Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Energy Source

Baseline Report on

Assessment of Current Waste Management System,

Characterization and Quantification of

Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB)

In District Sanghar, Pakistan

By:

Prof. Dr. Rasool Bux Mahar

Institute of Environmental Engineering & Management Mehran University of Engineering & Technology

Jamshoro, Pakistan

United Nations Environmental Programme International Environmental Technology Centre

Osaka/Shiga, Japan

2

PREFACE

Rapid increase in demand and consumption of fossil fuels and its consequent

impact on climate change and environment has put greater emphasis on development of

alternative and renewable sources of energy. Waste biomass, as a renewable energy

source, presents a viable solution for meeting our energy demands. It addresses the

climate change issues as well as reduces our dependence on fossil fuels. In developing

countries this could be developed as a versatile source of energy for domestic as well as

industrial/commercial purposes.

Biomass is a broad term, which generally refers to any plant or animal matter.

The main categories of biomass are; agriculture residues (referred to hereafter as waste

agricultural biomass), forestry residues, wood (both from forests and firewood

plantations), animal residues, organic wastes from cities and dwellings. The discussions in

this guideline pertain only to waste agricultural biomass.

In this Report district Sanghar, which is one of the largest districts of province

Sindh, Pakistan was selected as the study area for the assessment of the current

management system, characterization, quantification and energy potential of waste

agricultural biomass. Sanghar district is parted into six taluka; these are Sanghar, Sinjhoro,

Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali, and Khipro. The assessment of waste

agricultural biomass was done by considering each taulka. For characterization seven

field residues (Cotton Stalks, Canola, Banana Plant, Maize Cob, Wheat Straw, Rice Straw,

and Sugarcane Tops) and four process residues (Rice Husk, Baggase, Saw Dust and

Cotton Ginning Waste,) were collected from district Sanghar and after processing as per

standard methods they were analyzed for density, volatile and organic matters and

calorific values. On the basis of field survey total nine residues were identified for energy

conversion stand point and their total quantity and energy potential were estimated.

This report is divided into five parts. Part- I is introduction, Part- II is assessment

of current waste management system of WAB in district Sanghar, Part- III is

characterization of WAB in district Sanghar, Part- IV is quantification of WAB in district

Sanghar and Part- V is energy potential of WAB in district Sanghar.

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS Description Page

Preface 2 Part- I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Biomass

6

1.2 Biomass Energy 6 1.3 Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) 7 1.3.1 Field residue 7 1.3.2 Process residue 7 1.4 Why To Use Waste Agricultural Biomass? 7 1.5 Study Area 8 1.6 Objectives of the Study 10

1.7 Road Map of Study

10

Part- II ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF WAB IN SANGHAR

2.1 Designing the Questionnaires 13 2.1.1 Questionnaire for field residue 13 2.1.2 Questionnaire for rice mills 16 2.1.3 Questionnaire for wood mills 16 2.1.4 Questionnaire for poultry farms 17 2.1.5 Questionnaire for brick kilns 18 2.2 Field Survey 18 2.3 Critical Analysis of Data 18 2.4 Results of the Field Residue 19 2.2.1 Wheat & wheat straw 19 2.2.2 Cotton and cotton stalks 21 2.2.3 Sugarcane and sugarcane tops 22 2.2.4 Rice and rice straw 24 2.2.5 Canola and canola straw 25 2.2.6 Banana plant 26 2.2.7 Onion Tops 27 2.2.8 Chillies 27 2.2.9 Groundnuts and Vegetables 28 2.2.10 Fodder Crops 28 2.5 Results of the Process Residue 29 2.5.1 Rice husk 29 2.5.2 Wood saw dust 29 2.5.3 Poultry farms’ waste 30 2.5.4 Baggase 30 2.5.5 Cotton gin waste 31 2.6 Use of Animal Dung 31 2.7 Energy Used for Cooking and Lighting 32 2.8 Energy Used in Rice & Wood Mills and in Poultry Farms 33 2.9 Energy Used in Brick Kilns 33

2.10 Summary of current waste management system

34

Part- III CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 3.1 Selection of Samples for Analysis 37

4

3.2 Preparation of the Samples for Analysis 37 3.2.1 WAB air drying 38 3.2.2 Roll crusher 38 3.2.3 Hammer mill 39 3.2.4 Brown crusher 39 3.2.5 Sieving 40 3.2.6 Bagging 40 3.2.7 Preparation of cotton gin waste for analysis 40 3.3 Density of WAB 41 3.3.1 Procedure for density analysis 42 3.3.2 Results and discussion of density of WAB 44 3.4 Moisture, Ash, Organic and Volatile Matters of WAB 44 3.4.1 Preparing WAB samples for TGA analysis 46 3.4.2 Specifying test procedure for WAB 47 3.4.3 Analyzing output of TGA 48

3.4.4 Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results and discussion of WAB

48

3.5 Calorific Value of WAB 52 3.5.1 Procedure for bomb calorimetric analysis for WAB 53 3.5.2 Results and discussion of calorific values of WAB 55 3.6 CHNS analysis of WAB 56

3.7 Summary of Characterization of WAB

57

Part- IV QUANTITY OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 4.1 Crop Production in District Sanghar 59 4.2 Taulka-Wise Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass 63 4.2.1 Quantity of WAB in taluka Sanghar 63 4.2.2 Quantity of WAB in taluka Sinjhoro 64 4.2.3 Quantity of WAB in taluka Shahdadpur 65 4.2.4 Quantity of WAB in taluka Tando Adam 65 4.2.5 Quantity of WAB in taluka Jam Nawaz Ali 66 4.2.6 Quantity of WAB in taluka Khipro 67

4.2.7 Summary of quantification of WAB in district Sanghar

67

Part- V ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 5.1 Taulka-Wise Energy Potential of WAB 70 5.2 Energy Potential of WAB in District Sanghar 75 5.3 Energy from Disposed Off WAB in District Sanghar 76 5.4 Saving Energy from Disposed Off WAB 77 5.5 Saving Environment by Using Disposed Off WAB 78

5.6 Summary of Energy Potential of WAB in District Sangher 78 References 80 Appendix-A Results of TGA Analysis (Graphs) 82

5

PART- I

INTRODUCTION

6

PART- I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BIOMASS

The word biomass is the combination of two “Bio”, which is the prefix indicating

the action of living organisms and the “Mass”, which is the matter in the body. Biomass

is the mass of living organisms and recently dead matter like wood, leaves, stalks, straw

and other organic matter. It is accessible on a renewable basis, and also includes

agricultural crops and their residues, animal wastes (dung), wood and wood residues,

aquatic plants and organic portion of the municipal solid waste (garbage). The basic step

in the constitution of the biomass is photosynthesis, which can be symbolized as Eq.

(1.1) [Gilbert M. Masters (2007)].

OHOOHCkJOHCO lchlorophyl22612622 662800126 ++ →++ (1.1)

Photosynthesis is the chemical process, in which the small portion of the sunlight

is absorbed by chlorophyll of green plant cells, which is consumed by it to generate

carbohydrates (sugars) from water and carbon dioxide. Fig. 1.1 indicates the interaction

of the solar energy and the biomass. Only green plants are capable of photosynthesis,

where as other living organisms either consumes green plants or their by-products and

generate biomass.

Fig. 1.1: Interaction of sun and biomass during photosynthesis

1.2 BIOMASS ENERGY

The energy obtained from the floras and their residues and fauna’s waste is

known as biomass energy. In other words biomass energy is the accumulation of the

7

solar energy into the animals, plants and their different types of wastes. By the definition

of the biomass the fossil fuels do not considered as biomass energy, though their origin is

biomass. One of the reasons is that the fossil fuels are not renewable source of energy;

second they are long term decayed organisms forming after several million years under

certain conditions of pressure, temperature, etc [S. Rao and Dr. B. Parulekar]

1.3 WASTE AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS (WAB)

The agricultural residues are referred as the Waste Agricultural Biomass, which

may be assorted as field residues and process residues.

1.3.1 Field residue

It is the matter leftover in an agricultural field after the crop has been reaped e.g.

leaves, straw, stalks, roots etc.

1.3.2 Process residue

It is the matter leftover after the processing of the crop at the mills or factories

into a valuable resource e.g. husks, sugar cane fiber (bagasse), seeds, groundnut shells,

maize cobs etc.

1.4 WHY TO USE WASTE AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS?

There are several social, economical and environmental benefits of the waste

agricultural biomass to be uses as the fuel. Following are the few important points to be

considered;

� The waste agricultural biomass is a clean, renewable source of energy, and is the

replacement of a non-renewable energy sources.

� It is free from worldwide price variations and supply doubts, as it is domestic fuel

and is available on the periodic basis, hence provides the energy security.

� The use of waste agricultural biomass can substantially reduce the carbon

emissions if managed in a suitable manner. Its management includes collection,

processing, transportation and use for energy recovery technology.

� It will enhance energy security by utilizing locally available resources mean while

decreasing the dependency to the fossil fuels.

� The proper consumption of waste agricultural biomass decreased green house gas

(GHG) emissions, achieved by decreasing the open field burning and methane

discharges due to decomposing of the WAB available into the field.

8

� It will reduce the problem of waste agricultural biomass management and

disposal.

� In addition to the environmental benefits the proper utilization of the WAB can

potentially increases the profit to the farmers/ landowners.

� Management of the WAB creates new job opportunities.

1.5 STUDY AREA

The area selected for UNEP project was Sanghar district, which is one of the

largest districts of province Sindh, Pakistan. The district Sanghar lies between 25° to 30°

North latitudes and 70° to 13° East longitudes. From the Province map of Sindh by

districts as in Fig. 1.2, it can be observed that the district Sanghar is bordered on the East

by India, North by Khairpur District, North-west by Nawabshah district, and South by

Tando Allahyar, Mirpurkhas and Umerkot districts and on the West by Matiari district.

The total area of the district is about 2439704 Acres. [District Profile (2005)]

Fig. 1.2: Map of Sindh Province by districts

9

The district Sanghar principally is an agrarian district except the large part of

taulka Khipro and some part of taulka Sanghar, which comes on the left side of Nara

Canal and is known as Thar Desert. The rest of the part of the district is very fertile.

Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane and Rice are main crops of the district. Groundnuts,

Vegetables, Pulses, Maize, Bananas and many other crops are also grown there.

District Sanghar has great importance due to Political, Economic and Cultural

causes. There exist many small industries like cotton factories, flour mills, rice mills, oil

mills, ice factories, match factories & only one large sugar mill. People of district Sanghar

are very hospitable. The climate there in summer is dry and hot, where as in winter it is

dry and cold. The temperature in the region ranges from 43°C to 6°C in summer and

winter respectively. The district average out receives 12mm of the rainfall annually.

The district Sanghar is administratively sub-divided into six taulkas; these are

Sanghar, Sinjhoro, Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali, and Khipro as shown in

Fig. 1.3.

Fig. 1.3: Map of district Sanghar by taulka

The total area, number of dehs, number of Union Councils and population of

each taulka of district Sanghar is given in Table 1.1. It is to be noted that the population

for the year 2010 was estimated by using the growth rate of 2.47% between the censuses

of 1981 and 1998 [District Profile (2005)]. There are total 59 union councils are in district

10

Sanghar. In order to get the representative data, each of them was considered as a unit

area for the survey.

Table 1.1: Area and population of district Sanghar by taulka

S# Name of taluka Area (Acre)

No of Dehs

No of Union

Councils

Population by census

1998

Population in 2010

01 Sanghar 590782 69 11 262050 362459

02 Sinjhoro 217070 88 8 196849 272275

03 Shahdadpur 108377 47 13 327408 452860

04 Tando Adam 107688 28 10 255941 354009

05 Jam Nawaz Ali 115021 51 4 88908 122975

06 Khipro 1300766 78 13 321874 445206

Total 2439704 361 59 1453030 2009784

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

There were four objectives of the study as given below;

1. To assess the current management system & practice of WAB in district Sanghar

2. To assess the taulka-wise availability of WAB in district Sanghar

3. To characterize the WAB

4. To determine the energy potential of WAB

1.7 ROAD MAP OF STUDY

The road map of the each objective is illustrated in Fig. 1.4. To achieve the first

objective of the study, we had designed the questionnaires and conduct the field survey

of all the 59 union councils of the district Sanghar. The data obtained from the field

survey was analyzed for getting the results of each field and process residue.

For the second objective, we had first acquire the data of the various crops

cultivated in each taulka of district Sanghar form Crop Reporting Services Pakistan and

then the quantity of the WAB was calculated by using the status of each crop’s residue as

obtained through first objective.

On the basis of the results of the first two objectives, total eleven samples were

identified, which have significant potential of energy. These samples were processed as

11

per standard methods and then their density, calorific value, organic, inorganic and

volatile matter was determined to achieve third objective.

Fig. 1.4: Road map of each objective of study

The fourth objective was to estimate the energy potential of the WAB, for which

we had first calculated the total energy of WAB by considering the quantity of the WAB

generated from the residues, which were suitable for getting energy and then we had

separated out the available energy, which can be converted into the electricity. Finally the

size of the power plant was recommended for district Sanghar.

The detail of all the objectives is illustrated in part-II to part-V of this baseline

report.

12

PART- II

ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF WAB IN

SANGHAR

13

PART- II

ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

OF WAB IN SANGHAR

2.1 DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRES

The first objective of the project was to know the current waste management of

waste agricultural biomass in district Sanghar. The methodology adopted for collecting

the data from the farmers and persons at various processing facilities in all six taulkas

(Sub Divisions of District Sanghar) through the questionnaires survey. In this regard,

total five questionnaires were designed.

2.1.1 Questionnaire for field residue

The foremost questionnaire was about the various crops cultivated in district

Sanghar and their residues (Table 2.1). It concentrates on the cultivated area of different

crops like wheat, cotton, sugarcane etc, their yield and the residue generation ratio over

the yield. By this questionnaire the farmers or the land owners were asked that either they

want to sell their crop’s residue or not, if they want to sell it then at what price at which

the will sell. The farmers and the landowners were also asked about the time of

availability of each residue, which is one of the important factors in its purchase and

storing.

The existing use of each crop’s residue was recorded by this questionnaire in

terms of percentage, that how much is used as animal feed, for cooking, dumped or

burnt into the field or sell to the market. The energy source used by the farmer for

lighting & cooking was also recorded by this questionnaire. Moreover this questionnaire

also contains the blank cells for getting the information about the types and quantity of

the livestock and their dung utilization.

The farmers were also asked that either that they will sell their animal’s dung or

not, and if yes, then at what price. Finally the farmers were asked about waste

management/ disposal problem regarding the crops’ residue and animals’ dung.

It is to be noted that the field residue of the each crop is written within round

brackets, after the name of the crop, like after wheat, straw is written which can be read

as wheat and wheat straw.

14

Oth

er

Sell

Field Burning

Open Dumping

Cooking Existing u

se of Residue

Animal Feed

Tim

e of

Ava

ilability of

residue in a

year

Price of

Residue

Will You

Sell

Residue

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

Residue

Ratio

Yield

/acre

Cultivated

Are

a (acr

e)

Kin

d of Cro

p

(along R

esidue)

Wh

eat

(Str

aw)

Ric

e (S

traw

)

Suga

rcan

e (T

ops)

Co

tto

n (

Sta

lks)

Mai

ze (

Sta

lks)

Mill

et (

baj

ra)S

talk

s

Gro

un

dn

uts

(Str

aw)

Can

ola

(Str

aw)

Jow

ar (

Sta

lks)

Ban

ana

(Pla

nt)

Ch

ilies

(Sta

lks)

On

ions

(top

s)

Rab

i F

odd

er

Kh

arif

Fo

dd

er

Table 2.1: Data

collec

tion q

ues

tionnaire fo

r cr

ops, anim

als and their re

sidue (page#

01)

Nam

e o

f th

e K

hat

edar

: ______

____

___

___

___

___

______

___

______

___

,

S. N

o o

f q

ues

tio

nn

aire :

__

___

__

Deh

____

___

___

___

___

___

_, U

nio

n C

oun

cil _

___

______

___

______

______

_, T

aluka

__

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

__, D

istr

ict

San

ghar

S#

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

15

Table 2.1: Data collection questionnaire for crops, animals and their residue (Page# 02)

Data for the livestock & its Waste

Type of Livestock Qty. of

Livestock Use of dung

Cattle

Buffaloes

Sheep

Goats

Camels

Horses

Mules

At what price? Will You Sell the animal dung G

Have you any Waste management problem? If YES then specify.

Status of Energy Usage

Energy Source Lighting Cooking

Fire Wood G G

Wood Residue G G

Crop Residue G G

Animal Dung G G

Kerosene Oil G G

Natural Gas G G

Electricity G G

Other (specify)

Data Collected By: ____________________________________

Signature: ____________________, date: _____/______/ 2009

16

2.1.2 Questionnaire for rice mills

The second questionnaire as shown in Table 2.2 was designed about the process

residue of the rice mill that is the rice husk. It was used to conduct the interviews from

the caretakers of the Rice Mills’. This questionnaire concentrates on the average daily

and/or monthly processing of the paddy rice and the ratio of rice husk generated during

the process. In addition to the current use of the rice husk, the caretakers were also asked

about the price of the rice husk and its availability in a year. Moreover source of energy

utilized in the rice mills was also recorded.

Table 2.2: Data collection questionnaire for rice mills

S. No of Questionnaire: ___________, Union Council ___________________,

Taluka ____________________________, District Sanghar

Name of Rice Mill/ Caretaker

Average Daily

Processing

Average Monthly

Processing

Rice Husk Ratio

Will You sell Rice Husk

Price of Rice Husk

Time of availability of Rice Husk

G

Animal Feed Cooking Open

Dumping Field

Burning Sell Other Existing use

of Rice Husk

Electricity E Natural Gas G Kerosene Oil E Animal Dung E Energy Source Used in Rice Mill Crop Residue E Other (specify)

2.1.3 Questionnaire for wood mills

The third questionnaire as shown in Table 2.3 was designed about the process

residue of wood mill that is saw dust. It was used to conduct the interviews from the

caretakers of the Wood Mills. This questionnaire concentrates on the average daily

and/or monthly processing of the fire wood and the ratio of wood saw dust generated

during the process. In addition to the current use of the wood saw dust, the caretakers

were also asked about its price and availability in a year. Moreover source of energy

utilized in the wood mills was also entered.

17

Table 2.3: Data collection questionnaire for processed residue from wood mills

S. No of Questionnaire: ___________, Union Council ___________________,

Taluka ____________________________, District Sanghar

Name of Wood Mill/ Caretaker

Average Daily

Processing

Average Monthly

Processing

Saw Dust Ratio

Will You sell Saw Dust

Price of

Saw Dust

Time of availability

of Saw Dust

G Cooking Open

Dumping Field Burning

Sell Other Existing use of Saw Dust

Electricity GNatural Gas G Kerosene Oil EAnimal Dung E

Crop Residue E Other (specify) Energy Source Used in Wood Mill

2.1.4 Questionnaire for poultry farms

There are many poultry farms in district Sanghar, where number of chicken are

being got up and then supplied to the nearest cities. Keeping in view the poultry waste,

the fourth questionnaire was also designed for the poultry farms as shown in Table 2.4

This questionnaire concentrates on the time of preparation of chicken lot, the average

outcome of chickens by a lot, the poultry waste generated during the period of a lot of

chicken and its price and availability. Caretakers were asked about the existing use of the

poultry waste and also the energy source used in their farm.

Table 2.4: Data collection questionnaire for poultry farms

S. No of Questionnaire: ___________, Union Council _____________________,

Taluka ____________________________, District Sanghar

Name of Poultry Farm/

Caretaker

Time of preparation of Chicken

Lot

Output of

Chickens in a Lot

Poultry Waste

Generated per Lot

Will You sell the

Waste

Price of

Poultry Waste

Time of availability of Poultry

Waste

G Cooking Open

Dumping Field Burning

Sell Other Existing use of Poultry Waste

Electricity G Natural Gas G Kerosene Oil G Animal Dung E

Crop Residue E Other (specify)

Energy Source Used in Poultry Form

18

2.1.5 Questionnaire for brick kilns

In the initial survey we come to know that the largest consumers of the waste

agricultural biomass are the brick kilns. Retaining this idea the fifth questionnaire as

shown in Table 2.5 was developed for brick kilns, which concentrated on the quantity of

bricks prepared in a day and/or in a month and the primary energy source used for the

backing of the bricks. In addition to that price of each energy source was entered along

its reference of availability.

2.2 FIELD SURVEY

After designing the questionnaire, a field survey was conducted. Total 59 union

councils are there in district Sanghar, each of them was regarded as the unit area for the

survey. Total 1381 interviews were conducted, out of those 1180 were conducted from

farmers or landowners, 39 from caretakers of rice mills’, 80 from wood saw mills, 60

from poultry farms and 22 from brick kilns.

Table 2.5: Data collection proforma for brick kilns

S. No of Proforma: _____, Union Council ____________________________,

Taluka ____________________________, District Sanghar

Name of Bricks kiln/ Caretaker

No of Bricks prepared /day

No of Bricks prepared /month

Energy Source Price of Energy

Source Energy source Comes from

G Fire Wood

G Wood Residue

G Saw Dust

G Animal Dung

G Crop Residue (specify)

Other (specify)

2.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

After getting the data, it was first compiled systematically for each taulka and

then analyzed critically by adopting statistical methods; most important of them was

weighted average. This method was used for getting average values of crop yield per acre,

19

its residue quantity per acre or production per acre and residue price at which it was

either sold or to be sold. Eq. (2.1) stated below was used for weighted average.

Weighted Average ∑∑=

a

ra ii (2.1)

Where:

a = cultivated area in acre/ crop production per acre

r = yield / residue ratio / price

The period of availability of the residue was determined by taking start and end

time of harvesting or removing of crop from field. Weighted average in conjunction to

the percentage function was used to determine other parameters like usage of the residue,

energy used for cooking & lighting, use of animal dung etc.

2.4 RESULTS OF THE FIELD RESIDUE

After analyzing the data of field survey of all the six taulkas of the district

Sanghar, the results of the field residues were compiled and are presented in onward sub

sections.

2.4.1 Wheat & wheat straw

The most important crop cultivated by all the farmers and land owners in the

district Sanghar is Wheat. After harvesting the wheat crop, it is to be fed into the

thrasher, which separates the wheat grains and wheat straw. The taulka-wise status of the

wheat and wheat straw obtained from the field survey is shown in Table 2.6. The yield of

wheat ranges from 33 to 48 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg). The wheat straw production

depends on the yield of wheat grains. The ratio between the wheat grains and wheat

straw is one to one, which means that the amount of wheat straw is equal to the wheat

grains. Moreover the wheat straw is available within the period of two months in a year

in bulk quantity, those are March and April. The price of the wheat straw ranges from

Rs. 90 to 100 per mon.

Field survey analysis yields that, almost 40 to 56% of the wheat straw is being

used by the farmer or land owner as a feed for animals and rest of 44 to 60% is surplus,

which is being sell to the market. The surplus wheat straw is used as the animal feed and

20

for making particle board. Fig. 2.1 shows the piles of the wheat straw available in the

market for sell.

Table 2.6: Status of wheat & its straw in district Sanghar

Usage (%)

S N

o

Name of Taulka

Cro

p Y

ield

(m

ons/

acr

e)

Yield

to R

esid

ue

Ratio

Res

idue P

rice

(R

s./m

on)

Ava

ilability in

a yea

r

Anim

al F

eed

Cookin

g

Open D

um

pin

g

Field

Burn

ing

Sell

Oth

er

1 Sanghar 33 1:1 100 April to May 50 0 0 0 50 0

2 Sinjhoro 46 1:1 94 March to April 40 0 0 0 60 0

3 Shahdadpur 41 1:1 83 March to May 55 0 0 0 45 0

4 Tando Adam 40 1:1 90

March to April 40 0 0 0 60 0

5 Jam Nawaz Ali 34 1:1 91

March to April 40 0 0 0 60 0

6 Khipro 48 1:1 92 March to April 56 0 0 0 44 0

Fig. 2.1: Wheat straw piles covered with mud lining

21

2.4.2 Cotton and cotton stalks

Cotton is the second most important crop cultivated in district Sanghar, whose

area of cultivation is more or less equal to the wheat. When the cotton crop becomes

mature, the cotton balls will expand and the cotton seed will discover. After three or

four plucking rounds, the cotton crop will not give any more production, thus the stalks

remained in the field are to be removed, so that the land should be prepared again for the

next crop cultivation. The status of the cotton and cotton stalks in district Sanghar can

be viewed from Table 2.7.

The yield of cotton ranges from 33 to 48 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg). The

cotton stalks production depends on the yield of the cotton as well as on the type of the

cotton seed grown. Some of the cotton plants are tall and some are short in height. The

field survey gives that an average ratio between the cotton and cotton stalks is one to

three, which means that the amount of cotton is equal to thrice of the cotton yield. In

addition to that, the cotton stalks are available when they are removed from the field,

which is within the period of three months in a year, those are October to December.

Table 2.7: Status of cotton & cotton stalks in district Sanghar

Usage (%)

S N

o

Name of Taulka

Cro

p Y

ield

(m

ons/

acre

)

Yield

to R

esid

ue

Ratio

Residue Price

(R

s./m

on)

Ava

ilability in

a yea

r

Anim

al F

eed

Cookin

g

Open

Dum

pin

g

Field

Burn

ing

Sell

Oth

er

1 Sanghar 33 1:3 50 October to November 0 75 0 25 0 0

2 Sinjhoro 40 1:3 46 November to December 10 45 0 45 0 0

3 Shahdadpur 37 1:3 46 November to December 10 40 0 50 0 0

4 Tando Adam 35 1:3 40

October to November 0 30 0 70 0 0

5 Jam Nawaz Ali 44 1:3 40

November to December 10 10 0 80 0 0

6 Khipro 48 1:3 42 November to December 0 35 0 65 0 0

Field survey yields that before removing the cotton stalks from the field; first

they are let to the domestic animals, so that they take their eatable from them and the

22

remaining quantity after removing from the field is being either burnt into the field or

taken by the farmers to their homes. The quantity of the cotton stalks stored by the

farmers is being used for the cooking. Some times the stored cotton stalks contains some

animal eatables, that’s why they are given to the animals before utilizing them for the

cooking. Cotton stalks are not being sold frequently, but when the farmers were asked

about the price, at that they want to sell them, their answer was within the range of Rs.

40 to 50 per mon.

Cotton stalks can be successively used for cooking and can replace the fire wood

efficiently, even than large quantity ranging from 25% to 80% is being burnt into the

field, as they are wet and have high bulk density, thus creates the problem of

transportation and storage. Fig. 2.2 shows the animals looking for their eatables in the

cotton stalk, where as some stalks are stacked near the field.

Fig. 2.2: Cotton stalks on to the field

2.4.3 Sugarcane and sugarcane tops

The third important crop cultivated in district Sanghar is sugarcane. The field

residue of the sugarcane is their tops. The status of the sugarcane and their tops obtained

from the survey are given here in Table 2.8, which yields that the 20% of the tops are

being used as the animal feed and the rest of 80% is being burnt in the field, except

taulka Sanghar where it is being 100% burnt in to the field. Burning the sugarcane tops

no doubt produces the heat but, as the rate of release of the heat is too high, so that the

tops are not suitable for cooking and heating directly. Moreover their bulk density is

high, which creates the problem of storage.

23

Table 2.8: Status of sugarcane and their tops in district Sanghar

Usage (%)

S N

o

Name of Taulka

Cro

p Y

ield

(m

ons/

acr

e)

Yield

to R

esid

ue

Ratio

Res

idue Price

(Rs./m

on)

Ava

ilability in a

yea

r

Anim

al Fee

d

Cookin

g

Open

Dum

pin

g

Field

Burn

ing

Sell

Oth

er

1 Sanghar 582 1:0.3 40 November to April 0 0 0 100 0 0

2 Sinjhoro 838 1:0.3 45 November to March 20 0 0 80 0 0

3 Shahdadpur 888 1:0.3 42 November to March 20 0 0 80 0 0

4 Tando Adam 797 1:0.3 40

November to March 20 0 0 80 0 0

5 Jam Nawaz Ali 869 1:0.3 42

November to April 20 0 0 80 0 0

6 Khipro 955 1:0.3 40 November to March 20 0 0 80 0 0

The yield of sugar cane ranges from 582 to 955 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg).

The sugarcane tops production also depends on the yield of sugarcane. The ratio

between the sugarcane and their tops was estimated as 1:0.3. Moreover the sugarcane

tops are available within the period of sugarcane harvesting, which is from November to

April. Fig. 2.3 shows the placement of the sugarcane tops in field. Sugarcane tops are not

often sold, but when the farmers were asked for its price, at that they want to sell them,

their answer was within the range of Rs. 40 to 45 per mon.

Fig. 2.3: Sugarcane tops besides the field

24

2.4.2 Rice and rice straw

The rice straw is one of the most important field residue. The status of the rice

and its straw for district Sanghar as obtained from field survey is shown in Table 2.9. The

yield of paddy rice ranges from 30 to 55 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg) in different

taulkas of district Sanghar. The rice straw production also depends on the yield of paddy

rice. The ratio between the paddy rice and rice straw was estimated as 1:1.1, which means

that the amount of rice straw is slightly greater than the of paddy rice. In addition to this,

rice straw is available within the period of two months in a year, those are September and

October. Like sugarcane tops the rice straw is not sold often, but farmers want to sell it

at the rate of Rs. 40 per mon.

Table 2.9: Status of rice and rice straw in district Sanghar

Usage (%)

S N

o

Name of Taulka

Cro

p Y

ield

(m

ons/

acre

)

Yield

to R

esid

ue

Ratio

Res

idue Price

(Rs./m

on)

Ava

ilability in a

yea

r

Anim

al F

eed

Cookin

g

Open

Dum

pin

g

Field

Burn

ing

Sell

Oth

er

1 Sanghar 55 1:1.1 40 September to October 20 0 0 80 0 0

2 Sinjhoro 53 1:1.1 40 September to October 25 0 0 75 0 0

3 Shahdadpur 47 1:1.1 40 September to October 30 0 0 70 0 0

4 Tando Adam 51 1:1.1 40

September to October 25 0 0 75 0 0

5 Jam Nawaz Ali 46 1:1.1 40

September to October 25 0 0 75 0 0

6 Khipro 30 1:1.1 40 September to October 20 0 0 80 0 0

Fig. 2.4: Rice straw after burnt into the field

25

Field survey yields that a humble quantity ranging from 20 to 30% of the rice

straw is being feed to the animals; where as rest of 70 to 80% is burnt into the field. Fig.

2.4 was taken into the field after the rice straw was burnt their. Rice straw had high rate

of heat release, thus is not being used for cooking. During field survey it was observed

that rice straw is also used in small brick kilns, which are locally called bathi.

2.4.4 Canola and canola straw

Canola straw is well recognized energy content crop residue in district Sanghar,

which is being 100% sold as an energy source for backing bricks. It price varies between

Rs. 60 to 68 in different talukas of district Sanghar and is being consumed by mostly

large brick kilns. The status of canola and its straw from survey is given in Table 2.10.

As an average the yield of canola ranges from 16 to 23 mons per acre. The ratio

of canola straw is slightly higher than its yield per acre, which is 1:1.1. It is available in the

months of February, March and April every year. Fig. 2.5 shows stored canola straw

within the brick kiln’s yard.

Table 2.10: Status of canola and its straw in district Sanghar

Usage (%)

S N

o

Name of Taulka

Cro

p Y

ield

(m

ons/

acr

e)

Yield

to R

esid

ue

Ratio

Residue Price

(R

s./m

on)

Ava

ilability in a

yea

r

Anim

al F

eed

Cookin

g

Open

Dum

pin

g

Field

Burn

ing

Sell

Oth

er

1 Sanghar 16 1:1.1 60 March to April 0 0 0 0 100 0

2 Sinjhoro 23 1:1.1 68 February to March 0 0 0 0 100 0

3 Shahdadpur 22 1:1.1 62 March to April 0 0 0 0 100 0

4 Tando Adam 20 1:1.1 62

February to March 0 0 0 0 100 0

5 Jam Nawaz Ali 16 1:1.1 63

February to March 0 0 0 0 100 0

6 Khipro 18 1:1.1 60 February to March 0 0 0 0 100 0

26

Fig. 2.5: Stored canola straw in the brick kiln’s yard

2.4.5 Banana plant

Banana plant is highly mismanaged field residue, as 100% of that is being burnt

into the field. Banana plants are being cut after every four months and thrown into the

field side or along the road side. After they get dried they are burnt into the open

atmosphere. The status of banana plant waste is given in Table 2.11.

Table 2.11: Status of banana and its field waste in district Sanghar

Usage (%)

S N

o

Name of Taulka

Waste plant ra

tio

(mons/

acr

e)

Res

idue Price

(R

s./m

on)

Ava

ilability in

a year

Anim

al Fee

d

Cookin

g

Open

Dum

pin

g

Field

Burn

ing

Sell

Oth

er

1 Sanghar 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0

2 Sinjhoro 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0

3 Shahdadpur 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0

4 Tando Adam 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0

5 Jam Nawaz Ali 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0

6 Khipro 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0

27

Waste of banana plant is available throughout the year in considerable quantity,

especially in taluka Tando Adam and Shahdadpur. As the farmers want get rid of this

waste, that’s why it is available free. If it is used for energy purposes then like canola

straw it will be sold at some cost. At present I had put its cost as Rs. 20 per mon.

Banana plant waste was estimated on the basis of number of plants cultivated in

one acre of the land. As an average about 700 banana plants were grown per acre, which

are being cut thrice a year. The air dried weight of banana plant was determined as 7-kg

per plant. Thus the banana plant waste was (700*3*7)/40 = 367 mons/acre. Fig. 2.6

showing the thrown away banana plants’ waste, placed along the road side.

Fig. 2.6: Banana plants burning along the road

2.4.6 Onion Tops

A very less quantity of the onion tops was available into the field; moreover it

contains large quantity of the water in it. Thus they are not suitable for any other purpose

except the animal feed. Filed survey yields that about 50% of onion tops are being feed

to the animals, where as rest of 50% are either burnt into the field or thrown away.

2.4.7 Chillies

Chillies are reaped in the month of March throughout district Sanghar. After

picking the chillies their plant leftover the field are being either burnt into the field or

used into the field as soil nutrient. Field survey yields that about 55% or more of chillies’

waste is used as soil conditioner, thus it is suitable for energy extraction.

28

2.4.8 Groundnuts and Vegetables

Groundnuts are only cultivated in taluka Sanghar. Their density of cultivation is

very low, thus their waste was not considered for energy conversion. Similarly the waste

of vegetables is very low if we count their area cultivated in both Rabi and Kharif

seasons.

2.4.9 Fodder Crops

In all the six talukas of district Sanghar, many types of fodder crops are being

cultivated throughout the year. Specified fodder crops include barseem, loosan, jantar,

etc. The waste of these fodder crops is as low as negligible, because farmers are

cultivating them in a very low quantity for animals only.

Field survey yields that energy crops like bajra (millet), jowar and maize are

cultivated in all talukas of district Sanghar, but most of them are reaped before they get

mature and are being used as animal feed. A very less quantity of bajra, jowar and maize

reaches to the maturity, from them cobs are separated for getting grains or to sell into the

market, where as the remaining stalks are being collected as animal eatable, thus we can

not encountered them for getting energy. Fig. 2.7 was taken from the Sanghar city, which

is representing various fodder crops readily available in a shop for sell.

Fig. 2.7: Various fodder crops ready for the sell in market

29

2.5 RESULTS OF THE PROCESS RESIDUE

The status of process residues as obtained from the field survey is stated in the

following sub sections.

2.5.1 Rice husk

In all talukas of district Sanghar, total 39 rice mill caretakers were interviewed.

The results obtained are hereby shown in Table 2.12. There are many rice mills are there

in district, which are averagely processing 40 mons of paddy rice in a day. The husk

obtained during the process also contains some quantity of rice in it. The ratio of paddy

rice to rice husk was 1:0.5. This means that one mon of paddy rice generates half mon of

the rice husk. This husk is being 100% sold as an additive to animal feed, as it increases

the milk production. The price of the rice husk was Rs.150 per mon. Moreover rice mills

remain in operation from October to April.

Table 2.12: Status of rice husk in district Sanghar

Name of Process Residue

Paddy Rice to

Residue Ratio

Price of Rice Husk (Rs./mon)

Availability in a year

Usage (%)

Rice Husk 1:0.5 150 October to

April 100 % Animal

Feed

2.5.2 Wood saw dust

A huge quantity of wood is being used in district Sanghar for cooking, heating,

backing of bricks, furniture making etc. Reducing the size of wood logs results

production of sufficient quantity of wood saw dust, whose status is shown in Table 2.13.

Saw dust is being sold at the rate of Rs. 80 per mon. It is available throughout the year

and its generation ratio is 0.06 mon per mon of wood sold. Saw dust is being sold to the

Bricks Kilns for backing bricks. In winter season it is also sold to the Poultry farm as a

floor coating for chicken huts and some quantity is being also sold to the Barber shops

to make a hot water for bathe.

Table 2.13: Status of saw dust in district Sanghar

Name of Process Residue

Product to Residue Ratio

Residue Price

(Rs./mon)

Availability in a year

Usage (%)

Saw Dust 1:0.06 80 Full year 100% Sell

30

3.5.3 Poultry Farms’ waste

The poultry waste is of two types one is the combination of the chicken dung

and sand, which is being sold and used as a fertilizer, where as the other is the mixture of

chicken dung and wood saw dust, which is being sold to the brick kilns as energy source.

Status of poultry Farms’ waste is given in Table 2.14. Field survey yields that one chicken

produces 0.21 mons of poultry waste in the period of 42 days. This waste is being sold at

the rate of Rs. 40 per mon and is available throughout the year.

Table 2.14: Status of poultry Farms’ waste in district Sanghar

Name of Waste/ residue

Chicken Dung Ratio

Residue Price

(Rs./mon)

Availability in a year

Usage (%)

Poultry Waste 1:0.21 40 Full year 100% sell

2.5.4 Baggase

Baggase is the process residue of sugarcane, which is generated during its

crushing. The Sanghar Sugar Mill is the only sugar mill in district Sanghar. The Mill is

being purchasing sugarcane cultivated there. We had visited Sanghar Sugar Mill and

acquired the sugarcane processing data for last three years as shown in Table 2.15.

Table 2.15: Sugarcane processing data of Sanghar Sugar Mill ( in tons)

S N

Description 2006-07 2007-8 2008-9 Average of 3 Years

1 Sugarcane Processed 526439.249 853591.585 597111.271 659047.368

2 Baggase Generated (Dry) 77634.804 124572.566 87887.418 96698.263

3 Molasses 26100.000 49360.000 30279.180 35246.393

4 Filter cake/ Mud 15793.177 25607.748 17913.338 19771.421

5 Surplus Baggase (Dry) 3881.740 6228.628 4394.371 4834.913

6 Baggase Generation Ratio over sugarcane 0.147 0.146 0.147 0.147

7 Molasses Generation Ratio over sugarcane 0.050 0.058 0.051 0.053

8 Filter Cake/ Mud Generation Ratio over sugarcane

0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030

Baggase generation reported is air dried, whose 95% is being burnt into the

boilers of sugar mill to generate steam, where as only 5% is surplus. The surplus baggase

is being sold by the mill. Last year its rate was Rs. 3000 per ton. Moreover the Mill

31

operated within the period of the November to April, depending on the availability of

the sugarcane. The baggase generation ratio over sugarcane processed was calculated by

dividing baggase generated (Dry) to sugarcane processed. Moreover the generation of

other sugarcane byproducts, molasses and filter cake are also present in the table.

2.5.5 Cotton gin waste

There are many cotton ginning factories in district Sanghar. We had visited few

of them and come to know that during the ginning of the cotton seeds some waste is

generated called cotton gin waste as shown in Fig. 2.8.

Figure 2.8: Cotton gin waste placed in the ginning factory’s yard

The data from the factories were obtained and status of gin waste was estimated

as in Table 2.16. The cotton gin waste generation was approximately 13.5% of the raw

cotton. This waste is mostly being sold to the brick kilns at the rate of Rs.80 per 40-kg

and is available within the period of nine months from July to March in a year.

Table 2.16 Status of cotton gin waste in district Sanghar

Name of Process Residue

Residue Ratio (mon/mon of

cotton)

Residue Price

(Rs./mon)

Availability in a year

Usage (%)

Cotton Gin Waste 1:0.135 80 July to March 100% sell

2.6 USE OF ANIMAL DUNG

Much quantity of animal dung generated in district Sanghar is being utilized by

the farmers as organic manure, which ranges from 80 to 90% and very less of that is

32

being used for cooking. A humble quantity was also recorded in account of sell to the

brick kilns ranging from 1 to 14%. The trend of animal dung utilization in each taulka of

district Sanghar is shown in Fig. 2.9.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Sanghar

Sinjhoro

Shahdadpur

Tando Adam

Jam Nawaz Ali

Khipro

Cooking 10 4 4 4 6 8

Sell 5 1 3 3 14 3

Organic Manure 85 95 93 93 80 89

Sanghar Sinjhoro Shahdadpur Tando Adam Jam Nawaz Ali Khipro

Fig. 2.9: Use of animal dung in each taulka of district Sanghar

2.7 ENERGY USED FOR COOKING AND LIGHTING

Through field visits of district Sanghar we come to know that peoples of district

Sanghar are using fire wood, wood residues (pieces of wood), crop residue, animal dung

and natural gas for cooking their foods. The taluka-wise percentages of each energy

source used for cooking is represented in Fig. 2.10. Analysis of data obtained from the

survey yields that about 30 to 50% energy used in district Sanghar was fire wood, where

as the second largest source was the crop residues, which were accounting 20 to 30 % of

the total energy used for the cooking. The use of animal dung and natural gas was

maximum 12 and 9% respectively

Moreover Energy used for the lighting is mostly electricity throughout the results

of field survey, except in taluka Sanghar and Jam Nawaz Ali, where lighting is also done

by burning kerosene oil.

33

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Sanghar

Sinjhoro

Shahdadpur

Tando Adam

Jam Nawaz Ali

Khipro

Natural Gas 6 2 9 9 7 9

Animal Dung 11 6 12 10 5 6

Crop Residue 30 36 33 34 19 23

Wood Residue 23 5 1 0 17 15

Fire Wood 30 51 45 47 52 47

Sanghar Sinjhoro Shahdadpur Tando Adam Jam Nawaz Ali Khipro

Fig. 2.10: Energy used for cooking in each taulka of district Sanghar

2.8 ENERGY USED IN RICE & WOOD MILLS AND IN POULTRY FARMS

Most of the rice mills are using electricity for driving the mill, but some of them

are also using diesel engines. A similar trend was also obtained for the wood saw mills’ of

district Sanghar. These mills are using electricity mostly, but some of them are being also

utilizing diesel engines to get mechanical power. Moreover all the visited poultry Farms

were using electricity as an energy source for lighting.

2.9 ENERGY USED IN BRICK KILNS

A very wide variety of the primary energy sources are being consumed by the

brick kilns for backing the bricks, which includes fire wood, wood residue, saw dust,

animal dung, chicken dung and many types of crop field residues.

The percentage of energy sources consumed by visited brick kilns was recorded

and is represented here in Fig. 2.11. It can be observed that crop residue accounts 37%,

which is the largest share among all the energy sources used in brick kilns.

34

Fire Wood25%

Crop Residue

37%

Animal Dung7%

Saw Dust15%

Wood Residue12%

Chicken Dung4%

Fig. 2.11: Percentages of energy used by brick kilns

2.10 SUMMARY OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

To know the current management system of waste agricultural biomass detailed

survey was carried out and after analysis of the data following conclusions have been

made:

1. Wheat straw is produced about 33-48 mons/acre and crop to residue ratio is 1:1.

40-50% wheat straw is being used to feed animals by the farmers and landlords

and 44-56% is surplus and is being sold into the market at the rate of Rs. 90-

100/Mon.

2. Cotton stalks are produced 3 times more than the cotton per acre. Crop to

residue ratio is 1:3.0-10% cotton stalks are fed to animals and 10-75% are used

for cooking and 25-80% are being burnt into field to clear the land by farmers.

3. Sugar cane tops, 20% is fed to animals by farmers and left 80% is being burnt

into the filed to clear land. Crop to residue ratio is 1:0.3. Sugar cane tops could be

purchased at the rate of Rs. 40-45/Mons.

35

4. Rice straw, 20-30% is being fed to animals and rest of 70-80% is being burnt in

the field.

5. Canola straw, 100% of it, is being sold to brick kilns for brick backing at the rate

of Rs.60-68/Mons. Crop to residue ratio is 1.1.1.

6. Bagasse, 95% of it, is being burnt into boilers for steam generation purpose and

left 5% is surplus and is available at the rate of Rs.3000/ton.

7. Banana plants are produced about 367 Mons/acre.100% of it, is being burnt in

the field.

8. Rice husk, 100% is being sold to feed animals. Crop to residue ratio is 1:0.5. It is

available at the rate of Rs.150/Mons.

9. Saw dust to wood ratio is 0.06:1. There are several uses of saw dust i.e. for brick

backing, to make hot water in the barber shops and also used in poultry farm for

coating layer floor in inter season.

10. In brick kilns, 37% crop residue, 7% animal dung, 4% chicken dung, 15% saw

dust, 12% wood residue and 25% fire wood are used for brick backing purpose.

36

PART- III

CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT

SANGHAR

37

PART- III

CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR

3.1 SELECTION OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS

The first step in the characterization of the waste agricultural biomass is the

selection of their samples. Total nine agricultural residues were identified which can be

utilized for energy extraction viewpoint. In addition to these, maize cob and saw dust

were also selected. Thus total eleven residues as given in Table 3.1 were selected and

their samples were taken from Sanghar for analysis. Out of these eleven residues, first

seven are field residues, while the rest of them are process residues.

Four tests were conducted for each residue namely the density analysis, the

thermo gravimetric analysis and the calorimetric analysis and CHNS analysis.

Table 3.1: Samples of WAB selected for the analysis

S No

Name of Sample Density Analysis

Thermo gravimetric Analysis

Calorimetric Analysis

CHNS Analysis

01 Banana Plant � � � � 02 Canola � � � � 03 Cotton Stalks � � � � 04 Maize Cob � � � � 05 Rice Straw � � � � 06 Sugarcane Tops � � � � 07 Wheat Straw � � � � 08 Baggase � � � � 09 Rice Husk � � � � 10 Saw Dust � � � � 11 Cotton Gin Waste � � � �

3.2 PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS

The samples selected were processed for analysis. The systematic inverse pyramid

for the preparation of the samples is shown in Fig.3.1. It involves drying, crushing,

sieving and bagging of samples. The inverse pyramid represents the reduction of the size

of the samples as they processed from air drying to bagging.

38

Fig. 3.1: Systematic inverse pyramid for sample preparation

3.2.1 WAB air drying

After collecting the residues from the field, they were first dried into the air for

removal of the moisture; as such air drying is necessary for further processing of the

samples. The residues were dried out at room temperature.

3.2.2 Roll crusher

To obtain the representative sample of the WAB, after drying they will be finely

ground into the powder form [STEWART E. ALLEN (1989)]. The roll crusher as shown

in Fig. 3.2 was used to reduce the size of the crop residue. It contains two rollers through

which the samples were passed. This crusher was used only for maize cobs.

Fig. 3.2: Roll crusher

39

3.2.3 Hammer mill

Most of the samples were directly crushed by the hammer mill, which is also

called beater cross mill. In hammer mill the size reduction was achieved by the action of

revolving beater bars, which breaks the samples inside the chamber. The sectional view

of hammer mill is shown in Fig. 3.3.

Fig. 3.3: Hammer mill

3.2.4 Brown crusher

The required size of the sample was achieved by a brown crusher. It contains two

discs, one of them is fixed and the other rotates on it. When the vegetation samples were

charged at the center of disc assembly, then they were converted in to the powder form.

As the grinding was achieved by friction between two discs, thus the temperature of discs

will rise. This rise in temperature may affect the sample; therefore cold water at 20 °C

was circulated through the stationary disc. The brown crusher during its operation is

shown in Fig. 3.4.

Fig. 3.4: Brown Crusher

40

3.2.5 Sieving

After reducing the size of the samples they were sieved through 250 µm sieve. In

Fig. 3.5 the wheat straw sample during its sieving is shown, on the right side there is a

sieve and on the left side the powdered sieved sample is available.

Fig. 3.5: Sieving of the WAB

3.2.6 Bagging

When the powdered samples were achieved as the result of sieving the samples,

they were filled into the plastic bags. The bagged samples in Fig. 3.6 are ready for the

analysis.

Fig. 3.6: Bagged samples of WAB ready for the analysis

3.2.7 Preparation of cotton gin waste for analysis

Cotton gin waste is the process waste, discarded after the separation of the

cotton from the cotton seed. It can be viewed from Fig. 3.8 that the cotton gin waste is

heterogeneous in nature and it can not be brought into the powder form by using brown

crusher, because of the presence of the cotton in it.

To get the representative sample, seed waste was separated and waste cotton by

using the spices grinder as shown in Fig. 3.7 and then percentages of both the separated

wastes were determined. Considering the five different samples it was observed that the

41

cotton gin waste contains about 70% of the seed waste and 30% of the waste cotton by

mass.

Fig. 3.7: Spices grinder after separation of the seed & cotton wastes

3.3 DENSITY OF WAB

Density can be defined as the mass of the material that can be placed into the

unit volume (space). It varies from material to material. The density of the waste

agricultural biomass has influence on the size of the storage and processing equipment

for converting it into the Energy. Moreover the energy density can be assessed if we

know the density of the material.

Baggase Sugarcane Tops

Banana Rice Straw

Fig. 3.8: Partially crushed WAB samples for the density analysis (continued)

42

Canola Rice Husk

Saw Dust Cotton Gin Waste

Wheat Straw Maize Cob

Cotton Stalks

Fig. 3.8: Partially crushed WAB samples for the density analysis

3.3.1 Procedure for Density Analysis

An empty glass cylinder of 100 ml volume was taken and placed it into the oven

at the temperature of 105 °C, to remove the moisture present in the cylinder. Then it was

put on the electronic balance and was tared as shown in Fig. 3.9.

43

Fig. 3.9: Electronic balance during tare of the empty cylinder

In second step, the empty glass cylinder was filled with some quantity of the

WAB and its mass was determined in grams as shown in Fig. 3.10.

Fig. 3.10: Cylinder during determination of mass of crop residue

In the third step, water was poured into the 100 ml cylinder from the 25 ml glass

graduated cylinder as shown in Fig 3.11, till the main cylinders volume becomes to 100

ml. The volume of water poured into the main cylinder was noted and subtracted from

100 ml, which gives the net volume of the sample in milli liters.

44

Fig. 3.11: Glass cylinders during net volume determination

3.3.2 Results and discussion of density of WAB

As the density is the ratio of the mass per unit volume of the substance. The

densities of the selected waste agricultural biomass samples were calculated and the

results were tabulated as shown in Table 3.2. As per results the sugarcane tops has

maximum density that is 0.998 g/cm3, where as banana plant has minimum density that

is 0.256 g/cm3.

Table 3.2: Results of Density Analysis for WAB

S No

Name of Sample Mass (g) Volume (ml) Density (g/cm3)*

1 Baggase 7.205 25.0 0.288

2 Banana Plant 7.161 28.0 0.256

3 Canola Straw 7.499 28.0 0.268

4 Cotton Gin Waste 7.645 24.0 0.319

5 Cotton Stalks 7.575 8.0 0.947

6 Maize Cob 7.233 8.0 0.904

7 Rice Husk 7.069 7.5 0.943

8 Rice Straw 7.417 11.0 0.674

9 Saw Dust 7.203 9.0 0.800

10 Sugarcane Tops 7.484 7.5 0.998

11 Wheat Straw 7.160 23.0 0.311 * 1 ml = 1 cm3

3.4 MOISTURE, ASH, ORGANIC AND VOLATILE MATTER OF WAB

Moisture content in plant material is the measurement of the loss of weight due

to drying at a temperature just over 100°C. The weight loss on ignition at 550°C is an

45

approximate measure of the organic matter content in the plant sample, where as the

residue left after combustion of the oven dried plant sample is a measure of total mineral

content and also called ash. The volatile matter is the measure of loss of weight of

sample on its heating at 550°C in the inert atmosphere that is in the absence of oxygen

[STEWART E. ALLEN (1989)].

All the four parameters stated above for selected residues of WAB were

determined by using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). It is a thermal analysis

technique for measuring loss of weight of sample as a function of time and temperature.

This analysis was carried out on simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer. The complete

assembly of the analyzer is shown in Fig. 3.12.

Fig. 3.12: Complete assembly of simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer SDT Q600

Thermo gravimetric analyzer can be applied to characterize any material in the

solid state or liquid state, that displays loss of weight or change in phase as an outcome

of dehydration, decomposition, and oxidation. There are two ways, which are commonly

applied for investigating thermal stability behavior in controlled atmosphere: from them

first is dynamic, in which the temperature is increased at a linear rate, and the second is

isothermal, in which the temperature is kept constant. Fig. 3.13 shows the operating

window of the Q600 thermo gravimetric analyzer software. The window contains menu

bar, toolbar, real time signals and their values, running segment description, sequence

run, real time graph between weight and temperature and status bar showing the time

line of the sequence run.

46

Fig. 3.13: Operating window of Q-Series analyzer Q600

3.4.1 Preparing WAB samples for TGA analysis

The simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer has high sensitivity to weight changes; as

per manufacturer 10 to 50 milligram samples are recommended for the analysis and there

is no any advantage to utilizing large samples. For waste agricultural biomass analysis we

had taken the samples in the range of 15 to 30 milligrams. The samples are then charged

into the platinum pan as shown in Fig. 3.14 and then filled pan was loaded on to the one

reference cup as shown in Fig. 3.15.

Fig. 3.14: Charging Platinum Pan

Menu bar & Tool Bar

Real time signals

Segment description

Procedure

Sequ

ence

Ru

n

Real time graph

Status bar

47

Fig. 3.15: Loading filled pan on to the reference cup

3.4.2 Specifying Test Procedure for WAB

The test procedure is the description of the segments, which are to be carried out

during the test. The following test procedure also called the method log was used for the

analysis of the waste agricultural biomass.

METHOD LOG:

1: Ramp 20.00°C/min to 105.00°C

2: Equilibrate at 105.00°C

3: Isothermal for 15.00 min

4: Ramp 45.00°C/min to 550.00°C

5: Equilibrate at 550.00°C

6: Select Gas: 2

7: Isothermal for 10.00 min

8: Mark end of cycle 0

The method log states that, first the temperature of the furnace of the instrument

was increased up to 105°C at the rate of 20°C per minute. Then after holding this

temperature, the isothermal condition was maintained for 15 minutes. This results the

loss of weight of the sample, which is the measure of the moisture of the sample. Then

the temperature of the furnace was increased up to 550°C at the rate of 45°C per minute

and held for a short time, as the result of that further loss of weight of sample was

occurred. This weight loss of sample was the measure of volatile matter as it was

occurred in the inert atmosphere of nitrogen gas.

After obtaining the volatile matter, the nitrogen gas was changed to oxygen, to

ignite the sample and the isothermal condition was maintained at 550°C for 10 minutes,

48

which results further more loss of weight of the sample. Finally at the end of the cycle,

the weight of the sample remained in the pan was ash, where as the total weight loss

occurred except moisture and ash was the organic matter present in the sample.

3.4.3 Analyzing output of TGA

The output of the simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer is in the form of graphs.

Fig. 3.16 shows the built in TA Instruments’ Universal Analysis 2000 program’s

operating window, that was used to analyze data obtained from the instrument.

Fig. 3.16: Operating window of Universal Analysis 2000 program

There are so many options are available in the Universal Analysis 2000 program

that can be used to customize the graphical data. The usual order to analyze the data file

is as follows:

� Choose a data file

� Verify your sample information

� Draw the graph

� Rescale and customize the graph

� Analyze the data

� View and/or print the results reports

3.4.4 Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results and discussion of WAB

The TGA result of first sample of banana plant is shown in Fig. 3.17. In x-axis

there is a temperature in degree Celsius (°C), where as on y-axis weight of the sample is

represented in terms of percentage (%). The mass of the sample and the run time and

49

date is also present in the header rows. It can be observed from the graph that, the

moisture content of the sample is 4.76%, volatile matter is 59.55%, organic matter is

78%, where as the ash is 17.24%.

Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Banana Plant 01

Size: 21.4090 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 16:52

Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

DSC - TGA

Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95

��

� ��

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

��

19.90min105.00°C95.24%

32.19min550.00°C35.69%

34.89min592.47°C18.67%

35.70min550.00°C17.24%

0

20

40

60

80

100

Wei

ght (

%)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Temperature (°C)

Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95

Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

Fig. 3.17 TGA graphical result of banana plant sample # 01

Similarly the result of the second sample of the banana plant is shown in Fig.3.18.

The second sample contains 7.17% of moisture, 58.36% of volatile matter, 76.66% of

organic matter and 16.17% of ash.

Ash

Moisture

Volatile Organic Matter

50

Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Banana Plant 02

Size: 26.4410 mg Run Date: 2009-10-29 08:30

Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

DSC - TGA

Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95

��

� ��

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

21.03min105.00°C92.83%

33.17min550.00°C34.47%

35.65min597.52°C18.08%

42.16min548.48°C16.17%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Wei

ght (

%)

100 200 300 400 500

Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

Fig. 3.18 TGA graphical result of banana plant sample # 02

The thermo gravimetric analysis was done for all the eleven selected residues by

taking two samples of each. The graphical results of all the samples are given in

Appendix – A of this report, where as the output of those graphs were framed and are

shown in Table 3.3.

51

Table 3.3: Results of TGA analysis for WAB samples

Results of sample # 01

S No

Name of Sample Moisture

(%)

Volatile at 550 C

(%)

Organic (%)

Ash (%)

1 Banana Plant 4.760 59.550 78.000 17.240

2 Baggase 1.770 74.760 94.104 4.126

3 Canola Straw 9.670 61.910 80.331 9.999

4 Cotton Stalks 5.320 60.060 84.704 9.976

5 Maize Cob 5.730 67.960 87.922 6.348

6 Rice Husk 4.590 58.650 74.820 20.590

7 Rice Straw 3.530 59.970 77.700 18.770

8 Saw Dust 3.920 67.110 90.494 5.586

9 Sugarcane Tops 2.700 64.670 83.720 13.580

10 Wheat Straw 4.500 61.060 80.750 14.750

11 Cotton Gin Waste (seed) 5.070 50.930 66.690 28.240

Results of sample # 02

S No

Name of Sample Moisture

(%)

Volatile at 550 C

(%)

Organic (%)

Ash (%)

1 Banana Plant 7.170 58.360 76.660 16.170

2 Baggase 4.460 71.410 90.225 5.315

3 Canola Straw 8.500 62.890 82.423 9.077

4 Cotton Stalks 4.380 60.850 85.638 9.982

5 Maize Cob 3.430 69.400 89.468 7.102

6 Rice Husk 5.010 58.230 74.420 20.570

7 Rice Straw 3.120 60.420 78.160 18.720

8 Saw Dust 11.430 60.330 81.549 7.021

9 Sugarcane Tops 2.160 64.950 84.190 13.650

10 Wheat Straw 4.150 61.630 81.330 14.520

11 Cotton Gin Waste (cotton) 3.330 74.740 93.320 3.350

52

The average results of TGA analysis for WAB samples were calculated and are

given in Table 3.4. As per average results, the moisture was within the range of 2.43%

(sugarcane tops) to 9.085% (baggase), volatile matter was within the range of 58.073%

(cotton gin waste) to 73.085% (baggase), organic matter was within the range of 74.62%

(rice husk) to 92.165% (baggase) and the ash was within the range of 4.721% (baggase) to

20.773% (cotton gin waste).

Table 3.4: Average results of TGA analysis for WAB samples

S No

Name of Sample Moisture

(%)

Volatile at 550 C

(%)

Organic (%)

Ash (%)

1 Banana Plant 5.965 58.955 77.330 16.705

2 Baggase 3.115 73.085 92.165 4.721

3 Canola Straw 9.085 62.400 81.377 9.538

4 Cotton Stalks 4.850 60.455 85.171 9.979

5 Maize Cob 4.580 68.680 88.695 6.725

6 Rice Husk 4.800 58.440 74.620 20.580

7 Rice Straw 3.325 60.195 77.930 18.745

8 Saw Dust 7.675 63.720 86.022 6.304

9 Sugarcane Tops 2.430 64.810 83.955 13.615

10 Wheat Straw 4.325 61.345 81.040 14.635

11 Cotton Gin Waste (70% seed + 30% cotton)

4.548 58.073 74.679 20.773

3.5 CALORIFIC VALUE OF WAB

The calorific value is the measure of heat that contain by a unit mass of

substance. An adiabatic calorimeter was used to determine the heat contained in a unit

mass of the selected waste agricultural biomass samples. In the bomb calorimeter, the

combustion reaction takes place under the constant volume condition in a container

called bomb, which is immersed in to a pre-weighted quantity of water and environed by

an adiabatic shield that functions as a heat insulator. The heat is dispersed evenly in the

calorimeter by stirring water continually.

To enable the combustion, the bomb has to be filled with oxygen to the pressure

of about 25 to 30 kg/cm2. The bomb assembly is then placed in a cylinder containing a

pre-defined quantity of water. As the combustion reaction increases the temperatures,

53

which were recorded by using two Beckmann’s thermometers with an accuracy of 0.001

°C for inner and outer cylinders.

3.5.1 Procedure for bomb calorimetric analysis for WAB

Just about 1.0 g of WAB was required for the calorimetric analysis, for this WAB

samples were weighed with the electronic balance as shown in Fig. 3.19.

Fig. 3.19: Sample cup during electronic mass determination

Then sample cup was placed into the sample holder of the bomb assembly and

about 10 cm length of platinum fuse wire was connected between the ignition electrodes

and then mid of the fuse wire was dipped into the sample to form a v-shape as shown in

Fig. 3.20.

Fig. 3.20: Sample cup during placement into the bomb

54

Then the bomb assembly was closed and filled with the oxygen as shown in Fig.

3.21. After filling the oxygen the bomb was put into the inner cylinder, which contains 2

liters of the water. Then the inner cylinder was put into the outer cylinder, the

thermometers were installed in their position and the stirrer was started.

Fig. 3.21: Bomb assembly during filling of oxygen

The entire assembly of the bomb calorimeter is shown in Fig. 3.22. After

maintaining the inner and outer cylinder temperatures they were recorded and then the

ignition button was pushed to start the reaction. The temperatures were noted at one-

minute intervals for 10 minutes. When the temperature of the inner cylinder reached to

maximum value, then it was recorded.

Fig. 3.22: Entire assembly of bomb calorimeter

55

The calculation of the bomb calorimetric analysis was made by using the formula as in

Eq. (3.1), which is fixed for the equipment used.

HCV = (TD x 2000 + 585)/ Ms (3.1)

where

HCV = Higher Calorific Value in kcal/kg

Ms = Mass of Sample in grams

T1 = Inner Cylinder Temperature before Ignition in °C

T2 = Inner Cylinder Temperature before Ignition in °C

T3 = Inner Cylinder Temperature after Ignition in °C

T4 = Inner Cylinder Temperature after Ignition in °C

TD = Temperature Difference of Inner Cylinder (= T3-T1) in °C

3.5.2 Results and discussion of calorific values of WAB

The results obtained by the Bomb Calorimetric Analysis were tabulated and the

results were calculated as shown in Table 3.5 below. As per results, the maximum

calorific value was observed 3910 kcal/kg of baggase and minimum was observed 3201

kcal/kg of banana plant. Moreover the average calorific value of all eleven residues was

estimated about 3532 kcal/kg. It is to be noted that the calorific value of cotton gin

waste was determined into parts as given in row number 11 & 12 of Table 3.5, where as

the approximate value of cotton gin waste was calculated on the basis of percentages of

the seed & waste cotton, which were determined experimentally.

56

Table 3.5: Results of bomb calorimetric analysis

S No

Name of Sample

Ms T1 T2 T3 T4 TD HCV

(kcal/kg)

1 Banana Plant 0.870 0.090 0.030 1.190 1.100 1.100 3201

2 Baggase 0.970 0.629 0.469 2.233 2.143 1.604 3910

3 Canola 0.950 0.170 0.150 1.552 1.500 1.382 3525

4 Cotton Stalks 0.990 0.759 0.644 2.273 2.262 1.514 3649

5 Maize Cob 0.890 0.639 0.599 2.034 1.974 1.395 3792

6 Rice Husk 0.830 0.225 0.080 1.351 1.290 1.126 3418

7 Rice Straw 0.970 0.230 0.100 1.562 1.480 1.332 3349

8 Saw Dust 0.900 0.519 0.399 1.873 1.748 1.354 3659

9 Sugarcane Tops 1.000 0.125 0.100 1.652 1.522 1.527 3639

10 Wheat Straw 0.990 0.150 0.145 1.562 1.437 1.412 3443 11 Cotton Gin

Waste (seed)

1.000 0.100 0.090 1.381 1.281 1.281 3147

12 Cotton Gin Waste (cotton)

0.960 0.060 0.020 1.472 1.402 1.412 3551

13 Cotton Gin Waste (70% seed + 30% cotton)

The Higher Calorific Value of the Cotton Ginning Waste was calculated on the basis of percentages of the seed & waste cotton, which were determined experimentally.

3268

3.6 CHNS ANALYSIS OF WAB

The CHNS analysis was done on Elementar CHNS Analyzer. The results of the

CHNS are given in Table 3.5. The result show that the sulphur content of the WAB

samples is very low, where as the carbon content is high.

Table 3.6: Results of CHNS analysis (%)

S No

Name of Sample C H N S

1 Banana Plant 38.31 5.35 0.39 0.10

2 Baggase 44.65 5.54 0.18 0.00

3 Canola 39.66 5.32 0.20 0.93

4 Cotton Stalks 42.84 5.63 0.08 0.42

5 Maize Cob 44.69 6.16 1.04 0.09

6 Rice Husk 36.85 5.55 1.70 0.22

7 Rice Straw 36.39 4.96 1.01 0.22

8 Saw Dust 44.39 5.94 0.41 0.12

9 Sugarcane Tops 29.92 3.72 0.15 0.14

10 Wheat Straw 40.83 5.34 0.83 0.24

11 Cotton Ginning Waste 39.87 5.06 1.70 0.60

57

3.7 SUMARY OF CHARACTERIZING OF WAB

The over characterization of Waste Agricultural Biomass is presented in Table

3.6.

Table 3.6: Overall results of WAB analysis

S #

Name of Sample

Moistu

re

(%)

Volatile

(%)

Org

anic

(%)

Ash

(%

)

Density

(k

g/m

3)

HCV

(kca

l/kg)

C (%)

H (%)

N (%)

S (%)

1 Banana Plant 5.97 58.96 77.33 16.71 300 3201 38.31 5.35 0.39 0.10

2 Baggase 3.11 73.09 92.16 4.72 256 3910 44.65 5.54 0.18 0.00

3 Canola 9.09 62.40 81.38 9.54 278 3525 39.66 5.32 0.20 0.93

4 Cotton Stalks 4.85 60.46 85.17 9.98 1263 3649 42.84 5.63 0.08 0.42

5 Maize Cob 4.58 68.68 88.70 6.73 904 3792 44.69 6.16 1.04 0.09

6 Rice Husk 4.80 58.44 74.62 20.58 1010 3418 36.85 5.55 1.70 0.22

7 Rice Straw 3.33 60.20 77.93 18.75 674 3349 36.39 4.96 1.01 0.22

8 Saw Dust 7.68 63.72 86.02 6.30 800 3659 44.39 5.94 0.41 0.12

9 Sugarcane Tops 2.43 64.81 83.96 13.62 1457 3639 29.92 3.72 0.15 0.14

10 Wheat Straw 4.33 61.35 81.04 14.64 311 3443 40.83 5.34 0.83 0.24 11 Cotton Gin Waste 4.55 58.07 74.68 20.77 319 3268 39.87 5.06 1.70 0.60

58

PART- IV

QUANTIFICATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT

SANGHAR

59

PART- IV

QUANTIFICATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR

3.1 CROP PRODUCTION IN DISTRICT SANGHAR

The quantitative estimation of the waste agricultural biomass highly depends on

the production of various crops cultivated in district Sanghar. For this reason the crop

production data for the last three years from 2006-07 to 2008-09 was obtained from the

office of the Assistant Director Crop Reporting Service Center District Sanghar as

shown in Table 4.1. As per data there were fifteen crops cultivated during the period of

last three years. The cultivated area of all the crops, in each year was more or less same.

A little consideration will show that, the the major crops cultivated in Sanghar are wheat,

cotton, sugarcane, rice and canola (rapeseeds), where as the other crops includes onions,

chillies, groundnuts, bajra, maize, jowar, fodder crops, vegetables and banana.

Moreover the groundnuts were cultivated only in taluka Sanghar, where as the

bajra, maize and jowar were cultivated as fodder crops in all taluka and these were only

grown in small quantity to feed animals they were excluded from the quantification of

the waste agricultural biomass. Similarly vegetables were also cultivated in small quantity

so these were excluded from quantification.

It is to be noted that the cultivated area obtained was in hectares, where as the

average data is represented in both hectares and acres.

60

Table 4.1: Taluka-wise data of crop production for the period 2006-09

2006-07 2007-8 2008-9 3 Years Average S No

Nam

e of

Cro

p

Name of Taluka Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (acres)

Sanghar 22340 22378 22578 22432 55431

Sinjhoro 30108 30215 30357 30227 74692

Shahdadpur 27908 28104 28256 28089 69410

Tando Adam 13282 13315 13517 13371 33041

Jam Nawaz Ali 8676 8778 8983 8812 21776

Khipro 18038 18250 18473 18254 45106

1

Wheat

TOTAL 120352 121040 122164 121185 299455

Sanghar 22339 22815 25107 23420 57873

Sinjhoro 30108 24431 25941 26827 66290

Shahdadpur 27908 28513 29751 28724 70979

Tando Adam 13282 10827 12827 12312 30424

Jam Nawaz Ali 8675 8117 9531 8774 21682

Khipro 22085 21258 23758 22367 55270

2

Cotton

TOTAL 124397 115961 126915 122424 302517

Sanghar 4235 3356 4258 3950 9760

Sinjhoro 2548 1772 2793 2371 5859

Shahdadpur 1836 1129 1478 1481 3660

Tando Adam 2271 1753 1913 1979 4890

Jam Nawaz Ali 1104 434 526 688 1700

Khipro 870 637 847 785 1939

3

Sugarc

ane

TOTAL 12864 9081 11815 11253 27808

Sanghar 1005 1308 1401 1238 3059

Sinjhoro 1185 4698 4627 3503 8657

Shahdadpur 158 739 757 551 1362

Tando Adam 170 1137 1037 781 1931

Jam Nawaz Ali 410 1787 1798 1332 3291

Khipro 1187 3607 3792 2862 7072

4

Rice

TOTAL 4115 13276 13412 10268 25372

Sanghar 2152 3507 3507 3055 7550

Sinjhoro 925 1136 1136 1066 2633

Shahdadpur 1070 1108 1108 1095 2707

Tando Adam 912 1045 1045 1001 2473

Jam Nawaz Ali 310 478 478 422 1043

Khipro 420 938 938 765 1891

5

Rapes

eed

(Canola)

TOTAL 5789 8212 8212 7404 18297

“continued on the next page”

61

Table 4.1: Taluka-wise data of crop production for the period 2006-09 (continued)

2006-07 2007-8 2008-9 3 Years Average S No

Nam

e of

Cro

p

Name of Taluka Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (acres)

Sanghar 1815 1907 1573 1765 4361

Sinjhoro 1320 1891 1003 1405 3471

Shahdadpur 2276 2327 1593 2065 5104

Tando Adam 710 1131 436 759 1876

Jam Nawaz Ali 271 307 312 297 733

Khipro 310 297 431 346 855

6

Onio

ns

TOTAL 6702 7860 5348 6637 16400

Sanghar 23 98 98 73 180

Sinjhoro 57 185 185 142 352

Shahdadpur 38 165 165 123 303

Tando Adam 40 170 170 127 313

Jam Nawaz Ali 28 53 53 45 110

Khipro 104 263 263 210 519

7

Chillies

TOTAL 290 934 934 719 1778

Sanghar 315 238 228 260 643

Sinjhoro Not grown their

Shahdadpur Not grown their

Tando Adam Not grown their

Jam Nawaz Ali Not grown their

Khipro Not grown their

8

Gro

undnuts

TOTAL 315 238 228 260 643

Sanghar 67 15 41 101

Sinjhoro 348 10 179 442

Shahdadpur 174 17 96 236

Tando Adam 251 19 135 334

Jam Nawaz Ali 72 21 47 115

Khipro 513 15

Data was not

available

264 652

9

Bajra (Fodder)

TOTAL 1425 97 761 1880

Sanghar 213 208 211 520

Sinjhoro 415 317 366 904

Shahdadpur 327 418 373 920

Tando Adam 267 273 270 667

Jam Nawaz Ali 176 190 183 452

Khipro 721 638

Data was not

available

680 1679

10

Maize (F

odder

)

TOTAL 2119 2044 2082 5143

“continued on the next page”

62

Table 4.1: Taluka-wise data of crop production for the period 2006-09 (continued)

2006-07 2007-8 2008-9 3 Years Average S No

Nam

e of

Cro

p

Name of Taluka Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (hectares)

Area (acres)

Sanghar 1063 1130 1097 2710

Sinjhoro 810 978 894 2209

Shahdadpur 1524 1638 1581 3907

Tando Adam 1721 1827 1774 4384

Jam Nawaz Ali 1215 1310 1263 3120

Khipro 1719 1748

Data was not

available

1734 4284

11

Jowar (F

odder

)

TOTAL 8052 8631 8342 20612

Sanghar 2198 2213 2213 2208 5456

Sinjhoro 1011 1073 1073 1052 2600

Shahdadpur 1501 1578 1578 1552 3836

Tando Adam 1401 1487 1487 1458 3604

Jam Nawaz Ali 497 533 533 521 1287

Khipro 1810 287 287 795 1964

12

Rabi Fodder

TOTAL 8418 7171 7171 7587 18747

Sanghar 10 47 29 70

Sinjhoro 7 53 30 74

Shahdadpur 20 72 46 114

Tando Adam 11 79 45 111

Jam Nawaz Ali 0 37 19 46

Khipro 4 39

Data was not

available

22 53

13

Rabi Veg

etables

TOTAL 52 327 190 468

Sanghar 60 26 43 106

Sinjhoro 17 18 18 43

Shahdadpur 31 16 24 58

Tando Adam 25 22 24 58

Jam Nawaz Ali 8 8 8 20

Khipro 7 20

Data was not

available

14 33

14

Kharif Veg

etables

TOTAL 148 110 129 319

Sanghar 37 41 39 39 96

Sinjhoro 126 131 125 127 315

Shahdadpur 774 781 778 778 1922

Tando Adam 1340 1347 1350 1346 3325

Jam Nawaz Ali 57 59 57 58 142

Khipro 49 51 47 49 121

15

Banana

TOTAL 2383 2410 2396 2396 5921

63

3.2 TALUKA-WISE QUANTIFICATION OF WASTE AGRICULTURAL

BIOMASS

On the basis of the results of the field survey and by analyzing the data of the

crops cultivated in district Sanghar, five major crops those are wheat, cotton, sugarcane,

rice and canola and one fruit that is banana were selected for the quantification of their

residues. The residue of the banana is its plant, where as the residue of wheat and canola

is only their straw. On the other hand the cotton has two residues first is its stalks and

the second is its ginning waste. Similarly the sugarcane and rice have both field and

process residues. Sugarcane has its tops and baggase, where as rice has its straw and husk.

The quantity of waste agricultural biomass for each taluka of district Sanghar was

calculated by using Eq. (4.1).

QPY = AAC ×××× CY ×××× YRR ×××× (0.04) (4.1)

where

QPY = Quantity of WAB per year (tons)

AAC = Annual Area Cultivated (acres)

CY = Crop Yield (mons/acre)

CRR = Crop to Residue Ratio

It is to be noted that, the annual area cultivated for each of the crop in each

taluka of Sanghar was taken from the data, which is provided by the Crop Reporting

Services Pakistan, where as the yield and the crop to residue ratio of each crop in each

taluka were taken from the results of the field survey. Taluka-wise quantity of WAB is

represented in following sub sections.

4.2.1 Quantity of WAB in taluka Sanghar

The estimation of the waste agricultural biomass in taluka Sanghar is shown in

Table 4.2. The total quantity of the WAB generated in taluka Sanghar is about 431 kilo-

tons, out of that about 229 kilo-tons comes only from cotton stalks. The second largest

crop residue in taluka Sanghar is wheat that accounts about 73 kilo-tons. Moreover

maximum quantity of sugarcane tops is being generated in taluka Sanghar, which is about

68 kilo-tons.

64

Table 4.2: Quantity of WAB in taluka Sanghar

S No

Name of Crop

Annual Area Cultivated (acres)

Crop Yield (mons/ acre)

Residue Type

Crop to Residue Ratio

Quantity per year (tons)

1 Wheat 55431 33 Straw 1.000 73168

Stalks 3.000 229177

2 Cotton 57873 33

Gin Waste 0.135 10313

Tops 0.300 68163

3 Sugarcane 9760 582

Bagasse 0.147 33400

Straw 1.100 7403

4 Rice 3059 55

Husk 0.500 3365

5 Canola 7550 16 Straw 1.100 5315

6 Banana 96 ----- Plant 367* 1415

TOTAL Quantity of WAB 431719 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre

4.2.2 Quantity of WAB in taluka Sinjhoro

The estimation of the waste agricultural biomass in taluka Sinjhoro is shown in

Table 4.3. The total quantity of the WAB generated there is about 594 kilo-tons, which is

the largest quantity of WAB in all the six talukas of district Sanghar. In Sinjhoro

maximum quantity of WAb comes from cotton stalks that is 318 kilo-tons, where as the

minimum comes from canola straw that is 2.66 kilo-tons. In taluka Sinjhoro the quantity

of the rice straw and rice husk are in the order of about 20 kilo-tons and 10 kilo-tons,

which is the maximum quantity of these residues in all the six talukas of district Sanghar.

Table 4.3: Quantity of WAB in taluka Sinjhoro

S No

Name of Crop

Annual Area Cultivated (acres)

Crop Yield (mons/ acre)

Residue Type

Crop to Residue Ratio

Quantity per year (tons)

1 Wheat 74692 46 Straw 1.000 137433

Stalks 3.000 318193

2 Cotton 66290 40

Gin Waste 0.135 14319

Tops 0.300 58917

3 Sugarcane 5859 838

Bagasse 0.147 28869

Straw 1.100 20188

4 Rice 8657 53

Husk 0.500 9176

5 Canola 2633 23 Straw 1.100 2665

6 Banana 315 ----- Plant 367* 4619

TOTAL Quantity of WAB 594378 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre

65

4.2.3 Quantity of WAB in taluka Shahdadpur

The quantity of WAB generated in taluka Shahdadpur is represented in Table 4.4.

The estimated quantity of the WAB is about 536 kilo-tons, which is the second largest

quantity of WAB, after taluka Sinjhoro. The maximum mass of the WAB comes from

cotton stalks that is 315 kilo-tons, where as minimum comes from rice husk that

accounts only about 1.28 kilo-tons.

Table 4.4: Quantity of WAB in taluka Shahdadpur

S No

Name of Crop

Annual Area Cultivated (acres)

Crop Yield (mons/ acre)

Residue Type

Crop to Residue Ratio

Quantity per year (tons)

1 Wheat 69410 41 Straw 1.000 113833

Stalks 3.000 315145

2 Cotton 70979 37

Gin Waste 0.135 14182

Tops 0.300 38997

3 Sugarcane 3660 888

Bagasse 0.147 19109

Straw 1.100 2817

4 Rice 1362 47

Husk 0.500 1281

5 Canola 2707 22 Straw 1.100 2620

6 Banana 1922 ----- Plant 367* 28210

TOTAL Quantity of WAB 536193 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre

4.2.4 Quantity of WAB in taluka Tando Adam

The quantity of the waste agricultural biomass for taluka Tando Adam is shown

in Table 4.5. The total quantity of the WAB is about 313 kilo-tons. The major shares in

this comes from cotton stalks, wheat straw and sugarcane tops, which are in the order of

127 kilo-tons, 52 kilo-tons and 46 kilo-tons respectively. The quantity of the banana plant

generated in taluka Tando Adam is about 49 kilo-tons, which is the maximum quantity of

banana plants’ waste in all the six talukas of district Sanghar.

66

Table 4.5: Quantity of WAB in taluka Tando Adam

S No

Name of Crop

Annual Area Cultivated (acres)

Crop Yield (mons/ acre)

Residue Type

Crop to Residue Ratio

Quantity per year (tons)

1 Wheat 33041 40 Straw 1.000 52866

Stalks 3.000 127779

2 Cotton 30424 35

Gin Waste 0.135 5750

Tops 0.300 46770

3 Sugarcane 4890 797

Bagasse 0.147 22917

Straw 1.100 4333

4 Rice 1931 51

Husk 0.500 1969

5 Canola 2473 20 Straw 1.100 2176

6 Banana 3325 ----- Plant 367* 48814

TOTAL Quantity of WAB 313375 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre

4.2.5 Quantity of WAB in taluka Jam Nawaz Ali

The estimated quantity of the WAB for taluka Jam Nawaz Ali is shown in Table

4.6. The total quantity of the WAB generated there is about 188 kilo-tons, which is the

minimum quantity of the WAB in all the six talukas of district Sanghar. The maximum

mass in this quantity comes from cotton stalks, that are about 114 kilo-tons, where as

minimum mass comes from canola straw, which accounts 0.734 kilo-tons.

Table 4.6: Quantity of WAB in taluka Jam Nawaz Ali

S No

Name of Crop

Annual Area Cultivated (acres)

Crop Yield (mons/ acre)

Residue Type

Crop to Residue Ratio

Quantity per year (tons)

1 Wheat 21776 34 Straw 1.000 29615

Stalks 3.000 114480

2 Cotton 21682 44

Gin Waste 0.135 5152

Tops 0.300 17728

3 Sugarcane 1700 869

Bagasse 0.147 8687

Straw 1.100 6660

4 Rice 3291 46

Husk 0.500 3027

5 Canola 1043 16 Straw 1.100 734

6 Banana 142 ----- Plant 367* 2092

TOTAL Quantity of WAB 188176 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre

67

4.2.6 Quantity of WAB in taluka Khipro

Khipro is the largest taluka of district Sanghar. The estimation of WAB generated

there is shown in Table 4.7. The total quantity of the WAB was about 469 kilo-tons, out

of that 318 kilo-tons comes from cotton stalks only, where as canola straw contributes

the minimum quantity that is about 1.5 kilo-tons.

Table 4.7: Quantity of WAB in taluka Khipro

S No

Name of Crop

Annual Area Cultivated (acres)

Crop Yield (mons/ acre)

Residue Type

Crop to Residue Ratio

Quantity per year (tons)

1 Wheat 45106 48 Straw 1.000 86603

Stalks 3.000 318356

2 Cotton 55270 48

Gin Waste 0.135 14326

Tops 0.300 22220

3 Sugarcane 1939 955

Bagasse 0.147 10888

Straw 1.100 9335

4 Rice 7072 30

Husk 0.500 4243

5 Canola 1891 18 Straw 1.100 1498

6 Banana 121 ----- Plant 367* 1777

TOTAL Quantity of WAB 469247 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre

4.3 SUMMARY OF QUANTIFICATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT

SANGHAR

The total quantity of all the nine residues for district Sanghar is represented in

Table 4.8 below. As an aggregate the total quantity of the WAB in district Sanghar is

2533 kilo-tons. It can be observed that the share of cotton stalks is 1423 kilo-tons, which

is about 56% of the total WAB generates in district Sanghar. The minimum WAB was

estimated in account of canola straw that is 15 kilo-tons and is only 6% to the total WAB

generated in district Sanghar. In addition to this wheat straw, cotton gin waste, sugarcane

tops, baggase, rice straw, rice husk and banana plants’ waste accounts 494 kilo-tons, 64

kilo-tons, 253 kilo-tons, 124 kilo-tons, 51 kilo-tons, 23 kilo-tons and 87 kilo-tons

respectively.

68

Table 4.8: Total quantity of WAB in district Sanghar (kilo-tones)

S No

Name of Taluka

Crop Residue

Sanghar

Sin

jhoro

Shahdad-

pur

Tando

Adam

Jam

Nawaz

Ali

Khip

ro

TO

TAL

1 Wheat Straw 73.17 137.43 113.83 52.87 29.62 86.60 494

2 Cotton Stalks 229.18 318.19 315.14 127.78 114.48 318.36 1423

3 Cotton Gin Waste 10.31 14.32 14.18 5.75 5.15 14.33 64

4 Sugarcane Tops 68.16 58.92 39.00 46.77 17.73 22.22 253

5 Baggase 33.40 28.87 19.11 22.92 8.69 10.89 124

6 Rice Straw 7.40 20.19 2.82 4.33 6.66 9.34 51

7 Rice Husk 3.37 9.18 1.28 1.97 3.03 4.24 23

8 Canola Straw 5.32 2.66 2.62 2.18 0.73 1.50 15

9 Banana Plant 1.41 4.62 28.21 48.81 2.09 1.78 87

TOTAL 432 594 536 313 188 469 2533

69

PART- V

ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT

SANGHAR

70

PART- V

ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR

3.3 TAULKA-WISE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB

In section 4.2, the quantity of waste agricultural biomass was calculated.

Adopting that estimated quantity for nine residues, the taulka-wise energy contained in

the waste agricultural biomass was worked out. The total energy equivalent was

calculated by using Eq. (5.1). The term total energy equivalent referred to as and energy

that can be obtained from total estimated quantity of WAB.

TEE = ( )610184.4 −××× HCVQPY (5.1)

where

TEE = Total Energy Equivalent (TJ),

QPY = Quantity of WAB per Year (tons), and

HCV = Higher Calorific Value (kcal/kg)

Then available energy equivalent was calculated the by using Eq. (5.2). The term

available energy referred to as an energy that can be obtained from the WAB, which is

either surplus or disposed off.

AEE = TEE × AF (5.2)

where

AEE = Available Energy Equivalent (TJ), and

AF = Availability Factor

The surplus residues include wheat straw, Cotton gin waste, sugarcane baggase,

rice husk and canola straw, as they can be purchased and be utilized for getting energy.

The availability factor of the surplus residues depends on their quantity, which is being

sold by the farmer or mill.

On the other hand, the residues like cotton stalks, sugarcane tops, Rice straw and

banana plant have very high quantity, which is being wasted since long, thus they are

addressed as disposed off WAB. Their availability factor depends on the quantity being

burnt out or thrown away.

71

The availability factor for cotton gin waste and canola straw was taken as 100%,

as their total quantity generated was available and can be purchased, where as for baggase

it was taken as 5% that can be obtained from Sanghar Sugar Mill. The availability factor

for wheat straw, banana plants’ waste, cotton stalks, sugarcane tops and rice straw was

taken from field survey results of each taulka, which is either available and can be

purchased in case of wheat straw or burnt into the field. On the other hand the

availability factor for rice husk assumed as 50%.

The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Sanghar is

shown in Table 5.1. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 6,528 TJ, where as the

available energy equivalent was calculated as 2,813 TJ, which is equal to 43% of the total

energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Sanghar maximum energy can be

obtained from sugarcane tops that is 1,038 TJ, where as the minimum can be obtained

from banana plants’ waste that is 19 TJ.

Table 5.1: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Sanghar

S No

Name of Crop Residue

Quantity per year (tons)

Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)

Total Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

Availability Factor

Available Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

1 Wheat Straw 73168 3443 1054 0.50 527

2 Cotton Stalks 229177 3649 3499 0.25 875

3 Cotton Gin Waste 10313 3268 141 1.00 141

4 Sugarcane Tops 68163 3639 1038 1.00 1038

5 Baggase 33400 3910 546 0.05 27

6 Rice Straw 7403 3349 104 0.80 83

7 Rice Husk 3365 3418 48 0.50 24

8 Canola Straw 5315 3525 78 1.00 78

9 Banana Plant 1415 3201 19 1.00 19

TOTAL 431,719 ----- 6,528 ----- 2,813

The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Sinjhoro is

shown in Table 5.2. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 8,919 TJ, where as the

available energy equivalent was calculated as 4,690 TJ, which is equal to 53% of the total

energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Sinjhoro maximum energy can be

obtained from cotton stalks that is 2,186 TJ, where as the minimum can be obtained

from baggase that is 24 TJ. Moreover energy that can be obtained from rice straw in

taulka Sinjhoro was calculated as 212 TJ, which is the maximum energy that can be

obtained from rice straw in all the six talukas of district Sanghar.

72

Table 5.2: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Sinjhoro

S No

Name of Crop Residue

Quantity per year (tons)

Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)

Total Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

Availability Factor

Available Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

1 Wheat Straw 137433 3443 1980 0.60 1188

2 Cotton Stalks 318193 3649 4859 0.45 2186

3 Cotton Gin Waste 14319 3268 196 1.00 196

4 Sugarcane Tops 58917 3639 897 0.80 718

5 Baggase 28869 3910 472 0.05 24

6 Rice Straw 20188 3349 283 0.75 212

7 Rice Husk 9176 3418 131 0.50 66

8 Canola Straw 2665 3525 39 1.00 39

9 Banana Plant 4619 3201 62 1.00 62

TOTAL 594,378 ----- 8,919 ----- 4,690

The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka

Shahdadpur is shown in Table 5.3. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 8,027

TJ, where as the available energy equivalent was calculated as 2,406 TJ, which is equal to

53% of the total energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Shahdadpur maximum

energy can be obtained from cotton stalks that is 2,186 TJ, where as the minimum can be

obtained from rice husk that is 9 TJ.

Table 5.3: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Shahdadpur

S No

Name of Crop Residue

Quantity per year (tons)

Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)

Total Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

Availability Factor

Available Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

1 Wheat Straw 113833 3443 1640 0.45 738

2 Cotton Stalks 315145 3649 4812 0.50 2406

3 Cotton Gin Waste 14182 3268 194 1.00 194

4 Sugarcane Tops 38997 3639 594 0.80 475

5 Baggase 19109 3910 313 0.05 16

6 Rice Straw 2817 3349 39 0.70 28

7 Rice Husk 1281 3418 18 0.50 9

8 Canola Straw 2620 3525 39 1.00 39

9 Banana Plant 28210 3201 378 1.00 378

TOTAL 536,193 ----- 8,027 ----- 4,282

The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Tando

Adam is shown in Table 5.4. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 4,653 TJ,

73

where as the available energy equivalent was calculated as 3,235 TJ, which is equal to

69% of the total energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Tando Adam maximum

energy can be obtained from cotton stalks that is 1,366 TJ, where as the minimum can be

obtained from rice husk that is 14 TJ. Moreover energy that can be obtained from

banana plants’ waste in taulka Tando Adam was calculated as 654 TJ, which is the

maximum energy that can be obtained from banana plants’ waste in all the six talukas of

district Sanghar.

Table 5.4: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Tando Adam

S No

Name of Crop Residue

Quantity per year (tons)

Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)

Total Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

Availability Factor

Available Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

1 Wheat Straw 52866 3443 762 0.60 457

2 Cotton Stalks 127779 3649 1951 0.70 1366

3 Cotton Gin Waste 5750 3268 79 1.00 79

4 Sugarcane Tops 46770 3639 712 0.80 570

5 Baggase 22917 3910 375 0.05 19

6 Rice Straw 4333 3349 61 0.75 46

7 Rice Husk 1969 3418 28 0.50 14

8 Canola Straw 2176 3525 32 1.00 32

9 Banana Plant 48814 3201 654 1.00 654

TOTAL 313,375 ----- 4,653 ----- 3,235

The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Jam Nawaz

Ali is shown in Table 5.5. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 2,833 TJ, where

as the available energy equivalent was calculated as 2,078 TJ, which is equal to 73% of the

total energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Jam Nawaz Ali maximum energy can

be obtained from cotton stalks that is 1,398 TJ, where as the minimum can be obtained

from baggase that is 7 TJ.

74

Table 5.5: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Jam Nawaz Ali

S No

Name of Crop Residue

Quantity per year (tons)

Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)

Total Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

Availability Factor

Available Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

1 Wheat Straw 29615 3443 427 0.60 256

2 Cotton Stalks 114480 3649 1748 0.80 1398

3 Cotton Gin Waste 5152 3268 70 1.00 70

4 Sugarcane Tops 17728 3639 270 0.80 216

5 Baggase 8687 3910 142 0.05 7

6 Rice Straw 6660 3349 93 0.75 70

7 Rice Husk 3027 3418 43 0.50 22

8 Canola Straw 734 3525 11 1.00 11

9 Banana Plant 2092 3201 28 1.00 28

TOTAL 188,176 ----- 2,833 ----- 2,078

The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Khipro is

shown in Table 5.6. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 7,059 TJ, where as the

available energy equivalent was calculated as 4,365 TJ, which is equal to 62% of the total

energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Khipro maximum energy can be obtained

from cotton stalks that is 3,160 TJ, where as the minimum can be obtained from baggase

that is 9 TJ.

Table 5.6: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Khipro

S No

Name of Crop Residue

Quantity per year (tons)

Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)

Total Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

Availability Factor

Available Energy

Equivalent (TJ)

1 Wheat Straw 86603 3443 1248 0.44 549

2 Cotton Stalks 318356 3649 4861 0.65 3160

3 Cotton Gin Waste 14326 3268 196 1.00 196

4 Sugarcane Tops 22220 3639 338 0.80 271

5 Baggase 10888 3910 178 0.05 9

6 Rice Straw 9335 3349 131 0.80 105

7 Rice Husk 4243 3418 61 0.50 30

8 Canola Straw 1498 3525 22 1.00 22

9 Banana Plant 1777 3201 24 1.00 24

TOTAL 469,247 ----- 7,059 ----- 4,365

75

3.4 ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR

The available energy of all the nine residues is represented in Table 5.7. The total

energy equivalent in district Sanghar was estimated as 38 PJ, where as the available energy

potential was 21.5 PJ, which is equal to 56% of the total energy equivalent in district

Sanghar.

Table 5.7: Total energy potential of WAB in district Sanghar N

am

e of

Taulk

a

Sanghar

Sin

jhoro

Shahd-

adpur

Tando

Adam

Jam

N

awaz

Ali

Khip

ro

TOTAL

Total Energy Equivalent (TJ) 6528 8919 8027 4653 2833 7059 38,018

Available Energy Equivalent (TJ) 2813 4690 4282 3235 2078 4365 21,464

Electricity Generation (MWh) 156250 260580 237883 179742 115469 242505 1192,429

Pant Size (MW) 20 33 30 23 15 31 151

The available energy equivalent is that energy, which can be utilized for

generating electricity. The electricity that can be generated from available energy

equivalent was estimated in terms of MWh by using Eq. (5.3) in which the overall

efficiency of the plant was considered as 20% [Frear et. al (2005)].

Electricity Generation (MWh) = AEE × 0.2 × 277.778 (5.3)

The size of the plant that can be installed in each taulka of Sanghar district was

figured in terms of MW by applying Eq. (5.4), on believing that plant will remain in

operation for 330 days in a year [D. Alfonso et al. (2007)].

Pant Size (MW) = Electricity Generation (5.4)

330 × 24

It can be observed from Table 6.7. that, by using available energy of waste

agricultural biomass, we can generate about 1192 million units of electricity by installing

the power plant of 150 MW. Moreover the same number of units can be generated if the

decentralized approach is adopted for each taulka.

76

3.5 ENERGY FROM DISPOSED OFF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR

The true sense of the Waste Agricultural Biomass is the energy that we can

obtained from the disposed off agricultural residues. The quantity and energy of disposed

off WAB, that can be obtained from cotton stalks, sugarcane tops, rice straw and banana

plant in each taulka of district Sanghar was calculated by using Eq. (5.5) and Eq. (5.6)

respectively and is represented in Table 5.8.

QDW = QPY × AF (5.5)

EDW = ( )610184.4 −××× HCVQDW (5.6)

where

QDW = Total Quantity of Disposed off WAB (tons),

QPY = Quantity of WAB per Year (tons),

AF = Availability Factor,

EDW = Energy in disposed off WAB (TJ), and

HCV = Higher Calorific Value (kcal/kg)

As per results the disposed off quantity of WAB in taulka Sanghar, Sinjhoro,

Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali and Khipro is in the order of 133 kilo-tons,

210 kilo-tons, 219 kilo-tons, 179 kilo-tons, 113 kilo-tons and 234 kilo-tons respectively,

where as the total quantity of the disposed off WAB in district Sanghar was estimated as

1088 kilo-tons.

In the same way, the energy that can be obtained from disposed off WAB in

taulka Sanghar, Sinjhoro, Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali and Khipro is in the

order of 2015 TJ, 3178 TJ, 3287 TJ, 2635 TJ, 1712 TJ and 3559 TJ respectively, where as

the total energy of the disposed off WAB in district Sanghar was estimated as 16,385 TJ.

77

Table 5.8 Energy potential of disposed off WAB in district Sanghar

Taulk

a

Name of Crop Residue

QPY (tons)

AF QDO

(tons/year) HCV

(kcal/kg) EDO

(TJ/year)

Cotton Stalks 229177 0.25 57294 3649 875

Sugarcane Tops 68163 1.00 68163 3639 1038

Rice Straw 7403 0.80 5923 3349 83

Banana Plant 1415 1.00 1415 3201 19 San

ghar

Sub- total 306157 ---- 132794 ---- 2015

Cotton Stalks 318193 0.45 143187 3649 2186

Sugarcane Tops 58917 0.80 47133 3639 718

Rice Straw 20188 0.75 15141 3349 212

Banana Plant 4619 1.00 4619 3201 62 Sin

jho

ro

Sub- total 401916 ---- 210080 ---- 3178

Cotton Stalks 315145 0.50 157572 3649 2406

Sugarcane Tops 38997 0.80 31198 3639 475

Rice Straw 2817 0.70 1972 3349 28

Banana Plant 28210 1.00 28210 3201 378

Shah

dad

pu

r

Sub- total 385169 ---- 218952 ---- 3287

Cotton Stalks 127779 0.70 89445 3649 1366

Sugarcane Tops 46770 0.80 37416 3639 570

Rice Straw 4333 0.75 3249 3349 46

Banana Plant 48814 1.00 48814 3201 654

Tan

do

Ad

am

Sub- total 227696 ---- 178925 ---- 2635

Cotton Stalks 114480 0.80 91584 3649 1398

Sugarcane Tops 17728 0.80 14183 3639 216

Rice Straw 6660 0.75 4995 3349 70

Banana Plant 2092 1.00 2092 3201 28

Jam

Naw

az A

li

Sub- total 140961 ---- 112854 ---- 1712

Cotton Stalks 318356 0.65 206931 3649 3160

Sugarcane Tops 22220 0.80 17776 3639 271

Rice Straw 9335 0.80 7468 3349 105

Banana Plant 1777 1.00 1777 3201 24 Kh

ipro

Sub- total 351689 ---- 233953 ---- 3559

GRAND TOTAL 1,813,588 ---- 1,087,558 ---- 16,385

3.6 SAVING ENERGY FROM DISPOSED OFF WAB

If we utilize the disposed off waste agricultural biomass available in district

Sanghar, then we can save equivalent energy in terms of heat or electrical energy. If we

convert heat energy contained in disposed off WAB into electricity with overall efficiency

of 20%, then we can generate 910,293,130 units of electricity (kWh). In order to get these

78

units of electricity the plant size could be 115 MW, considering 330 days of plant

operation.

A little consideration will show that if we save 16,385 TJ of heat energy per year

by utilizing disposed off WAB, then we can save 1,070 kilo-tons of fire wood by

comparing to the calorific value of the saw dust.

3.7 SAVING ENVIRONMENT BY USING DISPOSED OFF WAB

On the other hand if we will save 1,6385 TJ of heat energy comes from burning

of 1,088 kilo-tons of disposed off WAB, then we be able to decrease huge quantity of air

pollution, which is being released into the atmosphere since many decades. The quantity

of emissions by burning of the disposed off WAB was estimated as shown in Table 5.9,

by using the emission factors for air dried WAB in Pakistan [S.C. Bhattacharya el al.

(2000)].

Table 5.9: Emission factors & quantity for disposed off WAB in Sanghar

Emission factors (g/kg of air dried WAB)

CO2 CO CH4 TSP SOX NOX

1132.90 49.80 2.55 7.45 3.15 1.22 Estimated quantity of Emissions

(tons)

Disposed off Quantity of

WAB (tons)

CO2 CO CH4 TSP SOX NOX

1,087,558 1232095 54160 2773 8102 3426 1327

According to the approximation framed by above reference we come to know

that, by saving 1814 kilo-tons of disposed off WAB we can save 1232 kilo-tons of

Carbon dioxide, 54160 tons of Carbon mono-oxide, 2773 tons of Methane, 8102 tons of

Total suspended particles, 3426 tons of sulphur oxides and 1327 tons of nitrogen oxides.

Moreover a huge quantity of the gaseous pollution can be reduced, by proper

combustion of WAB, which is burnt either for cooking by the farmers or by Sanghar

Sugar Mill in their boilers.

3.8 SUMMARY OF ENERGY POTENTAIL OF WAB IN SANGHAR

The available energy of all the nine residues is presented in Table 5.7. The total

energy equivalent in district Sanghar was estimated as 38 PJ, where as the available energy

potential was 21.5 PJ, which is equal to 56% of the total energy equivalent in district

79

Sanghar. The available energy from waste agricultural biomass could be generated about

1192 million units of electricity by installing the power plant of 150 MW. By utilizing the

disposed off waste agricultural biomass in district Sanghar could save equivalent energy

in terms of heat or electrical energy equivalent to 910,293,130 units (kWh).

By utilization of 1814 kilo-tons of disposed off WAB could reduce the emissions

of 1232 kilo-tons of Carbon dioxide, 54160 tons of Carbon mono-oxide, 2773 tons of

Methane, 8102 tons of Total suspended particles, 3426 tons of sulphur oxides and 1327

tons of nitrogen oxides into the environment.

80

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[07] Demirbas- A, Demirbas- MF. (2003) ”Biomass and wastes: upgrading alternative fuels”, Energy Sources; vol25: pp. 317–29

[08] District Profile (2005), Population Welfare department district Sanghar, Government of Sindh.

[09] Frear, C., Zhao, B., Fu, G., Richardson, M., Chen, S., and Fuchs, M.R. (2005). "Biomass Inventory and Bioenergy Assessment: An Evaluation of Organic Material Resources for Bioenergy Production in Washington State", Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University and the Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program, Department of Ecology, publication No. 05-07-047

[10] Gilbert M. Masters (2007), Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 2nd edition, Pearson Education, Inc, pp. 191

[11] Khanji Harijan, Muhammad Aslam Uqaili, and Mujeebuddin Memon, (2004), “Estimation of the Potential of Biogas Production from Livestock Residue in Pakistan”, Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering Technology, Volume 23, No. 4, pp.257 – 266

[12] Martin Tampier, (2009) “Comparing lifecycle data and maximizing GHG emission reductions from biomass”, Envirochem Services Inc., Ministry of Natural Resources Canadahttp://www.cec.org/pubs_docs/documents/ index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=1561

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[13] MIRZA Umar K. AHMAD Nasir MAJEED Tariq, (2008), An overview of biomass energy utilization in Pakistan, Renewable & sustainable energy review, vol. 12, no7, pp. 1988-1996

[14] Moh'd Abu-Qudais, Hani A. Abu-Qdais, (2000), “Energy content of municipal solid waste in Jordan and its potential utilization”, Elsevier Research Journal of Energy Conversion & Management vol.41 pp.983-991

[15] Mujeebuddin Memon, Khanji Harijan, Mohammad Aslam Uqaili, Umar K. Mirza (2006) “Potential of crop residues as energy source in Pakistan” proceedings World Renewable Energy Congress IX, 19 – 25 August 2006 Florence- Italy

[16] Pedro Anselmo Filhoa, Ossama Badrb, (2004), “Biomass resources for energy in North-Eastern Brazil”, Elsevier Research Journal of Applied Energy vol.77 pp. 51–67

[17] R.M. Jingura, R.Matengaifa (2008), “The potential for energy production from crop residues in Zimbabwe”, ELSEVIER journal of Biomass and Bioenergy vol.32 (2008) pp. 1287–1292

[18] Ramachandra TV, Kamakshi G, Shruthi BV. (2004) “Bioresource status in Karnataka” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews; 8:1–47

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[21] Shijian Yang, Hongping He, Shangling Lu, Dong Chen, Jianxi Zhu (2008), “Quantification of crop residue burning in the field and its influence on ambient air quality in Suqian, China”, Elsevier, Atmospheric Environment vol. 42 pp. 1961–1969

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82

Appendix A

Results of TGA Analysis

Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Banana Plant 01 Size: 21.4090 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 16:52 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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19.90min105.00°C95.24%

32.19min550.00°C35.69%

34.89min592.47°C18.67%

35.70min550.00°C17.24%

0

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eigh

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments TGA graphical result of banana Plant sample # 01

Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Banana Plant 02 Size: 26.4410 mg Run Date: 2009-10-29 08:30 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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21.03min105.00°C92.83%

33.17min550.00°C34.47%

35.65min597.52°C18.08%

42.16min548.48°C16.17%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments TGA graphical result of banana Plant sample # 02

83

Sample: Baggase sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Baggase 01

Size: 17.7980 mg Run Date: 2009-10-23 12:10 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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4.20min105.00°C98.23%

30.81min550.00°C23.47%

35.08min550.00°C4.126%

34.00min589.37°C5.896%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of baggase sample # 01

Sample: Baggase sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Baggase 02 Size: 23.6410 mg Run Date: 2009-10-26 11:00 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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6.25min105.00°C95.54%

32.46min550.00°C24.13%

35.70min593.65°C7.868%

36.88min550.00°C5.315%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of baggase sample # 02

84

Sample: Canola sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Canola 01

Size: 21.1470 mg Run Date: 2009-10-22 10:43 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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6.19min105.00°C90.33%

32.26min550.00°C28.42%

35.06min581.91°C18.43%

40.16min550.90°C9.999%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Canola sample # 01

Sample: Canola sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Canola 02 Size: 19.2170 mg Run Date: 2009-10-23 10:38 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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6.38min105.00°C91.50%

32.69min550.00°C28.61%

35.08min577.44°C18.40%

40.74min550.00°C9.077%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Canola sample # 02

85

Sample: Cotton Stalks sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Cotton Stalks 01 Size: 32.4640 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 11:08 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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6.30min105.00°C94.68%

31.96min550.00°C34.62%

36.07min606.59°C12.74%

41.03min550.00°C9.976%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Cotton Stalks sample # 01

Sample: Cotton Stalks sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Cotton Stalks 02 Size: 29.7200 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 12:37 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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5.85min105.00°C95.62%

31.96min550.00°C34.77%

35.92min604.83°C13.14%

40.66min550.00°C9.982%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Cotton Stalks sample # 02

86

Sample: Maize Cob sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Maize Cob 01 Size: 30.0570 mg Run Date: 2009-10-31 09:27 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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21.00min105.00°C94.27%

33.15min550.00°C26.31%

36.02min599.19°C8.477%

36.84min550.00°C6.348%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Maize Cob sample # 01

Sample: Maize Cob sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Maize Cob 02 Size: 25.7730 mg Run Date: 2009-10-31 10:51 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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20.17min105.00°C96.57%

32.41min550.00°C27.17%

35.30min596.05°C9.167%

36.14min550.00°C7.102%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Maize Cob sample # 02

87

Sample: Rice Husk sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Rice Husk 01

Size: 30.4570 mg Run Date: 2009-10-31 12:07 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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15.01min105.00°C95.41%

27.27min550.00°C36.76%

29.93min592.27°C23.78%

31.28min550.00°C20.59%

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Rice Husk sample # 01

Sample: Rice Husk sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Rice Husk 02

Size: 30.3560 mg Run Date: 2009-10-31 13:17 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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14.96min105.00°C94.99%

27.19min550.00°C36.76%

29.85min594.45°C23.76%

31.10min550.00°C20.75%

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Rice Husk sample # 02

88

Sample: Rice Straw sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Rice Straw 01 Size: 28.5540 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 14:00 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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5.46min105.00°C96.47%

31.91min550.00°C36.50%

35.22min597.83°C21.64%

39.92min550.00°C18.77%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Rice Straw sample # 01

Sample: Rice Straw sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Rice Straw 02 Size: 21.7050 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 15:22 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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5.02min105.00°C96.88%

31.49min550.00°C36.46%

34.70min592.82°C22.09%

39.58min550.00°C18.72%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Rice Straw sample # 02

89

Sample: Saw Dust sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Saw Dust 01 Size: 19.5360 mg Run Date: 2009-10-26 12:49 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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4.09min105.00°C96.08%

30.30min550.00°C28.97%

33.90min598.04°C7.410%

34.97min550.00°C5.586%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Saw Dust sample # 01

Sample: Saw Dust sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Saw Dust 02 Size: 24.3880 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 09:28 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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5.93min105.00°C88.57%

31.17min550.00°C28.24%

34.80min602.63°C8.431%

35.78min550.00°C7.021%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Saw Dust sample # 02

90

Sample: Sugarcane Tops sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Sugarcane Tops 01 Size: 31.4290 mg Run Date: 2009-10-29 10:27 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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19.94min105.00°C97.30%

32.15min550.00°C32.63%

35.06min602.20°C15.41%

36.02min550.00°C13.58%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Sugarcane Tops sample # 01

Sample: Sugarcane Tops sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Sugarcane Tops 02 Size: 35.2220 mg Run Date: 2009-10-29 11:24 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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19.81min105.00°C97.84%

32.01min550.00°C32.89%

35.22min603.92°C15.17%

36.17min550.00°C13.65%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Sugarcane Tops sample # 02

91

Sample: Wheat Straw sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Wheat Straw 01 Size: 25.8320 mg Run Date: 2009-10-30 08:37 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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21.01min105.00°C95.50%

33.18min550.00°C34.44%

35.70min597.41°C17.81%

36.80min550.00°C14.75%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of wheat straw sample # 01

Sample: Wheat Straw sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Wheat Straw 02 Size: 24.8270 mg Run Date: 2009-10-30 10:54 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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20.84min105.00°C95.85%

33.02min550.00°C34.22%

35.65min597.72°C16.74%

36.59min550.00°C14.52%

0

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of wheat straw sample # 02

92

Sample: Cotton Gin Waste (seed) File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – CJW seed

Size: 33.675 mg Run Date: 2009- 11 – 19 11:19 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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26.98min550.00°C44.00%

30.93min552.32°C28.24%

29.53min598.02°C31.20%

9.73min105.00°C94.93%

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Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments

TGA graphical result of Cotton Gin Waste (seed)

Sample: Cotton Gin Waste (cotton) File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – CJW cotton Size: 28.8870 mg Run Date: 2009-10-30 10:54 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis

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30.59min548.77°C3.350%

26.99min550.00°C21.93%

29.50min594.83°C5.614%

9.67min105.00°C96.67%

0

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TGA graphical result of Cotton gin Waste (cotton)