 92.9 99.3 97.9

18.1 resume - - - -

23.1 100 97.2 91.9 99.7 98.6


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Attachment 4C

Infrared Tympanic Thermometer Calibration


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DATE: December 8, 2011

TO: Dr. Timothy Doughty, Mechanical Engineering Professor

FROM: Jacob Lampe and Greg Kachmarik, Engineering Students

SUBJECT: Infrared Tympanic Thermometer Calibration

On December 4, 2011 Team CoolBody conducted an experiment in room 104 of Shiley Hall in

order to calibrate the tympanic, infrared thermometer constructed for their senior design project.

This memo summarizes the process and findings of this calibration process.

To calibrate the sensor for its intended use, the blackbody device and testing done roughly

resemble the guidelines laid out by ASTM standard E1965-98(2009). The equipment used for

this calibration included the I.R. thermometer, water bath, platinum RTD, and blackbody device.

The thermometer included the I.R. sensor, an Arduino Uno chip, a laptop containing Arduino

code, a bread board, some resistors, and wires. The water bath was composed of a pot full of

water, a hot plate, and a variable transformer. The black body device was constructed out of

thin-walled copper tubing and plate, some 2 delrin stock, and black paint. The platinum RTD

was used to measure the actual water bath temperature.

The procedure used for this calibration was fairly simple. A water bath containing

approximately 4 liters of water was stabilized to the temperatures of 15, 30, and 450C

individually. At each temperature, three readings were taken from both the RTD and I.R. sensor.

The RTD was immersed in the water bath, and its values were recorded by hand. The I.R. sensor

was positioned inside the blackbody device which was also submerged in the water bath. The

readings from the I.R. sensor were taken for 1 second at a rate of 50Hz. The temperature of the

water bath was controlled via the use of ice, a hot plate, and a variable transformer. The test

setup and experimental data from this calibration can be viewed in Attachment 4.1c and 4.2c

respectively.

The results of this experiment did not match those expected. Temperature readings taken by the

I.R. sensor were only moderately accurate. The RTD and I.R. sensor readings differed by a

maximum of about 30C and a minimum of about 1

0C. This resulted in average percent errors

ranging between a maximum of about 17% and a minimum of about 3%. The standard deviation

within the I.R. readings ranged between 0.040C and 0.020C. When plotted, a comparison of the

RTD and average I.R. temperature readings showed a roughly linear correlation with a slope of


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Attachment 4.1c

Test Setup

Figure 4.1c: Calibration Setup (Water Bath and Black Body Device)


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Figure 4.2c: Engineering Drawing of Black Body Device


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Attachment 4.2c

Experimental Data

Figure 4.3c: Experimental RTD Data


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Table 4.1c: Sample Experimental Data


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Attachment 4.3c

Results

Table 4.2c: Analysis of Experimental Data

Figure 4: Standard Deviation Within I.R. Readings

Test # Plan Temp (C) Temp RTD (C) Temp IR (C) Off By (C) avg % error STDEVP (C)

1 15.00 18.44 21.497 3.057 16.58 0.040

2 15.00 18.46 20.946 2.486 13.46 0.029

3 15.00 18.47 20.688 2.218 12.01 0.029

1 30.00 31.80 30.830 0.970 3.05 0.028

2 30.00 31.75 30.777 0.973 3.06 0.016

3 30.00 31.68 30.695 0.985 3.11 0.030

1 45.00 45.15 40.029 5.121 11.34 0.039

2 45.00 44.91 41.631 3.279 7.30 0.016

3 45.00 44.74 41.480 3.260 7.29 0.022

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00

STDEVP

(C)

Temp RTD (C)

Standard Deviation of Population


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Figure 4.5c: Error Between RTD Reading and Average I.R. Reading

Figure 4.6c: Comparison of RTD and Average I.R. Readings


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Attachment 4.4c

Calculations and References

Equations:

1.) 2.) where

Example Calculation at planned temperature of 300C:

= 30.830C

= 3.05%

=0.028

0C

References

ASTM Standard E1965-98(2009)

Wikipedia. Standard Deviation. Accessed December 6, 2011.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation.


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Attachment 4.2d

Table 4.1d: Experimental Data

Time Crys Mass Water Mass H.P. Temp

(min) (g) (g) (C)

0 109.8 108.5 96.0

10 109.5 107.6 112.0

20 109.2 106.5 123.5

30 108.8 105.2 122.1

40 108.2 103.9 112.0

50 107.7 102.5 127.0

60 107.2 101.1 123.0

70 106.5 99.9 122.5

80 105.8 98.3 121.9

90 105.1 97.0 106.0


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Attachment 4.3d

Calculations

Equations

Constants

R = (m1m2)/t rate of evaporation hfg =

2258 J/g2

Ravg= (Ri)/9 average rate of evaporation

Tavg= (Ti)/10 average hot plate temperature

r = Ravg water/Ravg crystals evaporation rate ratio

Q = hfg * (mimf) heat loss (Joules)

P = hfg*R rate of heat loss (Watts)

Sample Calculations for primarily first interval of crystals

R = (109.8109.5)/10 = 0.03 g/m

Ravg = (0.03+0.03+0.04+0.06+0.05+0.05+0.07+0.07+0.07+0.07)/9 = 0.05 g/m

Tavg

= (96.0+112.0+123.5+122.1+112.0+127.0+123.0+122.5+121.9+106.0)/10 = 116.60C

r = 0.13/0.05 = 2.45

Q = 2258*(109.8-105.1)= 10.6 kJ

P = 2258*0.05 = 1.88 W

2 Moran, Michael J. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. Table A-3. 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 2008


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Attachment 4.4d

Results

Figure 4.2d: Change in Mass Throughout Test

Figure 4.3d: Change in Evaporation Rates Throughout Test


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Attachment 4E

Stitch Test


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TO: Team CoolBody

FROM: Cassie Kuwahara, Team member

SUBJECT: Stitch Test

A test was conducted on October 4, 2011 to determine the best stitch for the gel pouches. Thepouch should be able to hold both crystal and gel form of the polymer, as well retain the

materials flexibility. The test was performed in Aaron Morriss house. A list of equipment andmaterials used is provided in attachment 4.1e.

There were six different stitches being tested. The stitch patterns are shown in attachment 4.2e.The fabric used in this test was nylon ribbing, because it was the least expensive and would beable to represent accurate findings. Six pouches about four inches by two inches where sewed,using each stitch. The pouches were marked with a letter corresponding to the stitch. About a of a teaspoon of crystals were poured into each pouch. The pouches were then stretched,twisted, and played with to check for flexibility as well as the ability to retain the crystals. Thesame process was used to test the gel form of crystals.

The results concluded that each stitch has the ability to retain both crystals and gel within thestitch. However a few of the stitches were not as stretchable as others. Since an athletic shirt isbeing designed stretchiness is a must. Stitches C and E seem to be the best options based on theexperiment. Therefore stitch C and E will be used to sew the pouches.

If you have any questions please do not hesitate to call me at (808) 443-8095 or email me at

[email protected].


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Attachment 4.1e

Test-Setup

Figure 4.1e. Sewing Machine (ANNA Baby Lock) with a stretch material needle

Figure 4.2e. Good quality thread

Figure 4.3e. Fabric/Material being used


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Attachment 4.2e

Stitches

Figure 4.4e. Stitch patterns used (all but B)


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Attachment 4F

Gel Absorption Design Decision


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Project CoolBody

Testing

Design Decision Document

DATE: March 21, 2012

TO: Coolbody Team

FROM: Jacob LampeSUBJECT: Polymer Crystal Absorption

As planned, a second round of absorption testing to more accurately determine the rate of water

absorption by the polymer crystals was conducted in room 104 of Shiley Hall on November 1, 2011. The

following document describes the test procedures, results, and the according decisions made.

The equipment used for this experiment was exactly the same as for the last experiment except for the

scale used. To increase the accuracy of the test, a scale with a smaller input resolution was used. This

was a Sartorius ELT202 with serial number 22654026. The only variable changed from the last test was

that the soak times. These were increased to span from fifteen minutes to two hours rather than from

thirty seconds to ten minutes. During testing, the crystals were observed to continue absorbing water

throughout the entire two hour soak period, although the rate of water absorption was seen to

exponentially decrease throughout the experiment. The average absorption rate of the crystals from all

testing data was approximately 0.02 g/s with a maximum mass change of 300%. A more thorough

understanding of the results may be gained by viewing Attachment 4F-1 of this document.

The overall accuracy of this second test was significantly improved greater than the last test. Also, using

the data gathered from both tests it is possible to gain a much more holistic understanding of the gels

water absorbing properties. Based off of the information gathered from these two tests, two important

design decisions are able to be made. These are the amount of gel to be used to provide a specific amount

of cooling and the soak time necessary to ensure prototype effectiveness.

Due to the exponential decay of the water absorption rate, it is suggested that the prototype soak times

range between ten and thirty minutes. As can be interpolated from Figure 1 in Attachment 4F-1, within

the first half hour of soaking, the gel has absorbed half of its capacity. This is a reasonable soak time, and

can be ensured to be effective through the calculations used to determine the amount of crystals contained

in each prototype.

With a target of 250 watts it was calculated the shirt would need to be 0.837 liters shown in Attachment

4F-2. To determine the amount of crystal to create .837 liters at a 20-minute soak time the absorption per

gram crystal was calculated to be 130 grams water per grams crystal. As shown in the calculations this

means the shirt would require 6.4 grams of crystal. It is recommended that 6.4 grams of crystal polymer

be used in each shirt.

If any further questions should arise concerning the results or procedures of this test I am available by

email at [email protected].


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Attachment 4.1f

Figure 1: Mass Gained by Crystals Vs Soak Time

Figure 2: Rate of Water Absorption vs Soak Time


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Attachment 4.2f

Calculations

Target 250 watts in 40 minute workout:

17% mass loss in 40 minutes

At 20 minute soak, 0.2 gram crystal absorbed 25 grams water

So for 1.6 liters of water how much crystal do we need?


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Figure 3: VO2 Difference with Cooling Shirt

Given the test results, the shirt seems to decrease the amount of energy exerted and has no

long-term negative effects. Therefore, CoolBodys cooling shirt seems to provide a viable

manner for moderately increasing physical performance.

If you have any questions please feel free to contact Zachary McMullen at [email protected]

or via phone at (253) 266-3588.

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

3 Minutes 10 Minutes Max

With Shirt

Without Shirt


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Attachment 4H

Perception Test


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Project CoolBody

Testing

Memorandum

DATE: April 18, 2011

TO: CoolBody Team

FROM: Jacob Lampe

SUBJECT: Perception Testing

Recently an intensive round of perception testing was completed. This testing obtained data

concerning the perceived effectiveness, consumer appeal, and market size for the CoolBody

Prototype from twenty one volunteers from within the University of Portland Community. All

perception data was collected between March 1st and April 14th, 2012. The following

memorandum describes the testing procedures and results.

In order to undertake this testing, a convenience sample of twenty one subjects was taken from within

the University of Portland community. Subjects participated on a completely voluntary basis. In order

to prove their readiness and eligibility to participate, subjects initially filled out a consent form and a

physical activities and readiness form. After this, each subject completed a concept feedback form

which gathered data on the consumer appeal and potential market size of the prototype. They were

then given a prototype shirt and a post-use packet for a one week period. A sample of the post-use

impressions questionaire may be seen in Attachment 4H-1. During this time, subjects used the shirt in

their normal exercise and then completed the post-use packet. After the culmination of the week, the

subjects returned their shirts and participated in a focus group. These last measures allowed for the

collection of percieved effectivness data. All surveys were confidential, but were linked to the subjects

identities through the use of a numeric code and a single master list. This list was only used during

testing and was destroyed at the culmination of testing so as to protect the subjects identities.

From the concept questionnaires, it was found that over 75% of the subjects had experienced cooling

issues in the past and over 95% of them would be willing to purchase a shirt that provides extra cooling.

This held true even when it was specified that the product was a tight-fitting compression shirt;

however, the added weight of the gel was found to effect the purchasing decision of 52% of the

subjects. It was also found that over 70% of the subjects regularly exercise in a synthetic shirt. 57% of

the subjects desired both comfort and performance from their shirts while 43% desired comfort slightly

more than performance. The average price for a CoolBody shirt suggested by subjects was $45.

The mean values of the post-use questionnaires showed that the subjects ranked the comfort, cooling,

and purchase-ability of the prototype a 6.54, 6.82, and 6.24 out of 10 respectively. A sample of post-use

feedback may be seen in Attachment 4H-2. It was also found that the back was considered the most

comfortable spot on the shirt with a mean of 7.83 while the arms were the least comfortable with a 6.05

mean. Conversely, the arms were found to supply the most cooling with a mean of 7.6. The neck was


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found to supply the least cooling with a mean of 5.61. Sample calculations and more results may be

seen in Attachment 4H-3 and 4H-4 respectively. In focus groups and on questionnaires it was frequently

found that subjects disliked the added weight of the gel and thought the sleeves unnecessary or not

fashionable. It was also found the general fit of the prototypes was not adequate for the average user

and that most subjects considered the prototypes unnecessary in climates similar to Portlands but

possibly helpful in warmer and drier climates. It was also suggested that the shirt be targeted towards a

market where much convection will take place on the shirt such as running or cycling, especially outside

in hot dry climates.

The results found from this perception testing bode well for the CoolBody product; however they also

show that the product is not yet ready to be introduced to the market. While most subjects would

clearly be interested in the product, it still needs design improvements such as being short sleeved and

less heavy. It is also evident that the product should be targeted to a smaller market of cyclists and

runners rather than general athletes in order to prove most effective for the customers. Targeting this

smaller and more specialized market may also allow the product to be sold a higher price range as $45

per shirt would not prove cost effective at this time. Finally, while these results have provided some

general trends for the team to consider, it must be kept in mind that the sample of subjects used was

most likely largely biased as they were all from within one collegiate community, were all acquaintances

of the team members, and most of their testing was done in the cold and rainy climate of Oregon in the

Spring.

If any questions should arise considering this testing or the resulting recommendations feel free to

contact me at [email protected] at any time.


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Attachment 4.1h

Test Setup (Sample)

CoolBody Post-Use Impressions FormAge:__________________Sex:___________________Shirt Size:______________

Mark indicate your level of agreement with the following statements on the lines below:

1) I feel that the prototype shirt decreased my temperature dependent symptoms during dailyactivity.

2) I feel that the prototype shirt decreased my temperature dependent symptoms duringexercise.

Date Indoors Outdoors CardioStrength

Training

Workout Specifics (running, biking, lifting weights

how long)

Workout Descriptions

(please provide the date and description as well as checking the boxes that apply)

NeutralDisagreeStrongly Disagree Agree Strongly Agree

NeutralDisagreeStrongly Disagree Agree Strongly Agree


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Attachment 4.2h

Experimental data (Sample)

Table 1:Subject 101s Post-Use Results Tabulated in Excel

Indoors 1Outdoors 1

Cardio 1

Strength T. 1

Prob # rating

1 7.5

2 5

3 7.5

4 7.5

5 7.5mean 7

stdev.s 1.12

Prob # rating

6 5

7 10

8 5

9 7.5

10 7.5

mean 7

stdev.s 2.09

11 7.5

12 7.5

mean 7.5

stdev.s 0

1 good for cardio andhigh temps

2 wouldn't really use

for lifting

Feedback

Problem Spots and

Purchase/recommend

Cooling

Comfort

Subject 101


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Attachment 4.4h

Results

Table 2: Concept Feedback Form Results Tabulated in Excel

Table 3: Post-Use Impression Form Means and Standard Deviations

category

choice every day 2-3 times 4-6 times once less indoors Outdoors varies cotton synthetic mixture no pref.

# of subjects 9 3 9 0 0 3 6 12 5 15 2 1% or avg 42.86 14.29 42.86 0.00 0.00 14.29 28.57 57.14 23.81 71.43 9.52 4.76

category

choice not at all rarely neutral somewhat very only com mainly com both mainly perf only perf loose tight

# of subjects 0 4 2 12 3 0 9 12 1 0 13 11

% or avg 0.00 19.05 9.52 57.14 14.29 0.00 42.86 57.14 4.76 0.00 61.90 52.38

category 6.) worth

choice yes no yes no yes no yes no $$$$

# of subjects 16 5 20 1 11 10 20 1 927.00

% or avg 76.19 23.81 95.24 4.76 52.38 47.62 95.24 4.76 44.14

4.) Cooling Problems 5.) wear/purchase shirt b.) change w/ weight c.) tight dry-fit

1.) Physical activity participation / week 2.) Exercise conditions 3.) Shirt fabric

4.) Importance of weight of clothing 5.) Comfort vs Performance 2.) Loose vs Tight

subject comfort comfort cooling cooling purchase purchase

# mean stdev mean stdev mean stdev

101 7.00 1.12 7.00 2.09 7.50 0.00

102 8.00 2.09 9.50 1.12 5.00 3.54

103 8.50 2.24 9.50 1.12 10.00 0.00

104

105 6.59 1.84 6.15 1.36 6.88 0.88

106 6.90 1.08 5.57 1.00 6.00 0.00

107 7.48 0.11 3.06 1.04 2.70 0.00108 6.34 3.55 6.40 2.30 6.63 0.53

109 7.35 0.74 7.55 1.50 5.63 0.88

110 7.50 0.00 5.00 3.54 5.00 0.00

111 5.50 2.09 4.00 1.37 5.00 0.00

112 6.50 2.24 7.50 1.77 7.50 0.00

113 7.50 0.00 7.00 1.12 6.25 1.77

114 7.00 1.12 7.00 1.12 6.25 1.77

115 7.80 0.84 8.40 0.42 7.00 0.71

116 7.50 0.00 7.50 0.00 3.75 1.77

117 7.50 3.06 8.50 3.35 10.00 0.00118 6.10 2.61 4.80 2.49 3.25 0.35

119 6.30 1.15 8.00 0.71 5.50 0.71

120 6.50 1.25 6.00 1.37 7.50 0.00

121 3.50 1.37 8.00 1.12 7.50 0.00

Totals from all subjects


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Figure 1: Bar-graph of the Mean Subject Perceptions in Three Areas


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CoolBody Final Report

Documents

Transcript of CoolBody Final Report