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State of theEnvironmentReportingon the Internet

Otto SimonettGlobal Programme ManagerUNEP/GRID-Arendal

Foreword

At the Rio Conference in 1992 one wouldhave needed a truck to carry the state ofthe environment information presentedthere back home. Today, information ismore compact and easier to disseminatethrough the use of electronic media, suchas the Internet and CD-ROM. In addition,efforts have been undertaken to standard-ise, streamline and popularise this infor-mation.

UNEP, in cooperation with other interna-tional organisations - such as the EEA andPHARE - have taken a lead in strengthen-ing the existing national and regionalenvironmental information networks inCentral and Eastern Europe and the NISto make environmental information morewidely accessible to policy-makers, plan-ners and the general public. Results ofthese activities are presented on the en-closed compact disc 'State of the Envi-ronment Reports Sampler', which featuresa 'Cookbook for State of the EnvironmentReporting on the Internet' - straight-for-ward guidelines on how to make your ownState-of-the-Environment report.

This compact disc documents the progressmade in environmental information man-agement over the past six years. It pro-vides a sample of the most current pro-ducts available and highlights clear ex-amples of well structured, cross-sector, andeasily accesible environmental informa-tion. The challenge remains to put thisinformation into action.

Arendal, June 5, 1998

Acknowledgements

Innumerous individuals and organisationsall over the world have contributed to thecompilation of this CD-ROM. My particularthanks go to all countries, who contributedtheir SoE to this CD, and to the GRID-Arendalteam - alphabetically: Aake Bjørke, Emma-nuelle Bournay, Lorant Czaran, NickolaiDenisov, Claudia Heberlein, David Henry,Lawrence Hislop, Roy Jørgensen, IngeKnudsen, Sindre Langaas, Philippe Reka-cewicz, Petter Sevaldsen and MortenSørensen - for their tireless efforts in put-ting the final product together.

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Why SoE on the Internet?Partners and playersThe teamResources and planning

Why SoE on the Internet?

XiSoE refers to state of the environment or, in thisbook, a report about the state of the environment in aparticular region. It is intended that thetXiaudience ofthese reports applies information contained withinthem for decision making purposes, ranging from vot-ing choices to setting policies. The impetus for SoEreporting is partially due to the adoption of Agenda21 at the 1992 UNCED conference in Rio. Chapter 40of Agenda 21 specifically calls for improved environ-mental information for decision-making.

XiThe Internet is a fast growing, efficient and inex-pensive tool for spreading information world-wide. Itis already widely used in Europe and North America,and is becoming more and more available in otherregions. As a result, it is increasingly common to pub-lish otherwise difficult to access SoE information onthe Internet. Besides reaching a wide audience,Internet publishing can improve the overall cost-effi-ciency of SoE reporting, and will make updating infor-mation in the report much easier.

Partners and players

To make your report broadly accepted and to ensureits quality, start your SoE with developing a partner-ship with key users and holders of environmental infor-mation. A network of partnersiXtcan help formulate

Questions to ask(after UNEP/DEIA 1996)

What is happening?Why is it happening?Are changes significant?What is being (can be)done?

SoE report audience

GovernmentParliament and politiciansPublic and pressSchools and universitiesIndustry and business

Growth of the Internet

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1991 92 93 94 95

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96 97

0

400

200

1991 92 93 94 95

600

800

1 000

96 97

Millions

WWW Traffic

Web sites

Millions

Internet Traffic

indicates moreinformation wherethe arrow is pointing

user needs, provide data, and ensure feedback andquality control. Identify key players and establish aconsultation mechanism best suited for your situa-tion, e.g. setting regular meetings, review rounds, or apermanent advisory group. For official SoE publica-tion, support from government authorities is impor-tant.

The team

Your SoE team, whether an independent group or anetwork secretariat, will be responsible for the every-day management, final compilation and routine edit-ing of the report. Although some tasks can be sub-contracted, your team should have qualifications inareas such as environmental analysis, data process-ing, journalism, cartography, graphic design, and de-sign for the Internet. Knowledge of foreign languagesmay be an asset, too.

Resources and Planning

From the beginning, think about SoE preparation inproject management terms. Proper planning of tasksand allocation of resources is critical to the successof the report (XXip.6).

Important players(national level)

Environment AgencyBureau of StatisticsSectoral MinistriesMapping AuthorityGeological SurveyForestry ServiceUniversitiesPublic groups, NGOsPrivate sector

Milestones in SoEreporting

1970s19851992199319951996

1997

Note:See links to selected SoEs onpp. 28-29

USA, Japan, OECDPacific-Asia - ESCAPUNCED, Agenda 21Nordic indicator reportEuropean - EEA�s DobrisThe Internet - Australia(NSW), Canada, NorwayUNEP�s GEO-1

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Critical resources

Task

Data collectionData preparationWriting and editingGraphical designHTML programmingCD-ROM

Human resources are the most expensive and critical ones. Carefully plan the allocation ofyour staff time following a project plan.

External expertiseHardware Software

.

.

...

.

.

.

Generic SoE project plan

Plan/table of contentsTerms of referenceStart-up meetingData collectionData processingWriting and editingIntermediate reviewGraphical productionHTML programmingFinal reviewCD-ROMLaunch of the SoEEvaluation and updating

The overall project duration may vary from months to years, depending upon the scope of thereport

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What�s in a SoE?Structuring the contentsAssembling the contents

What�s in an SoE?

While preparing an SoE report, it is important to re-member some guiding principles:

The contents of an SoE should depend upon yourreaders� interests, in other words upon environmen-tal priorities in your society;

It will also depend to a certain extent on availabledata, but should ideally be driven by national pri-orities. Either way, the SoE can help identify gapsand (re)structure monitoring;

Beside your national priorities, it is important tocompare your SoE situation with that of yourneighbouring countries. Whenever possible, theSoE structure and contents should be harmonisedwith international practices;

Make your SoE user-friendly, concise and under-standable. Formulate and present conclusions thatnon-specialists will find easy to grasp;

Ensure that environmental professionals lookingfor additional details and raw data will be able tofind them. This is done by creating lists of links,sources and contact information.

Commonly present issues

Media and resourcesAir qualityClimate changeFish resourcesForest resourcesNature and biodiversityOzone layerSoil and land resourcesWasteWater resources

Cross-cutting concernsAcidificationHazards and accidentsHealthNoiseRadiationToxic substances

Spatial systemsCoastal and marine areasUrban settlements

Examples of economicindicators

GDP/GNPDow-Jones Indexunemployment rateinvestment security rating

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Structuring the contents

Use the common environmentaltXiissues present inmost reports as a starting point to decide which chap-ters to include in your SoE, but adjust the final selec-tion to your priorities and data.

In addition to environmental issues, include chaptersdescribing the development of main economic sec-torsiXtinfluencing the environmental situation in yourcountry, and chapters about the use of environmentalmanagement instrumentsiX.

After you have made the list of chapters, think aboutelements you will include in each chapter. You willneed hard facts to illustrate your statements. The useof indicators - representative, concise and easy-to-interpret parameters - is common intXieconomics forthis purpose, and is widespread in SoE reporting aswell.

Indicators can represent an issue in a broad sense(e.g. the level of heavy metals in soil indicates notonly metal contamination but a situation with toxicpollution in general). Indicators can also aggregateseparate pieces of information (e.g. water quality in-dex or greenhouse gas emission index).

Commonly describedeconomic sectors,

AgricultureEnergy

FisheriesForestryHouseholdsIndustry

MiningTourismTransportation

other drivers,

EconomyPopulation

and instruments

TechnologyConservationFinanceInformationLaw, policiesInstitutionsParticipation

Note:See also examples on p.12 andin literature cited on p.30

9 Cookbook for SoE Reportingshopping and cooking 1

production, land use...production,structure...catch, aquaculture...felling, management...consumption...production,eco-industryexcavation, trade...growth, consumption...fleet, traffic, density...

GDP, structure...growth rate,structure...

pollution abatement...protected areas...expenditures, taxes...monitoring, reporting...legislation, plans...ministries, councils...NGOs, attitudes...

A good indicator

is relevant to an issue,can be expressed as �below� or �above� a target,is comparable internationally,is based on available or cost-efficient data,is easy to communicate and understand.

Remember that indicators are not only numbers ortime-series, they can also be �yes� / �no� statements(ratification of a convention), maps, diagrams (struc-ture of a Ministry) or text (list of laws).

You may select indicators for your SoE from existingXilists or suggest new ones. Arrange indicators thatyou choose for each chapter in tables following aXiDPSIR type framework, and try to achieve a bal-ance between various types of indicators (examplesXXip.12). Some indicators may be used for more thanone issue (XXip.24).

Assembling the contents

After you have completed the table of contents, useyour partners� network and technical literature to col-lect data for your indicators. Catalogues, meta-data-bases and the Internet are useful tools for learningabout what data sets exist, and for getting access tothem. For each indicator, maintain a paper or elec-tronic fact-sheet with the description of data sourceiX,

DPSIR indicatorframework(examples in brackets)

Driving forces ofenvironmental change(industrial production)Pressures on theenvironment(waste water loading)State of the environment(water quality in rivers andlakes)Impacts on population,economy, ecosystems(% of water unsuitable fordrinking)Response of the society(protected watersheds)

DPSIR concept

Some internationalindicator lists

EU (DPSIR)OECD (PSR)UNCSD (DSR)World Bank (DSR)


D P S I

R

quality and scope, other reference information, ac-tual and reference indicator valuesiX, and its graphi-cal draft.

Indicator methodology sheets developed by variousorganisations can be helpful for data processing. Usecommon denominatorsiXtto construct ratios for D andP indicators (emissions per capita) and to express S/Iand R indicators (population served by wastewatertreatment). Use GIS and statistical software to draftmaps, diagrams, time-series, and forecasts.

With the help of your team and experts compile SoEchapters that will later make up WWW pages (XXip.24),each chapter normally containing:

a condensed and clear overview of the issue (good/ bad, better / worse, why), possibly with a qualita-tive assessment using colours or symbolsiX;sections on D,P,S,I,R with explanatory text andfacts - indicators, case-studies, photos, links to pageswhere single indicators are described in detail;links to other related chapters of your SoE and tobackground and reference information.

After necessary reviews and quality checks, your SoEis ready for graphical design and conversion to theInternetiXX.

Reference values

(inter)national targetsscientific tresholdshistorical values(inter)national averages

Common denominators

GDP, productionpopulationarea, timestock of resource or product

Visual qualitativeassessment

positive developmentneutral / mixednegative development

Applied by Nordic Council 97, EEA 98

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Data for DPSIR indicators

statisticsmonitoringpolicies

D/P

.

S/I

.

.R

.

JKL


OECD indicators of acidification (OECD 1994)

Pressure

index of acidifyingsubstancesemissions of NOxand SOx

State

exceedance of criticalloads of pH in waterand soilconcentrations in acidprecipitation

Response

% of car fleet equippedwith catalytic converterscapacity of NOx and SOxabatement equipment ofstationary sources

UNCSD indicators of combating deforestation (UNCSD 1996)

Driving Forces

wood harvestingintensity

State

forest area change

Response

managed forest area ratioprotected forest areas as apercent of total forest area

Indicators related to Swiss army activities (SFSO and SAEFL 1997)

army land usestructure

metals in soils intarget zones

management of shooting rangesupgrade of planes and vehiclessubstituting halogenatedsolventswaste disposal facilitiesbog protectioninventory of contaminated siteslegislation and regulationsEnvironmental Office mandate

Note: See other examples of indicator frameworks in the literature cited on p.30.

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The power of the imageDressing the dataImplementing time saving techniquesChoosing the right type of graphic

*

The power of the image

When viewing a web site, a user�s attention will im-mediately be drawn to any graphical elements presentrather than to text elements. For many years, editorsand publishers have understood the power of graphi-cal production and have devoted considerable re-sources to carefully crafting high quality, effectiveimages which capture the attention of readers. Pleas-ant to the eye, and simply conceived, an image shouldsignificantly help users to rapidly absorb basic infor-mation. A well designed graphic will not only con-vince the user of the quality of information being pre-sented, but will also entice them to investigate theweb site in more detail. The success of graphical pro-duction will depend on one�s ability to follow somebasic rules of graphical semiology, and to rely on a

consistent presentation meth-odology.

XiDressing the data

Once data are collected andanalysed, they are sent to acartographic designer for fur-ther processing and refine-ment. This step involves trans-forming the data into a clearand efficient visual represen-tationiX. Ideally, the figures

Types of visualrepresentation

Mapslocationalmono- or polythematic

Chartspie chartsbars/columnslines

Diagrams

A visual display is

a combination ofpointslinesareas

dressed with elementssuch asidentification labelstitlelegend, unitsscaleinset location map

Cookbook for SoE Reportingsauces and dressings2 14

Legend, Scaleand Title

Point symbols

Lines

AreasBackground

Compositeimage

Separation

R U S S I E

UKRAINE

ROUMANIE

BULGARIE

MOLDAVIE

TURQUIE

SYRIE

IRAK

IRAN

AZERBAÏDJAN

GÉORGIE

ARMÉNIE

TURKMÉNISTAN

OUZBÉKISTAN

KAZAKHSTAN

GRÈCE

SERBIE

MONTÉNÉGRO

BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE

CROATIE

HONGRIE

ÉTATTCHÈQUE

SLOVAQUIE

MACÉDOINE

ALBANIEITALIE

YOUGOSLAVIE

POLOGNE

Kirikkale

Erzurum

Dniepropetrovsk

LIBAN

Kiev Kharkov

Donetsk

OdessaChisinau

Bucarest

Sofia

SkopjeTirana

Athènes Izmir

Istanbul

Ankara

Ispahan

Téhéran

Tabriz

Erevan

TbilissiBakou

Astrakhan

Krasnodar

Rostov

Volgograd

CHYPREMER

MÉDITERRANÉE

MERADRIATIQUE

MERÉGÉE

MERNOIRE

MERD'AZOV

MER

CASPIENNE

MER

D'ARAL

Détroit desDardanelles

Détroit duBosphore

KARA-BOGAZ

Crimée

MERIONIENNE

Groznyi

TENGUIZ

KARAZHANBAS

DOUNGATikhoretsk

Stavropol

MakhatchkalaNovorossiisk

LissitchanskKrementchoug

Kherson

Midyat

Komsomolsk

Samsoun

Izmit

Mersin

Ceyhan

Homs

Banyas

Bagdad

KirkoukBaiji

Batoumi(Soupsa)

Aktau

Krasnovodsk

Avlonia

AbadanTripoli

Yumurtalik

Bourgas

Alexandroupolis

Volga

Bassorah

Trabzon Projetd'oléoduc

sous-marin

Transportpar navires-

citernes

0 500 km

© Philippe Rekacewicz, Paris, 1996.

Raffineries Principaux champspétrolifères

Principaux oléoducsexistants

la Russie la Turquie

Projet de construction du gazoduc entreles gisements du Turkménistan et l'Europeoccidentale

Les futurs oléoducs et leurs variantes :projets proposés par...

Raffineries Principaux champspétrolifères

Principaux oléoducsexistants

la Russie la Turquie

Projet de construction du gazoduc entreles gisements du Turkménistan et l'Europe

occidentale

Les futurs oléoducs et leurs variantes :projets proposés par...

Donetsk

OdessaChisinau

Bucarest

Sofia

SkopjeTirana

Athènes Izmir

Istanbul

Ankara

Ispahan

Téhéran

Tabriz

Erevan

Tbilissi Bakou

Astrakhan

Krasnodar

Rostov

Volgograd

CHYPREMER

MERADRIATIQUE

MERÉGÉE

MERNOIRE

MER

MER

CASPIENNE

MER

Détroit desDardanelles

Détroit duBosphore

KARA-BOGAZ

Crimée

MERIONIENNE

Groznyi

TENGUIZ

KARAZHANBAS

DOUNGATikhoretsk

Stavropol

MakhatchkalaNovorossiisk

Kherson

Midyat

Komsomolsk

Samsoun

Izmit

MersinCeyhan

Homs

Banyas

Bagdad

KirkoukBaiji

Batoumi(Soupsa)

Aktau

Krasnovodsk

Avlonia

AbadanTripoli

Yumurtalik

Bourgas

Alexandroupolis

Volga

Bassorah

Trabzon

0 500 km

© Philippe Rekacewicz, Paris, 1996.

R U S S I E

ROUMANIE

BULGARIE

MOLDAVIE

TURQUIE

SYRIE

IRAK

IRAN

AZERBAÏDJAN

GÉORGIE

ARMÉNIE

TURKMÉNISTAN

OUZBÉKISTAN

KAZAKHSTAN

GRÈCE

SERBIE

MONTÉNÉGRO

BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE

CROATIE

HONGRIE

MACÉDOINE

ALBANIEITALIE

YOUGOSLAVIE

Kirikkale

Erzurum

Dniepropetrovsk

LIBAN

Pipline�s projects through Caucasus

A multidisciplinaryapproach

Ethicsdo not manipulate datarepresent data as close aspossible to reality

Scienceanalysis, methodology

Technologyhardware and special(design) software needed

Estheticsdesign, style, elegance,balance

Before you begin, askyourself...

What is my intention?What do I want to show?Why do I choose these data?What level of detail do I wantto reach?

What representation am I goingto choose ?What style am I going tocreate?How will I draft a figure?How will I produce a figure?

15 Cookbook for SoE Reportingsauces and dressings 2

should give an immediate messagetWtto the users,with no more than two or three items being presented.

Implement time saving techniques

Continuous and efficient updating of your SoE can befacilitated by the tools of graphical production. To takeadvantage of this system it is important to consider the

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

TWh Sweden

Iceland

Finland

Denmark

NorwayR

S

P

R

R

R

II

Ice

Ocean

FsFs

Fc

L cloud

L cloud

L ice L air

TT P

Sun

Ice

Norway

Sweden

FinlandRussia

Monchegorsk

Nikel Murmansk

Gulf ofBothnia

BarentsSea

NorwegianSea

WhiteSea

SO2 air concentration(µg/m3)

246

10204060

Board of Directors

Database andWorld Wide Web

Administration :PersonnelAccounting

Public Relation

Nordic and PolarProgramme

Eastern Europe anddeveloping countries

ProgrammeUNEPnet

Norway Nordic-Baltic(Stockholm office) Polar ENRIN CGIAR Telecomm

MercureInternet

OperationNetwork development

expansion

Director

Cities

Agglomerations Centers

Population (in thousands)

MoscowParisLondonMadridEssenSt-PetersburgBarcelonaMilanoKatowiceBerlinAthensNapoliRomaKyivDüsseldorfBirmimghamLisboaManchesterTashkentKöln/BonnHambourgBucharestBudapestBrusselsBakuViennaMinskMünichLeedsTorinoBelgradeFrankfurtSofiaRotterdamValenciaCopenhagenTbilisiLilleYerevanLyonAlmatyMarseillePrahaPortoStuttgartAmsterdamStockholmAntwerpenSevillaHelsinki

10 3009 5138 0174 7194 6694 5003 9773 8503 5523 4723 0742 9732 9652 8092 5032 3302 3242 2992 2882 2202 1512 0902 0171 8751 8531 8141 7661 6551 5301 4251 4051 3951 3841 3801 3641 3531 3531 3071 3051 2631 2621 2261 2251 1951 1751 1281 0941 0651 0651 059

8 7172 1976 9723 030

618-

1 6151 308

-3 472

7091 0512 6552 635

5731 021

609419

2 109964

1 706--

1341 0801 5421 6731 245

460924

-652

-599763471

1 242171

1 226411

1 151759

-292589724711461720

-

the river order should be the same in all three,as per the spreadsheet.the rivers are grouped as per their drainage basin.can you show this in the figure somehow as per ...* Gaula, Orkla, Rana, Vefsa = NORWEGIAN SEA* Alta, Tana, Pasvik = BARENTS SEA* Onega, North Dvina, Mezen, Pechora = BARENTS* Ob, Yenisy, Pyasina = KARA SEA* Khatanga, Anabar, Olenjok, Lena, Yana = LAPTEV SEA* Indigirka, Kolyma = EAST SIBERIAN SEA* Anadyr, Yukon = BERING SEA* Mackenzie = BEAUFORT SEA* Coppermine, Back, Hayes = ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO* Churchill, Nelson, Moose, Nottaway, La Grande,Koksoak = HUDSON BAY/ HUDSON STRAIT

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1959 1960 1961 1962 19631959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

Data

Quantitative

Qualitative

Final image

Chart Map Organogram Diagram

FilterCartographer’s sensibility

Construction of a graphusing template layers


project on a long time scale, so that production rou-tines can be implemented from the beginning.

Create templates and libraries that can easily beassembled and stored on a computer, so that they canlater be used for multiple purposes. At the beginningof the production process, time is spent creating thenecessary elements to produce graphics (e.g.: basemaps used as backgrounds, color scale, symbols, ty-pography, etc). These elements should then be logi-cally stored in libraries and astXitemplates so theycan be easily retrieved for future projects.

Using elements which already exist rather than re-creating new components again and again will savetime and allow for consistency in visual presentation.Throughout the production process the library will con-tinuously expand, and eventually graphical produc-tion will simply consist of assembling various elementsinto a final figure.

XiThe layer structure of design offered by most draw-ing software on the market allows user-friendly tem-plates. For example, a template used to create bargraphs should contain at least 5 layers (grid, x and yaxes, typography, columns, remaining elements fromthe template).

The file structure on the hard disk must also beorganised in a logical and efficient way, so that it is

Typography

Columns

x and y axes

Grid

Unused elements of the templates607080

Million

01020304050

A B C D E

Final step...

Review, quality checkSpellingConformity between rawdata and a final figureConsistency betweenlegend and image

Deliver the figures on thewebSave files as jpeg, gif,or downloadable highresolution format (i.e.postscript)

Recommended software

Mapping and graphingFreehand� (Macromedia)Illustrator� (Adobe)Corel draw� (Corel)

Desktop publishingX-press� (Quark)Pagemaker� (Adobe)

Image processingPhotoshop� (Adobe)Paintshop Pro� (Jasc)Photopaint� (Corel)

17 Cookbook for SoE Reportingsauces and dressings 2

easy to find specific files which may otherwise be bur-ied among hundreds or thousands of others.

Choose the right type of graphic

A persuasive message may be delivered to an audi-ence in a variety of ways by choosing the right type ofvisual representation. An appropriate mapping, graph-ing or charting methodology can be used to accom-plish this goal. For example, in the cases belowtW,you�ll find different solutions for graphic representa-tion of information.

(1) Trends over time: lines;(2) Proportions of various features: pies or bar charts;(3) Comparisons: bar charts;(4) Maps with values: proportional circles or squares;(5) Maps showing percentages: shaded areas.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

TWh

North America

Europe

Asia

Megawatts

19911980 1983 1985 1987 1989 1993 199519810

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

25%

70%

5%

Coastalsourcesdeposition

Rivers

0 20 40 60 80 100 %

40

500

1000

1500

2000

3000

4000

(1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

00-2525-5050-7575-100

Pourcentages ofdumping sitesNorwegian Current

Barents Sea CurrentWest Spitzbergen Current

Output thoughArchipelago

64

7321

4

273

0.18

9747

54

Ice Out

Bering Seainput

47.45

Loss via hydrolysis and biodegradation 61sedimentation <1

Ý HCHTonnes/y

250

1004010

Input

Output


Examples: Simplify information, reduce the number of categories

low risk medium risk high risk

100755025107521

Index : 1990 = 100

1980 1985 1990

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

19961995

Trends in Number of Passenger CarsNordic and Baltic countries

Denmark

Poland

Norway

LithuaniaLatvia

IcelandFinland

Estonia

Germany

Trends in Number of Passenger CarsNordic and Baltic countriesIndex :

1990 = 100

1980 1985 19900

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

19961995

Nordic countries

Baltic countries

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Learning about the mediumVisualising the siteBuilding the sitePromoting the site

Learning about the medium

XiThe Internet is a globally distributed client/servernetwork of computers. Any one of these computers cancommunicate with any other. Information stored on aserver computer (machines containing web sites) maybe accessed by client computers.

The World Wide Web is a seamless world in which allinformation, from any source (client / server), can beaccessed in a consistent and simple way. It uses aconcept called hypertext to link documents together.

Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) is the languageof web files. The basis for HTML is plain text files,since these can be read on all computer platforms. InHTML, the text contains tags - commands enclosed inangled brackets < > which tell the browser how todisplay the document, e.g. <center>

XiA Web Browser is a software used to interpret anddisplay HTML files. A browser can search networks andretrieve and display copies of files in an easy-to-readformat. A browser will let you �travel� on the Internet.

Browsers

Microsoft ExplorerNetscape Navigator

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Hostcomputer

Clientcomputer

CLIENTUser typesin URL orclicks ona link in

a browser

INTERNETSERVICE

PROVIDER

Client’smodem

SERVERWhere created

HTMLdocuments

and dataare stored

Signal is sent over the Internet in HTTPlanguage to the server

where requestedinformation

is stored

HTML document and data

passed back to client

File structure

Create easy navigation

Create organic design

21 Cookbook for SoE Reportingserving the meal 3

Visualising the site

The success of your Web site as an organisation ofinformationiXtwill largely be determined by how wellyour actual organisation system matches your users�expectations. A logical site organisation allows usersto make successful predictions about where to findthings. Use consistent methods of grouping, ordering,labelling, and graphical arrangement of information.

User-centred design: the goal is to be consistentand predictable, so that your users will feel comfort-able exploring your site, and confident that they knowhow to find what they are looking for. The graphicidentity of a series of pages in your Web site providesvisual clues to the continuity of information.

Build clear navigation aidstW: simple, consistent icons,graphic identity schemes, and graphic or text-basedoverview and summary screen can give the users con-fidence that they can find what they are looking for.

Homepage

Water Soil Air

Hypertext link

“Go back”

“Go forward”

Pressure State Response

3 4 5 6 7

SoE-report

air

Pressure

State

Response

water

soil

Pressure

State

Response

Pressure

State

Response

Building the site

XiA web page consists of an HTML file, plus any im-age (picture) files used on the page. The HTML file (anormal text file) contains all the text to display, andalso acts as the �glue� to hold the text and imagestogether in the right places, and display them in theright style. Complete web training will involve learn-ing how to code a web page using HTML tags, andhow to use a web graphics program to create images.

You do not need any special software to create anHTML page. You can write HTML in any program thatcan create a plain text file, e.g. Notepad� or Simple-Text�. There are also special software (web editors)available to help simplify web page development:WebEdit�, HotDog�, FrontPage�.

HTML is just a series of tags that are integrated into atext document. They are a lot like cooking instructions- telling a browser what to do, and what spices to use.HTML tags are usually English words (such as �center�)or abbreviations (such as �p� for paragraph), but theyare distinguished from regular text because they areplaced in small angle brackets. So the paragraph tagis <p>, and the center tag is <center>. Every time youuse a tag - like <center> - you must also close it off withanother tag - in this case, </center>.

You can create complex tables of information and

A basic HTML template

<html><head><title>page name</title></head><body>The main contents of your pagego between these two �body�tags.</body></html>

Your main home page fileMUST be titled index.htm,because this is the name allweb servers are set up toidentify as a home page.

For proper display on smallscreens, adjust your pages to ascreen resolution of 640 pixels


640x480

800x600

1024x769

arrange elements of your page in general by usingthe <table> tagiX. You can create a user feedbackmechanism using the <form> tag, and you can splityour page into multiple linked pages displayed on thescreen at the same time by using frames.

Use graphics programs to include button style navi-gation tools, maps, graphics and photos. The easiestand most popular programs are Paintshop Pro� andAdobe Photoshop�. Clickable maps (imagemaps) arecreated using a program called MapEdit� which drawscoordinates on any part of an image and links it toanother page or website.

Add a search engine to your web site for free textsearch (this will work similarly to a word index in abook).

Since some people still do not have a good access tothe Internet, make an off-line version of the most es-sential part of your site on a CD-ROM. You may thenneed to change some of the tags, links and routinesiX.

Promote the site

Once your site is complete, promote it by registeringit with as many search enginesiXtas possible. You canalso improve your location on a search engine byusing <meta> tags. These allow you to insert relevantkeywords and a description to your page.

Using the <table> tag

<TABLE><TR><TD>cell 1</TD><TD>cell 2</TD></TR><TR><TD>cell 3</TD><TD>cell 4</TD></TR></TABLE>

Making it work on a CD-ROM

Use relative links to local filesor images (map.gif, not http://www.soe/map.gif)CGI-scripts will not work on aCD-ROMNever refer to �http� (not usedoff-line)Always use �8.3� file namingconvention (thisfile.htm, notthis file.html)Use only client-side image map

Search engines on the Web

Yahoo: www.yahoo.comExcite: www.excite.comHotBot: www.hotbot.com

Note: Check the GRID-A homepagefor an in-depth description of HTML

23 Cookbook for SoE Reportingserving the meal 3

cell 1 cell 2

cell 3 cell 4


The environmental indicators usedin this report are based on the Nordicset of indicators. The OECDindicators as well as the Nordicindicators used in this report are

http://www.grida.no/http://www.authority.su/http://www.svolu.hu/http://www.serevan/adm/dot.html/http://www.grida.no/adm/pub/dot.html

Sources for this report

- Road traffic- CO2 from vehicules

Leaving fields with a vegetation cover in the winter,either by plowing duringspring instead of autumn, orby sowing in the autumn, reduces erosion andrunoffs from agricultural areas.

1. The Esbjerg Declaration2.The OSPAR-convention3.The North Sea Declarations (1984, 1987, 1990):4. Parliamentary resolution 1992:

The main source of pollution of SO2 isprocess emissions from industry, in particularthe metallurgic or ferro-alloys industry.Heating oi ls and dieselfueled cars also

About this report

Links

State of the Environment

About

Links

Contacts

Contacts and data

...

Climate change

Water quality

...Sectors

Water protection legislation

CO2 from vehicules

Transportation

InstrumentsLawSearch

25%

70%

5%

Coastalsourcesdeposition

Rivers

Instead of stabilisingemissions of greenhousegases, it now seems likelythat Norwegian emissionswill increase by between14 and 19 per cent duringthe next three

Climate change

North America

Europe

Asia

Megawatts

19911980 1983 1985 1987 1989 1993 199519810

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

An illustration of theamount of fish caught inrelation to the new yearclass of herring, a fishingmortality coefficient iscalculated. expresseshowmuch of a year class iscaught

Water quality0 20 40 60 80 100 %

40

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

3 000

4 000

For many persons livingin urban areas noise anddust is anuisance. Roadt r a f f i c b e a r s t h eresponsibility for most ofthis,but the problems havenot increased the lastyears, even thoughthe number of cars and

Transportation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

TWh

Norway Sverige Finland34 58 4

65 74 97858 487 37812 4 35

2

34

Entry page

Issues/themes

Indicators/data

Reference pages

1

2

3

4

1

Possible organisation of an SoE Web site

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your kitchen



serving the meal

dessert

0123

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introduction

data and contents

carto-graphics

going on-line

appendices

coo

kbo

ok


Evaluation and feedbackLinks to SoEs on-lineReferences and abbreviations

Evaluation and feedback

XiThe evaluation stage is often forgotten after an SoEproject is completed. However, information receivedthrough a systematic evaluation and feedback willsave resources in the future when the report will beupdated, and will improve its quality. In addition, thepossibility to provide feedback and to influence theprocess will increase the sense of ownership of theSoE within the community.

Beside a direct evaluation, analysis oftXiweb site us-age statistics provides useful information on who readsthe report, how it is being read, and it can also high-light possible programming errors. There are specialtechniques for monitoring the use of a web site, de-scribed in web development and site maintenancetutorials.

One way to encourage users to express their opinionsis to prepare an electronic feedback form which canbe filled out and sent immediately over the InternetiX.

SoE project evaluationtechniques(after UNEP/DEIA 1996)

sale / usage statisticsmedia coveragefeedback from usersfeedback from partnerscommissioned reviews,interviewscosts and implementationanalysis

Web usage statistics

hits per periodhits from outsidehits excluding searchenginesnumber and size ofdownloaded filesaccesses by country /domainfrequently requested pagesrecurrent visitsexternal links to your site

Tools for web usemonitoring

Web Trends: www.webtrends.comNet Tracker: www.sare.com

Cookbook for SoE Reportingdessert

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27 Cookbook for SoE Reportingdessert *

What a feedback form may look like

Please select the subject of your message

general commentserrors / suggestionsother

If chapter-specific, please select a chapter

BackgroundAir quality...

or give an HTML address of the page

http://www.soe.net/

Please write your message here

Please provide your personal and contact information (optional)

namepositionorganisation

addressphonefax

e-mailweb address


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Links to selected SoEs on-line

Reports on this CD-ROM are in italic.

National and sub-national

kaos.erin.gov.au/environment/epcg/soe.htmlwww.act.gov.au/environ/actser95.htmlwww.fairfieldcity.nsw.gov.au/council/environ/19951996/19951996.htmwww.slnsw.gov.au/plb/libs/hurstville/report/9596/96env.htmwww.infohunt.nsw.gov.au/lakemac/environ/soe/SOE97.htmwww.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/97www.penrithcity.nsw.gov.au/Lib/LocalSuburbs/soe.htmwww.environ.wa.gov.au/current/soe/soe.htmlwww.slnsw.gov.au/plb/libs/woollahrawww.ubavie.gv.at/info/situatio.htmwww.magwien.gv.at/ma22/top/umwelt.htmlwww1.sid.ncr.doe.ca/~soerwww.env.gov.bc.cawww.gov.mb.ca/environ/pages/soerepts.htmlwww.city.vancouver.bc.ca/commsvcs/enviro/summary.htmlwww.gov.sk.ca/serm/WWW/ECOREGON/SOEREPRT/INTRO.HTMwww.taiga.net/yukonsoewww.env.czwww.monet.czwww.mem.dk/publikationer/, http://www.dmu.dkwww.envir.ee/ehpwww.vyh.fi/fei/enviprob/enviprob.htmwww.ifen.fr/pages/2indic.htmwww.mupce.unet.com.mkwww.parliament.ge/SOEGEO/hp_soege.htmwww.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-daten-e/index.htmwww.gridbp.meh.hu/angol98/index.htmwww.compass.ie/epa/report/soe-report.htmlwww.mclink.it/com/econet/databank/bank1.htmwww.eic.or.jp/eanet/index-e.htmlwww.vkmc.vdc.lv/soe96www.ktl.mii.lt/aa/index.html

AustraliaCapital TerritoryFairfield CityHurstville CityLake Macquarie CityNorth-South WalesPenrith CityWestern AustraliaWoollahra Municipality

AustriaVienna City

CanadaBritish ColumbiaManitobaVancouver CitySaskatchewanYukon

Czech RepublicPrague City

DenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceFYROMGeorgiaGermanyHungaryIrelandItalyJapanLatviaLithuania


161.142.128.10/doe/eqr94/html/content.htmlwww.milieubalans.rivm.nl/, http://neon.vb.cbs.nl/sec_lmi_e/statistix.htmwww.mfe.govt.nz/soe.htmwww.grida.no/prog/norway/soeno97, www.ssb.no/www-open/statistikk_etter_emne/01naturwww.mos.gov.pl/soe/index.htmnepa.unep.netwww.fcgs.rssi.ru/eng/mepnr/index.htmwww.dux.ru/lcp/LE_HOMT.HTMwww.md.mos.ru/unepsun.sazp.sk/metainfo/sprava/index.htmlwww.sigov.si/mop, www.kud-fp.si/retina/okolje/porocilo/index.htmlsmn.environ.se/smnproj/miljonat/english/katalog, www.environ.se/sweionetwww.admin.ch/bfs/stat_ch/ber02/eber02.htmwww.freenet.kiev.ua/ciesin/envinfo/index.htmwww.detr.gov.ukwww.brent.gov.uk/brent/brent/la21/statenv/repintro.htmwww.environment-agency.gov.ukwww.personal.u-net.com/~lincscc/soerhome.htmwww.sepa.org.uk/stateenv/soeindex.htmwww.epa.gov/indicatorwww.fsu.edu/~cpm/segip/othergov.html

SoEs or selected chapters for Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, the Kyrgyz Republic, theRepublic of Moldova and and other CEE/NIS countries are also accessible through www.grida.no/soe.

Regional and international

www.grida.no/amap/summary.htmwww.bef.lvwww.eea.eu.intwww.ciat.cgiar.org/indicators/project.htmlwww.ssb.no/www-open/ukens_statistikk/utg/9720/4.htmlwww.grida.no/geo1

Note: These links were verified on the date of publication. If a page is not accessible, you may try to access the organisation�shome page by taking a part of the full link from its beginning to the first slash �/�.

MalaysiaNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPeople�s Republic of ChinaRussia

Leningrad OblastMoscow City

Slovak RepublicSloveniaSwedenSwitzerlandUkraineUK

Brent BoroughEngland-WalesLinkolnshireScotland

USAstates

UNEP/GRID-Arendal

ArcticBalticEurope/EULatin AmericaNordicGlobal

Selected references

Data and contents

OECD 1994. Environmental Indicators. OECD Core Set. ParisEEA 1998. EU State of the Environment Report 1998. Guidelines for Data Collection andProcessing. ITE, NERI. CopenhagenUNCSD 1996. Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework and Methodologies.New York, NYUNEP/CEU 1997. Denisov, N., Mnatsakanian, R., and A. Semichaevsky.Environmental Reporting in Central and Eastern Europe: A Review of Selected Publicationsand Frameworks. Arendal - BudapestUNEP/DEIA 1996. Rump, P. State of the Environment Reporting: Source Book ofMethods and Approaches. UNEP, RIVM, Environment Canada. Nairobi

Carto-graphics

Bertin, J. 1983. Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps.Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Tufte, E.R. 1997. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphic PressTufte, E.R. 1990. Envisioning Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press

Going on-line

Apple Computer, Inc. 1992. Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines.Reading, MA: Addison-WesleyDecember, J. and N. Randall. 1994. The World Wide Web Unleashed.Indianapolis, IN: SAMS Publ.Lemay, L. 1995. Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML in a Week.Indianapolis, IN: SAMS Publ.Lynch and Horton. 1997. Yale C/AIM Web Style Guide. Yale UniversityMarcus, A. 1992. Graphic Design for Electronic Documents and User Interfaces.New York: ACM Press, Addison-Wesley


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Abbreviations

Compact Disk Read-Only MemoryCommon Gateway InterfaceCentral European UniversityDriving forces - Pressures - State - Impact - Response (indicator framework)(UNEP�s) Division of Environmental Information and AssessmentEuropean Environment Agency(UN) Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificEuropean UnionGross Domestic ProductGeographic Information SystemGross National Product(UNEP�s) Global Resource Information Database(UNEP�s) Global Environmental Outlook (report)Hypertext Mark-up LanguageHypertext Transfer ProtocolNon-Governmental OrganisationOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentEU�s economic assistance programme for Central and Eastern EuropePressure - State - Response (indicator framework, see also DPSIR)State of the Environment (report)United Nations Commission for Sustainable DevelopmentUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeWorld-Wide Web


CD-ROMCGICEUDPSIRDEIAEEAESCAPEUGDPGISGNPGRIDGEOHTMLHTTPNGOOECDPHAREPSRSoEUNCSDUNEPWWW

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