Conversations with the Media on the Electricity Industry...
Transcript of Conversations with the Media on the Electricity Industry...
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1Nhlanhla Gumede
Full Time Member of the Regulator
Conversations with the Media on the Electricity
Industry and its Regulatory Approaches
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Who is NERSA
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• NERSA was established in terms of the National
Energy Regulator Act, Act No 40 of 2004
– Independent Regulator
• 4 Full-Time with primary responsibilities
• 5 Part-Time Members
– Responsible for the regulation of three energy industries:
• electricity industry
• piped-gas industry
• petroleum pipelines industry
– Rest of the NERSA staff support the Regulator
– Decisions based on reasons, facts and evidence
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Legislative Mandate
3
• NERSA’s mandate is anchored in
– 4 Primary Acts:
• National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No. 40 of 2004)
• Electricity Regulation Act, 2006 (Act No. 4 of 2006)
• Gas Act, 2001 (Act No. 48 of 2001)
• Petroleum Pipelines Act, 2003 (Act No. 60 of 2003)
– 3 Levies Acts:
• Gas Regulator Levies Act, 2002 (Act No. 75 of 2002)
• Petroleum Pipelines Levies Act, 2004 (Act No. 28 of 2004)
• Section 5B of the Electricity Act, 1987 (Act No. 41 of 1987)
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Facilitation legislation
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• The Regulator’s activities are guided by 3 Facilitating
Acts:
– Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (Act No. 1 of 1999)
(PFMA)
– Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (Act No. 2 of 2000)
(PAIA)
– Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 (Act No. 3 of 2000)
(PAJA)
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Electricity Regulation Mandate
5
• Electricity Regulation Act, 2006 (Act No. 4 of 2006)
(‘ERA’)
– New Act under consideration
• ERA Regulations and other regulatory instruments:
– Electricity Pricing Policy (EPP) GN1398
• [19 December 2008]
– Electricity Regulations on New Generation Capacity GN 399
• [4 May 2011]
• “New Gen” regulations under consideration
– Licensing Exemption and Registration Notice GN 43151
• [26 May 2020]
• “Directives”
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NERSA is a creature of stature and
accordingly governed
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• National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No. 40 of
2004);
– New Act under consideration
• Electricity Regulation Act, 2006 (Act No. 4 of 2006)
(‘ERA’)
– New Act under consideration
• ERA Regulations
– Electricity Pricing Policy (EPP) GN1398 19 December 2008
– Electricity Regulations on New Generation Capacity GN 399 4
May 2011
– New “New Gen” regulations under consideration
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ERA is not only about supply but about
all aspects that make the ESI
Are we doing in enough?
Objects of the Act Supply side Demand side Off grid
Achieve efficient, effective, sustainable & orderly
development & operation of electricity supply
infrastructure?
Ensure interests & needs of present & future
electricity customers & end users are safeguarded
& met - governance, efficiency, effectiveness &
long-term sustainability of ESI
Facilitate investment in the electricity supply
industry
Facilitate universal access to electricity ?
Promote use of diverse energy sources and
energy efficiency
Promote competitiveness & customer and end-
user choice
Facilitate a fair balance between the interests of
customers and end users, licensees, investors in
the electricity supply industry and the public
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The Prices in Red actually applied
The prices in Black were decisions which were superseded by another
application or an RCA decision
MYPD 1 Decision
Revision 1: 2008 price in
Dec 2007
Revision 2: 2008 price in
Mar 2008
I
n
t
e
r
i
m
MYPD 2 Decision
Revision: 2012 price Mar 2012
MYPD 3 Decision
MYPD 2
RCA
MYPD 3 RCA
2006 2007 2008 2008 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 2016 2017
Average Price Increase (%)
5.10 5.90 6.20 14.20 27.50 31.30 24.80 25.8 25.90 16.00 8 8 8 12.69 9.4 2.2
Average Price (c/kWh)
17.91 18.09 18.27 22.61 25.24 33.14 41.57 52.3 65.85 60.66 65.51 70.75 76.41 79.73 87.23 89.13
Current electricity price increases are not
sustainable
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In 2007/08, 2008/09 and 2012/13 Eskom submitted more than 1
application because significant environmental changes that following
load shedding incidences - mostly driven by Primary Energy costs and
the construction program
History of ESKOM tariff application vs
NERSA’s Decisions (excl. RCAs)
MYPD 1INTERI
MMYPD2 MYPD3 1 YEAR MYPD4
STC Application
20
06
/7
20
07
/8
20
08
/9
20
09
/10
20
10
/11
20
11
/12
20
12
/13
20
13
/14
20
14
/15
20
15
/16
20
16
/17
20
17
/18
20
18
/19
20
19
/20
20
20
/21
20
21
/22
Application % 5.9/18.7 6.2 / 60 34 35 35 35 / 16 16 16 16 16 16 19.9 15 15 15
Decision % 5.15.9
14.2
6.2
27.531.3 24.8 25.8
25.9
168 8 8 8 8 5.23 9.41 8.10 5.22
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Translation of MYPD Revenue to
FY19/20 Individual Tariffs
Revenue
Requirement
Rm190 939 (excl. RCA)
Rm198 715 (incl. RCA)
Average Price
102.62c/kWh (excl. RCA)
106.80c/kWh (incl. RCA)
Municipal Tariff
SchedulesDifferent for each
Municipality
Municipal Retail
Tariff from Eskom
109.65c/kWh
ERTSA ProcessEskom Customer
Categories & Adjust for
FY difference to
Municipalities
NERSA
Municipal Tariff Guidelines &
Benchmarks
Municipality apply for
approval of tariffs
based upon based
upon
Municipal Tariff
Guidelines &
Benchmarks
NERSA Determines
NERSA Approves
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As costs have been increasing, sales
have been declining
Source: D Form Data
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
185 000 000
190 000 000
195 000 000
200 000 000
205 000 000
210 000 000
215 000 000
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Pri
ces (
c/k
Wh
)
Sale
s (
MW
h p
er
an
nu
m)
Eskom Sales MWh vs Price c/kWh
Sales MWh Price c/kWh
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Negative downward spiral
Price Demand
Not only do we need to arrest the electricity prices increases but we need to
reverse them
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Electricity is important for all sectors but
in different ways
0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00
Agriculture
Metal Ores
Other Mining
Glass
Non Metal minerals
Basic Iron & Steel
Precious metals
Trade
Hotels and restaurants
Financial intermediation
Household
Sectoral cost drivers
% Electricity % Labour % Metal ores % Transport % Basic iron & Steel % Chemicals % Telecommunication % Coke oven products
Source: Statssa, Input – output tables 2014
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Source: Statssa, Input – output tables 2014
2,06
6,14
2,14
6,00
2,04
4,45
5,09
0,65
1,14
0,29
2,56
9,44
7,97
11,24
3,49
6,26
4,30
1,82
4,35
4,17
0,50
6,34
9,63
3,25
2,88
0,36
1,46
0,48
0,13
0,48
0,74
0,08
2,52
0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00
Agriculture
Metal Ores
Other Mining
Glass
Non Metal minerals
Basic Iron & Steel
Precious metals
Trade
Hotels and restaurants
Financial intermediation
Household
Select sectoral cost drivers
% Electricity % Transport % Chemicals
Source: Statssa, Input – output tables 2014
Affecting some sectors more than
others
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Electricity cost now a key driver in sectors
that were traditionally driven by labour
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Resulting in SA exporting its
endowment and jobs
Many minerals processing companies are intending to close shop soon
primarily because of high electricity costs.-
1
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Unfortunately one cannot nit-pick parts of
minerals processing value chain one likes
17
Source: https://www.angloamericanplatinum.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-Platinum/investor-
presentation/standardbankconference-anglo-american-platinum-processing-111114.pdf
Some people think that one can simply have Platinum Group Metals refining
and fabrication without smelting
x
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Value realisation in the PGM sector
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Source: https://www.angloamericanplatinum.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-Platinum/investor-
presentation/standardbankconference-anglo-american-platinum-processing-111114.pdf
As a country, we need to make a choice, create or destroy value & jobs here
in South Africa. It’s a simple choice!
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Value drivers in the PGM industry
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Source: https://www.angloamericanplatinum.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-Platinum/investor-
presentation/standardbankconference-anglo-american-platinum-processing-111114.pdf
Although smelting & refining costs are only 15% of total costs, 85% of value
is generated here
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South Africa is de-industrialising
-
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Th
ou
sa
nd
s G
Wh
Th
ou
sa
nd
s G
Wh
Sectoral demand trend
Municipalities Industrial Mining International Residential Commercial Agriculture Traction
20Focusing electricity strategies on consumption sectors at the expense of
growth sectors makes little sense
Thick trend lines
Left vertical axis
Thin trend lines
Right vertical axis
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Been fighting about the output of the tariff
models & discretion instead of the construct of
our regulatory approach
“We have a dynamic mandate but static structures”- Minister Gwede Mantashe
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Coal supply contracts as an example of
a key source of conflict
Names blanked out
to protect
confidentialities
It is clear, by using actual contracts in the determination of primary energy costs,
the current MYPD exposes consumers and does not provide an incentive for better
contracting
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Contribution of Renewable Energies to
grid stability
Daily contribution Annual contribution
Morning peak actual load MW 27 896 *
Evening peak actual load MW 30 201 *
Daily energy sent-out MWh 599773
Daily IPP energy sent-out MWh 1011 *#
Daily maximum SMP R/MWh 828
Daily MAPE % 2.0721
Daily PAPE % 1.1322
Annual Morning Peak YTD MW 30579
Annual Evening Peak YTD MW 33490
Peak Daily Energy YTD MWh 652025
* Indicates Unverified Meter Readings
# Indicates Centrally Dispatched IPPs only
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In 2019 Renewable energy contributed 4.9% of the “Energy” in the
calendar year
Contribution of Renewable Energies to
grid stability
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Wind and Solar contribute differently to
the grid
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Renewable Energy is self dispatch and is not aligned with peak
demand or the load profile
Cal Year Indicator CSP PV Wind (Eskom+IPP) Total (Incl other REs)
Maximum 502.1 1 556.0 1 904.3 3 530.6
Max Date 24-Sep-2019 11:00 07-Apr-2020 12:00 25-May-2020 13:00 27-Oct-2019 13:00
Maximum 502.1 1 375.6 1 872.0 3 530.6
Max Date 24-Sep-2019 11:00 19-Jan-2019 12:00 14-Dec-2019 15:00 27-Oct-2019 13:00
Maximum 500.2 1 556.0 1 904.3 3 406.1
Max Date 27-Jan-2020 14:00 07-Apr-2020 12:00 25-May-2020 13:00 06-Apr-2020 13:00
Maximum Contribution (MW) - based on System Operator data (subject to metering verification)
All Time
2019
2020
Contribution of Renewable Energies to
grid stability
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Contribution of Renewable Energies to
grid stability
• Self-dispatch generators
• Day-ahead output forecast outputs
submitted to the System Operator
– Reasonably accurate
• Challenges with variations
– Can exceed 2 coal unit capacity
– Requiring the call up of two units at short
notice
– Coal units require 24 hours to come fully
on line
– Once on need to stay on leading to
excess capacity and curtailment requests
– Problem most pronounced in the winter
period
Cal Year Indicator Total (Incl other REs)
Maximum 1 464
Max Date 05-Jul-2019 to 06-Jul-2019
Maximum 1 464
Max Date 05-Jul-2019 to 06-Jul-2019
Maximum 1 459
Max Date 24-May-2020 to 25-May-2020
Maximum Difference between Consecutive Evening Peaks (MW) -
based on System Operator data (subject to metering verification)
All Time
2019
2020
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Self dispatching of RE raises questions
about their contribution to Eskom plant EAF
& efficiency
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Renewable Energy makes a significant contribution to the electricity
price
Contribution of Renewable Energies to
electricity price
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The tariff structures may have been
appropriate for a single player
environment Generation Customer
1
Demand
Load Losses
Network CapacityAuxiliary
Services
Admin &
Subsidy
Energy
EnergyCapacity
Network Capacity
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
Fixed cost
(R/kW/A)
Variable
cost (R/kWh)
Network Capacity
Auxiliary Services
Admin & Subsidy
Energy
Energy
Capacity
Both fix and variable cost
lumped into a single, volumetric
energy charge
~ 80%
3
30
Source: Eskom
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1.0380% R/kWh
20%0.26
R/kWh
R/kWhR/kWh1.29
Cap
acit
yEn
ergy
50%
50%
1.29
Ancillary
Network Capacity
Admin & Subsidies
Fixed Cost
Variable CostEn
ergy
Non-
discretionary
sunk / fixed /
contractually
committed /
unavoidable cost
> 50%
Partly
discretionary
cost < 50%
Source: Eskom
The current tariff structures are clearly
way out of date
Tariff
Structures
The key objective is to achieve cost reflective tariffs
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Fuel type
Average
fuel used Unit
Unit price
(Rand/unit)
Fuel cost
(Rand)
Deviation
from LPG as
%
Paraffin 0.037 kg 11.05 0.41 229%
LPG 0.023 kg 7.83 0.18 100%
Electricity 0.438 kWh 1.2 0.526 292%
Electricity* 0.438 kWh 3.5 1.533 851%
* based on real cost of electricity generated for thermal purposes
Fuel cost to heat 2 litres of water in an open aluminium pan
Thermal demand should not be met by
grid-based solutions
32
This load will shift from grid anyway when the price of electricity is high enough,
having done untold damage! Why not shift now?
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Estimation of medium to high income household electricity demand
ApplianceNo. of units
in household
Rating per
unit (W)
kWh per
month
consumed Monthly %
Cost per
month @
R1.20 per
kWh
Lighting 6 60 54 6% R 65
Cooking 1 5000 300 36% R 360
Space heating 2 3000 120 14% R 144
Water heating 1 1500 135 16% R 162
Washing machine 1 512 10.24 1% R 12
Washing dryer 1 2700 54 6% R 65
Air conditioning 0 1900 0 0% R 0
Fridge 1 150 22.5 3% R 27
Ironing 1 1000 16 2% R 19
Computers 2 65 19.5 2% R 23
TV 2 150 27 3% R 32
Pool 1 1300 78 9% R 94
Electric fence 1 10 7.2 1% R 9
Total electricity consumption 843.44 100% R 1 012
Estimation of medium to high income household electricity demand
Appliance
No. of units
in household
Rating per
unit (W)
kWh per
month
consumed Monthly %
Cost per
month @
R1.20 per
kWh
Lighting 6 60 54 6% R 65
Cooking 0 5000 0 0% R 0
Space heating 0 3000 0 0% R 0
Water heating 0 1500 0 0% R 0
Washing machine 1 512 10.24 1% R 12
Washing dryer 1 2700 54 6% R 65
Air conditioning 0 1900 0 0% R 0
Fridge 1 150 22.5 3% R 27
Ironing 1 1000 16 2% R 19
Computers 2 65 19.5 2% R 23
TV 2 150 27 3% R 32
Pool 1 1300 78 9% R 94
Electric fence 1 10 7.2 1% R 9
Total electricity consumption 288.44 34% R 346
The potential savings in electricity cost for a typical middle income household for
migrating all thermal applications to gas is 66%
SA does not have an electricity
challenge, we have an energy challenge
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Base load issues & possible solutions (Load pattern A)
– 24 x 7 Steady state demand
– Cost to serve R0.30 to R0.50 per kWh
Day load issues & solutions (Load pattern B
– Cost to serve R1.25 - R4.00 per kWh
Peak power issues & solutions (Load pattern C)
– Flexibility & quick start up fundamental
– Cost to serve R4 per kWh
Peak
Mid-Merit
Base-Load
Load B
Load C
Load A
06h00 12h00 18h00 24h00
Appropriate solutions for appropriate
energy services
-
3
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Use of alternative and renewable
energy sources
(8 000MW load shifted)
Alternative and innovative
funding options for new
electricity generation capacity
Shifting the thermal load to gas
(6 000MW load shifted)
New generation capacity
“Consumer own power” “Thermal load”
2
3
1
Appropriate energy solutions for
appropriate energy challenges
Peak
Mid-Merit
Base-Load
06h00 12h00 18h00
24h00
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Energy demand
sectors
Energy supply
& resources
Infrastructure
Resources
Planning
Macro economy
Choice
optimisation
&
Integration
Price
Availability
Volume
Households
Industry
Commerce
Transport
Coal
Gas
Uranium
Water
Solar
Energy crops
Other REs
Refineries
Power stations
Appliances
Machinery
Alternative uses of
energy resources
Tradables
Price impacts on
supply
Price impacts on
demand
Goods &
Services
Price
Availability
Volume
Unfortunately energy conversation has
been reduced to a “supply infrastructure”
conversation
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Inefficiencies are hidden in averages
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We need to determine the appropriate
fleet for our energy needs and utilise our
existing fleet optimally
• Baseload should be supplied with
baseload type power plants
• Mid-merit load should be supplied
through appropriate mid merit plants
• Peaking and ad hoc loads should
be met by associated energy
technologies
• The fact that a service can be
provided by a particular inappropriate
technology does not mean that it
should
• Use of an incorrect technology will
invariably result in very high
equipment failure
• It doesn’t mean that increased
maintenance will be a cure for
incorrect use equipment
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Low and deteriorating EAF of our fleet
is because of how its treated
39Source: Eskom
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Recent low Eskom fleet performance is
linked to demand profile & plant treatment
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THANK YOU
Website: www.nersa.org.za
Tel: 012 401 4600
Fax: 012 401 4700
Email: [email protected]
@NERSAZA
@NERSA_ZA
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