Conversion Factors

Metric/English Conversion Factors

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Length Conversion Factors

To convert length from to multiply by

mile (US Statute) inch (in) inch (in) inch (in) foot (ft)

yard (yd)

kilometer (km) millimeter (mm) centimeter (cm)

meter (m) meter (m) meter (m)

1.609347

25.4

2.54

0.0254

0.3048

0.9144

Conversion Symbols

The prefixes and symbols listed below are commonly used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and sub multiples of the SI units.


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Area Conversion Factors

To convert from to multiply by

square foot (sq ft)

square inch (sq in)

square yard (sq yd)

acre (ac)

square meter (sq m)

square meter (sq m)

square meter (sq m)

hectare (ha)

0.09290304

0.00064516

0.83612736

0.4047

Volume Conversion Factors

To convert from to multiply by

cubic inch (cu in)

cubic foot (cu ft)

cubic yard (cu yd)

gallon (gal)

Canada liquid gallon (gal)

Canada liquid gallon (gal)

U.S. liquid gallon (gal)

U.S. liquid fluid ounce (fl oz)

fluid ounce (fl oz)

cubic meter (cu m)

cubic meter (cu m)

cubic meter (cu m)

liter

cubic meter (cu m)

liter

cubic meter (cu m)

milliliters (ml)

cubic meter (cu m)

0.00001639

0.02831685

0.7645549

4.546

0.004546

3.7854118

0.00378541

29.57353

0.00002957


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Force Conversion Factors Force To convert from to multiply by kip (1000 lb) kilogram (kg) 453.6 kip (1000 lb) newton (N) 4,448.222 pound (lb) kilogram (kg) 0.4535924 avoirdupois pound (lb) newton (N) 4.448222

Pressure or Stress Conversion Factors Pressure or stress kip per square megapascal (MPa) 6.894757 inch (ksi) pound per kilogram per 4.8824 square foot (psf) square meter (kg/sq m) pound per square pascal (Pa) 47.88 foot (psf) pound per square pascal (Pa) 6,894.757 inch (psi) pound per square megapascal (MPa) 0.00689476 inch (psi)

Mass Conversion Factors Mass (weight) pound (lb) kilogram (kg) 0.4535924 avoirdupois ton, 2000 lb kilogram (kg) 907.1848 grain kilogram (kg) 0.0000648 Mass (weight) per length kip per linear kilogram per meter (kg/m) 0.001488 foot (klf) pound per linear kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.488 foot (plf) Mass per volume (density) pound per cubic kilogram per cubic 16.01846 foot (pcf) meter (kg/cu m) pound per cubic kilogram per cubic 0.5933 yard (lb/cu yd) meter (kg/cu m)


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Temperature Conversion Factors Temperature degree Fahrenheit (F) degree Celsius (C) tc=(tF-32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (F) kelvin (K) tk = (tF+459.7)/1.8 kelvin (K) degree Celsius (C) tc=tk-273.15 Energy and heat British thermal joule (J) 1055.056 unit(Btu) calorie (cal) joule (J) 4.1868E Btu/degree F x hr x ft2 W/m2 - degree K 5.678263 kilowatt-hour (kwh) joule (J) 3,600,000E British thermal calories per gram 0.55556 unit per pound (Btu/lb) (cal/g) British thermal unit watt (W) 0.2930711 per hour (Btu/hr)

Power Conversion Factors Power horsepower (hp) watt (W) 745.6999 E (550 ft-lb/sec) Velocity mile per hour (mph) kilometer per hour(km/hr) 1.60934 mile per hour (mph) meter per second (m/s) 0.44704 Permeability darcy centimeter per 0.000968 second (cm/sec) feet per day (ft/day) centimeter per 0.000352 second (cm/sec) ---------- *indicates that the factor given is exact. **One U.S. gallon equals 0.8327 Canadian gallon. t--A pascal equals 1.000 newton per square meter. Note: One U.S. gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds (U.S.) at 60 degrees F. One cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds (U.S.). One milliliter of water has a mass of 1 gram and has a volume of one cubic centimeter. One U.S. bag of cement weighs 94 lbs.


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More Useful Conversion Factors USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS Quantity From English To Metric Multiply Units Units by* Length mile km 1.609347 yard m 0.9144** foot m 0.3048** inch mm 25.40** Area square mile km 2 2.590 acre m 2 4047 acre hectare 0.4047 square yard m 2 0.8361 square foot m 2 0.092 90 square inch mm 2 645.2 Volume acre foot m 3 1 233 cubic yard m 3 0.7646 cubic foot m 3 0.028 32 cubic foot L (1000 cm 3) 28.32 100 board feet m 3 0.2360 gallon L (1000 cm 3) 3.785 Mass lb kg 0.4536 kip (1000 lb) metric ton (1000kg) 0.4536 Mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488 Mass/unit area psf kg/m 2 4.882 Mass density pcf kg/m 3 16.02 Force lb N 4.448 kip kN 4.448 Force/unit length plf N/m 14.59 klf kN/m 14.59 Pressure, stress, modules of elasticity psf Pa 47.88 ksf kPa 47.88 psi kPa 6.895 ksi MPa 6.895 Bending moment, ft-lb N . m 1.356 torque, moment of force ft-kip kN . m 1.356 --------------------- * 4 significant digits **denotes exact conversion

USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS


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Quantity From English Units To Metric Units Multiply by* Moment of mass lb . ft kg . m 0.1383 Moment of inertia lb . ft2 kg . m 2 0.042 14 Second moment of area in4 mm4 416 200 Section modulus in3 mm3 16 390 Power ton (refrig) kW 3.517 Btu/s kW 1.054 hp (electric) W 745.7 Btu/h W 0.2931 Volume rate of flow ft 3/s m 3/s 0.028 32 cfm m 3/s 0.000 471 9 cfm L/s 0.4719 mgd m 3/s 0.0438 Velocity, speed ft/s m/s **0.3048 Acceleration f/s 2 m/s 2 0.3048 Momentum lb . ft/sec kg . m/s 0.1383 Angular momentum lb . ft 2/s kg . m 2/s 0.042 14 Plane Angle degree rad 0.017 45 mrad 17.45 --------------------------------- * 4 significant digits **denotes exact conversion


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Sheet Metal Conversion Factors SHEET METAL Most specification references use gage number followed by the decimal inch thickness. Example: 22 gage (0.034 inch) Metric specifications use the absolute mm thickness. It is not the intent of this guidance to change the thickness of currently used sheeting. The following chart may be used to specify sheet metal. The thickness under "Specify" is thinner than the actual gage thickness, since specifications give minimum thickness.

Gage Inch Exact Specify Percent Thinner (mm) (mm) Than "Exact" Value 32 0.0134 0.3404 0.34 0.1 30 0.0157 0.3988 0.39 2.2 28 0.0187 0.4750 0.47 1.1 26 0.0217 0.5512 0.55 0.2 24 0.0276 0.7010 0.70 0.1 22 0.0336 0.8534 0.85 0.4 20 0.0396 1.0058 1.0 0.6 18 0.0516 1.3106 1.3 0.8 16 0.0635 1.6129 1.6 0.8 14 0.0785 1.9939 1.9 4.7 12 0.1084 2.7534 2.7 1.9 10 0.1382 3.5103 3.5 0.3 8 0.1681 4.2697 4.2 1.6

This schedule was developed since no existing material was found to clearly identify existing sheeting in metric units. Until a more efficient method is developed to address this issue, specifiers may wish to retain the gage number in specifications, and couple this with a rounded mm size in parenthesis.


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Pipe Conversion Factors Pipe is one of the most ubiquitous products in construction. It is made of a wide variety of materials, including galvanized steel, black steel, copper, cast iron, concrete, and various plastics such as ABS, PVC, CPVC, polyethylene, and polybutylene, among others. But like wood 2-by-4's which are not really 2 inches by 4 inches, pipe is identified by "nominal" or "trade" names that are related only loosely to actual dimensions. For instance, a 2-inch galvanized steel pipe has n inside diameter of about 2-1/8 inches and an outside diameter of about 2-5/8 inches. It is called "2-inch pipe" only for the sake of convenience. Since few, if any, pipe products have actual dimensions that are in even, round inch-pound numbers, there is no need to convert them to even, round metric numbers. Instead, only their names will change--from inch-pound to metric. Pipe cross sections will not change. Fittings, flanges, couplings, valves, and other piping components will be renamed in like manner as will pipe threads. Here are the inch-pound names for pipe products (called NPS or "nominal pipe size") and their metric equivalents (called DN or "diameter nominal"). The metric names conform to International Standards Organization (ISO) usage and apply to all plumbing, natural gas, heating oil, drainage, and miscellaneous piping used in buildings and civil works projects.

NPS DN NPS DN ---------------------------------------- 1/8" 6 mm 8" 200 mm 3/16" 7 mm 10" 250 mm 1/4" 8 mm 12" 300 mm 3/8" 10 mm 14" 350 mm 1/2" 15 mm 16" 400 mm 5/8" 18 mm 18" 450 mm 3/4" 20 mm 20" 500 mm 1" 25 mm 24" 600 mm 1-1/4" 32 mm 28" 700 mm 1-1/2" 40 mm 30" 750 mm 2" 50 mm 32" 800 mm 2-1/2" 65 mm 36" 900 mm 3" 80 mm 40" 1000 mm 3-1/2" 90 mm 44" 1100 mm 4" 100 mm 48" 1200 mm 4-1/2" 115 mm 52" 1300 mm 5" 125 mm 56" 1400 mm 6" 150 mm 60" 1500 mm **(For pipe over 60 inches, use 1 inch equals 25 mm)


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Metric Symbol To Convert From To

Application Tech

Corres Comptr

Appl Metric Unit English Unit

Multiply Metric Unit by Factor

mm milimeter inch 0.03937 m M meter foot 3.28084 m M meter yard 1.09361

Length

km KM kilometer mile (international) 0.62137

mm2 square milimeters square inch 0.00155

m2 M2 square meters square foot 10.76422 m2 M2 square meters square yard 1.19599

ha HA hectare (10,000 m2) acre 2.47105

Area

km2 square kilometers square mile (U.S. statute) 0.38610

mL mililiter (1 mm3) ounce (U.S. fluid) 0.03381

L L liter (mm3) quart (U.S. liquid) 1.05669 L L liter (mm3) gallon (U.S. liquid) 0.26417 kL KL 1,000 liter 1,000 gallon 0.26417 m3 M3 cubic meter cubic foot 35.31466 m3 M3 cubic meter cubic yard 1.30795

Volume

m3 M3 cubic meter acre-foot 0.00081

L/min liter per minute gallon per minute 0.26417

Discharge m3/s cubic meter

per sec cubic foot per sec 35.31466

kPa kilopascal pound-force per square inch 0.14504 Pa pascal pound-force per square foot 0.02089 MPa megapascal kip per square inch 0.14504

Force per unit area, pressure, stress kPa kilopascal kip per square foot 0.02089 Volume per unit time

m3.h M3H cubic meter hour cubic yard hour 1.30800

N newton pound-force 0.22481 Force

kN kilonewton kip (1,000 lbf) 0.22481

Gravitational Constant m/s2

9.8066 meters per second squared

32.174 feet per second squared N/A

g gram ounce 0.03527 Mass kg KG kilogram pound 2.20462


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Mg MG megagram ton (2,000 lbs) 1.10231

kg/m3 kilogram per cubic meter pound per cubic foot 0.06243

kg/m3 kilogram per cubic meter pound per cubic yard 1.68556 Mass density

Mg/m3 megagram per cubic meter

ton per cubic yard 0.84278

L/m2 liter per square meter gallon per square foot 0.02431

L/m2 liter per square meter gallon per square yard 0.22088 Rate of

application

L/ha liter per hectare gallon per acre 0.10691

Temperature °C degree Celsius Fahrenheit (Tc x 1.8)

+32 N.m newton meter pound-force inch 8.85075

N.m newton meter pound-force foot 0.73756 Torque

kN.m KNM kilonewton meter pound-force foot 737.56212

m/s meter per second feet per second 3.28084

Velocity km/h kilometer per

hour miles per hour 0.62137


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METRIC LANGUAGE AND RULES

This document gives a brief and general overview of the basic units of metric measure and the department conventions in writing and speaking them.

PREFIXES

Prefix Symbol Expression

giga G 1,000,000,000(one billion)mega M 1,000,000 (one million)kilo k 1,000 (one thousand)milli c 0.001 (one thousandth)micro u 0.000001 (one millionth)nano n 0.000000001 (one billionth)

The kilo (k) and milli(m) are most commonly used prefixes for metric units in design and construction.

The prefixes mega (M) for on million, giga (G) for one billion, micro (u) for one millionth, and nano (n) for one billionth are used in some engineering calculations.

The prefixes deci (d) for one tenth, centi (c) for one hundredth, and deca (da) for ten should not be used.

PRONUNCIATION

Observe the following pronunciation conventions: candela Accent the second syllable: can-dell-ah. hectare Accent the first syllable: heck-tare; the second syllable rhymes with

care. joule Rhymes with pool. kilometer Webster's Dictionary finds acceptable with an accent on the first

syllable: kill-o-meter (the o is long), or an accent on the second syllable: kill-om-uh-ter.

pascal Rhymes with rascal. Siemens Sounds like seamen's.


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CONVERSION AND ROUNDING

When converting number from English to metric, the metric value must be carried to a sufficient number of digits to maintain the accuracy implied or required in the English number (11 miles at 1.609 km/mi equals 17.699 km, which should be rounded to 18 km.

When converting mixed English units (feet and inches, pounds and ounces), the primary concern is to maintain the same order of magnitude. Convert the mixed English units to either the smaller or the larger English unit before converting to metric and rounding (10 feet 3 inches = 123 inches; 123 inches x 25.4 mm/inch = 3124.2 mm which should be rounded to 3120 mm; or 10 feet 3 inches = 10.25 ft.; 10.25 ft. x 0.3048 m/ft. = 3.1242 m which should be rounded to 3.12 m).

In a "soft" conversion, an English measurement is converted to its mathematical metric equivalent. With "hard" conversion, a new, rounded, standard rationalized metric number is created that is convenient to work with and remember.

RULES FOR LINEAR MEASUREMENT

The meter and millimeter are preferred. Do not use the centimeter, decimeter and decameter.

Use the kilometer for long distances and the millimeter for precision measurement.

RULES FOR AREA

The square meter is the preferred unit of measurement.

Very large area may be expressed in square kilometers and very small areas in square millimeters.

Use the hectare for land and water measurement only.

Do not use the square centimeter, decimeter and decameter.

Linear dimensions such as 40 mm x 90 mm may be used; if so, indicated width first and height second.


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RULES FOR VOLUME AND FLUID CAPACITY

The cubic meter is preferred for volumes in construction and for large storage tanks.

Use liter (L) and milliliter (mL) for fluid capacity.

RULES FOR CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

The metric units used in civil and structural engineering are: meter (m) length kilogram (kg) mass second (s) time newton (N) force or weight pascal (Pa) pressure

Use these rules in civil and structural engineering: there are separate units for mass and force.

The kilogram (kg) is the base unit for mass, which is the unit quantity of matter independent of gravity.

The newton (N) is the derived unit for force (mass times acceleration). It replaces the unit "kilogram-force" (kgf), which should not be used.

Do not use the joule to designate torque; always use newton meters.

The pascal (Pa) is the unit for pressure and stress. The term "bar" is not a metric unit and should not be used. Structural calculations should be shown in MPa or kPa.

Plane angles in surveying (cartography) will continue to be measured in degrees (either decimal degrees, or degrees, minutes and seconds) rather than metric radian.

Slope is expressed in nondimensional ratios with the vertical component shown first and then the horizontal (V:H). The vertical component is unitary for slopes less than 45 degrees and the horizontal is unitary for slopes greater than 45 degrees. The units that are compared are the same (metric to meters, millimeters to millimeters). Base tapers normally shown as 8:1 will now be shown as 1:8.


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RULES FOR USING DUAL UNITS

Dual units should not be used except when documents are used specifically for public viewing. The metric unit should be shown first followed by the English equivalent in parenthesis. A note should be appended to documents with dual units advising that the English units are provided for information only. For test procedures where dual units are used, the following statement will be included under "Scope" of the test procedure. The value stated in either SI units or English units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the English units are shown in parenthesis. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. SIMILAR TERMINOLOGY

ENGLISH UNIT METRIC UNIT AC ACRE HA HECTARE BBL BARREL KG KILOGRAM BF BOARD FOOT M METER CF CUBIC FOOT M3 CUBIC METER CY CUBIC YARD M3 CUBIC METER CYC CYCLE CYC CYCLE DAY DAY DAY DAY EA EACH EA EACH GAL GALLON L LITER HR HOUR HR HOUR LB POUND KG KILOGRAM LF LINEAR FOOT M METER LS LUMP SUM LS LUMP SUM MBF 1000 BOARD FOOT M METER MFB 1000 FOOT BOARD M METER MIN MINUTE MIN MINUTE MG 1000 GALLONS KL KILOLITER MKF 1000 KIP-FEET KNM KILONEWTON*METER MO MONTH MO MONTH ROL ROLL M METER SAC SACK KG KILOGRAM SF SQUARE FOOT M2 SQUARE METER STA STATION KM KILOMETER SY SQUARE YARD M2 SQUARE METER TON TON MGR MEGAGRAM YH CUBIC YARD HOUR M3H CUBIC METER*HOUR

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