CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international...
Transcript of CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international...
![Page 1: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES
UNEP/CMS/COP13/Inf.7/Annex 1 7 November 2019 Original: English
13th MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Gandhinagar, India, 17 - 22 February 2020 Agenda Item 26.2.6
REPORT ON STATUS, SCOPE AND TRENDS OF THE LEGAL AND ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN MARINE TURTLES, ITS CONSERVATION IMPACTS,
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS AND MITIGATION PRIORITIES
– MADAGASCAR
(Prepared by the Secretariat) (
Summary: CMS Decisions 12.17 Marine Turtles refers to CITES Decision 17.222, which mandates an assessment on marine turtle trade. This CITES assessment was published in June 2019 and is contained in UNEP/CMS/COP13/Inf.7. This document contains the annexed country report on Madagascar.
![Page 2: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Assessingthestatus,scopeandtrendsofthelegalandillegalinternationaltradeinmarineturtles,itsconservationimpacts,managementoptionsandmitigationprioritiesinMadagascar.ImplementationofCITESDecisions17.222and17.223onHawksbillturtle(Eretmochelysimbricata)andothermarineturtles(CheloniidaeandDermochelyidae)
Photo:JessWilliamsReportpreparedby:NicolasPilcher,MarineResearchFoundationJessWilliams,TartarugasparaoAmanhā,PraiadoTofo,Inhambane,MozambiqueOnbehalfoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofFaunaandFlora(CITES)Suggestedcitation:WilliamsJL&NJPilcher,2018.Assessmentofthestatus,scopeandtrendsofthelegalandillegalinternationaltradeinmarineturtles,itsconservationimpacts,managementoptionsandmitigationprioritiesinMadagascar.ReporttotheCITESSecretariatProjectS-527.SSFA/2018/DKA.72pp.
![Page 3: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ii
TableofContents ExecutiveSummary................................................................................................................................11.0Introduction.....................................................................................................................................2
1.1Background..................................................................................................................................21.2Countryoverview–Madagascar................................................................................................21.2.1Artisanalfisheries.....................................................................................................................41.2.2Commercialfisheries................................................................................................................51.2.3Fisheriesmanagementandlegislation....................................................................................61.2.4MarineturtlelegislationinMadagascar.................................................................................71.2.5Illegal,UnreportedandUnregulated(IUU)Fishing...............................................................101.2.6Fisheriesenforcement...........................................................................................................101.2.7Community-basedmanagementand‘Dina’..........................................................................101.3IntentionalandaccidentaltakeofmarineturtlesinMadagascar...........................................111.4Domestictradeinmarineturtles..............................................................................................121.5Exportofmarineturtles............................................................................................................141.4Cultureandtraditions...............................................................................................................151.4.1Traditionalbeliefsandtaboos(‘fady’or‘faly’).....................................................................151.4.2Vezoculture...........................................................................................................................151.4.3Consumptionandillness........................................................................................................16
2.0Methodology..................................................................................................................................162.1Literaturereview.......................................................................................................................162.2Fieldwork...................................................................................................................................162.3Rapidassessmentinterviews....................................................................................................16
2.3.1.KeyInformants..................................................................................................................172.4OnlineSurvey............................................................................................................................182.5Samplingsites............................................................................................................................18
3.0Results............................................................................................................................................183.2Fisherydescription....................................................................................................................183.3Turtleinteractions.....................................................................................................................213.4Domesticmarineturtletrade...................................................................................................253.5Casestudies...............................................................................................................................283.4.1CaseStudy1:Traffickingacross180kmfromAnalalavatoMahajanga...............................293.4.2CaseStudy2:TraffickingfromAnalalava..............................................................................293.4.3CaseStudy3:MorambaBay,MarovasaBeandAnjajavy.....................................................303.4.4CaseStudy4:TurtlemeatvendorsofMahavatse,Toliara...................................................313.5Domesticmarineturtletraderoutes........................................................................................323.6Magnitudeofdomestictradefromartisanalfishing...............................................................333.7Internationaltrade....................................................................................................................35
4.0Discussion.......................................................................................................................................364.1Artisanalfishingimpacts...........................................................................................................374.2Commercialfishingimpacts......................................................................................................384.3Internationaltradeimpacts......................................................................................................384.4Illustrativefeedbackfromkeyinformants...............................................................................394.4.1CSPMahajangaFeedback......................................................................................................394.4.2Feedbackfromanartisanalmaritimetransporter................................................................404.5Managementchallenges...........................................................................................................414.5.1Applicationandenforcementofthelaw...............................................................................414.5.2Traffickingturtleplastron......................................................................................................424.5.3Corruption..............................................................................................................................424.5.4Culturalsensitivity/bushmeatdemand...............................................................................43
![Page 4: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
iii
6.0Conclusions....................................................................................................................................437.0 Recommendations....................................................................................................................44
7.1Conservation&Management...................................................................................................447.2Biology&Sustainability............................................................................................................457.3Additionalprioritysurveyareas...............................................................................................46
8.0 LiteratureCited.........................................................................................................................47AnnexI:Fieldworkitinerary.................................................................................................................52AnnexII:Interviewquestionsforfishingcommunities........................................................................53AnnexIII:Interviewquestionsformanagementexecutives................................................................59AnnexIV:SurveyConstraints...............................................................................................................66AnnexV:Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................67
PhotocourtesyofMichelStrongoff,ChrisScarffeFilm&Photography
![Page 5: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
iv
ListofAcronyms ASH–AgenceSanitaireHalieutiqueBRD–BycatchReductionDeviceCBD–ConventiononBiologicalDiversityCCL–CurvedCarapaceLength(ofseaturtles)CITES–ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFloraCLP–ComitéLocauxdePecheCMS–ConventioninMigratorySpeciesCPUE–CatchPerUnitEffortCSP–CentredeSurveillancedesPêchesEEZ–ExclusiveEconomicZoneEIA–EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentFAO–FoodandAgricultureOrganisationoftheUnitedNationsIHSM–InstitutHalieutiqueetdesSciencesMarinesIOSEAMoU–MemorandumofUnderstandingontheConservationandManagementoftheMarine
TurtlesanditsHabitatsintheIndianOceanandSoutheastAsiaIOTC–IndianOceanTunaCommissionIUCN–InternationalunionfortheConservationofNatureandNaturalResourcesIUU–Illegal,UnreportedandUnregulated(fishing)IWT–IllegalWildlifeTradeLMMA–LocallyManagedMarineAreaLNG–LiquefiedNaturalGasMEEF–MinistryofEnvironmentsandForestMGA–MadagascarAriary–1000MGA=approximately28USDMMA–MarineManagedAreaMNP–MadagascarNationalParksMPRH–MinistèredelaPêcheetdesRessourcesHalieutiquesMRF–MarineResearchFoundationMPA–MarineProtectedAreaNGO–Non-GovernmentalOrganisationSSF–SmallScaleFisheriesSWIO–SouthWestIndianOceanTED–TurtleExcluderDeviceUNEP–UnitedNationsEnvironmentprogramme,nowUNE–UnitedNationsEnvironmentUSD–UnitedStatesDollarsWCS–WorldConservationSocietyWIO–WesternIndianOcean
![Page 6: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1
ExecutiveSummaryMadagascarishometofivespeciesofmarineturtles:thegreen(Cheloniamydas),loggerhead(Carettacaretta),hawksbill(Eretmochelysimbricata),Oliveridley(Lepidochelysolivacea)andleatherback(Dermochelyscoriacea),whichareprotectedbynationallawandundertheinternationaltreatiesMadagascarisaPartyto.TheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)listsallspeciesofmarineturtlesonAppendixIandtheConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpeciesofWildAnimals(CMS)listsallspeciesfoundinMadagascarwatersonAppendixIandII.TheselistingsobligeMadagascarto:1)baninternationaltradeinthespeciesand2)tobantakingofthewildanimalsforanycommercialpurposesandreducethreatstothesurvivalofthesespecies,seekingtostrengtheninternationalcooperationonprotectingthem.Forthepurposeofenhancinginternationalcooperation,amongstothers,theCMSMemorandumofUnderstandingontheConservationandManagementofMarineTurtlesandtheirHabitatsoftheIndianOceanandSouth-EastAsia(IOSEAMarineTurtlesMoU)wasalsosignedbyMadagascar.TheconservationandManagementPlanoftheMoUcallsupontheSignatoriestobandirectharvestofturtleswithexceptionsfortraditionalharvest,providedthattheturtlepopulationsinquestioncansustainthatharvest.DespitethelegislativeframeworksinplacetosafeguardmarineturtlesinMadagascar,theseareregularlyandabundantlycaughtaccidentallyoraretargetedillegallybyartisanalandcommercialfishers.Commercialfisheriesofconcernincludetheshrimptrawlandthetunalonglinefishery,bothofwhichareknowntoimpactturtlesintheabsenceofbycatchreductionmeasures.TurtleExcluderDevicesaremandatedonshrimptrawlers,butnomeasurestosafeguardturtlesareinplaceinthelonglineindustryinMadagascar.Inaddition,thereiswidespreadillegal,unregulatedandunreported(IUU)fishinginMadagascarwaterswhichlikelyalsoimpactsmarineturtles.However,themainconcernlieswiththerampantcollectionofmarineturtlesforfoodandtradebytheapproximately100,000fisher-strongartisanalfishery.LegalstructuresareinplacetoprotectmarineturtlesinMadagascar,andwhiletherearelegislativeinstrumentsthatgovernthefisheriessectors,thesearelargelyineffectiveatmanagingthesmall-scalefisherysectorthatisthenormalongmuchofMadagascar’scoastalregions.Coupledwiththis,alackofresources,fundsandstaffmeansthatenforcementisseverelylacking,andillegalcollection,saleandconsumptionofmarineturtlesisrampant.OursurveyssupportearlierfindingsthattheartisanalfisherysectorisextractingthousandsofmarineturtlesfromMadagascarcoastalwaterseachyear.Amongthe153respondentstooursurveyweestimatetheserespondentsalonewereresponsibleforsome3,500turtles,bothasbycatchandmostlyasdirectedtake.Veryfewrespondentsindicatedbycaughtturtleswereeverreleased.Whileextrapolationsfromlimitedreachrapidassessmentsareproblematiconvariousfronts,suchasuniformityofeffortdistribution,varyingcustomsandbeliefs,andregionaldifferencesineachfishery,weestimatethatthepotentialtoremoveapproximately150,000to300,000turtlesperyearexistsgiventhesizeofthecountryandnumberoffishersintheartisanalfisherysector.Ofimportancehereisthemagnitudeofthetotaltake,whichisnotinthehundredsorthousands,butwhichexceeds100,000turtles.Over90%ofmarineturtlescaughtinMadagascararedestinedforlocalconsumptionorforlocaltrade.Wefoundnoevidenceofanysystematicexportmarket,andsuggestthatifthisoccursitisopportunisticandinfrequent,andofafarlesserscalethanthedomestictrade.AnumberoflocalcustomsincludingDinaandfady(traditionalbans)existwhichcouldprotectmarineturtlesfromlocalexploitation,buterosionofsocialnormsmeansthatthesearelesseffectivetodaythaninthe
![Page 7: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2
past.Oursurveywefoundthatlessthan20%offisherswouldreleaseturtlesbacktotheseaiftheywereaccidentallycaughtinfishinggear,andtheseresponseswereusuallylinkedtolocalfady.Effectivemeasurestoaddresstheillegalcapture,consumptionandtradeinmarineturtlesinMadagascararelikelytoincludestrengtheninglocaltraditionalmanagementapproachessuchasDinaandfady,andprovidingopportunitiesforlocalcommunitiestosupportenforcementofnationallegislation.Inadditiontothiswebelievethereisaneedforincreasingexposureofincidencesofpoachercapturesandturtlereleasesamongstcoastalcommunities;raisingawarenessonthelegalstatusandconservation/managementneedsofmarineturtles;buildingcapacityforenforcementamongstfisheryandtradeMinistryofficials,alongsideprovisionoffundingandresourcestoeffectivelycombatillegalturtletrade;revisingfisherylegislationtoadequatelyaddresstheartisanalfisherysector;addressingIllegal,UnreportedandUnregulated(IUU)fishingandimplementingbycatchreductionprogrammesinlicensedcommercialfisheries;eliminatingcorruptionamongstenforcementofficials;andexploringthepotentialforalternativelivelihoodandincentiveprogrammestolessendependenceonmarineturtlesamongcoastalcommunities.FromabiologicalperspectivethereisaneedtounderstandtheprovenanceofmarineturtlesbeingtakenoutofMadagascarwatersanddeterminetheoverallproductivityofthesesourcerookeriestakingintoaccountotherregionalimpactareas(suchasMozambique);andtoexpandthecurrentrapidsurveytoagreatergeographicalareaandrefinetheestimatesoftotalannualturtletakeinMadagascar.Thesedatacanthencontributetomoreeffectivemanagementofturtlestocks.
1.0Introduction1.1BackgroundTheSecretariatoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)incooperationwiththeSecretariatoftheConventioninMigratorySpecies(CMS)contractedtheMarineResearchFoundation(MRF)toassessthestatus,scopeandtrendsofthelegalandillegalinternationaltradeinseaturtlesinMadagascarandMozambique.ThisreportaddressesfindingsfromthisassessmentforMadagascar.ThepresentassessmentcontributestotheimplementationofCITESDecisions17.222and17.223ontheHawksbillturtle(Eretmochelysimbricata)andothermarineturtles(CheloniidaeandDermochelyidae).Particularly,theassessmentcontributestodeterminingthestatus,scopeandtrendsofthelegalandillegalinternationaltradeinseaturtles;determiningtheconservationimpactsassociatedtothistrade;identifyingwaystoimprovethemanagementofseaturtlesinthecontextofthistrade;andidentifyingareas(geographicalandoperational)whereimmediatemitigationeffortsmaybeneeded.TheMarineResearchFoundationwascontractedtocompileinformationonthetradeinseaturtleswhereupdated,scientificallysounddataareavailable,andconductprimaryresearchtogenerateandcollectdataonthetradeinseaturtleswhereitisnon-existing.ThisassessmenthasbeenfundedundertheUS-NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)projectStrengtheningCITESimplementationforselectedmarinespecies(US-NOAAAwardNA17NMF0080186).
1.2Countryoverview–MadagascarMadagascarhostssomeofthemostbiologicallydiversemarinelifeintheWesternIndianOcean(WIO;Koopman2008).Thecountryhasacoastlineof5,697km(MEEF2014),includingextensive
![Page 8: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3
islandarchipelagos(270islets).Extensivefringingcoralreefsandmangrovesystemsoccuralongthewestcoast(MEEF2014),whichischaracterizedbyabroadshallowcontinentalshelfandishometothemajorityoftheartisanalorsubsistencefishers(LeManachetal.2013).However,whilemostsubsistencefishersoperateinthewest,theeasternpartoftheislandhasthehighesthumanpopulationdensity(SEDAC2000).FivespeciesofmarineturtleoccurinMadagascar:thegreen(Cheloniamydas),loggerhead(Carettacaretta),hawksbill(Eretmochelysimbricata),Oliveridley(Lepidochelysolivacea)andleatherback(Dermochelyscoriacea).ThesystematiccollectionofeggsandnestingfemaleshasledtosignificantdeclinesinnestingactivityonthemainlandofMadagascar(Rakotonirina&Cooke1994,Walker&Roberts2005,Humberetal.2016).It’sthoughtthatthereisaminimumofapproximately1,200nestsdepositedperyearinMadagascar(mostlygreens~75%andhawksbills~24%),withthelargestrecordednestingaggregation(approximately1,000nestsperyear)foundonislandsoffthewestandnortherncoasts(Humberetal.2016).Humberetal.(2016)reportmorethan40siteswherenestinghasnotbeenrecordedsince2000.Thereare56MarineProtectedAreas(MPAs),includingsmallLocallyManagedMarineAreas(LMMAs)andthreeMarineManagedAreas(MadagascarMPAAtlas2018;Fig.1).ProposalstoincreasemanagementeffortsandplansforanextensivenetworkofMPAs(Allnutetal.2012)havebeendevelopedbutimplementationhasvariedinsuccess.MPAmanagementcanbebestdescribedasacollectionofmultipleresource-userestrictionsanditsimplementationreliesstronglyonoutsidesupport(Rakotoson&Tanner2006,Cinneretal.2009).
Figure1:Protected/managed/conservationareasinMadagascar(datasource:UNEP-WCMC2018)
![Page 9: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
4
1.2.1ArtisanalfisheriesSmall-scalefisheriesarewidespreadthroughoutMadagascar,withthebulkoffishingeffortfocusedonthewesternandsouthcoasts(Fig.2).Robustmonitoringofthefishingeffort,stockstatusesandtrendsoftheartisanalfishingsectorareseverelydatadeficient,andenforcementoftraditionalzonesagainstMalagasycommercialoperatorsremainsproblematic.Numeroussourceshavesuggestedsomestocksareclosetofisheriescollapse(i.e.elasmobranchs,seacucumbers)whileothershavealreadyundergonesignificantcatchdeclines(shrimpfishing):seriousconcernsaboutdecliningcatchesandstocksofinvertebrates,mainlycollectedthroughreef-gleaning(Cripps2009,2010),havebeennotedinseveralcases(Rasolofonirina&Conand1998,Sabatinietal.2008,Andersonetal.2010).Increasingpressures(politicalinstability,climateinsecurity)aredrivingthemigrationofartisanalfishersatunprecedentedratestoincreasinglyremoteandisolatedregionsandislandsofthewestcoastasadirectresponseandcopingmechanismofdecliningcatchrates(Cripps2010).
Figure2:Commercialfishinggrounds,mangrovehabitatsandmajorfishingportsofMadagascar(as
presentedinRazafindrainibe2010).
![Page 10: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
5
Thetraditionalfisheriesaretypicallycarriedoutfromdugoutcanoesusingoarsandsailsandexploitmarinemammals,marineturtles,fish,sharksandrays,echinoderms,molluscs,crustaceansandsomeseaweeds.Inaddition,non-edibleresourcessuchasaquariumfish,coralsandspongesarealsoperiodicallycollected.Thecollectionofseacucumberfromdeeperwatersisalsoagrowingindustry(Kasprzyck2008).
1.2.2CommercialfisheriesThemajorityofMadagascar’scommercialfishingconsistsofshrimpfishing.Theshrimpfleetoperatesalongthewestcoastinwatersbetween5to30mdeep,focusingonadultPenaeidshrimp(Razafindrainibe2010).Fiveshrimpfishingportsarelocatedalongthewestcoast(fromnorthtosouth):Nosy-Be,Mahajanga,Maintirano,MorondavaandToliara.LandingsitesarelocatedinnearbyprocessingunitsoperatedbyshrimpcompaniesinNosy-Be,MahajangaandMorondava(Razafindrainibe2010).Theoverallcatchperuniteffort(CPUE)oftheshrimpfisheriesisdecreasing.Thisdeclineintheecologicalsustainabilityandeconomicviabilityofthisfisheryisnowcausingownerstoreducetheirfleets(Razafindrainibe2010,McNeish2011).Sincetheearly1980s,tunapurseseineshavebecomemorecommon,landingsome25,000tin2010,andthisfisheryisrequiredtoreportlandingstotheMinistryofFisheriesandHalieuticResources(MinistèredelaPêcheetdesRessourcesHalieutiques,orMPRH).Since2010,mudcrabsanddemersalfishhavealsobeentargetedcommercially,althoughthereisnotyetarobustobserverprogrammetodetailcatchandbycatchrecordsinanyofthesefisheries(MPRH2012).TurtleExcluderDevices(TEDs)havebeenalegalrequirement(underDecree2003-1101of23rdNovember2003)andthisDecreeincludestheuseofBycatchReductionDevices(BRDs)thatreportedlyhaveresultedinreducedincidentalbycatchofmarineturtles(Razafindrainibe2010).TEDsarereportedtohavereducedthebycatchofturtlesintheentireshrimpfleetfrom120turtlesfrom64vesselsin2004totwoturtlesfrom63vesselsin2005(Razafindrainibe2010;TableI).In2007,20turtles,mostlygreen,werereportedasbycatchbetweenFebruaryandJulyamongfivevesselsoperatingofftheEastcoast(Razafindrainibe2010).TheFisheriesSurveillanceCentre(CentredeSurveillancedesPêches,orCSP)claimsthattrawlersoperatingoffthewestcoastarehighlycompliantwiththeTEDregulation,reportingmorethan85%compliance(Razafindrainibe2010).Itisestimatedthat30%ofthewestcoastfleetcarryon-boardobserversfromtheCSPprogramme,howeveritcannotbeconfirmedwhethercrewsuseTEDsandbycatchreductiondevices(BRDs)whennotundersupervision(LeManachetal.2012).Discardedbycatch(includingdiscards,juveniles,andendangeredspecies)fromtheshrimpingsectoristhoughttoequateto12,300tonsorabout2.5millionUSDperyearthatiseitherdiscardedorillegallysoldinAsianmarkets(LeManachetal.2013).TableI:IncidentalcatchofturtlesobservedbyCSPinMadagascarin2004and2005.ZoneA:AmbaroBay;ZoneB:NarindraBay,MahajambaBayandnorthofMajajangaBay;ZoneC:southofMahajambaandCape
St.Andre;ZoneD:westcoast(presentedinRazafindrainibe2010).
Zones2004(99trips) 2005(53trips)
Total Live Dead Total Live Dead
A 30 24 2 0 0 0B 16 14 1 0 0 0C 63 56 6 1 1 0D 11 8 3 1 1 0
Total 120 102 12 2 2 0
![Page 11: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
6
1.2.3FisheriesmanagementandlegislationLegalambiguityandconfusionissystemicinMadagascar’sfisheriessector(LeManachetal.2013,Carver2018).“Thepolicyandlegalframeworkgoverningthesectorisincoherentandambiguous,”aWorldBank(2013)reportstates.“ThereisnoofficialdocumentthatstatestheGovernment’sfisheriessectorpolicy.”Anewfishingcodewasdraftedin2015,buttherulesremainuncertain.AcomprehensivereviewofrelevantfisherieslegislationsisdetailedinRazafindrainibe(2010),LeManachetal.(2013)andBreuil&Grima(2014),andabriefsummaryofthekeyfisheriesdecreesispresentedinTableII.ThefisheriessectoriscurrentlygovernedbytheMinistryofFisheriesandAquaticResources(MPRH).MPRHcomprisesover40directorates,servicesandagenciesandhas184employees:87atcentralheadquartersinAntananarivo,and97staffspreadacrossthe22regions(LeManachetal.2013).
TableII:OverviewofkeyfisherieslegislationinMadagascar,sortedbyfisherysectors.
Instrument Description Details
Commercial/IndustrialSector
DecreeNo.2007-957
Definestheexploitationrulesfortheshallowwatershrimpfishery.
Effortcontrolandindividualtradablepermitsaretwomechanismsspecificallymentionedinthedecree
Ordinance93-022(4May1993)anditsassociatedDecree94-112of18Feb1994
Isthemainregulationsgoverningthefisheriesandaquaculturesectors.
MinistryofFisheriesandAquaticResourcesMinistèredelaPêcheetdesRessourcesHalieutiques(MPRH)preparesandmaintainsfisheriesmanagementplansandstockconservationplans
Decree71-238of18May1971
Allowstrawlingincoastalwaters Establishedthatthezonewithin2nauticalmilesofshoreisnotexclusivelyreservedforsmall-scalefishing
Decree73-171of22March1973
Prohibitsmotorisedtrawlingincoastalwaters.
Trawlingbyboatsover25horsepowerinthe2-mileareawasagainprohibitedin1973
Law90-033of21Dec1990accompaniedbyDecree99-954
TheMalagasyEnvironmentalCharter-Fisheriessectormustcomplywithassociatedenvironmentallegislation
Thereisalackofcompatibilitybetweeninvestmentinitiativesandenvironmentalconcerns
Decree2010-137of23Mar2010
Fisheriessectormustcomplywithassociatedenvironmentallegislation
Integratedcoastalzonemanagement.
Decree2000-415of16Jun2000
Thenumberoftrawlinglicenseswasfrozenin1999.20-yearlicensesweregrantedtoexistingtrawlerusersin2000
Newlicensescannotbeissueduntil2019,althoughthelicensescanbesold.
Traditional/ArtisanalSector
Arrêté10404/97of13Nov1997
Requiresauthorizationtofishorcollectlobsters,crabs,seacucumbers,algae,shrimp,shellfish,octopus,squid,sharkfins,fish,eels,andgobies
Thisregulationhasneverbeenappliedinpractice(LeManachetal.2013).
DecreeNo.2056/2009
Registrationandlicencingofcommercialfishersandgleaners.
Everycommercialfisherandgleanerisrequiredtohaveaprofessionalcard,suppliedforfreebyMPRH
Effectivefisheriesmanagementisalsohinderedsignificantlybyalackofrobustdataonstockresources,catchlandingsandeconomicvaluesofthefisheriesresources(LeManachetal.2013).TherearenostockassessmentsavailableforMadagascar’sfisheriesexceptforinitialestimatesforshrimpstocks(upto2008;LeManachetal.2013)andlargerpelagicspeciesrequiredundertheIndianOceanTunaCommission(IOTC)agreement(Breuil&Grima.2014).OfficialreportstotheFAObyMPRHfailtoaccountforbycatch,finfishorsharksandarethoughttounderestimateactuallandingsupto30%(LeManachetal.2012,LeManachetal.2013).Worryingly,thefisheries
![Page 12: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
7
licensingsystemforforeignfleetsallowsopportunitiesforexploitation,withmanagementregulationsprescribingalimittothetotalnumberoflicenseagreementsorvesselsratherthanlimitingtotalcatchvolumes(LeManachetal.2013).Finally,theartisanalandsubsistencesectorhasnotreceivedthesamemanagerialorlegislativeattentionasthemoreprofitablecommercialandindustrialsector.Subsistencefishingisgenerallyunregulated,unknown,andunmonitored(Breuil&Grima2014).TheonlymeasuresaddressingthissectorincludeartisanalfishersandvendorsbeingrequiredtoregisterthroughaprogramrunbytheMPRH,andfishingwithmosquitonetsisillegalinonly2of13coastalregions(LeManachetal.2013).
1.2.4MarineturtlelegislationinMadagascarWhilemarineturtlesareprotectedthroughseverallegislativemeasures(TablesIII&IV),therearecurrentlynogovernmentinitiativestomanagetheircaptureanduse(Humberetal.2011).InsouthwestMadagascarinparticular,aprolificdirectedtakeofmarineturtlesiswell-documented,notwithstandingnationaldecreesprohibitingexploitation(FrontierMadagascar2003,Jones2012,Gibbonsetal.2013,Goldingetal.2017).TableIIIsummarisesthedirectandindirectlegislativetoolsthatapplytomarineturtlesinMadagascar,whileTableIVdetailsinternationalInstrumentsandConventions.TableIII:LegislationrelatedtomarineturtleprotectioninMadagascar(adaptedfromHumberetal.2015).
InstrumentswithdirectrelevancetomarineturtlesinNationallegislation
Statute Description/keygoal Relevancetomarineturtles
Ordinanceno.93-022on4thMay1993
SetsoutRegulationsforfishingandaquaculture.Article9)textonprohibitedactivitieshasnotbeenadopted
Prohibitedactivities:killing,injuringandcatchingofanyendangeredspecies.
Decreeno.94-112on18thFebruary1994
Decreeconcerningthegeneralorganisationofmarinefishingactivities.Regulationofbycatchinfishinglicenses(Article16.3.candArt27.c)Recordingofbycatch(Article28)
TheMinistryofFisheriesdeterminesthequantityofeachspeciesallowedwithinfishinglicensesincludingrestrictionsonpermissiblebycatch.Boatcaptainsarerequiredtorecordinalogbookthequantityofspecies,includingbycatchspecies.
Decreeno.2003-1101on25thNovember2003
TurtleExcluderDevice(Article12)regulatingthepracticeoftrawlingintheMalagasyterritorialsea
ShrimptrawlersonthewestandeastcoastarerequiredtohaveTurtleExcluderDevices.
Lawno.2005-018on17thOctober2005
InternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFloraaddressingtrade(Article29)Penalties(Article30,32,33)
Prohibitionoftradeactivities:thepossession,buying,offertobuy,acquisitionforcommercialuseforprofit,exposuretopublicforcommercialpurposes,sale,detainingforsale,offeringforsaleortransportingforsale.Sixmonthstotenyearsimprisonmentandafineof10millionto200millionAr.TheamountofthefineandthesizeofthepenaltyisdoubledifthespeciesareonCITESAppendixI.
Decreeno.2006-097on31stJanuary2006
AddressestherulesfortheimplementationofthelawonInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFloraandissueofInternationaltradepermits(Articles6&11)
Themanagementbody,afterconsultationofthescientificauthorities,issuespermits,certificatesandauthorizationsundertheprovisionsofCITESandthenationallawonCITES,especiallyhunting,collectionorcapturepermits.
Decreeno.2006-400on13thJune2006
DecreeontheclassificationofwildlifespeciesdetailingthosewithAbsoluteprotection(Article2)
Prohibitedactivities:hunting,captureanddetention.
![Page 13: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8
Orderno.12.666/2014on28thMarch2014
Relatestotheconservationofmarineturtlescaughtbyfisheries(applicabletonationallonglinevessels).Careofinjuredmarineturtles(Article2)Bycatchequipment(Article3)Recordingofincidents(Article4)
Theboatcaptainshalltakeonboard,wherepossibleandassoonaspossible,anycaught/inanimate/inactiveturtleduringthefishingoperation,anddoeverythingpossibletoreleaseitalive.Boatsmusthaveonboardhook-cutterstofacilitatequickhandlingandreleaseofanymarineturtleshookedorentangled.ThisshouldbedoneincompliancewiththehandlingguidelinesintheidentificationsheetofmarineturtlesoftheIndianOceanTunaCommission(IOTC).Theboatcaptainshallrecordinthefishinglogbookallincidentsinvolvingmarineturtlesduringfishingoperations.Thisinformationshouldincludethespecies,locationofcapture,conditions,actionstakenonboardandtheplaceofrelease.
Draftfisherycodeof27thNovember2014
Harvestrestrictions(Article9) Itisprohibitedatanytime,anyplace,fishing,taking,detentionandsaleofallkindsofprotectedspeciesincludingmarineturtles(underadoption).
InstrumentswithindirectrelevancetomarineturtlesinNationallegislationStatute Description/keygoal RelevancetomarineturtlesNationalConstitutionofMadagascar2010
Hierarchyofinternationaltreatiesandnationallaws(Article137-4)
Treatiesoragreementsdulyratified,uponpublication,haveanauthoritysuperiortothatoflaws.
Decreeno.2010-137on23rdMarch2010
RegulatestheintegratedmanagementofcoastalandmarineareasofMadagascar.Cautionduty(Article6e)Sustainablemanagement(Article26)
Eachactorneedstoavoidcausingirreparabledamagetothenaturalresourcesandrisktothemselvesandforfuturegenerations.Actorsandlocalauthoritiestocommittorationallyandsustainablymanagingcoastalandmarineresources.
StrategicActionPlanfortheBiologicalDiversityofMadagascar.NationalBiodiversityandStrategyActionPlans2015-2025.Decreeno.2016-128ofFebruary232016,adoptingtheNationalBiodiversityStrategyandActionPlansforMadagascar2015to2025
OBJECTIVE12:«By2025,theextinctionofendangeredspeciesisreducedandtheirconservationstatusimproved»
Reducetheextinctionfactorsofendemic,migratingandthreatenedspeciesaswellasthefactorsofdestruction/degradationoftheirhabitats.
![Page 14: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
9
TableIV:Conventions,treatiesandnon-ratifiedagreementsrelatingtomarineturtlesinMadagascar(adaptedfromHumberetal.2015).
InternationalInstruments/Conventions/Agreementswithdirectrelevancetomarineturtles
Instrument/Convention Description Dateimplemented/Notes
ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)
RegulatesandcontrolstheinternationaltradeofthreatenedspeciesthroughthelistinginAppendicesaccordingtothreatlevel.HasbeenenactedintonationallegislationthroughLaw2005-018andDecree2006-097thatdetailstherulesfortheimplementationofLaw2005-018.
Ratifiedin1975.CurrentlyallspeciesofmarineturtlesareincludedonAppendixI.Internationaltradeofmarineturtles(orproducts)isillegal,includingtheimportandexportofjewellerypieces(e.g.necklaces,bracelets,rings,etc.).
ConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpeciesofWildAnimals(CMS)
Aimstoconservemigratoryspeciesandtheirhabitatsthroughouttheirrange.UndertheConvention,eachPartyisrequiredtostrictlyprotectendangeredspecies,listedonAppendixIandstrivetoconcludeinternationalagreementstobenefitspecieslistedonAppendixII.ArticleIIIofCMSdescribesobligationstoprotectAppendixIspecies,andallowstakeinexceptionalcircumstances,accommodating,interalia,“theneedsoftraditionalsubsistenceusers”butthetermhasnotbeenfurtherdefinedwithintheCMStext.
Ratifiedin1979.ThefivespeciesofmarineturtlesfoundinMadagascaranditswatersarelistedonAppendixIandIIofCMS.AppendixIlistingobligesPartiestoprohibittakingofanimals,allowingtakeonlyinexceptionalcircumstances.
MemorandumofUnderstandingontheConservationandManagementoftheMarineturtlesanditsHabitatsintheIndianOceanandSoutheastAsia(IOSEA-MoU)
Anon-bindingframeworkthroughwhichStatesoftheIndianOceanandSouth-EastAsia,aswellasotherconcernedStatesandpartners,collaboratetoprotect,conserve,replenishandrecoverseaturtlesandtheirhabitats.MoU’sconservationandmanagementplan(programme1.4)prescribestheSignatoryStatesto:Prohibitthedirectharvest(captureorkilling)of,anddomestictradein,marineturtles,theireggs,partsorproducts,whilstallowingexceptionsfortraditionalharvestbycommunitieswithineachjurisdictionprovidedthat:suchharvestdoesnotundermineeffortstoprotect,conserveandrecovermarineturtlepopulationsandtheirhabitats;andthemarineturtlepopulationsinquestionareabletosustaintheharvest
MoUsignatoryinApril2003
NairobiConvention Includesprogrammesthatstrengthenthecapacitytoprotect,manageanddevelopcoastalandmarineenvironmentssustainability.Listsoliveridley,loggerheadandleatherbackturtlesinAnnexII(speciesofwildfaunarequiringspecialprotection);greenandhawksbillturtlesinAnnexIII(harvestablespeciesofwildfaunarequiringprotection);andallfiveinAnnexIV(protectedmigratoryspecies).
Ratifiedin1998butthe2010conventiononthe“ProtocolfortheProtectionoftheMarineandCoastalEnvironmentoftheWesternIndianOceanfromLand-BasedSourcesandActivities”isyettoberatified.However,fortheintentsofthisreport,thislackofratificationisnotofmajorrelevance
Indirectincidence AfricanConventionforNatureandNaturalResourcesConservation
Maingoalistoensuretheuse,developmentandconservationofsoil,water,floraandfaunaresourcesofitsmemberStatesinaccordancewiththescientificprinciplesandinterestsofitspeople.Itdoesnotexplicitlymentionmarineturtles.
Signedoffonthe2003revisionsinFebruary2004.
ConventionoftheBiologicalDiversity(CBD)
Pertainstotheconservationofthebiologicaldiversity,sustainableuseofitscomponentsandfairandequalsharingofthenaturalresourcesatagloballevel.
Ratifiedin1997
![Page 15: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
10
1.2.5Illegal,UnreportedandUnregulated(IUU)FishingWhilsttheextentofIUUfisheriesisnotknown,LeManachetal.(2013)estimatedthelandingsofIUUat50,000tonsperyear.IUUfisheriesforsharkfinningandseacucumberarealsothoughttobeextensive(LeManachetal.2013).Withcontinueddeclinesinartisanalfishlandingsandmoreevidenceofprobablefisheriescollapsesforbothinvertebratesandfinfish,artisanalfishersareincreasinglymigratingfurtherinsearchofnewstocksoradoptingnewgearsandtechniques.Illegalfishingforseacucumbersindeepwaters(20–50m)usingcompressedairhasbecomewidespreadalongthewest(andnorth)coasts(Raberinarya&Benbowa2012).Seacucumberofficialexportratesarelikelytobesignificantlylowerthanactualharvestrates,asthemajorityofseacucumbersareexportedillegally(Raberinarya&Benbowa2012).It’snotyetclearhowtargetedmarineturtlehunting,ortraffickingofturtleproductsconnectstoIUUactivitiesinMadagascar.However,itisimportanttonoteIUUfishingisprolificandextensivetradenetworksalreadyexist.Newconcerns(September2018)aremountingregardingtheincreasedopportunityforIUUtotakeplaceinMadagascar’sExcusiveEconomicZone(EEZ)uptoIUUafterarecentapprovalofabetweenthegovernmentandChinatoallowtheoperationofanadditional330commercialfishingvessels(EJA2018).
1.2.6FisheriesenforcementEnforcementandpatrolofMadagascar’sfisheriesresourcesisseverelylimitedgiventheapproximately5000kmcoastline.Enforcementandpatrolscanonlybecoveredbythreemonitoringvessels,eightspeedboats,18inspectorsand22observers(R.Fanazavapers.comm.,reportedinRazafindrainibe2010).ThisdutyfallsonbehalfoftheCentredeSurveillancedesPêches(CSP)whosemandateistoenforceregulationsonfisheriesandaquaculture,aswellasfishingagreements.CommercialvesselsareinspectedbyCSPatthebeginningofeachseasontoensuretheirequipmentcomplieswithregulations,howeverthroughoutthefishingseason,enforcementandinspectionsareseverelyrestrictedduetobothlimitationsinthefinancialandhumanresourcesofthecentre(R.Fanazavapers.comm.,reportedinRazafindrainibe2010).
1.2.7Community-basedmanagementand‘Dina’Dinareferstoacommunitylevelagreementthatdictates/suggestsbehaviouramongthosethathaveagreedtoit,permittingandprohibitingactivitiesincludingthoserelatedtonaturalresourcemanagement.Dinaisapre-colonialconceptbasedonthenotionofasocialcontract(McClanahanetal.2014).Dinacanbelegallyrecognisedthroughvalidationviathecourts,oraspartofdefinedcontractualmanagementtransfersandco-managementofrenewablenaturalresources(Humberetal.2015),andhasbeenintegratedintothecountry’slegalframeworkandusedtodeveloplocalandcustomaryregulationsofnaturalresources.Dinacanbeusedasawaytocommunicatenationallegislation,enhanceitorvalidatelocalcustomsbutcannotcontradictexistingnationallegislation(althoughthisoftenhappens;seebelow).PunishmentforbreakingDinaisvariableandissetbyeachimplementingcommunity,butcanincludemonetaryfinesormaterialfines(e.g.1zebu,5kgofrice,5kgofsaltetc.).Typically,Dinarelatingtothemarineturtlefisheryimposeasizelimit,forinstancenotakeofanimalsunder70cminCurvedCarapaceLength(CCL),closedseasonsfortargetedhunting(i.e.duringthenestingseason),orprohibitingeggharvesting.Ofnote,thetwofirstexamplescontradictnationallegislation.AsummarytableoftheDina’sinplacerelatingtomarineturtlesarepresentedinHumberetal.(2015).Gouldingetal.(2017)alsodescribestheDinausedby13communitiesintheBayofRanobe,southwestMadagascartoprohibitthecatchofturtlessmallerthan70cminCCL.
![Page 16: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
11
MarineturtleDinahavehadmixedresults,andsomedirectlycontradictnationallegislation.Thedifficultlyofmultiplemanagementsystemshasbeennotedaschallengingtonaturalresourcemanagement,asitrequiresmergingmodernlegislationwithtraditionalandemergingcustomssuchasDina(Rakotoson&Tanner2006).Humberetal.(2015)suggestedthatthesuccessofDinarelatingtoturtleswasduetothestrongculturalvalueplaceduponturtles,especiallybytheVezoethnicgroup,whicharebasedinToliara,southwestMadagascar.
1.3IntentionalandaccidentaltakeofmarineturtlesinMadagascarIllegaltakecomprisesdirectedfisheriesformarineturtlesandalsotheretentionofaccidentallycaughtturtles.Twostudiescomprehensivelyreviewtheintentional(illegal)marineturtlecapturesinMadagascar(seeHumberetal.2011,Goldingetal.2017).Intheformer,surveysofthemarineturtlefisheryin12majorvillagesinsouthwestMadagascardocumented699marineturtlelandingsrepresentingfourspeciesin2007,withthemajoritybeinggreenturtlesCheloniamydas(93.6%;Humberetal.2011).InToliaraProvincetheyreportedanillegaltakerateof817turtlesper60km.Usingdatafromcommunitysurveys,theyextrapolatedthesedataandestimatedthemarineturtlefisheryfromjustonesouthwesternProvincetorangebetween10,000and16,000turtlesperyear(Humberetal.2011;Figs.3&4).
Figure3:LocationsofartisanalmarineturtlefisheriesinMadagascarandrelativeestimatesoflandings
![Page 17: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
12
(Source:Humberetal.2011).Goldingetal.(2017)presentsadetailedcasestudyofthemarineturtlefisheryintheBayofRanobe,insouthwestMadagascar.ThemarineturtlefisheryintheBayofRanobereportedlylandedatotalof1,521turtles,ofwhich867werekilledorsoldand654(43%)werereleasedin2016.Thisturtlefisherygeneratedanincomeof71.4millionMGA(approximately20,000USD)in2016foranestimated80fishermeninfourcommunities(Ambolomailaky,Andrevo,FitsitikieandIfaty;Goldingetal.2017).Isolatedcasestudiesalsosuggesthighlevelsofbycatch,with3,656turtlesperyearwithanaveragecaptureof20-25turtlesperfisherreportedintheartisanalfisheriesbetweenSoalaraandAmbola(Frontier-Madagascar2003).Inaddition,illegaltakeof180-300turtleswasreportedintheNorthbetweenJulyandNovember2012(Cétamada2012).Thesefindingshighlightthattheimpactasmallhumanpopulationcanhaveonmarineturtlesoveroneyearcanbesubstantial(Humberetal.2011).Consideringthesestudies,itislikelytheartisanalturtlefisheryinMadagascaristhelargestintheSouthwestIndianOceanRegion(SWIO)region,withthesouthwestMadagascarregionhostingthemostsignificantmarineturtlefisheryinthecountry(Humberetal.2011).Marineturtlelandingsfromintentionaltakeappeartohave(onaverage)remainedatconstantlevelssincethe1970s(Frazier1970,Hughes1974,Rakotonirina&Cooke1994,Humberetal.2011)despitetemporalvariancesacrosstheyear,althoughclaimssuggestthatpoachingactivitymaybeintensifyinginotherareasofthecountry(IOSEA2014).Despitethesustainedillegaltakeofmarineturtlesreceivingnationalattention(Repoblikan'iMadagasikara2013a,2013b),effectivemanagementmeasures,directassessmentsoffisheriesimpactandillegalexporthaveyettobeimplemented.
Figure4:2017and2018trendsinthemonitoredlandingsofthemarineturtlefisheryatIfaty,Madagascar.UnpublisheddataandgraphcourtesyofReefDoctorandtheInstitutHalieutiqueetdesSciencesMarines
(IHSM),UniversitédeToliara(Madagascar).
1.4DomestictradeinmarineturtlesMarineturtlesareheavilyexploiteddirectlythroughillegaltargetedfisheriesandasbycatchalongthemajorityofMadagascar'scoastline(Humberetal.2015).In1971Hughes(1974)estimatedannualcatchesamongallfivespeciesofmarineturtlestobeinthethousandsinsouthwestMadagascar.Reportssuggestthatinhistoricaltimes(ca.1970-1980),turtlefishingwasregulatedbytraditionalresourcemanagementsystems(Jones2012,Humberetal.2015).Historical(priorto
![Page 18: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
13
2000)captureswereona1to2turtles/weekbasisratherthanthegreater8to20/daytrendsreportedmorerecently(pers.comm.EmmaGibbons;inJones2012).Despitetheerosionofoldermarineturtlefishingtraditionsinfavourofmorecommercial-stylehunting,localconsumptionisthoughttohavecontinuedatsimilarlevelssincethe1970s(Frazier1970,Hughes1974,Rakotonirina&Cooke1994,Humberetal.2011),andtodayKinangafano(turtlesales)havebecomeanestablishedbusiness(Lilette2006).Thehuntingofturtlestosellforprofitnowdrivesthefishery,especiallyforvillagesclosetothelargermarketsofToliaraandMorombe(Pascal2003,Lilette2007),whereturtlesfetchahighpriceincomparisonwithothermarineresources.Thishasledtothedevelopmentofmerchantsthatspecialiseinbuyingandsellingturtlemeat(Lilette2006,2007,Pascal2003,2008).Whilstthesouthwestisknownasthehubforturtlefishing,duetothehighdensityofartisanalfishers,ofwhichmostareVezowithstrongculturalandidentitytiestoturtlehunting,scatteredreportsfromthenorthandnorthwestofMadagascarsuggestturtlethatfishingandconsumptionarewidespread.Between2007and2010itwasestimatedthatmorethan40%ofthegreenandhawksbillturtlescapturedatseabylocalfishermenoffnorthernMadagascarvillageshadbeenlocallyconsumedorsold(Poonian&Whitty,unpublished).Metcalfetal.(2007)reportsmortalityeventsacrossacollectiveof115kmofbeachfromfieldsurveyscompletedinthreeregionsin2000;NosyHara(261green,119hawksbill,2oliveridleyand3loggerhead),NosyIranja(30green,33hawksbill)andtheRadamaIslands(295green,157hawksbilland3oliveridley).WhilstthelocalethnicgroupSakalavahaveafady(traditionalban)againstconsumptionofturtle,adherencetotraditionhasdeclined.Also,alargenumberofmigrantfishers(fromotherpartsofMadagascar)operateintheregiontoexploitlucrativefisheries(Metcalfetal.2007).Intentionalcaptureofturtleswasrecentlyreportedinthefarnorth,insixcommunitiesintheBayofRigny(Rahantanirina2018).Inthesouthwest,acrosseightcommunitiesspanninga60kmstretchfromAnakaotoAmbola,thevillageofMaromenahadthehighestmonthlycaptureofturtles,withareported300turtles/monthduringpeakfishingseasons(Walker&Roberts2005).AnakaovillageisalsowellknowninsouthwesternMadagascarforitsexploitationofturtlesandisthemostpopulousandthemostdependentonthattrade(Lilette2006).InIfaty,alsoinsouthwestMadagascar,morethan87%oftherespondentsinastudyontastepreference,marketdemand,andannualcatchinanindigenousmarineturtlefisheryinsouthwestMadagascarindicatedtheyconsumedmarineturtles“veryoften”;themajorityreportingtheyconsumedturtleeveryday(Jones2012).Acrosstheseeightvillages,itwasagreedthatthecatchesofturtleshaddeclinedoverthepasttenyears(Walker&Roberts2005).Diminishingcatchlevelsreportedlymadeitimpossibleforfisherstoexistsolelybasedonturtlelandings(Walker&Roberts2005)withmanytargetedturtlehuntersfocusingtheireffortonconsistentandprofitablecatchessuchasseacucumber,sharkfin,lobsterandoctopus,whileremainingonlyopportunisticturtlehunters.Lilette(2006)reportedthatturtlemeatportionsweresoldinshopsinToliara,southwestMadagascar,andmovedthroughatransportnetworkofbushtaxis,withturtlessufferingseveraldaysintransportbeforeslaughter.Ithasbeensuggestedthatshippingroutesusedbyoctopusandsquidcollectorsalsosustaintheturtletrade,ascollectorsfortheselegalproductsalsorequestturtleproducts.TheAndrokaregion(insouthwestMadagascar)isthoughttobeoneofthemajorprovidersofthedomesticsupplyofmarineturtles,wherebyturtlesaresentbymotorbike,sailboat(pirogue)orbytruckontoToliara.TurtlesarereportedtohavedecreasedinnumbersintheToliaralagoonandfromreeffringesofAnakaoduetothehighlevelsofdomestictakeanduse(Lilette2006).
![Page 19: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
14
1.5ExportofmarineturtlesDespitethemarineturtlefisherybeingclearlyreportedthroughouttheliterature,robustdatadocumentingexportnumbersremainsscarce(Jones2012,Goldingetal.2017).Whilstmostbycatchandillegaltakesupplydomesticdemandforturtlemeat(Humberetal.2011,Jones2012,Goldingetal.2017),scatteredreportsoftradeincidentsindicateillegalexportdoesoccur(Humberetal.2015).TableVdocumentsallrecordsintheliteraturethatpointtotheexportofmarineturtleproductsinMadagascar.
TableV:Documentedmarineturtletraffickingincidentsreportedinthepublishedliteraturesince2010.
Year Details Location Source
? Unofficialreportsofturtleplastrontrafficking SouthwestMadagascar
Humberetal.2015
2012 Targetedturtlefishingbycollector-exportersdestinedforinternationalexport
Mahajanga Humberetal.2015
Jan2012
Trafficofplastronshellwasidentified.Discoveryofastockpileledtofivepeoplearrested
Androka IOSEA2014p148
Jul2012
Estimated40kgofplastronshellwasbeingshippedeveryweektoToliara,involvingupto50%ofthefishermenofcertainmunicipalities
Itampolo IOSEA2014p149
Jul-Nov2012
Illegaltakeofanestimated180-300turtles.TurtlesmugglingnetworkwasalsouncoveredinnorthwestMadagascarinMarokibaywherebyisolatedfishingvillagesweresupplyingtradersestablishedinMahajanga,shipping10-38liveturtlesbyspeedboateverytwoweeks.Thefinaldestinationandendbuyerofproductswasnotidentifiedbutwaspresumedtobeforillegalexport.
FishersfromMarokibay,whofishintheMarambaBayvicinityandthenshipliveturtlestoMahajanga,NWMadagascar
Rakotondrazafy&Adrianasolo2012
Nov2012
FisheriesandgendarmerieofficialsraidedMarokibayvillage.FivepeoplearrestedandtakentoAntsohihy.20turtlesreleasedalive.
Marokibay Rakotondrazafy&Adrianasolo2012
Dec2012
Illegalturtlecollectionreported.ThreepeoplearrestedandtakentoMahajanga.
SouthofAnjajavy Rakotondrazafy&Adrianasolo2012
Aug2016
13“largegillnets(jarifa)”andthreeliveturtlesfoundonsite.Authoritiesdiscoveredhundredsofgreenturtleremains.
RadamaIslands WCS2016
Apr2016
RemainsofpoachedturtlesdiscoveredinAnkivonjyMarineProtectedArea,aco-managedMPAbetweenlocalcommunitiesandWCS.
AnkivonjyMarineProtectedArea(50kmsouthwestofNosyBe)
WCS2016
Pre2012
DemandforturtlecarapacebythekilobyArab,Indo-Pakistani,andEuropeanmerchants.
Anakao Lilette2006
2004 TradenetworkinthesouthofMadagascar,wherefisherssellliveturtlestodealers,anddealersthensellslaughteredwholeorportionsofturtletotraderswhoselltothegeneralpublic.28marineturtles(21green,4hawksbill,2loggerheadand1oliveridley)passedthroughthefourdealersofAnakaoduringthestudyperiod.
Anakao,Andriangy,Maramena,Befasy,Beheloka,Ampasimahaoro,BesambayandAmbola
Walker&Roberts2005
2017 AjointpatrolorganizedbyWCSwithlocalauthoritiesidentifiedacampofillegalmarineturtletradersinthenorthpartofAntsohihynexttotheMPAborder.Therewasnobodyatthecamp,buttherewerealotofmarineturtlecarapaces,anddrymeatthattheauthoritiescollectedandburnt.Nomoreinformationontheoffendersinvolvedinthetrafficking;theissueisquitesensitive.InAnalalavaandAntsohihy,theWCSteamsawfishersusingspecificnetstocatchmarineturtle.
AnalalavaandAntsohihy(nexttotheMPAborder).
pers.comm.,WCSviaemail
![Page 20: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
15
1.4Cultureandtraditions
1.4.1Traditionalbeliefsandtaboos(‘fady’or‘faly’)Traditionallythesaleofmarineturtlesandtheirproductswashistoricallyconsideredatabooknownlocallyas‘fady’(Lilette2006).Sellingturtlemeatwastaboo,butgiftingturtlemeatwassociallyacceptableandconsumptionofturtlemeatwasregardedasagift.Numerousjustificationsforfadyexistwithreasonsrelatingtoaccidentaldeathoffamilyancestorsfromconsumptionofturtlemeatinsomegroups,andothergroupsdescribingacustomnottoeatanytypeofseafoodbecauseitcanbelethal(Jones2012).Growinginterestinacquiringpurchasingpowerandsymbolsofwealthforcelebrations,weddingsandfunerals,forbuildinghouses,andforbuyingbetterfishingnetshasrecentlyerodedrespectforfady(Lilette2006).Particularlyamongtheyoungergenerationsandthoseincloseproximitytocities,traditionalbeliefsregardingmarineturtlesaretodaylargelyignored(Rakotonirina&Cooke1994,Jones2012).
1.4.2VezocultureThemarineturtlefisheryisculturallyimportantinMadagascar,particularlytotheVezopeople,withturtletraditionslinkedtoancestorworship(Humberetal.2011).VezocultureisstronglytiedtotheoceanandVezopeopleareknownfortheirritualslinkedtothehuntingandconsumptionofmarineturtlesor‘fano’(Lilette2006,Pascal2003).Vezofishersoftenrefertomarineturtlesas“cows,”wheremarineturtlesareconsideredtobeananimalofsacrificecomparabletothesize,spiritual,andmonetaryvalueofazebu(Jones2012).Greenturtlesinparticularareoftenreferredtoas‘fanoaomby’or‘zebuturtle’astheyareconsideredcomparabletothezebuasasacrificialanimal(Lilette2006).Vezoarealsonotedforbeingskilledwatermenandareconsideredsemi-nomadic.Theypridethemselvesontheirinnovativefishingtechniquesandadoptionofnewfishingmethods,forexamplejarifanets(widemeshbenthicnets).Jarifanetswereintroducedinthe1990’s(Langley2006)totargetsharks,andhavesincebeenusedtotargetturtles(Humberetal.2011).Usingjarifastotargetturtles,whilstnottraditional,makesturtlefishingsignificantlymoreeffective(Astuti1995,Pascal2003,Walker&Roberts2005,Lilette,2007).Turtlefishingwithjarifanetsrequireslessskillandphysicaleffortcomparedtothetraditionalmethodoffreedivingwithatezaharpoon(Humberetal.2011).Thesaleofmarineturtlemeatisavaluedeconomicresource,providingeconomicstabilityandbuyingpowerinVezufishingcommunities(Goldingetal.2017,Lilette2002).Thecaptureandsaleofturtlesbringsinlargesumsofmoneywheretherearenoperceivedviablealternativestosupplementincome.Growthintheturtletradehasexpandedduetotheavailabilityofeffectivegeartotargetturtles(i.e.jarifa)andincreasesinthepriceofturtlemeatandproducts(Lilette2006).Callsforasystemthatcouldregulate(andlegalise)localusebutwhichprohibitsthesaleofturtleshasbeensuggestedasasolutiontotheexpansionoftrade(Goldingetal.2017,Lilette2006).Interestingly,whencomparingconservationcasestudiesinvolvingcommunitysupportfromVezovillages,attitudesarehighlyvariable.Lilette(2006)presentedadetailedcomparisononthismatter,demonstratingthatexogenousenvironmentalpoliciescanrangefrombeingcompletelyignored(prohibitionagainsttheexploitationofmarineturtles)tobeingenthusiasticallyembraced(protectionoftheNosyVeIslandred-tailedtropicbird).Additionalsocialinsightintomotives,driversandwillingnesstoembracealternativelivelihoodsandmanagementregimesisneeded(Lilette2006).
![Page 21: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
16
1.4.3ConsumptionandillnessConsumptionoccurswidelythroughoutthecountrywithfrequentreportsinthemediarelatingtointoxication,sicknessanddeathamongthosewhoeatturtlemeat.InMay2014,thedeathsofsixchildrenandthesickeningofabout50peoplewerereportedfromthe ruralcommunityinBelobaka,MahajangaIIDistrict.SicknessfromturtleconsumptionoccurredasrecentlyasJanuary2018,whereeightpeoplelosttheirlivesandanadditional14peoplefromAmbavaranoruralcommunityofMahavanonainDiegoSuarezwerereportedtobethevictimsofmarineturtlemeatpoisoning(MidiMadagasikara2018).Ithasbeenproposedthatconsumptioniswidespread(highnumberofpeopleinvolved)withturtlemeatdistributedthroughnumerouslocaltrade/barteringnetworks(IOSEA2014),andthattheincidenceofillnessmaybehigherthancurrentlyreported.
2.0Methodology2.1LiteraturereviewAliteraturereviewwasconductedtoidentifypublishedandunpublishedreportsofillegaltakeofmarineturtleswithinMadagascarwhichcouldbeattributedtoartisanalfishing,targetedhunting,reportedbycatchfromcommercialfishingfleets(artisanalorcommercial),recordsofillegaltakethatmaysuggestillegalexport,andrecordsofillnessormortalityfromconsumptionofturtlemeat.BothpublishedpeerreviewandgreyliteratureincludingtheIndianOceanTurtleNewsletter,AfricanMarineturtleNewsletter,MarineturtleNewsletter,funding/donorreportsandMalagasyacademicworkswerereviewedforpertinentinformation.Madagascardoesnotcompileanannualnationalstatusreportformarineturtles,precludingdirectaccesstonestingandtradestatistics.
2.2FieldworkInterviewswereundertakenwithartisanalfishersandconservationmanagementpractitionersacrossfivecoastalregionsofMadagascarandthecapitalcityofAntananarivo(Fig.5)inSeptember2018.Twoteamsweremobilisedtocoverthisperiodcomprisingof32daysinthefield.AdetailedmovementrecordisprovidedinAnnexI.Inadditiontothis,opportunisticsurveysofmarketsandcuriostallswereconductedtodocumenttheavailabilityofturtleshellproducts(oftenreferredtoastortoiseshellproducts,butlistedhereasturtleshelltodistinguishthesefromlandtortoisespecies).
2.3RapidassessmentinterviewsMeasuringtheeffortandtheimpactthatsmall-scaleartisanalfisherieshaveonnon-targetspeciesinastandardisedandsystematicmannerhasbeenalongstandingchallenge.Knowledgegapsacrosstheseimpactsareamajorchallengetotheeffectiveconservationandmanagementofthreatenedspeciessuchasmarineturtles.Interviewsurveysareconsideredtobeoneofthemostinexpensiveandpracticaltechniquestoderivefisherydata(Aragonesetal.1997,Ortega-Argueta2012),andmanyresearchersnowuseinterviewstoquantifyfisheryeffortandgatherinformationonbothtargetedandincidentalcatch(Mooreetal.2010,Ortega-Argueta2012).Theuseoflocalandtraditionalknowledgederivedviatheseinterviewprocessesiscost-effectiveandhasbeenshowntoberelativelyaccurateforfisherybycatchstudies.Mooreetal.(2010)developedaquestionnairetorecordthetwoprimarytypesofinformationneededtoquantifyandspatiallycharacterizeincidentalcatchinfisheriesindevelopingcountries:ameasureoffishingeffortandameasureofincidentalcatch.Pilcheretal.(2017)laterexpandedontheMooreetal.(2010)surveytodocumentincidentalcaptureofdugongsandfisherypressuresthroughouttheIndianOceanandPacificOceanregion.Williams(2017)developedasemi-structured
![Page 22: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
17
questionnairetoassessimpactstomarineturtlesbyartisanalfishersinMozambique,andRiskas(2018)alsodevelopedaseriesoffisherinterviewstoimprovetheunderstandingofIUUfishingandwildlifecrimeinMalaysia.Thesurveyquestionnairesusedforthisstudyincorporateaspectsofallofthesetools,tailoredtomeettherequirementsoftheTermsofReferencefortheproject.Twoquestionnairesweredevelopedtosolicitinformationonillegaltakeandexportormarineturtles.Onequestionnairewasusedtoengagewithartisanalfishermenorsmall-scalevendors,andtheotherwastailoredforconservationmanagementpractitioners.RefertoAnnexesIIandIIIforcopiesofthequestionnaires.2.3.1.KeyInformantsInadditiontotheartisanalfishingandconservationandmanagementpractitionerinterviews,someinterviewswereconductedwithanonymouskeyinformants.Theseinformantswereidentifiedthroughasnowballsamplingapproach(Goodman1961,Biernacki&Waldorf1981),wherebypotentialknowledgeablerespondentsweresuggestedbyexpertswithextensiveexperienceinMadagascar.Duetothesensitivityoftheinformationprovided,theyrequestedanonymityasaconditionofparticipation.Intotalfouranonymousinformantswereinterviewed.
Figure5:LocationssurveyedinMadagascarduringthisstudy.
![Page 23: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
18
2.4OnlineSurveyInMay2018weconductedarapidelectronicsurveysearchingforsaleofseaturtleproductsoriginatingfromMozambique,whichincludedsocialmediasources(Facebook,Instagram),andthemainwebsitesearchengine(Google)andcontentbrowsers(Firefox,Chrome).Weusedkeywordsandcombinationsofkeywordssuchas‘turtle’,‘seaturtle’,‘Madagascar’,‘sale’,‘product’tosearchforevidenceofpubliclyavailableonlinesales/marketingofanysuchproducts.Weacknowledgewewereinnopositiontosearchanydarkwebsources,nordidwehavetimetoconductexhaustiveimagerecognitionanalyses,e.g.DiMininetal.(2018).WhilesurveyssuchasthesemayinthefutureprovidelinkstoonlinemarketsforseaturtlesfromMozambique,givenourfindings(particularlylinedtothelackofinternetaccessthroughoutmuchoftheareawhereseaturtlesarelanded),wefeelthesewouldbeinconsequentialtotheon-goingdomesticcaptureandtrade.
2.5SamplingsitesFieldsurveyswereconductedinsouthernMadagascar(AtsimoAndrefana,Androy&Anosyregions)fromSeptemberto1stto23rd2018,innorthwestMadagascar(Boeny,Diana)from24thto30thSeptember,andinthenorth(Antsiranana,Sofia)fromthe1stto30thofSeptember2018byasecondsurveyteam.Atotalof153artisanalfisherswereinterviewedand4interviewswerecompletedwithconservationmanagementpractitioners(TableVI).
TableVI:LocationssurveyedinsixcoastalprovincesofMadagascarduringSeptember2018.
Date Region Location n
03/09/2018 AtsimoAndrefana Tulear 204/09/2018 AtsimoAndrefana Mahavati 2
05/09/2018–06/09/2018 AtsimoAndrefana Anakao 907/09/2018 AtsimoAndrefana Beheloky 107/09/2018 AtsimoAndrefana Ambola 2
07/09/2018–09/09/2018 AtsimoAndrefana Itampolo 710/09/2018 AtsimoAndrefana Antsikoroke 5
10/09/2018–11/09/2018 AtsimoAndrefana Ambohibola 713/09/2018–14/09/2018 Androy Lavanono 10
15/09/2018 Androy FauxCap 318/09/2018 Anosy AmbinanyBe 419/09/2018 Anosy AnalapasyII 219/09/2018 Anosy Arabaraba 320/09/2018 Anosy Lokaro 525/09/2018 Boeny AntsaBigo,Mahajanga 225/09/2018 Boeny MahajangaPort 126/09/2018 Boeny PetitePlage,Mahajanga 328/09/2018 Diana Antitoro,NosyKomba 228/09/2018 Diana Antamotamo,NosyKomba 429/09/2018 Diana AndriaBe,NosyKomba 408/09/2018 Sofia/Antsiranana NosySuarez 1009/09/2018 SofiaAntsiranana Androvohonko 10
15/9/2018–16/9/2018 SofiaAntsiranana Ambodivahibe 3022/9/2018–23/09/2018 SofiaAntsiranana Ambolobozokely 20
27/09/2018 SofiaAntsiranana BayofDiegoSuarez 7Sep/Oct2018 Online ViaGoogleforms 4
3.0Results3.2FisherydescriptionGiventhatthemajorityofrespondentswereartisanalfishers(asthisgroupinteractswithturtlesonaregularbasis),webrieflydescribehereintheartisanalfisheriesthatweinteractedwithduringthe
![Page 24: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
19
survey.However,responseswerealsogatheredfromrespondentswhoalsohadarangeofotheroccupations;Fig.6).Whilethereareslightdifferencesamonglocations,webelievethefollowingdatagenerallydescribetheartisanalfisherysectorsintheareaswherethesurveywasconducted.Fishersweregenerallyyoung,withveryfewseniorfishersputtingtosea(Fig.7).ThisisinkeepingwithagenerallylowerlifeexpectancyrecordedforMadagascar(approximately65years;WHO2018).Averageageamongstfisherrespondentswasapproximately20years,andapproximately75%ofallfisherswereaged10to40years.Theartisanalfisheryismostlysmallscale,withprimaryvesseltypescomprisingwoodenboats(Fig.8),dhows,andpirogues(localcanoes;Fig.9).Asmallproportionofvesselsaremotorisedorcarrysails,withsailsbeingpreferred,astheydonotincurfuelcosts.Vesselsaremostlysmall,withlengthsrarelyexceeding5m.
Figure6:Primaryoccupationsofrespondentsduringthefieldsurveys(n=151).CLPdenoteslocalfisheries
council,orComitéLocauxdePeche).
Figure7:Agedistributionofinterviewrespondents(n=119).
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
Fisher
Fishseller
Boatbuilder
Housewife
Farmer
Hospitality
Shopworker
Spearfisher
Turtlevendor
Captain
Carpenter
CLPm
ember
Prop
ortio
nofrspo
nden
ts
Occupation
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
Prop
ortio
noffishers
Age(years)
![Page 25: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
20
Figure8:VesseltypesusedintheartisanalfisheryinMadagascar(n=86).
Fig.9:TypicalfishingpirogueusedintheMadagascarartisanalfisheries(photocourtesyofMichelStrongoff,
ChrisScarffeFilm&Photography).
TargetcatchesinMadagascar’sartisanalfisheriescomprisedawiderangeofspecies,reflectingthewiderangeofgeartypesbeingusedinthevariedfisheries.Manyrespondentsindicatedtheytargetedcertainspecies,butacknowledgedtheykeptnearlyallcatches,irrespectiveofspecies.MarineturtlesareatargetedspeciesinMadagascar,andnotretainedsolelyfrombycatchinstances(e.g.Lilette2006,Humberetal.2011,Jones2012,presentstudy).OursurveysrevealedthattheartisanalfisheryinMadagascarismostlynon-selective,and(generally)allcatchisretained,irrespectiveifitwastargetedornot.Fishersgenerallyusemorethanonetypeofgear,andtargetdifferentspecieswitheachofthedifferentgears.Asaroughguide,freedivingandspearsareusedforlobsterandoctopus,longlineandhook&lineareusedforlargepelagicfishandsharks,andgillnetsaregenerallyusedforreefandlagoonfish.Jarifanets(alsoencounteredinMozambique)arelargemeshgillnets(upto45cmstretchedmesh)andareusuallyusedtocatchmarineturtles(e.g.Humber&Hykle2011).ThemaintargetspeciesgroupsareshowninFigure10.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Pirogue Pirogue(sail)
Woodboat
(motor)
Woodboat(sail)
Pirogue(motor)
Fiberglassboat
(motor)
Prop
ortio
naluseamon
gstfishe
rs
![Page 26: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
21
Figure10:PredominanceofmaintargetspeciesgroupsreportedinMadagascar’sartisanalfisheries,sortedbymost-targetedcatch.Therewere315responsesamong153respondentsduetofishersoftentargeting
multiplespecies.Manyrespondentsindicatedtheyusedmultiplegeartypes,withthedifferencesingearusegenerallybeingduetodifferingseasonsandtargetspecies.Figure11describesthemainfishinggeartypes,sortedbymostcommontoleastcommon.Thereportednumberofgearsexceedsthenumberofrespondentsduetomultiplegearsused.
Figure11:PredominanceofmainfishinggearsusedinMadagascar’sartisanalfisheries,comprising164
responsesamong78respondents.
3.3TurtleinteractionsThevastmajorityofrespondents(89%)indicatedtheyhadseenturtlesintheareasinwhichtheyfished,withthebalanceofrespondentsindicatingturtlesdidnotoccurintheirarea(oratleasthadnotbeenseen).Thelocationofturtlesightingswasgenerallyalignedwiththekeyfishinghabitatsfrequentedbyfishers,whotargetlagoonandreeffish,butalsolargerpelagicspeciesfurtheroffshoreFig.12).
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Fish
Pelagicfish
Reeffish
Sharks
Lobster
Octopus
Squid
Crabs
Turtles
Lagoonfish
Seacucumber
Shrimp
Prop
ortio
nofta
rgetcatches
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Gillnet
Hook&line
Jarifa
Freediving
Traps
Speargun
Longline
Harpoon
Seine
Prop
ortio
nalgearu
se
![Page 27: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
22
Figure12:Locationsofturtlesightingsreportedbyinterviewrespondents(n=236responsesamong133
respondents;respondentsoftenindicatedseeingturtlesinmorethanonelocation).Roughlyhalfofallrespondentsbelievedmarineturtlestocksweredeclining,withonly~10%ofintervieweesbelievingthatnumberswereincreasing(Fig.13).Oursurveysaskedrespondentstothinkacrosstimespansofoneandfiveyears,andalsowithintheirlifetimes,butwebelievetheseresponsesreflecttrendsoverthelastdecadebasedonanecdotalfeedback,roughlysince1995-2000.Asimilarsmallnumberofrespondentsbelievedthepopulationhadremainedunchanged.However,duringasubsequentfollow-upquestiononthelocaltradeinturtlesandtheirproducts,allrespondentsbelievednumbersofturtlesweredecreasingduetothetrade,andnobodysuggestedthatoverallnumberswereontherise(includingthe10%whorespondedpositivelytotheearlierquestion).Manyrespondentsindicatedthattheywerecatchingmoresmallturtlesinrecentyearsthantheydidinpastyears,suggestingmanyofthelargeradultshavebeenremovedfromthepopulation.Themostfrequentresponsesforthecauseofturtlepopulationdeclinesweretheincreaseduseofjarifanets,increasedfisherypressureoverall,changesinseagrasscoverage(presumablydecreasesincoverage),andincreaseddemandforturtlemeatandproducts.Thosesuggestingpopulationswereincreasedattributedthistothelegalprotectionstatusofmarineturtlesandadecreaseinthenumberofhunters.Giventhewidespreadandblatanttradeinmarineturtlesweobservedduringthissurvey,itisunlikelythateitherofthesetworesponsesarerealistic,andsimilarlyitislikelythatthestockisnotincreasing.
Figure13:Perceivedpopulationtrendinmarineturtlesdescribedbyinterviewrespondents(n5-years=137,
nlifetime=142).
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Reefs Openocean
Coastal Nesting Lagoon Seagrass Rocks
Prop
ortio
nalgearu
se
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Declining Increasing Unchanged Don'tknow
Prop
ortio
nofre
spon
dents
Last5yrs Lifetime
![Page 28: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
23
Morethanhalfofall153respondentsindicatedtheyhadcaughtturtlesaccidentallyintheirnets(manyalsotargetedtheturtlesdirectly:77respondentsindicatedthis,orroughly49%)andindicatedtheywereawarethatthemajorityoffisherscaughtmarineturtlesasbycatch(Fig.14).Afewrespondents(n=9)indicatedthatturtleswerecaughtasfrequentlyasdaily,andasubstantialproportion(~26%)ofrespondentsindicatedtheycaughtfourtosixturtleseachmonth.Itisproblematictodistinguishbetweendirectedtakeandaccidentaltake,becauseturtlesthatwerecaughtaccidentallywereretained,andrespondentoftenstruggledtounderstandthedifferencebetweenaccidentalanddirectedtake.Inmanycasestheystatedthattheysettheirnets,andanythingthatwascaughtwasretained.Overall,weestimatethatonlytherespondentsofthissurvey(153respondents)caughtapproximately3,500marineturtlesintotaloverthelast12months,eitherasbycatchorasdirectedtake.Themajorityoftheseturtleswereidentifiedasgreenturtles,andclassifiedaseitherjuvenile(18%)orsub-adult(53%)basedonthesizesreportedbyrespondents,withonly30%oflandingcomprisingadultturtles(Figs.15&16).Severaloftheadultswerereportedlycollectedonnestingbeachesratherthanatsea.Thesefindingssupporttheabovenotionthatthestocksmaybedeclining,withfisherstakingsmallerandsmalleranimalseachyear.Indeed,manyoftherespondentsindicatedthattheyusedtocatchmuchlargerturtlesinearlieryears.
Figure14:ReportedincidencesofmarineturtlebycatchinartisanalfisheriesinMadagascar(n=145).Personalreflectsinstanceswhererespondentsindicatedtheythemselveshadcaughtturtles.Byothers
referstoinstanceswhererespondentsindicatedtheyknewofotherfisherscatchingseaturtles.
Figure15:SizeclassesofmarineturtlebycatchinartisanalfisheriesinMadagascar(n=203from131
respondentswhocouldcatchmultipleturtlesofvarioussizes).
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Personal Byothers
Prop
ortio
nofre
spon
dents
No
Yes
Juvenile18%
Sub-Adult53%
Adult29%
![Page 29: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
24
Figure16:AsmalljuvenilegreenturtlecaughtintheartisanalfisheryinMadagascar(photocourtesyof
MichelStrongoff,ChrisScarffeFilm&Photography).Turtleswereeitherkeptfordomesticuse(asfood,primarily)orsoldtomiddlemenandbuyerswhoalsosoldthem(primarily)forfood(Fig.17).Veryfewrespondentsindicatedturtlesmightbeshippedoverseas(only2%of148respondents)orusedfortraditionalpurposes(medicinal,handicrafts).Only13%of148respondentsindicatedtheyreleasedbycaughtturtles,andinvirtuallyeveryinstancetheyindicatedthiswasbecauseturtleswereprotectedviafady.Theheavydependenceonmarineturtlesasafoodresourcemanyexplainthelack(orperceivedlack)ofinternationaltrade.Oursurveysfoundthat70%ofallrespondentsatebothturtlemeatandturtleeggs,andwefoundnosuggestionduringourinterviews/norespondentsindicatedthatoverseasbuyerswouldpayhigherpricesforturtlemeatandproductscomparedtolocalvillagerstofueltheinternationaltrade.Ofnote,whileweonlyencounteredgreenturtlesduringoursurveys,asubstantialnumberofrespondentsindicatedapreferenceforhawksbillsovergreensdespiterecordsofillnessfromconsuminghawksbillturtlemeat.
Figure16:Reportedfateofmarineturtlesinartisanalfisheries(n=216responsesamong148respondents).
Food43%
Sold36%
Shipped2%
Released13%
Traditionaluse6%
![Page 30: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
25
Figure17:Proportionofrespondentswhoindicatedtheyconsumedmarineturtlesormarineturtleeggs
(n=152).
3.4DomesticmarineturtletradeLivemarineturtles,turtlemeat,eggsandplastron/ligamentsareallpartofthedomestictradeinMadagascar(Fig.18).Marineturtletakeappearstobeprimarilyforfoodandfortradeinlocalmarkets,butthesemarketscanbemanyhundredsofkilometersaway.Basedonresponsestoourinterviews,thereappeartobeactivetransportnetworksthatmovemarineturtlesandtheirproductsaroundthecountry,withturtlesmovingnorthandsouthalongthewestcoast,butalsomovingtothecapitalcityofAntananarivo.45%of153respondentsindicatedthattheywereawareof/participatedintradeinmarineturtlesand/ortheirproducts.Inadditiontowholeturtles,wealsodocumentedseveralinstancesinwhichnonmeat-relatedproductswerebeingtraded(TableVII).
Figure18:Proportionaluseofmarineturtlesandmarineturtleproductsinthedomestictrade(n=133).
TableVII:Locationswheretradeinturtlescutesorplastronligamentwasdocumentedduringthesurvey.
Scutes-primarilyhawksbillturtles
Plastronligament(dryorwet)
LocationsbuyerssourcedorrequestedproductsfromAntsikoroke AnakaoAmbohibola AmbohibolaLavanono LavanonoFauxCap FauxCapArabaraba AmbinanyBeAntitoro,NosyKomba AmpasimarinyAntsaBigo,Mahajanga
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
Meat Eggs
No Yes
Meat45%
Eggs23%
Plastron/Liigaments
9%
Liveturtles23%
![Page 31: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
26
Theturtlecarapacesarealsoused,oftentomakejewellery(TableVIII)butwereoftenrepurposedlocallyforusesaroundthevillage,suchasanimalshelters(forducks,geese,puppies)andascontainerstostoreanimalfeedorscraps.Marineturtleshellproductsweredetectedinthreelocationsspreadacrossthreedifferentregions:inthevillageofAmbohibola(AntisimoAndrefana),NosyBe(Diana)andMahajanga(Boeny).Ontwooccasionsthecarapacehadbeenconvertedintocraftproducts,thethirdincidentinvolvedtheresaleofjuvenilecarapaces.Freshevidenceofillegaltake(liveturtlesorfreshlyslaughtered)waswitnessedonsixoccasionsduringthesurvey(TableIX),allinsouthwestMadagascar.Twojuvenilegreenturtleswerebeingheldinavillageawaitingslaughter,andtwoseparateportionsoffreshlykilledturtlewerealsofound.AnadditionaltwooccurrencesofcookedturtlemeatweredetectedwhilstconductinginterviewsinAnakaovillage.
TableVIII:TurtleshellproductsdocumentedopportunisticallyacrossthreeregionsofMadagascar.
Site Items Location Details Date Photographicevidence
AtsimoAndrefanaAmbohibola
Earrings Inhomeoffisherwoman.
AfisherwomeninvitedusintoshowusherearingwhichshefoundinAntananarivoandbroughtbacktoherhomeinAmbohibola.Itisunclearifthiswastobeusedasamodel/prototypetoreplicatelocally.
11/9/18
Photo:JessWilliams
Diana,NosyBe
Necklacependants
FasceneAirportcuriostore
Pendantsavailableforsaleinairportcurioshop,NosyBe.
3/10/18
Photo:JessWilliams
Boeny,Mahajanga
Carapace(greenandhawksbillturtles)
BazaarBetouristmarket
Turtlecarapacesavailableforsalealongwithnumerousotheranimals(seahorse,crocodile,corals,stingraytails,starfish)
25/9/18
Photo:JessWilliams
![Page 32: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
27
TableIX:Illegalturtletakeincidentswitnessedduringthestudyperiod.
Location Date Incidentdetails Photographicevidence
AtsimoAndrefana,Mahavativillage,TulearCity
4/9/18 LivejuvenilegreenturtlewasfoundbyourvillageguideatthelandingareaofMahavati,inTulear.Thefisherdisappearedintothebusyunloadingareasowewereunabletointerviewhim.TheturtlewaslikelytobekeptforpersonalconsumptiongiventhesmallsizeorresoldtooneoftwomainbuyersinMahavati.
Photo:J.Williams
AtsimoAndrefana,Anakao
6/9/18 Caughtwithspeargun.Keptaliveforadaybeforeslaughtered.Approximately50cmCurvedCarapaceLength(CCL).
Photo:J.Williams
AtsimoAndrefana,Anakao
6/9/18 Capturemethodunknown.Killedandportionedbeforewedetectedit.
Photo:M.Strongoff,ChrisScarffeFilmmaker
![Page 33: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
28
AtsimoAndrefana,Anakao
6/9/18 Averysmalljuvenilegreenturtle(approximately30cmCCL),withpartsofcarapaceandfrontshoulderjoint.Aninterviewwascompletedwiththisfisher.
Photo:J.Williams
AtsimoAndrefana,Anakao
5/9/18 Greenturtlemeat,freshlycooked,beingcutupintosmallerportions.
Photo:J.Williams
AtsimoAndrefana,Anakao
5/9/18 Greenturtlemeat,freshlycooked,beingcutupintosmallerportions.
Photo:M.Strongoff,ChrisScarffeFilmmaker
3.5CasestudiesAnumberofcasestudieshelpillustratethecomplexityandextentofthedomestictradeinmarineturtlesinMadagascar:
![Page 34: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
29
3.4.1CaseStudy1:Traffickingacross180kmfromAnalalavatoMahajangaAsourcewhorequestedanonymityprovidedacasestudyofaninvestigationconductedin2013inAnalalava.Thereporthighlightedtheexistenceofagroupthattargetedmarineturtles(mainlygreenturtles)onthenorthwestsideofMadagascarbetweenMahajangaandtheRadamaArchipelago.Thisillegaltakeactivitywasconductedbyateaminvolvingmorethan30migrantfishersfromMahajangaandAmpasibe.Thepoachersreportedlysetuptemporaryfishingcamps,buildingfencedareastoholdtheturtlesaliveuntiltheyhadenoughtotransportbacktoMahajangabyboat.Oneofthesecampswasdetectedon26thMay2013nearKomadzara,onabeachinamangroveareaataplacecalledBelalandana.Morethan70greenturtleswerefoundinholdingpens(Fig.19).Thesitewasabandonedbuthadsignsthatthefishershadrecentlyfled(warmriceinapotoverthefire).
Figure19:GreenturtleswaitingtobetransportedfromBelalandana,Komadzara,AnalalavatoArantsa,
Mahajanga.
3.4.2CaseStudy2:TraffickingfromAnalalavaAsecondinvestigationinJune2013involvedlocalauthoritiesinAnalalava,whoreleased20marineturtlesfromfencedenclosuresatAmbolobozo,inNarindraBay.Authoritiesarrestedsomeofthefishers,destroyedtheircampsandconfiscatedthenetsusedforturtlefishing(althoughthesenetswerereportedlylaterresoldinAnalalava).FurtherinquiryinKomadzaravillagerevealedthatlocalvillagerswerenotpleasedbythepresenceofthemigrantfishers,someofwhomoriginatedfromsouthernMadagascar.Analalavapolicecametodrivethemigrantfishersawayandduringthecourseoftheinvestigation,thePresidentofFokontany(villagechief)wasalsofoundtobeinvolvedandwasdismissedbyAnalalavadistrictauthorities.Reportsemergedfromvillagersthatthemigrantfishergrouphadbeenspottedfurthersouthandthisareawasthusinspected.Onarrivaltheauthoritiesfoundafishingcamp,withfivecarapacesand
![Page 35: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
30
threeholdingpens(oneofthelargestmeasured6mx4m).Localvillagersinformedtheauthoritiesthattheoffendershadbeenintheareaforafewweeksbeforerecentlyfleeing.Theyreportedlyusedseveralnetsinnearbyareas,andinwatersextendingoffshoretoNosyLavaIsland.Theyreportedlyfishedover4-5daycampaigns,catching20-25turtlesperday.AttheendofthecampaigntheywouldsailtoMahajangatoselltheturtles.VillagersreportedthatduringthelasttripbytheturtlefisherstoMahajangatheircanoesankwithmorethan40turtlesaboard.Furtherdetailsfromashrimp/fishcollectorconfirmedthatthegrouphadbeenoperatingintheareaforoverayear,basedoutofNosyLavabutusingseveraltemporarycampsinthearea.TheysenttheturtlestoMahajangaandunloadedinthefishingdistrictofArantsa.SomeoftheturtlemeatwasconsumedinMahajangaandpartofitwassenttoAntananarivo.ThefishermenarrestedbytheAnalalavapoliceweresubsequentlyreleasedanditisunlikelytheywereprosecuted.Twokeyinformantsduringourcurrentsurveyssuggestedthattheseactivitiesstillcontinuedupto2018.Theisolationoftheseareas,withthickmangrovesthatmakeiteasytohideclandestineactivities,coupledwiththeremotenessoftheareasandincipientcorruptionarelikelytofacilitatetheongoingexploitationofturtlesinthisareaandotherlocationswithsimilarconditions.
3.4.3CaseStudy3:MorambaBay,MarovasaBeandAnjajavyInMorambaBay,MarovasaBeandAnjajavyareas(Fig.20),localnewspapersreportedarrestsrelatedtotargetedhuntingandwidespreadillegalmarineturtleexploitation.Thisareaisremoteandonlyaccessiblebyboats/canoes.Respondentstooursurveyindicatedthatdirectedpoachinghasbeenincreasingsince2012inMorambaBayandcontinuestothisday,wherebyfisherscollectliveturtlesattherequestofadealerbasedinMahajanga,whichareheldinpensuntiltransportedbyspeedboatbacktothecity.Fishersusea500mlongnetinthebayareatocatch10-40turtlesperweek.AmiddlemanlocatedinMahajangacollectstheturtles,butthefinaldestinationisunknown.Theturtlesarereportedlysoldat5000MGA/kgoncetheyarriveinMahajanga.
Figure20:LocationofsitessurveyedwhereturtletraffickingwasreportedbyresearchesatCétamadain
2012(Cétamada2012).
![Page 36: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
31
AninvestigationledbytheNGOCétamadareportedthatmarineturtlehuntingandcollectionhasbeenincreasinginscaleoverthelastfewyears.Cétamada(2012)reportedthatfisherswereactivebetweenFebandNov2012andestimatedtheycaught180-300turtles(withanaveragecatchof20turtlespernetdeployment),whichweresenttoMahajangaeverysecondweek.AnothercaseofintensiveturtlefishingdestinedforMahajangawasrecordedinavillagefurthersouthofAnjajavy,wherethreepeoplewerearrestedandtakentoMahajangainDecember,2012accordingtolocalvillagers.TheownerofahotelinMarovasareportedintensiveturtlefishingtolocalauthorities,andinNovember2012,thegendarmerieandfisheryofficialscaughtfishersintheactofpoachingduringaraidonthevillageofMarokibay.FivepeoplewerearrestedandtakentoAntsohihy,andtwentyliveturtleswerereleased.
3.4.4CaseStudy4:TurtlemeatvendorsofMahavatse,ToliaraWeinterviewedthetwomainbuyersandresellersofturtlesinToliaracity-bothfemale,betweentheagesof51and60,eachofwhomhadasmallmarketstallattheirhomesinMahavatse,Toliara.Generallytheyonlypurchaseliveturtlestoensurethemeatisfresh,andtheybothestimatebuyingatleastoneturtledaily,averagingabout20turtlespermonth(accountingforbadweather,whenthefisherscouldnotgotosea).Onebuyerreportedthatfishersdonotgenerallycollectturtlesduringthenestingseason(Nov-Dec)butestimatedthatoneofevery20turtlesshepurchasedwasagravidfemale,andthattheeggsareextractedandsold.Shealsoreportedthatinthefewinstanceswhenthefishercaughtaturtlethatreleasedhereggsonboardaboardthevessel,thefishersthencollectedandsoldtheseontoher.BothwomenindicatedtheysourcedturtlesfromfishersoutsideofToliaracity(onesourcingnorthwards,theothersouthwards).Togetanideaoftheextentofthetrade,oneofthewomenwasreferredtobynameasthebuyerintwodifferentinterviewswithfishersinAmbohibola,200kmdistant.Thishighlightsthevastcoverageofthetraderoutes.Fisherstoldusthebuyerpaysaworkertokeepalookoutfortheirpiroguecomingfromthesouth,andifithasturtlestheworkerusesthezebucarttotransportthemfromtheirboattothebuyer’shouse.TheotherbuyersourcedturtlesfromfishersbasedinSalary,100kmaway,andfisherscalledaheadtobringtheturtlesinduringthenight.Bothbuyershadmultiplefishers(3-30)supplyingthem.Forthebuyersourcingfromthesouthcoast,thebestseasonwasreportedlyMarchthroughAugustwhenmoreturtlesaresupplied.TheotherbuyersuggestedJanuarytoAprilwasbetterduetocoolerweatherwhichpreventedturtlemeatgoingbad.Bothbuyerspurchasedlivegreenturtleslargerthan50cmatapproximately50,000MGA(approximately14USD)fora0.5mCCLturtleuptoapproximately200,000MGA(approximately57USD)foraturtle>1.2mCCL.Bothbuyersthenchoppedandcookedtheturtlesandselltheminportions.Portionssoldfrom100to2,000MGA(0.02-0.57USD).Themeatwasnotpreparedinanyparticularway,simplycookingtheturtlemeatinsaltywater.Carapaceswerenotusedforartisanalproducts,butwerebrokendownandfedtodomesticpigs.Bothbuyershadexperiencedencounterswithlocalauthoritiesbutneitherhadbeenfinedorissuedaninfringement.Bothhadofferedturtlemeatasabribe.ThesecondbuyersuggestedthatthecaseofarrestedfishersfromAmbohibolahaddeterredfishersfromsupplyingherandthatrecentlyshewasonlyreceivingthreetofourturtlespermonth.“Nooneisscaredtoeatturtlemeatifitsavailabletobuy,itisonlythefishersthatarescaredtocatchturtles”sheremarked.Thissuggeststhatwidelypublicisednewsofallmattersrelatingtoturtlefishingwouldlikelybenefitconservation
![Page 37: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
32
efforts.ItalsosuggeststhatacampaignregardingthelegalityofturtlemeatconsumptioninToliaracityisanecessarysteptowardsstigmatisingthebushmeatconsumption.
3.5DomesticmarineturtletraderoutesDomestictraderoutescovervastdistancessupplyingturtlestothelargerinhabitedareasfromtheremotewildernessareas.Forinstance,coastalcommunitiesbetweenSt.Augustin,Anakao,Itampolo,Antsirkoroke,Ambohibola,FanambosatoLavanonocontributetotheillegaltakeandsupportdomestictraderoutes(seeFig.21).Thisareaisa300kmexpanseofcoastlineintheAtsimoAnrefanatoAndroyregion,withfisherssupplyingToliaracitywithmarineturtleseitherastheresultofopportunisticuseofbycatchorintentionaltake.Numerousparallelsbetweenthetortoiseandmarineturtledomestictraderoutesareevident.Thebushmeattradenetworkforradiatedtortoiseisthoughttoextendasfarasthecapitalcity,Antananarivo(Manjoazyetal.2017).Whilewedidnotdirectlywitnessthis,traderoutesformarineturtlesfromthesouthwesttoAntanarivowereconfirmedbyCSPMahajanga;driedturtlemeatissentfromAmbanjatoAntanarivo,andfreshturtlemeatissentthroughMahajangatoAntananarivo(Cétamada2012;seeFig.21).OurinterviewsintheAtsimoAndrefanaregionrevealedthatmarineturtlesaresentbypiroguetopre-establishedbuyersinTulear(seeFig.21).ThisisasimilarfindingtothatreportedinManjoazyetal.(2017)whosurveyeddiscardedcarapacesofAstrochelysradiatainurbanrubbishdumpstoquantifythescaleoftheradiatedtortoiseusedforbushmeattrade.Manjoazyetal.(2017)foundthatasinglerubbishdumpatMahavatse,anareaneartheartisanalfisherylandingbeaches,accountedfor93%oftheobservedcarapaces.TheyalsodocumentedthatMahavatsewasthemainarrivalpointfortortoise-ladenpiroguesatnight.OurinterviewswithturtlemeatvendorsinMahavastesuggestthesameoccursformarineturtlesthatarriveintoMahavastebypirogueatnight.ThemajorityofturtlesthataresenttoToliaraarebought,cookedandresoldbyjusttwokeyvendorsinMahavatse.BoththesebuyersanddealersinMahavatse,Toliaracityuseapre-establishednetworkoffisherstosupplythemwithturtlestocookandresell.Interviewswithoneofthetwoturtlebuyers/resellersinToliaracitysuggestedthatturtlesweresenttoherfromSalary,100kmfurtherNWofToliara,bymorethan20differentspear-fishers.ThebuyerexplainedthattradewasbetterfromJanuarytoAprilasthecoolerweatherpreventedtheturtlemeatfromdeterioratingduringtransit,asalreadyreportedabove.Regardlessofthespecies(tortoiseorturtle),itisimperativethatenforcementactivitiesinurbancentresandalongmajortransportroutesareintensifiedandrespondtoanychangesinthebehaviourofthetransporters,andbutchers(Manjoazyetal.2017).ParticularconcernshouldbefocusedtoAnakaowherewewitnessedseveralillegaltakeanddomesticconsumptionincidentsinthespanofathree-daysitevisit.AdditionaleffortsshouldalsobefocusedtotheneighbouringcommunitiesofAmbohibola,AntsirkorokeandFanambosawhichhadactiveturtlehuntinggroupsthatsailedwithpiroguesfullofliveturtlestoselltobuyersinToliara.
![Page 38: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
33
Figure21:TraderoutesofturtleproductswithinMadagascar.
3.6MagnitudeofdomestictradefromartisanalfishingAsinthecaseofMozambique,extrapolatingfromashortrapidassessmenttoaNationalleveltrademagnitudeisproblematiconvariousfronts:Turtletradeandtakelikelyoccuralongtheentirecoast,whileoursurveyscoveredonlysmallextentsofthis.Similarly,publishedliteraturegenerallyreflectssmall,localisedstudiesratherthannationalassessments.Secondly,theturtletakereportedtousduringthesesurveysisunlikelytobeofthesamemagnitudeacrossallfishingareasandyears.Also,somefishersprovidedestimatesforturtletakeoverthelast12months,whileothersprovidedthisformultipleyears.Finally,fishersdonotindicatethetotalnumberoffishingdayswithclarity,soiftheyreportcatchingturtles‘weekly’thismightnotmeanthatcatchoneeveryweekoftheyear.However,inthelead-uptoourfieldresearchweselectedsitesthathadbeenreportedashotspotsofturtletakeanduse(asdenotedintheliteratureandinconversationswithNGOsthatwereactive
![Page 39: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
34
inMadagascar(e.g.BlueVentures,CommunityCentredConservation[C3],ReefDoctor),andthustheestimateswehavefordirectedandaccidentaltake,whilenotnationalinscope,areinformativeandalarming.Directtakeofmarineturtlesisrampantalongthecoast,withoverhalfofallrespondentsindicatingtheypurposefullytargetedmarineturtles(Fig.22).Thenumberoftargetedturtlesinthelast12months(roughlyOctober2017toSeptember2018),onlyamongsurveyrespondents(n=148),was2,500.Thisonlycoverstargetedtake.Theestimatednumberofbycaughtturtlesoverthepreceding12monthsamongstsurveyrespondentswas2,543turtles,butgiventhechallengeofdistinguishingbetweendirecttakeandbycatch,weconsider3,500turtlestobearealisticfigureoverall.Thesenumbersareonlyestimates,becauseseasonsandbadweatherdaysarenotreported.Wehaveadjustedthefigurestoaccountfora‘season’basedontheindicationswereceivedfromturtlebuyersduringtheinterviews.Inaddition,someoftheintervieweeswerepartoforganised‘groups’whohuntedturtlesdestinedfortrade,whileotherssimplycaughtoneortwooccasionallyfordomesticuse.Extrapolatingfromthismixofrespondentswouldnotbeprudentuntilanestimatecanbemadeofthenumberofparticipantsineachformofturtleextraction.Regardless,theoverallfigurespointtowardssome3,500turtlesbeingextractedfromlocalwatersinjustthelastyearamongonlythe153respondentsreachedviathissurvey.Manyrespondentsindicatedthattheturtlecaptureswerehistoricandon-going,meaningthatthousandsofturtleshavebeenextractedovertheyears.
Figure22:Proportionofsurveyrespondentswhoindicatedtheypurposefullytargetedmarineturtles
(n=148).LeManachetal.(2012)suggestedthereweresome100,000fishersengagedinartisanalfishingin2008,thelatestfigureavailableestimatingthesizeoftheartisanalfishery.StatisticsbytheWorldBank(presentedinLeManachetal.2013)suggestthatthetwokeyprovincesinwhichturtlesareparticularlytargeted(AntsirananaandToliara;withMahajangabeingmoreofatradingcentre)arehometo~45,000fishers.Wedonotsuggestalloftheseareinvolvedindirectedoraccidentaltakeofmarineturtles,asmarineturtlesarenotspreadevenlyalongthecoast,norarelocalcustomsthesame.Thereforewesuggestthatthetworegionsweinvestigated(southwestandnorthwestMadagascar)arelikelythekeyareaswhereturtlesaretaken,giventheprevalenceofreportsonthetradeintheseregionsinearlierpublications(e.g.Humberetal.2011,Jones2012),andbasedonourpreliminaryresearch. Humberetal.(2011)indicatedthatsome6%to7%offisherstargetedturtlesmorefrequentlyandwithgreatereffortthanotherfishersintheirstudy,andweusethatfigureheretoestimateatotalnumberofturtlefishersforthesetwoprovinces.Conservativelywesuggestthatsome3,068fishers
Yes53%
No47%
![Page 40: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
35
couldbeinvolvedindirectedturtletakeinbothAntsirananaandToliaraprovinces.Webelievethisfigureisfarhigherhowever,becausenot6%to7%but53%ofrespondentsinthepresentstudyindicatedthattheytargetedturtlesinthesixregionsinvestigated.Wesuggestalsothatthisislikelyanunderestimateofthetotalnumberoffishersinvolved,becausethisonlyconsidersdirectedtake–notingthechallengesingettingfisherstounderstandthedifferencebetweendirectedtakeandbycatch,butuntilmorethoroughandexhaustivestudiescanbecarriedout,wehavenowayofbeingmoreaccurate.Thepresentsurveyfoundthat,ofthe118fisherswhoindicatedtheytargetedturtles,anaverageof32turtles/fisherweretakeninayear.Thiswassimplyanaverageofthenumberseachfisherreportedintheinterviews,extrapolatedforaoneyearperiod;e.g.whenafishersaidhecaughtoneturtleperweek,thenthiswasextrapolatedto52turtlesinayear;orwhenafisherindicatedoneturtlepermonth,thiswasextrapolatedto12turtlesperyear.Ourfigureissomewhathigherbutcomparabletotheaveragecapturerateof20to25animalsperfisherreportedbyFrontier-Madagascar(2003).Giventhiswefeeltheresultsofourinterviewscapturedfairlyaccuratelytheindividualactivityofartisanalfisherswithregardstomarineturtlecaptures.Extrapolateddirectly(notwithstandingcaveatsmentionedabove),thismeansthatthedirectedtakeofmarineturtlesintheartisanalfisheryinMadagascar(restrictedtoAntsirananaandToliaraprovincesasidentifiedabove)hasthepotentialtotakecloseto100,000turtlesperyear.Whilewehavenowaytoascertaintheaccuracyofthisestimatebasedonthechallengesofextrapolatingacrossregionsthatwerenotsurveyed,wewishtodrawtheattentionofthereadertothemagnitudeofthetake,ratherthantheexactnumberperse.Turtlesarenotbeingtakenbyafewhundredorafewthousand,butbyanorderofmagnitudegreater,andthiswarrantsfurtherattention.
3.7InternationaltradeLittleisknownofinternationaltradeinmarineturtlesfromMadagascar,andoursurveyswereunabletounearthanyfreshleadsthatmighthavedocumentedinternationaltraderoutesandmagnitudes.Madagascar’snotorietyfortradeinreptilesisalmostexclusivelyduetodemandfortwotortoisespeciesendemictotheisland:theploughsharetortoiseandtheradiatedtortoise(CADS2018).Similarly,arecentreportbytheGlobalInitiativeAgainstTransnationalOrganizedCrimedidnotciteanyrecordsofonlinesaleofmarineturtlesfromMadagascar(Rumhovde2018),whileSung&Fong(2018)didnotrecordcasesofmarineturtlesbeingtransshippedviaHongKongfromMadagascar.WildAid’sreportonmarineturtletradesimilarlydoesnotreportonanyinternationaltradeoutofMadagascar(WildAid2018).ArecentnotebytheWorldConservationSocietyontheirwebsitesuggeststhatdemandforoilandmeatfromSoutheastAsiawasfuellingtheincreaseddemandforturtlesinMadagascar(WCS2016),butwehavefoundnoevidencethatpointstothisoccurring.Indeed,theirreportsimplyreportsontheturtlestheyfoundduringsurveys,notonanyinternationaltrade.TherehavebeencasesdocumentingtradeintortoisesfromMadagascartoChina(e.g.Kiesteretal.2013,Runhovde2018),andwesuggestitispossiblethesetraderoutesmayenablethetradeinasmallnumberofmarineturtles(althoughwehavenoevidencetosupportthis).Butthereisnoevidencethatthenumbersaresubstantialorthatitisanorganised,on-goingactivity.Wedidnotfindanyonlinesourcesforturtleproductsthroughsearchesonsocialmediasites(Facebook,Instagram),andneitherthroughthemainwebsitesearchengine(Google)andcontentbrowsers(Firefox,Chrome).Weacknowledgewewereinnopositiontosearchanydarkwebsources,nordidwehavetimetoconductexhaustiveimagerecognitionanalyses,e.g.DiMininetal.(2018).OneinformantwhowishedtoremainanonymousreportedontradefromthenorthofMadagascar,withmarineturtlesbeingshippedtoAntananarivo,andpossiblybeyondasexport.Howeverthiswasnoteverconfirmed.Wehadanotherinformantwhoreportedonacottonfarm
![Page 41: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
36
nearAnanalavathatpurchasedandsupposedlyexportedawiderangeofexoticspeciesfromMadagascartoChina,withlocalvesselssailingoffshoretomeetupwithforeignvesselsbeyondthenationalboundary.Marineturtlehatchlingswerereportedlyinvolvedinthistrade,butthereisnoinformationifthereweresubstantialnumbersoflargerturtlesbeingexported.Keyinformantsatthemanagementlevelsuggestedthatinternationaltradewasunlikelytobesubstantialgiventhehighlocaldemandforturtlemeatandproducts.Intwoquestionsrelatedtotrade,noneoftheinformantsbelievedexportevenoccurred(Fig.23).Werecognisethatthenumberofinformantsislow,butcoupledwithabetterunderstandingofthedomesticdemand,traderoutesandmarkets,webelievethisfindingisratheraccurate.Giventhis,wefeelinternationaltradeinmarineturtlesisofsmallconsequencetomarineturtlesofMadagascar,andsuggestafocusondomestictradeandconsumptionisfarmoreofapriority.
Figure23:ResponsesfromkeyinformantsrelatedtouseofmarineturtlesinMadagascar(n=3).
4.0DiscussionOursurveyshighlighttheintensepressurefromartisanalfisheriesinMadagascar,andpointtoitsupportinglocaltradeandconsumptionratherthaninternationaltradeinmarineturtlesand/orturtleproducts.Hawksbillturtles(usuallyusedtocraftjewelleryfromcarapacescutes)wereextremelyrareinourmarketsurveys,inkeepingwiththefindingsbyHumberetal.(2011),andpointingtoalesserroleofhandicraftandcuriosintheturtletrade(only19of153or12%ofrespondentsindicatedshellproductsweretraded,and14oftheseindicatedthetradewasminimalordecreasing.Duringthepresentsurvey,onlygreenturtleswereencounteredasmeatforsale,butasmallnumberofshellhandicraftswerealsorecorded.Oursurveysrevealedthatover90%ofturtleswereeitherconsumedathome,ortradedtobeconsumedatotherhomesinMadagascar.Wedidnotdetectanynoteworthyinternationaltrade.However,themagnitudeoftheturtletakeis
![Page 42: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
37
staggering:some3,500turtlesweretakenbythe153intervieweesinourstudy,whichcouldbeextrapolatedtosome100,000turtlestakenannuallyinthethreeprovincesweinvestigatedinthisstudy.Wecautionhowtheseextrapolationvaluesshouldbeinterpreted,astherearenumerousuncertaintiesrelatedtothedistributionofeffort,thenumberoffishersinvolvedinturtlecollection(accidentalortargeted),theseasonality(andthusrepresentativenessofourfindingsthroughthisrapidassessment),andthemarkeddifferencesbetweenorganisedgroupsthattargetmarineturtles(Fig.24left)andtheoccasionalhunterwhofeedshisfamily(Fig.24right).Giventhis,weurgethatthenumbersbeusedasawake-upcalltothevastpotentialforturtlemortalityinMadagascar,andtocatalyseasuiteofmanagementandconservationinitiatives.
Figure24:Organisedcollectionofmarineturtlesforcommercialtrade(left)andindividualturtlescaughtfor
householdconsumption(right).PhotoscourtesyofMichelStrongoffandJessWilliams.
4.1ArtisanalfishingimpactsThenumberofartisanalfishersinMadagascarhassteadilyincreasedoverthelasttwodecades(LeManachetal.2013)andwithitsohasthepressureonmarineturtles.ThetrajectoryoffishingpressureonturtlepopulationsinMalagasywaters,bothinmagnitudeandmethod,isconcerning(Humberetal.2011).Ourfindingssuggestthatthereislittleenforcementofnationallawsprotectingmarineturtles,andthatoftenthoseentrustedwithprotectionandmanagementwereinvolvedinthetrade.Oneofthecasestudiespointedouthowavillagechiefwasinvolvedwiththeorganisedgangswhichremovedturtlesbythehundreds,andourinterviewswiththetwokeyturtlebuyersinMahavatse,Tulearsuggestedthatlawenforcementofficersknewoftheiroperationsandwereregularcustomers.
![Page 43: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
38
Wehavechosennottoseparatebycatchanddirectedtakebecausewefoundfishersrarelyconsideredthesedifferent.Iftheycaughtaturtle,itwasconsideredpartoftheday’scatch,ratherthansomeaccidentaltake.Thisisalsoreflectedinthelow‘Release’response(18%)tothequestionofwhatfisherswoulddoiftheycaughtaturtleaccidentally.OurextrapolationsdifferedsomewhatfromtheHumberetal.(2011)approach(numberoffishersvs.lengthofcoastline)becauseinthatinstancetheauthorschosetoextrapolateusinglineardistanceofcoastline,whereastherearelikelyfishersthatusethatcoastlineandbeinvolvedintheturtletrade.Webelievethatourapproachmakesamorerealisticappraisalofturtletakebyconsideringthenumberoffishersinvolvedinturtletrade,andpresentsamorerealisticviewofthenumbersofturtlespotentiallytakenoutbythefishery.Overalltherefore,takeofmarineturtlesacrossthenationcouldbeseveralordersofmagnitudehigherthanhaseverbeenreportedinthepast.Thisisbecausepastreportshaveonlyeverfocussedonsmalllocations,andhavenotattemptedtoextrapolatetoanationallevel.Weacknowledgethatthepotentialtotakesome100,000turtlesperyearmayseemunrealisticallyhigh,butwhenputintocontextconsideringthesheernumberoffishersinvolvedintheartisanaltradeacrossthevastexpanseofcoastline,webelievethisisverylikelythecase.
4.2CommercialfishingimpactsThetwokeycommercialfishingindustriesinMadagascarareshrimptrawlingandtunafishing.Theshrimpfishingfleetissmall(50vessels)andallvesselsarerequiredtouseTurtleExcluderDevices.OnestudyindicatedthatthechangetousingTEDsresultedinadropfrom120tojusttwoturtlesacrosstheentirefishery(Razafindrainibe2010).Itisbelievedthatduetolackofenforcementandmonitoring,manyoftheshrimpboatssewuptheTEDsshortlyaftertheirsingeannualinspection,withthepossibleexceptionofthe30%ofvesselsthatcarryon-boardobservers(perscomm.,J.Vahoavy,CSP).Irrespectiveofthis,theshrimpfisheryimpactonmarineturtles,whileofnote,appearsinsignificantincomparisontothedirecttakeandbycatchofturtlesintheartisanalfishery.Thereisnodataavailableontheimpactofthetunaindustryonmarineturtles,butasthefastestgrowingcommercialfishery,knowntoimpactmarineturtlesacrossotherpartsoftheworld,wesuggestthisisanareainneedofinvestigation.Madagascar’stunaindustryusesamixofseinevesselsandlonglinevessels,thelatterofthetwobeingknowntocatchturtlesaccidentally(e.g.Camiñasetal.2006)tolandsome52,000tonnesoftunaeachyear.Thereisrampantillegal,unreportedandunregulatedfishinginMalagasywatersbyforeignvessels(LeManachetal.2012)andalackofresourcestoaddresstheproblem.“MalagasyauthoritiesdonotpossesstheresourcestopatroltheirownEEZandthereforecannotaddresstheproblemofillegalfishingforsuchhigh-valuespecies”citedasJain(1995)&Cooke(1997)inLeManachetal.(2012).Thislackofcapacityandresourcestomonitorandenforcenationalfisherylawsarethesameonesthathinderthemonitoringoftheimpactsofthesefisheriesonmarineturtles.Wesuggestthatthisisapriorityareainneedoffurtherinvestigation.
4.3InternationaltradeimpactsMadagascarisknownasahubforillegalwildlifetrafficking(IWT).IWTinMadagascarcoversavastarrayofterrestrialandmarinefloraandfaunaspeciessuchaslemurs(Reuteretal.2016,Bailey&Tobiason2017),tortoises(Manjoazyetal.2017,Schwarzetal.2017),chameleons(Robinsonetal.2018),androsewood(Ke&Zhi2017).PloughshareandradiatedtortoisesareprizedtargetsforIWTinMadagascar,anditisthoughtthatover21,000tortoiseswereexportedinAsiabetween2009and2016(WWF2018).InApril201810,000tortoisesweredetectedinaraidonanabandonedbuilding
![Page 44: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
39
inacoordinatedbustedbyledbyDREF(Actman2018,perscomm.S.Randrianjafizanka,NationalGeographic2018).Traffickingandillicitactivitiesoftenaggregate,sharingroutesandbuyernetworks(UNODC2016).ApromisingrecentdevelopmenttoaddressIWTinMadagascarcomesintheformofanewpartnershipbetweenWWF,TRAFFIC,andtheMinistryofJusticewithsupportfromtheUSFish&WildlifeService.Theaimofthepartnershipistooverseethetrainingoffiftymagistrates,policeofficers,gendarme,borderpolice,customofficers,andenvironmentalofficers,toprovideheightenedcapacitybuildingandawarenesstoensurethatthesystematiccondemnationoftraffickersatalllevels,assoonastheirguiltisproven(WWF2018).Detectingsmugglingactivitiesischallenging,astradersarewellinformedoftheflightroutesthatenablethemtoavoidluggagechecks(Schwarzetal.2017).OneflightrouteusedtosmuggleanimalstoBangkokisfromMahajanga,becausethisairportlacksbaggagescanners,toMayotteintheComorosIslands,thenontoReunionIsland,andfromtheretoBangkok(Kiesteretal.2013).FurtherinquiryintothehowturtleproductsleaveMadagascar(ifatall)shouldfocusondeterminingifsuchknownroutesareused.Itispossiblethatillegaltakeandtradeofmarineturtlesisconnected,orusesthesametradenetworkandroutesasotherIWT,butwehavenotfoundanyevidenceofthistodate,andsuggestthatitisoffarlesserconcernatpresentthanisthedomestictrade.
4.4IllustrativefeedbackfromkeyinformantsTwoparticularinterviewsresultedinanumberofinterestingfindingswhichhelpputtheresultsofourrapidassessment,andthedifficultiesinassessingoverallimpactofthevariedfisheries,intocontext.ThesearepresentedbelowinsupportofsomeoftheargumentsmadeinthisDiscussion.
4.4.1CSPMahajangaFeedbackOneofthekeypeoplewespoketoduringthesurveywastheDirectoroftheFisheriesSurveillabeCenter(CSP)inMahajanga,fromwhichseveralkeypointsarenotweworthy:Commercialfisheriesandturtlebycatch:CSPreportthattherearecurrently39Malagasyregisteredshrimptrawlersandthatall(supposedly)hadTEDsinstalled,andthatallboatsareinspectedattheopeningoftheseasoninMahajangaport.However,theDirectorreportedthatthesevesselswereknowntowiretheTEDdoorsshutfollowingtheseason’ssingleinspection.Thissuggeststhatturtlebycatchratesmaybesignificantlyhigherthanwhatisreportedintheliterature,suchas“Virtuallyallmortalityfromtrawlershasceased”inRazafindrainibe(2010).TheDirectorreportedthatCSPhaveanonboardobserverprogramfortheshrimpfisheryandcurrently30%oftheMalagasyfleethadobserversonboardeverydayoftheseason.Inadditiontothis,therearecurrently140othervesselsintheforeignfleetofwhichonly10%haveobserversonboard.Illegalturtletake:TheDirectorestimatedthataboutsixincidentsperyearoccurintheregion,andthatapproximately600kgofturtlemeatareconfiscatedfromvendorsinmarketsinAntsahaBigo,Cotemaandneartheport.HereportedthatrawturtlemeatistransportedintoandaroundMahajangacitybyboat.Thebiggestconstrainttoenforcementofillegalturtletakeiscatchingfishersintheactoffishingturtlestoensuretheycanbeprosecuted.
![Page 45: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
40
In2016CSPMahajangainterceptedashipmentofdriedturtlemeatbeingsentfromAmbanjatoAntananarivo.Theyfoundsixfullbaskets(largebasketsapproximately1.5mtallx0.75mwidewithmorethan50kgeachbasket)ofdried,smoked/saltedturtlemeat.TheyinterceptedtheshipmentontheroadbetweenAmbanjaandAntsohihy,asthedriedturtlemeatwasbeingmovedbylocaltaxi-bus.Theybelievethatthetransporters/middlemenhadshippedproductslikethismanytimesbefore.Theoffenderswerereleasedandtheproductswereseized.Thisistheonlyrecordofdriedturtlemeat,withtheexceptionofplastronligamentproducts,thatwedetectedduringourfieldwork.Whenaskedaboutplastron/ligamentproductstheCSPwasnotawareandhadnotdetectedthistypeofproduct.Exportactivities:CSPwerenotawareofillegalturtletakeforthepurposeofexport.However,itfallswithinthejurisdictionoftheFishQualityAgency(AgenceSanitaireHalieutique,ASH)toinspectseacontainerswithmarineproductsforexport.CSPsuggestedthatitwouldbedifficulttolabelturtlemeatasseafoodproductsbeingexportedbyseacontainer,asthisiscloselycheckedbyASHandcustomsagencies.However,othershippingcontainerscontainingnon-seafoodproductsmighthaveanythinginsideduetocorruption.TheroleofDina:CSPwerepositiveoftheimpactandimportanceofhavingwelldesignedDinainlocalcommunities,especiallythosewithLocallyManagedMarineAreas(LMMAs).CSPassistlocalcommunitieswhentheyaredraftingtheDinatomakesurethattheproposedDinamirrorsandalignswithnationalpolicies.TheyreportthatareoccurringmanagementchallengeforlocalcommunitiesrelatestoenforcingtheirDinaandjustifyingthespatialareathattheDinaappliesto.TheygaveanexampleoffishersfromAmbalamangapoachingturtlesonboundarylinesorinneighbouringvillagestoescapethepenaltiesofbreakingtheirownvillageDina.Generally,itisthedutyofthecommunityassociationtohandletheissueofafisherbreakingaDina.Butifitcannotberesolvedlocally,thenthepoliceandotherauthoritiesneedtobeinvolved,inwhichcasetheDinarulesaresurpassedandthematterescalatestowhatisapplicableatthelevelofthenationallaws.Insomecircumstances,thelocalcommunitymaynotreporttolocalauthoritieswhenaDinaisbroken,notbecausethematterwasdealtwithbutbecausethewholecommunityisdisregardingtherules.“It'shighlylikelythewholecommunitypretendstoimplementDinaregardingFano(turtle)butactuallytheyareallfishingturtlesopenlyjustnotreportingordealingwithDinaissuestoCSPandPeche”,reportedtheDirector.TheDirectorconsideredthesinglebiggestmovetoimprovecompliancetoDinaandturtleprotectionlawswouldbetoeducatecommunitiestostophuntingandconsumingturtle,butthatCSPdidn'thavetimeorjurisdictionforsensitisation/awarenessbuilding.ThegovernmentreliesonNGO’stodothiswork.Thus,inareaswhereNGOsarenotactiveornotfocusedonmarineturtles,thereislikelytobeahugedeficitinawarenessprogrammes.
4.4.2FeedbackfromanartisanalmaritimetransporterNotesfromanartisanalmaritimetransporterandex-fisherrevealedthefollowinginformation:MarinetransportroutestravelsouthwardfromSoalala,Maintirano,Besalampy,andittakes4-7daystosailfromMaintiranotoMahajanga.ThevesselsfromAnalalava,NosyBe,andAntsohihywhichtypicallyrequire6-7daystoreturnbacktoMahajanga.Thevesselstypicallytransportbuildingsuppliestothesevillagesontheoutwardjourney,andonthereturnpassagetoMahajangathewoodenshipisfilledwithdriedfish,semi-preciousstonessuchasjasperandagate,ordomesticbelongings.Thevesselsalsooftentransportsharkfinandseacucumbers.Thesmallvillagesalongthecoastusuallygivetheirsuppliestothelargeshippingdhowstosellontomiddlemen/buyersinAmborovy,Mahajanga.Thevillagersputturtlemeatiniceboxesandselltotransporterswhothen
![Page 46: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
41
sellitinMahajanga.Chinesebuyerspurchasetortoises,crabs,shrimps,seacucumberandsharkfin,andhethoughtitwasplausibletheywouldbuymarineturtle,butthiswasspeculative.Thevessels(seeFig.25foranexample)sailclosetothecoastandtheyoftenpassChinesetrawlerswithMalagasycrewsalongtheway.Whilstsailingalongthesouth-routes,therespondentindicatedhehadneverseenapatrolboatbetweenMahajangaandMaintirano.TherespondentindicatedthattargetedhuntingofturtleswasabundantusingjarifanetsinSoalala,butsuggestedthiswasforjustforlocalconsumption.HeconfirmedthatinMahajangacityturtlemeatcouldbepurchasedatBazaarMahabibo.Healsorelayedastoryfrom2016whenfishersfromAmbatomanompawerehuntingnestingturtlesandtheireggs.Theywouldtaketheturtles,slaughterandchopthemintoportionsandputtheseiniceboxesandsailbacktoMahajanga.Healsoheardrumoursofamiddlemanthatwasbuyingturtlemeatusingcarorboattobringitbacktothecity.Therespondentindicatedthatonthe15thofeachmonththereisashippingcontainervesselthatcomestoMahajangaandisloadedupandheadsbacktoChina,filledwithjustaboutanything.ThereareapparentlytwomainshippingboatsfromMahajanga;thosethatgotoComoresandthosethatgottoChina.Theyreportedlyoffer4X4vehiclesandtricycles,ortuk-tuks,asbribesinexchangeforassistanceintheirexportbusinesses.
Figure25:Artisanaltransportvessels.
4.5Managementchallenges
4.5.1ApplicationandenforcementofthelawOverall,thereseemstobealargeabsenceofrespectfornationallaws,andawarenessandcapacityworkisneededwithafocusonofficialsandcommunityleaderssotheycanspearheadeffortsand
![Page 47: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
42
leadbyexample.Thelawisoftendismissedbysomelocalauthoritiesundertheunderstanding/notionthatmarineturtleshavealwaysbeenpartofVezofood(Lilette2002).Publicisingwidelyanyarrestsandbustsofturtletrafficking,illegaltakeandillnessfromconsumptionofturtlemeatwouldbenefitcommunityperceptionoftheseriousnessandattitudetowardsrespectingnationallegislation.NewsoftherecentarrestsofthegroupoffishersinAmbohibolahadspreadacrossmuchofthesouthcoastandfishersciteditasanexampleofhowturtlefishingwasnottoleratedbythegovernment.AsnotedbyGardneretal.(2018)thedifficultiesexperiencedinenforcingthelawinMadagascararefurtherhinderedasneithertheMadagascarNationalParks(MNP)northenewProtectedAreapromotershaveauthoritytoapplythelaw.Instead,seriousinfractionsrequiremanagerstoorganiseandfundfieldmissionsbya‘mixedbrigade’,comprisingmembersofthegendarmerie,Ministèredel'Environnement,del'EcologieetdesForêts(MEEF)agents,localandmunicipalauthoritiesandmembersoftheprotectedareamanagementcommittee.(Gardneretal.2018).
4.5.2TraffickingturtleplastronItisunclearfromourcurrentsurveyswheretheenddestination(s)forturtleplastronproductsareandwhethertheseproductsareexportedoutofMadagascar.Furtherworkwouldalsobebeneficialtodocumenttheuseofsuchproduct,inordertounderstandthedemandandmotivesofbuyersandthetrade.Tothebestofourknowledge,thisplastron/ligamenttradehasnotbeenwidelydocumentedandappearsexclusivetoMadagascar.Asisrequiredforanywildlifecrime,multisectorcollaborationbetweenenvironmentaldepartments,import/exportsectorandjudicialsystemwillbecriticaltomitigatingsuchactivities.ThisislikelytobeanongoingchallengeforMadagascar.
Inordertoaddressthisdevelopingtradeofturtleplastron,anincreasedlevelofinformationsharingbetweenallsectorsinvolvedisstronglysuggested.Limitedcapacityfordetectionisexpectedifauthorities,customsagentsarenotgivenspecialisttrainingandmotivatedtodetectsuchproducts.Alleffortstoenhancetheforensiccapacityofcustomsagentsandlawenforcementarecentraltodetectingwildlifecrimes(UNODC2016).Wesuggestthatinformationandimagesofturtleplastronproductsandknowntransitroutesbewidelydisseminatedtofacilitateauthoritiesinmonitoringthistrade.
4.5.3CorruptionIthasbeenthoroughlydocumentedthatwidespreadcorruptionwithinMadagascarfacilitateswildlifecrime(Humber&Hykle2011,Jones2012,LeManachetal.2012,Runhovde2018).Twoexamplesofcorruptionwererecordedduringthestudy,withoneinvolvingafisheriesauthoritywithtransitpermitsforshippingmarineproducts,andtheotherananecdotalaccountimplicatingcomplacency/acceptingbribesinlargeinternationalNGOstonotconductthoroughorrepeatinspectionsatfacilitiesknowntostockpileseacucumber,turtleplastronandsharkfin.BothturtlemeatvendorsinMahavatse,Toliaraconfirmedpoliceandorotherauthoritieshadmadesiteinspectionsbutnoactionstowardsissuingfinesorstrongerformsofenforcementhadbeenissued.Bothvendorsconfirmedthatofficialshadacceptedturtlemeatasabribe,withonevendorsayingsomeofficialswerepartofherregularclientele.ComplacencyofofficialstoactoninspectionsandenforcingthelawwithregardtoturtlemeatvendorsinMahavatse,Toliaraislikelytopermitsomewherebetween400-700turtlesperyeartobesoldasbushmeatgiventhateachofthetwovendorsquestionedduringthissurveydescribedsellinguptooneturtleperday.AsnotedbyLilette(2006),thewidespreadtradeofthegreenturtlesisanoutcomeofalaxenforcementofregulationsduetoindifference,corruption,andthedesireofthelawenforcement
![Page 48: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
43
agentstoeattheprohibitedgame(Lilette2006).Effortstoaddresstheseattitudes/longstandingissuesarescarceorhaveproventobeineffectivetodate.
4.5.4Culturalsensitivity/bushmeatdemandBalancingthedisharmonybetweentheculturalsignificanceofturtleforVezo/migrantfishersandthenationallawswhichprohibitsturtlefishinghasbeenalong-citedongoingproblem(Walker&Roberts2005,Jones2012,Humberetal.2015).Attemptstoreconcilethisissuehavebeenlimitedandthereisasignificantneedforincreasedmarineturtleconservationeffortstosensitisefishingcommunities(Humberetal.2015).Ourresultsdemonstrateahighdemandforturtleasmarinebushmeat.Parallelingtheterrestrialbushmeatcase,Rueteretal.(2016)documentedatrendtowardssmallerbushmeatspeciesthatreflectscarcityoflargeranimals,afindingwhichwasmirroredbyourresultswithmarineturtles.Onepotentialmanagementsolutionpostulatedtoreducedemandforbushmeatisbyusingtaboostoincreasecommunitycompliance(Westerman&Gardner2013).Thiscouldbeacompellingstrategyforreducingtradeinturtles,giventhe(occasionallyeffective)fadyagainstturtlemeatsales.Emphasismustbeplacedonestablishingconsistentlongtermcollaborativepartnershipstoguidecommunitybasedmanagement,particularlyinremoteareas.InsouthofMadagascarwewitnessedharmfulrelationships(miscommunication,distrust,lackofcapacity)betweenauthorities/NGOsandlocalcommunities.Itappearsthatproblemsstemmedwithconservationpractitionerspushingnationallegislationwithoutprovidingamplesupportandsensitisationtothecommunity.Forexample,thevillagechiefofAntsikorokesaidtheynolongerwelcomecollaborationfromWWForMadagascarNationalParks(MNP),makingeffectivefollow-upactionsextremelychallengingandopeningupanopportunityforwildlifetraffickingtobecomeanappealingeconomicalternative.Specificattentionshouldbefocusedtothedrafting,andimplementingofDinaregardingconservationmatters,asmanyexistingDinaseemtocontradictorconflictwithnationallegislation(Humberetal.2015).ThecurrentongoingcaseofthegroupofturtlefishersfromAmbohibolaisagoodexampleofthisissue.TheAmbohibolavillagersandfishingassociationexpressedconfusionandfrustrationastowhytheconvictedturtlefisherswerenotgiventheopportunitytopaytheturtlefishingfineof300,000MGAasagreeduponintheDina,althoughtheyintendedtoselleachturtleatupto450,000MGA.Effectivemanagementisnotlikelytooccurwithoutcommunityapproval(Humberetal.2011)andthussignificanteffortwillneedtobemadetobuild/restorerelationshipsbetweencommunityandtheconservationsector,aswellasgeneralenvironmentalawarenessprogrammes.
6.0ConclusionsItisevidentthatthereismuchfollow-upworkrequiredtoexpandonourresultspresentedinthisreport.Ofparticularimportancetofutureeffortswillbetheneedtoundertakeampleundercoverinvestigatoryworkinthelargercitiesthatarelikelytoactastradehubsandexportpointsformarineturtleproducts.WesuggestthatTulear,Mahajanga,DiegoSuarezandAntananarivorequireadditionalworktodeterminefinerscopedetailsontheresaleandexportoftheturtleplastronproducts,includinghowsuchproductspassthroughtheports.
Oursurveysacross153fishersorfisheryrelatedworkersandfourmanagementpractitionershaveprovidedawealthofinformationontheturtlefisheryandthepotentialimpactsofboththecommercialandartisanalfisheriesonturtles.
![Page 49: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
44
Weestimateover3,500marineturtleswereextractedbytheintervieweesinoursurveyduringthepast12monthsalone,andextrapolationssuggeststhatnationallevelextractioncouldbeofamagnitudeofhundredsofthousands.Wedonotbelievethecommercialshrimpindustryishavingamajorimpactonmarineturtles,butfurtherworkinthisareaiswarrantedgiventheimpactofshrimptrawlersonmarineturtleselsewhere,andtheproximitytoshoreinwhichtheyfishinMadagascar.SimilarlywedonotbelievethatinternationaltradeinmarineturtlesinMadagascarisofalargescaleandorganised.Webelieveitislikelymoreanopportunisticissue,withdomestictradetakingprecedenceoverinternationalsales.Thisismadeallthemoresobythedearthofhawksbillsinthecatches,whichwouldotherwisebefavouredashighvaluehandicraft,withscutesmoreeasilytransportedthanwholeanimals.TherearenobeacheswithinMadagascarthatwouldsupporttheproductionofsufficienthatchlingstosupportthenumberofjuveniles,subadultsandadultsthataretakeninthefisheries,andthuswebelievethatthesearebeingseededfromnearbyrookeriesinthewesternIndianOcean.Itisunclearwhetherthisisasustainablelevelofextraction,givenastheserookeriesarealsoseedingbeachesinMozambique,wheresimilarlylargenumbersofturtlesareextractedeachyear.Notwithstandingthecurrentlegislativestatusofmarineturtles,thelowincomelevelsinMadagascarandtherequirementforproteinforsustenancemeanthatmarineturtlesare(andlikelywillcontinuetobe)afavouredandextremelycommoncommodity.Indeed,itislikelythatmarineturtleshavebeensustaininglocalcommunitiesformanyyearsHowever,whatisunknowniswhetherthecurrentexpansiontoacommercialenterpriseandtransportnetworkstoallofthemajorcitieswiththeirconcomitantresourcedemandswillbesustainable.ItisalsoimportanttonotethereremainsalackofclarityonwhereMadagascarturtlescomingfrom–whatarethenestingbeachesthatformthesourceofalltheturtlesfoundinMalagasywaters?Thesetwokeybiologicalquestionsareparticularlyrelevant,asanswerstothesemightinformmanagementagenciesandassistinthedesignofconservationoptions,addressedinthefollowingsection.
7.0 RecommendationsRecommendationsmadehereinarebrokendownintomanagementandconservationrelatedactionsandbiology/sustainabilityrelatedissues.
7.1Conservation&Management1. StrengthenlocaltraditionalmanagementapproachessuchasDinaandfady,andprovidean
opportunityforlocalcommunitiestoassumeresponsibilityforenforcingtraditionalbansthatsupportnationallegislation;
2. Conductwide-rangingawarenesscampaignsonthelegalstatusandconservation/managementneedsofmarineturtlesinMadagascaramongcoastalcommunities;
3. Increaseexposureofincidencesofpoachercapturesandturtlereleasesamongstcoastalcommunitiestoheightenawarenessoftheillegalityoftheactivities;
4. ConducttrainingofportandMinistryofficialswhoareinvolvedinthepermittingandinspectionprocessofoutgoingshipments(bothfishandnon-fish-related)tobetterassessandcontroltheexportofillegalmarineturtleproducts;
![Page 50: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
45
5. BuildcapacityamongkeyauthoritiesontheimportanceandprotocolsrequiredforsystematicgatheringofinformationandreportingofillegaltakeandtraffickingincidentsintoacentraldigitaldatabaseinordertocompleteCITESAnnualIllegalTradeReports;
6. DevelopacomprehensiveFisheriesAct/tailoredlegislationthataddressesbothcommercialandartisanalfishingandiscompliantwithCITESandCMS(includingIOSEATurtleMOURequirements);
7. Digitisepermittingsystemsfortransportoffisheriesproductstominimiseduplicationorfakepapers,possiblythroughabarcodingsystemorQRcodeinsteadofcarbonpaper;
8. Investmoreheavilyinmarineenforcementfacilitiesandinstaffandstationkeyresourcesatkeyfisheryareaswheremarineturtles,sharksandotherprotectedspeciesaretargeted;
9. Intensifyenforcementofcurrentexistingnationallegislation;
10. Supportundercoverinvestigationswhichmayprovidegreaterinsightintoanyillegalmarineturtleexportactivities;
11. Developprogrammestoeliminatecorruptionamongstenforcementofficialstoenhanceimplementationandenforcementofcurrentexistingnationallegislation;
12. ConductstudiestounderstandimpactsandscaleofIUUintheMozambiquechannelandMadagascar’sEEZ.ThereisanurgentneedtocollectabaselineinformationonIUUbeforeanincreaseinforeignfishingvesselsMadagascarEEZoccurs;
13. InvestigatetheopportunitiesforregionalcollaborationamongstcountrieswhosharethemarineturtlestocksonwhichMalagasyfishersdepend,forexample,utilizingtheexpertiseandresourcesoftheWesternIndianOceanMarineTurtleTaskForceoftheIOSEAMarineTurtlesMOU;
14. Explorethepotentialforalternativelivelihoodsasameanstoreducepressuresonmarineturtlestocks,forexample,community-basedecotourism;
15. Explorethepotentialformicro-financeschemestocatalyseconservationactionandenablecommunitiestoimprovethestandardoflivingandbecomelessreliantonmarineturtleconsumptionforsustenance;
16. EstablishanemergencyfundforgovernmentagenciestoactonIWTrelatedtomarineturtlesandothermarineproducts;
17. SeeksupportfromNGOsanddonoragenciestostrengthencurrentconservationapproaches,expandawareness-andcapacity-buildingactivities,andtodesignDinathatareeffectiveinprotectingmarineturtlestocks.
7.2Biology&Sustainability1. DeterminetheprovenanceofmarineturtlesbeingtakenoutofMadagascar’swaters
(throughgeneticstudies)anddeterminetheoverallproductivityofthesesourcerookeries,andotherregionalimpactareas(e.g.Mozambique).
2. ExpandthecurrentrapidsurveytoagreatergeographicalareainordertorefinetheestimatesoftotalannualturtletakeinMadagascar(seealsoSection7.3,below).
3. Conductathoroughandnational-levelassessmentofnestingmarineturtlesinMadagascartounderstandtheircontributiontomarineturtlestocksinMadagascar’scoastalforaginggrounds.
4. ConductstudiesinMadagascarturtleforaginggroundstounderstandpopulationsizeandstructure;
![Page 51: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
46
5. Compile(andpublicise)recordsofillness/deathrelatedtoconsumptionofmarineturtlemeat;
6. Conductdetailedstudiesonspeciespreferenceandselectionbylocalfisherstounderstandimpactsataspecies-specificlevel;
7. Developaholisticregionalsurvivalprobabilitymodelofmarineturtlepopulationdynamicswhichtakesintoaccountthethreatsfrommultiplecountries(howmanyturtlesofwhatageclassesarebeingtakenoutofthepopulation),limitationsofsourcebeaches(howmanymarineturtlesarebeingproducedeachyear),naturalsurvivalprobabilities,andmarineturtlebiologytodeterminethesustainabilityofthecurrentharvests;
8. Conductstudiesonthebycatchandsurvivalprospectsofmarineturtlesintheshrimpfishingfleets,andontheeffectivenessoftheTurtleExcluderDeviceprogramme;
9. Conductstudiesonthebycatchandsurvivalprospectsofmarineturtlesinthetunalonglinefishingfleets;
10. Understandingfishermigrationsinresponsetoincreasingclimatepressureordwindlingfishstocksandtheresultant(increased)pressuresonmarineturtles;
11. Conductexperimentaltrialsonbycatchmitigationinthelonglineindustry,suchasviacirclehooksorbaitchoices.
7.3AdditionalprioritysurveyareasOursurveyswere,bytheirverynature,rapidandlimitedinscope.GiventheexpanseoftheMalagasycoastline,thereissignificantscopeforadditionalbaselinesurveysinartisanalfishingvillagesandfollow-upinvestigationsonillegaltradenetworks.TableXsummariseskeyareasthatcouldbeaddressedbyfutureefforts.
TableX:Areasinneedofadditionalsurveysand/orpreliminarybaselinedata.
Area Knownsituation/Dataavailable Effortrequired
Fanambosa,AtsimoAndrefana
Mentionedduringinterviewsintheareaasabasefortargetedturtlefishers.
Baselinesurveys
Maintirano,Melakey VillagersreportedfishingturtleandsellingtotransporterwhosailinlargesailboatstoMahajanga.
Baselinesurveys.UndercoverinvestigationaboutproductstransportedtoMahajangaforexports
MahajangaPort,Boeny
KnowntobeahubofcorruptionforIWTexportforotherspecies,andresources.
Undercoverinvestigationaboutproductstransportedandtraffickingroutes
MonrondavaAtsimoAndrefana
IllegaltakeofLeatherbackinNov2016forlocalconsumptionreported(Williams2017).ManyfisherslikelytotargetturtlestocksaroundBarrenIslandsandJuanDeNova.
Baselinesurveys
Andavadoaka,AtsimoAndrefana
IllegaltakeofLeatherbackinNov2016forlocalconsumptionreported(Williams2017).Reportofhousestoringturtleplastronligamentsdetectedinlate2016.
Baselinesurveyswithfishers
St.MarieIsland Nodataavailable BaselinesurveysTamatave,Toamasina
Nodataonturtlesavailable.Largestport,knownforcorruptionandotherproductsbeingsmuggledoutthroughTamatave,closesttoChina.
BaselinesurveysUndercoverinvestigationaboutportexports
RadamaIslands,Sofia 2016reportsofturtlepoachingfromWCS. Baselinesurveystodetectturtle
![Page 52: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
47
8.0 LiteratureCitedActmanJ,2018.Stenchleadstohomecrawlingwithstolentortoises-10,000ofthem.Accessible
here:https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/wildlife-watch-radiated-tortoises-poached-madagascar/?fbclid=IwAR0IriBhedFcZGIHmVJNFPaNZdstutCNwqxyCazbfLCVeUuPbVxfysTDdLQNationalGepgraphic2018(Accessed18/10/2018).
AllnuttTF,TRMcClanahan,SAndréfouët,MBaker,ELagabrielle,CMcClennen,etal.,2012.ComparisonofMarineSpatialPlanningMethodsinMadagascarDemonstratesValueofAlternativeApproaches.PLoSONE7(2):e28969.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028969
AndersonSC,JMillsFlemming,RWatson&HKLotze,2010.Serialexploitationofglobalseacucumberfisheries.FishandFisheries2010:23.
AragonesLV,TAJefferson&TAMarsh,1997.Marinemammalsurveytechniquesapplicableindevelopingcountries.AsianMarBiol.;14:15-39.
AstutiR,1995.TheVezoAreNotaKindofPeople:Identity,Difference,and“Ethnicity”amongaFishingPeopleofWesternMadagascar.AmericanEthnologist22(3).
BaileyN&ATobiason,2017.CombatingIllegalExploitationofNaturalResourcesinMadagascar:Assessmentof“PreservingMadagascar’sNaturalResources”(Oct2013-Sep2016).USAID.
BiernackiP&DWaldorf,1981.Snowballsampling:Problemsandtechniquesofchainreferralsampling.Sociologicalmethodsandresearch10(2):141-163.
region ReportsoftemporaryturtlefishingcampsthroughRadamaIslands.
fishingcamps
Analalava,Sofiaregion
Intensiveturtlefishingbygroupof30fishers. BaselinesurveysUndercoverinvestigationtoidentifytraffickingrouteandpartners
BarrenIslands Popularturtlefishingareaformigrantfishers. Baselinesurveystodetectturtlefishingcamps
Androka-Lavanono,AtsimoAndrefana
ThisisaremotestretchofthecoastthatwassuggestedthatmigrantfishersfromAmbohiholagotofishturtles.
Baselinesurveys
StAugustin,AtsimoAndrefana
TransitstoponwaytoTulearfromvillagesalongthesouthcoast.
Baselinesurveys
Soalala,Boeny NosurveydataavailablebutthissitewasmentionedaswhereturtlefisherssourcedtheturtlestheyselltoCotema,Mahajanga.
Baselinesurveys
DiegoSuarez,Antsirasana,Dianaregion
Baselinedataavailable-thisstudyandthesis(Rahantanirina2018).EiscutesboughtinNosyBe/NosyKombabybuyerswhoselloninDiego.
Follow-upsurveystoelucidatetraffickingnetwork
MainlandNWcoast(AmbanjatoDiego),Dianaregion
Remoteheavilymangroveareareferencedininterviewsconductedinthisstudywhousebeachseineorjarifatotargetturtles.
Baselinesurveys
Ambanja,Dianaregion
ConfiscationofsixlargebasketsofdriedandsaltedturtlemeatbyCSPin2016(pers.com.CSPMahajanga).
Atapera,Anosy Baselinesurveysneeded.Jarifafishingabundant.ReferencedassiteoftargetedfishinganddomesticuseduringsurveysintheAnosyregioninterviews.
Baselinesurveys
![Page 53: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
48
BreuilC&DGrima,2014.BaselineReportMadagascar.SmartFishProgrammeoftheIndianOceanCommission,FisheriesManagementFAOcomponent,Ebene,Mauritius.35pp.
CamiñasJA,JCBáez,XValeiras&RReal,2006.Differentialloggerheadby-catchanddirectmortalityduetosurfacelonglinesaccordingtoboatstrataandgeartype.Sci.Mar.,70(4):661-665.
CenterforAdvancedDefenseStudies,2018.InPlaneSight:Wildlifetraffickingintheairtransportsector.USAIDUSAIDReducingOpportunitiesforUnlawfulTransportofEndangeredSpecies(ROUTES)Partnership.214pp.
CarverE,2018.WillMadagascar’sindustrialshrimptrawlersmakewayforlocalfishers?https://news.mongabay.com/2018/03/will-madagascars-industrial-shrimp-trawlers-make-way-for-local-fishers/Mongabay;2018.(Accessedonline19/10/18).
Cétamada,2012.EvaluationpréliminairedelafilièretortuemarinedanslabaiedeMoramba,leszonesdeMarovasaBeetd’Anjajavy.December2012,Antananarivo.Cétamada11pp.
CinnerJE,AWamukota,HRandriamahazo&ARabearisoa,2009.Towardinstitutionsforcommunity-basedmanagementofinshoremarineresourcesinthewesternIndianOcean.MarinePolicy33(3):489-496.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.11.001
CrippsG,2009.Understandingmigrationamongstsmall-scalefishersinMadagascar.Antananarivo(Madagascar):BlueventuresconservationreportforReCoMaP
CrippsG,2010.FeasibilitystudyontheprotectionandmanagementoftheBarrenIslesecosystem,Madagascar.Antananarivo(Madagascar)blueventuresconservationreportforWWFandthe‘‘Re´seauinterdisciplinairepourunegestiondurabledelabiodiversite´marine:diagnosticenvironnementaletsocialautourdestortuesmarinesdanslesud-ouestdel’Oce´anIndien’’.
DiMininE,CFink,THiipala,&HTankanen,2018.Aframeworkforinvestigatingillegalwildlifetradeonsocialmediawithmachinelearning.https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13104.
EnvironmentalJusticeAtlas,2018.TheimpactsoffishingagreementswithChineseinvestorsinMadagascar.Accessiblehere:https://ejatlas.org/conflict/the-impacts-of-fishing-agreements-with-chinese-investors-and-fishing-fleetEnvironmentalJusticeAtlas2018(accessed27/10/18)
Frontier-Madagascar,2003.ArtisanalandtraditionalturtleresourceutilisationinSouthWestMadagascar.Frontier-MadagascarEnvironmentalResearchReport2.SocietyforEnvironmentalExploration,UKandtheInstituteofMarineSciences,UniversityofToliara,Madagascar.
GardnerC,MENicoll,CBrikinshaw&ANARatsifandrihamanana,2018.TherapidexpansionofMadagascar'sprotectedareasystem.BiologicalConservation220:29-36.DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.011
GibbonsEL,MShane,SMAbeare&RDStein-Rostaing,2013.TheseaturtlefisheryintheBayofRanobe,SWMadagascarandthetransitiontowardsaco-managementprotectionstrategy.Posterpresentation,RCUK16thAnnualmeeting2013,London.
GoldingC,EGibbons,JVKumar,LRamanajehimanana&OWouters,2017.ThemarineturtlefisheryintheBayofRanobe,Madagascar.IndianOceanNewsletter259pp.
GoodmanLA,1961.Snowballsampling.Theannalsofmathematicalstatistics,148-170.
HughesGR,1974.SeaturtleresearchandconservationinSouthEastAfrica.InProceedingsofthe2ndWorkingMeetingofMarineTurtleSpecialists,pp.57–67.IUCNNR,Morges,Switzerland.
![Page 54: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
49
HumberF&DHykle,2011.ReportontheWorkshopfortheAdoptionofaManagementandConservationPlanforMarineTurtlesinMadagascar.BlueVenturesConservationandIOSEA,London,UK.
HumberF,BJGodley,VRamahery&ACBroderick,2011.Usingcommunitymemberstoassessartisanalfisheries:themarineturtlefisheryinMadagascar.AnimalConservation,14,175–185.
HumberF,MAndriamahefazafy,BJGodley&ACBroderick,2015.Endangered,essentialandexploited:HowextantlawsarenotenoughtoprotectmarinemegafaunainMadagascar.MarinePolicy60(2015)70–83
HumberF,BJGodley,TNicolas,ORaynaud,FPichon&ABroderick,2016.PlacingMadagascar’smarineturtlepopulationsinaregionalcontextusingcommunity-basedmonitoring.Oryx51:542–553
IOSEA2014.MadagascarNationalReport.https://www.cms.int/iosea-turtles/sites/default/files/document/Madagascar_19_09_2014.pdf33pp.
JonesK,2012.Examiningtrendsintastepreference,marketdemand,andannualcatchinanindigenousmarineturtlefisheryinsouthwestMadagascar.Honourthesis.WashingtonStateUniversity.45pp
KasprzyckZ,2008.ShrimpfishinginMadagascar.In:GillettR,editor.Globalstudyofshrimpfisheries.FAOfisheriestechnicalpaper475.Rome(Italy):UnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganization.
KeZ&ZZhi,2017.ThetradeofMalagasyrosewoodandebonyinChina.TRAFFICBull.29(1),23.
KiesterAR,ARMandimbihasina,RELewis,EVGoode,JOJuvik,RYoung&TBlanck,2013.ConservationoftheAngonoka(PloughshareTortoise)Astrochelysyniphora.In:CastellanoCM,AGJRhodin,MOgle,RMittermeier,HRandriamahazo,RHudson&RELewis(eds.).TurtlesontheBrinkinMadagascar:ProceedingsofTwoWorkshopsontheStatus,Conservation,andBiologyofMalagasyTortoisesandFreshwaterTurtles.ChelonianResearchMonographs6:162–170.
KoopmanM,2008.Velondriakeecotourismplan.BlueVenturesConservationReport.http://www.dlist-asclme.org/sites/default/files/doclib/bv-research-report-2008-velondriake-ecotourism-plan-sm.pdf
LiletteV,2002.Contextessocio-anthropologiquesdel’exploitationdelatortueverteauxComoresetàMadagascar:Lesenjeuxdesaconservation.JournalofNature/LeJournaldelaNature(UniversitédeLaRéunion)14(1):27–34.
LiletteV,2006.MixedResults:ConservationoftheMarineTurtleandtheRed-TailedTropicbirdbyVezoSemi-NomadicFishers.ConservSoc4:262
LiletteV,2007.Conservationetpatrimonialisationdelatortuemarinedanslesud-ouestdel’océanIndien.PhDthesis,UniversitédeLaRéunion,LaRéunion.
ManachLeF,CGough,AHarris,FHumber,SHarper&DZeller,2012.Unreportedfishing,hungrypeopleandpoliticalturmoil:TherecipeforafoodsecuritycrisisinMadagascar?MarPolicy36:218–225
ManachFLe,CAndrianaivojaona,KOleson,KClausen&GMLange,2013.NaturalcapitalaccountingandmanagementoftheMalagasyfisheriessector.AtechnicalcasestudyfortheWAVESglobalpartnershipinMadagascar.Report48pp.
![Page 55: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
50
ManjoazyT,JHRazafimanahaka,WRonto,RRandrianavelona,JUGanzhorn&KBJenkins,2017.ThesupplyofillegaltortoisemeattoToliaraCity,southwesternMadagascar.Oryx51(3)437-440.doi:10.1017/S0030605316000314
McClanahanTR,JECinner,CAbunge,ARabearisoa,PMahatante,FRamahatratra&NAndrianarivelo,2014.Perceivedbenefitsoffisheriesmanagementrestrictionsinmadagascar.EcolSoc19
McNeishH,2011.Madagascar’sUnimatocloseshrimpfactoryinMarch.Availableat:https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-01-26/unima-to-shut-shrimp-factory-in-madagascar-due-to-overfishing-fuel-costsBloomberg.(Accessed19/10/2018).
MetcalfJ,KHampson,AAndriamizava,RAndrianirina,TCairnes,AGray,CRamiarisoa&HSondotra,2007.Theimportanceofnorth-westMadagascarformarineturtleconservation.Oryx41:232–238
MinistryofEnvironmentsandForest(MEEF),2014.FifthnationalreporttotheconventiononbiologicaldiversityinMadagascar.
MooreJE,TMCox,RLLewison,AJRead,RBjorkland&SLMcDonald,etal.,2010.Aninterview–basedapproachtoassessmarinemammalandseaturtlecapturesinartisanalfisheries.BiolCons.;143:795-805
MPAAtlas,2018.Madagascarcountrysummary.Accessibleonline:http://www.mpatlas.org/region/country/MDG/Accessed(30/10/2018).
Ortega-ArguetaA,EHines&JCalvimontes,2012.UsingInterviewsinsirenianresearch.InSirenianConservation:IssuesandStrategiesinDevelopingCountries(HinesE,ReynoldsJ,Mignucci-GiannoniA,AragonesLV&MarmontelMeds).Gaineseville.TheUniversityPressofFlorida;pp.109-115.
PascalB,2003.RequinettortuesdemerchezlesVezoduSud-OuestdeMadagascar.Enjeuxecologiquesouenjeuxsociaux?MémoiredeDEA,Universitéd’Orléans,Orléans.
PascalB,2008.Delaterresdesancêtresauxterritoiresdevivants:lesenjeuxlocauxdelagouvernancesurlelittoraldusud-ouestdeMadagascarPhDthesis.MuséumNationaled’HistoireNaturelle,Paris.
PilcherNJ,KAdulyanukosol,HDas,PDavis,EHines,DKwan,HMarsh,LPonnampalam&JReynolds,2017.Alow-costsolutionfordocumentingdistributionandabundanceofendangeredmarinefaunaandimpactsfromfisheries.PLoSONE12(12):e0190021.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190021
RaberinaryaD&SBenbowa,2012.ThereproductivecycleofOctopuscyaneainsouthwestMadagascarandimplicationsforfisheriesmanagement.FisheriesResearch125–126:190–197.
RakotonirinaB&ACooke,1994.SeaturtlesofMadagascar-theirstatus,exploitationandconservation.Oryx28:51-61.
RakotondrazafyAMA&RMAdrianasolo,2012.PreliminaryassessmentoftheseaturtlesectorinMorambaBay,MarovasaBeandAnjajavyareas.Cétamada2012.
RakotosonLR&KTanner,2006.Community-basedgovernanceofcoastalzoneandmarineresourcesinMadagascar.Ocean&CoastalManagement49(11):855-872.
RasolofonirinaR&CConand,1998.L’exploitationdesholothuriesdanslesud-ouestdeMadagascar,re´giondeToliara.Labêche-de-mer,bulletindelaCPS10:10–3.
![Page 56: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
51
RazafindrainibeH,2010.BaselinestudyoftheshrimptrawlfisheryinMadagascarandstrategiesforbycatchmanagement,ProjectTCP/MAG/3201-REBYC2.Rome(Italy):UnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganization.
Repoblikan'iMadagasikara,2013a.Arrêtérégionalno.2013-009/REG/ATSIMOANDREFANAportantpréservationdestortuesmenacéesd'extinctiondanslaRégion[RegionalDecreeno.2013-009/REG/ATSIMOANDREFANArelatingtothepreservationofendangeredturtlesintheregion.]MinisteredelaDecentralisation.AtsimoAndrefana,Madagascar.16thOctober2013.
Repoblikan'iMadagasikara,2013b.Réuniontechniquesur«lesprisesdemesuresfaceautraficdetortuemarineàMadagascar».Notedepresse.Mercredi04Décembre2013.Antananarivo:ComiteNationaldeGestionIntegreedelaZoneCotiereetmarine(CN-GIZC);2013.
ReuterKE,HGilles,ARWills&BJSewall,2016.LivecaptureandownershipoflemursinMadagascar:Extentandconservationimplications.Oryx50:344–354
RiskasKA,RTobin,MPBFuentesMPB&MHamann,2018.Evaluatingthethreatofillegal,unreportedandunregulated(IUU)fishingtoseaturtlesintheIndianOceanandSoutheastAsiausingexpertelicitation.BiologicalConservation217:232-239.
RobinsonJE,RAGriffiths,IMFraser,JRaharimalala,DLRoberts&FAVSt.John,2018.Supplyingthewildlifetradeasalivelihoodstrategyinabiodiversityhotspot.EcologyandSociety23(1):13.https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09821-230113
RunhovdeSR,2018.IllegalonlinetradeinreptilesfromMadagascar.TheGlobalInitiativeAgainstTransnationalOrgnisedCrime.Geneva,Switzerland19pp.
SabatiniG,ASalley&JBRamanamanjato,2008.AreviewofthespinylobsterfisheryintheTolagnaro(Fort-Dauphin)region.Tolagnaro(Madagascar):Biodiversity,ecologyandconservationoflittoralecosystemsinsoutheasternMadagascar,Tolagnaro;2008.
SchwarzD,DNewton&CRatzimbazafy,2017.AssessmentoftheinternationalillicitwildlifetradeinthecriticallyendangeredMalagsytortoisespeciesAstrochelysyniphoraandAstrochelysradiata.Salamandra53(1):163–166.
SocioeconomicDataandApplicationsCentre,2000.PopulationDensity:Madagascar2000.http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/maps/gallery/search/5?facets=region:africa&facets=theme:population
SungYH&JJFong,2018.AssessingconsumertrendsandillegalactivitybymonitoringtheonlineTwildlifetrade.BiologicalConservation227:219–225.
UNODC,2016.WorldWildlifeCrimeReport:Traffickinginprotectedspecies.UnitedNations,Vienna.101pp.
WestermanK&CJGardner,2018.Adoptionofsocio-culturalnormstoincreasecommunitycomplianceinpermanentmarinereservesinsouthwestMadagascar.ConservationEvidence10:4-9.
WalkerRCJ&ERoberts,2005.NotesonthestatusandincidentalcaptureofmarineturtlesbythesubsistencefishingcommunitiesofSouthWestMadagascar.WesternIndianOceanJournalofMarineScience4:219–225.
WildAid,2018.Seaturtles:Anunncertainfuture.WildAid,SanFrancisco,USA.29pp.
WildlifeConservationSociety,2016.OrganizedpoachingisdecimatingMadagascar'sseaturtles."Accessiblehere:www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160901125652.htmScienceDaily,(accessed27/10/2018).
![Page 57: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
52
WilliamsJ,2017MultidisciplinaryinsightsintotheconservationandbiologyofseaturtlesinMozambique.PhDThesis,CollegeofMarineandEnvironmentalStudies,JamesCookUniversity,Townsville,Australia.
WorldHealthOrganisation,2018.LifeExpectancyRankings.https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/madagascar-life-expectancy.Accessed31Oct2018.
WWF,2018.Magistratescommitagainstturtlestrafficking.Accessiblevia:http://www.wwf.mg/en/our_news/latest_news/?uNewsID=336890WWF16/10/2018.Accessed27/10/2018.
AnnexI:FieldworkitineraryDate Region Activitytype Itinerary Team
1/9/18 Antananarivo Transit/Arrival ProjectteamarriveinTanaforkickoffmeeting.
1
2/9/18 AtsimoAndrefana Transit AntananrivotoTulear 13/9/18 AtsimoAndrefana Interviewsandlocalapprovals,
meetingwithMRHP,DREF+ReefDoctor
Mahatavse,Tulear 1
4/9/18 AtsimoAndrefana Transit+interviews+ TuleartoAnakao 15/9/18-6/9/18
AtsimoAndrefana interviews Anakaovillage 1
7/9/18 AtsimoAndrefana Transit+interviews AnakaotoItampolo,viaBehelokyandAmbola
1
8/9/18-9/9/18
AtsimoAndrefana Interviews+managementmeetingwithMNP
Itampolo 1
10/9/18 AtsimoAndrefana Transit+interviews ItampolotoAndroka,viaAntsikorokeandAmbohibola
1
11/9/18 AtsimoAndrefana Interviews Ambohibola 112/9/18 AtsimoAndrefana Transit AmbohibolatoLavanono 113/9/18-14/9/18
AtsimoAndrefana-Androy
Interviews Lavanono 1
15/9/18 Androy Transit+interviews LavanonotoFauxCap 116/9/18 AndroytoAnosy Transit FauxCaptoFortDauphin 117/9/18 Anosy Interviewsandlocalapprovalswith
MRHP,MIHARInetworkFortDauphin 1
18/9/18 Anosy Transit+interviews AmbinanyBe,FortDauphin 119/9/18 Anosy Transit+interviews AnalapsyII+Arabaraba 120/9/18 Anosy Transit+interviews Lokaro 121/9/18-22/9/18
Anosy Dataentry+Logistics FortDauphin 1
23/9/18 Anosy-Antananarivo
Transit FortDauphin-Antananarivo 1
24/9/18 AntananarivotoBoeny
Transit Antananarivo-Mahajanga 1
25/9/18 Boeny Interviews AntsaBigo,MahajangaPort 126/9/18 Boeny Interviews+Managementinterview
withCSPPetitePlage+CSP 1
27/9/18 BoenytoDiana Transit MahajangatoNosyKomba 128/9/18 Diana Interviews Antitoro+Antamotamo,Nosy
Komba1
29/9/18 Diana Interviews AndriaBe,NosyKomba 130/9/18 Diana Anonymousinformants NosyBe 11/10/18-2/10/18
Diana DataEntry NosyBe 1
3/10/18-5/10/18
MadagascartoMozambique
Transit ReturntoMozambiqueviaSouthAfrica.
1
8/9/18- Sofia,Antsiranana Interviews NosySuarez+Androvohonko 2
![Page 58: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
53
9/9/1815/9/18-16/9/18
Sofia,Antsiranana Interviews Ambodivahibe 2
22/9/18-23/9/18
Sofia,Antsiranana Interviews Ambolobozokely 2
27/9/18–28/9/18
Sofia,Antsiranana Interviews BayofDiegoSuarez 2
*Fieldteam1:JessWilliams,MichelStrongoffFieldteam2:AmelieLandySoambola,MoiseAndriantsolyAmadaRegisNelsonandAhmedMoustoifa.
AnnexII:Interviewquestionsforfishingcommunities
CHARACTERISINGTHELEGALANDILLEGALTRADEOFMARINETURTLESINMADAGASCAR
Interviewername:______________________________Translator______________________Location(village,town,region):___________________________________________________Date:___________________________________Language_____________________________Surveynumber:_______________________________________________________________Latitude: Longitude:WaypointNumber:
A.BACKGROUNDINFORMATIONi.Yourage:ii.Occupation:fisherman□boatowner□fishseller□other(pleasespecify:_______
iiiLengthofexperienceincurrentrole:_____years_____months.Startedinyear:____
iv.Numberoffishersinvillage
v.Villagepopulationsize:
vi.Targetcatch:
vii.Whereisthefishsold?
viii.Whereisyourusualfishingarea?
B.MARINETURTLESINMADAGASCAR1.Haveyouseenmarineturtlesinyourcommunityandsurroundingareas?(Y/N)
2.IfY,where?□onthebeach;□coralreefs;□coastalwaters(<3nmfromshore);□oceanicwaters(>3nm
fromshore);□other(pleasespecify:_______________)
3.a.CanyouIDturtlespecies(Y/N)ifY;
b.Pleaseindicatehowfrequentlyyouhaveseeneachspeciesofmarineturtle
Everyday Everyweek Everymonth Everyyear Notseen Can’tquantify
Green Loggerhead Hawksbill
![Page 59: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
54
4.a)Pleaseindicatehowyoursightingsofmarineturtleshavechanged:Trend A) Inpast5years B)Overfishingcareer/lifetimeIncreasing Decreasing Stayedthesame Don’tknow Comments: 5.Whydoyoubelievethisisso?__________________________________________6a.Haveyouseenanystrandedsickordeadcarcasses?Y/N6b.Whathappenedtothecarcasses/turtles:6c.Whatstateweretheyin:freshlydead/decomposed/bonesorshellonly7.Haveyouheardofpeopleinyourvillagethathaveeatenturtlesthattheyfoundwashedupdead?C.INCIDENTALCAPTUREOFMARINETURTLESINSMALLSCALEFISHERIES8a.Haveyoueverbeenfishingandwhenyoupulledupthenet/line/trapaturtlewasthere?(Y/N)
b.doyouknowifthishashappenedtoothersinyourfishingarea/village?(Y/N)
b.inwhichgeartype:
9a.howmanytimeshasthishappened?_____________________
b.Howoftendoesthishappen?(Daily,weekly,monthly,yearly.(Specifynumberorrange):___________
c.Howmanyturtlesperoccasion____________________________
d.whatsizearetheseturtles?(XS,S,M,L,XL)?__________________________________________
e.Isthiscontinuousorsporadic?(circleone),isthereseason,orcertainmonthsoftheyear_________
10.Whathappenstotheturtlescaughtincidentally?
Fateofturtle Personally Byothersincommunity
Releasedalive
Keptandusedforfood
Soldlocallyforfood
Soldtoabuyer/middleman/foreigner
Usedtraditionallyforcraftormedicine
Shippedoverseas:listcountries
Other:
D.USEANDTRADEOFMARINETURTLESINTHECOMMUNITY11a.Haveyouevereatenturtlesortheireggs(Y/N)
b.orheardofotherswhodo?(Y/N)
c.ifyes,hereinthisvillage(Y/N)oranotherarea:__________________________________
12b.Haveyoueverseen(Y/N)orheardof(Y/N)marineturtlemeat,eggsorproductsbeingsoldortradedin
yourcommunityandsurroundingareas?
13.Inyourlocalwaters,areturtlestargetedintentionallybymembersofthecommunity?(Y/N)
14a.howmanytimeshasthishappened?_____________________
Leatherback OliveRidley Notdifferentiated
![Page 60: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
55
14b.Howoftendoesthishappen?(Daily,weekly,monthly,yearly.(Specifynumberorrange):___________
14c.Howmanyturtlesperoccasion____________________________
14d.whatsizearetheseturtles?(XS,S,M,L,XL)?__________________________________________
14e.Isthiscontinuousorsporadic?(circleone),isthereseason,orcertainmonthsoftheyear_________
15.Whatdoyoubelievehappenstotheturtlescaughtintentionallybymembersofthecommunity?
a.usedforfood
b.soldlocally
c.usedfortraditionalmedicineand/orcrafts
d.shippedoverseas(listcountries:______________________________)
e.other(pleasespecify):_______________________________________
16.Pleaseindicatehowfrequentlymarineturtlemeat,wholeturtle,eggsorproductsaresold/tradedforeach
ofthefollowinglocationsinyourcommunity:(specifyquantityorrange)
Never daily weekly monthly yearly Inaseason(specifymonths)
Aboardfishingboats
Ataport Fishmarkets Othermarket Inhomesinthecommunity
Otherlocation: 17.Ifthereisanyturtletradeinyourcommunityandsurroundingareas,pleaserankthemarineturtlespeciesinorderfrom1(mostcommonlytraded)to5(leastcommonlytraded):a.green_______b.hawksbill____c.loggerhead____d.leatherback____e.oliveridley____f.NOTRADE______18.Pleaseindicatehowthefollowingmarineturtleitemsareusuallyexchanged(selectallthatapply): Purchased/sold Price
(perkgor
item)
Exchanged/traded Don’t
know
Supplier
A/B/C/D/E/F
Meat
Eggs
Carapaces/turtle
shellproducts
Liveturtles
Otherturtle
prodcuts
![Page 61: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
56
KEYFORTABLEA)localfishersfromthecommunityB)localnon-fishersfromthecommunity(pleaselistlikelyoccupation:___________)C)MozambicanfishersfromoutsideofthecommunityD)Mozambicannon-fishersfromoutsideofthecommunity(likelyoccupation:___________)E)Foreignfishers(pleasespecifywhichcountries:______________________)F)Other(pleasespecify)19.Dothemarineturtlemeat,eggsandproductsfromyourcommunitygetsenttootherpartsofMadagascar?(Y/N)pleaselistdestinations:______________________________________________20.PleaselistthetypesofitemssenttootherpartsofMadagascar(e.g.meat,eggs,carapaces,wholeturtles,etc):___________________________________________________________________________________21.Whydoyoubelievepeoplewouldchoosetotradelocallyinmarineturtlemeat,eggsandproducts?22.Pleaseindicatehowthetradeofmarineturtlemeat,eggsorproductsinyourcommunityandsurroundingareashaschangedinpast5years(specifyareasonsoineachbox) Increasing Decreasing Stayedthesame Don’tknow Notfound
hereMeat
Eggs Carapaces/shellproducts
Liveturtles Otherproducts:
Sameoverlifetime?(Y/N)
Comments:
23a.Doyoubelievethatthelocaltradeofmarineturtlemeat,eggsandproductswillcausethemarineturtlepopulationstoDECREASEwithinthenext10years?(Y/N)23b.Whydoyoubelievethatthisisso?________________________________________D.USEANDTRADEBYFOREIGNERS24a.Haveyouseenforeignfishers(Y/N)?
• Where:___________________
• When:____________________
• Fishingfor:_________________
• Usingwhichfishinggear:_____________________
b.Haveyouseenforeignvessels((Y/N)?
• Where:___________________
• When:____________________
• Fishingfor:_________________
• Usingwhichfishinggear:_____________________
25a.Arethereforeignbuyers(offishormarinespecies)inyourarea?(Y/N)
b.Howmany(peopleorcompanies)?
c.Whatproductsdotheybuy(pleaselist):
![Page 62: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
57
d.Doyouknowthepriceperkilo/item:
e.Dotheybuyturtlesorturtleproducts?(Y/N)describe:
f.whatsizeturtles?(XS,S,M,L,XL)
OTHERDETAILS?
26a)Inyourlocalwatersarethereforeignfishers(Y/N),dotheytargetturtles(Y/N)
b)Wheredothesepeoplecomefrom?
27a.howmanytimeshaveforeignfisherscaughtturtlesinyourarea?_____________________
27b.Howoftendoesthishappen?(Daily,weekly,monthly,yearly-Specifynumberorrange):___________
27c.Howmanyturtlesperoccasion?____________________________ortotal(specifynumberovertime-
frame)________________________________________________________________________
27d.whatsizearetheseturtles?(XS,S,M,L,XL)?_________________________________________
27e.Isthiscontinuousorsporadic?(circleone),isthereaseason,orcertainmonthsoftheyear(Specify
months)____________________________________________________________________________
28.Whatdoyoubelievehappenstotheturtlescaughtonpurposebyforeignfishers?a.usedforfoodb.soldlocallyc.usedfortraditionalmedicineand/orcraftsd.shippedoverseas(listcountries:______________________________)e.other(pleasespecify):_______________________________________29.Inyourlocalwaters,aremarineturtlescaughtincidentallybyforeignfishers?(Y/N)andwithwhichfishinggear?30a.howmanytimeshaveforeignfishersincidentallycaughtturtlesinyourarea?_____________________
30b.Howoftendoesthishappen?(Daily,weekly,monthly,yearly-Specifynumberorrange):___________
30c.Howmanyturtlesperoccasion?____________________________
Ortotal(specifynumberovertimeframe)______________________________________________________
30d.whatsizearetheseturtles?(XS,S,M,L,XL)?_________________________________________
30e.Isthiscontinuousorsporadic?(circleone),isthereseason,orcertainmonthsoftheyear(Specify
months)____________________________________________________________________________
31.Whathappenstotheturtlescaughtbymistakebyforeignfishers?a.releasedaliveb.usedforfoodc.soldlocallyd.usedfortraditionalmedicineand/orcraftse.shippedoverseas(listcountries:______________________________)f.other(pleasespecify):_______________________________________32.Whatmakesyouthinkthis?E.MARINETURTLEEXPORT33.Doesthemarineturtlemeat,eggsandproductsfromyourcommunitygetsenttoothercountriesoutsideofMadagascar?(Y/N)pleaselistdestinations:__________________________________________________________________________________________34.Pleaselistthetypesofitemssenttoothercountries(e.g.meat,eggs,carapaces,wholeturtles,etc):
![Page 63: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
58
__________________________________________________________________________________________35.Pleaseestimatehowmanyturtles(oreggs)(orkgsormeat)areexported(e.g.daily,weeklymonthly,etc):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________36.Howoftendoesthishappen?E.g.daily,weekly,monthly,etc:__________________37.Howdopeopleexporttheturtles/turtleparts?38.Pleaseindicatehowthetradeofmarineturtlemeat,eggsorproductsforEXPORThaschangedinpast5years(specifyareasonsoineachbox) Increasing Decreasing Stayedthesame Don’tknow Notfound
hereMeat Eggs Carapaces/shellproducts
Liveturtles Otherproducts:
Sameoverlifetime?(Y/N)
Comments:
39.Whydoyoubelievepeoplewouldchoosetoexportmarineturtlemeat,eggsandproducts?40.Doyoubelievethattheexportofmarineturtlemeat,eggsandproductswillcausethemarineturtlepopulationstochangewithinthenext10years?(Y/N)41.Whydoyoubelievethatthisisso?_________________________________________________________
![Page 64: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
59
AnnexIII:Interviewquestionsformanagementexecutives Illegaltake,tradeandexportofmarineturtlesinMadagascar.ActingonCITESDecision17.222and17.223thisworkisbeingundertakenthroughoutAugust2018-October2018.Thespecificobjectivesofthestudyare(a)toprovideaglobaloverviewofthestatus,scopeandtrendsoftheinternationaltradeinthesevenextant,CITES-listedspeciesofmarineturtles;(b)toachieveabetterunderstandingofthecurrentandpotentialconservationimpactsassociatedtocurrenttradelevels;(c)toidentifymanagementoptions;(d)toidentifyareaswhereimmediatemitigationeffortsmaybeneeded;and(e)toencouragecommunicationamongCITESanditskeypartners,optimizingresourcesandenhancingsynergies.
Theinformationyouprovideinthisquestionnairewillcontributetowardsthenationalcountry-leveloverviewforMadagascar,andaparallelstudyisoccurringinMozambique.Ifyoudonothaveananswer,pleasedescribeabriefresponsee.g.Idon'tknowornotrelevantinmyarea.
Emailaddress:*
A. Whatisthenameofyourorganisation?*B. Whatisyourcurrentpositionhere?*C. Howlonghaveyoubeeninyourcurrentposition?(years)*.D. Geographicscopeofyourwork?Pleasespecifyregionsortowns,MPAsorother.E. E.Yourexpertisecomesfromwhichofthefollowingsectors?*
1.Haveyoueverseenorheardofmarineturtlemeat,eggsorproductsbeingexportedtoothercountriesoutsideMadagascar?
2a.HaveyoueverseenorheardofOTHERmarineproductsbeingexportedtoothercountriesoutsideMadagascar?
![Page 65: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
60
2b.IfYes,pleaselisttypesofmarineproducts(i.e.sharkn,seahorse....)
3.IsmarineturtlemeatorotherturtleproductssoldwithinMadagascar?Isittransportedinternally?
4.Inyouropinion,whichismoreabundantintermsofnumbersofturtlesinvolved(tickallthatapply)
5a.Doyoubelieveorhaveevidencethatsuggestsmarineturtletradeofproducts,turtlepartsorwholealiveturtlesislinkedwithotherIllegalWildlifeTrafficking(IWT)?
5b.Ifyes,whatmakesyouthinkso?6a.Pleaseindicatehowthefollowingmarineturtleitemsareusuallyexchangedorused(selectallthatapply)
Bought/sold
Traded/exchangedforothergoods?
Bothexchangedandsold
Don’tknow
Personalconsumption
Notapplicable
Traditionalmedicine
Traditionalbeliefs
Turtlemeat
Turtleeggs
Carapaces/turtleshellproducts
Wholealiveturtles
Otherproducts?
![Page 66: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
61
6b.Ifyoufilledinaresponseabovefor'otherproduct'pleasedescribewhattypeofproductyouarereferringto?7.Doyouknowthepriceperitem,orkilothatturtleproductssellfor?Pleasespecifyapriceorpricerangefor:turtlemeat,eggs,carapaceproducts,liveturtles,otherturtleproducts.Ispricebasedonsizeclassesi.e.small,mediumorlarge?Ifyes,pleasespecify:
8.DoyouknowwhoaretheMAINsuppliersofmarineturtlemeat,eggsandproductsthatareexported
9.Wheredoliveturtles,theirmeat,eggsorproductsgetsentwithinMadagascar?Pleasedescribedomesticroutesthatyouknoworthinkcouldbeinvolvedinturtletrade.Ornamespecificlocations/towns
10.Pleasetickthetypesofitemssenttoothercountries
11.Towhichcountriesdotheseproductsgetsentto?12.Doyouknowhowtheturtlesorproductsaretransportedtothesecountries?Pleasedescribeallthemeansoftransportationinvolvedinthistraderoute.13.Howaresuchproductspackagedfortransitorshipping?Pleasedescribepackagingmaterials,orprocessingtechniquesusedtotransportsuchproducts.e.g.meatiscutintoportions,smokedandpackagedintoasacktobeshippedtoamiddleman,oreggsaredisguisedasduckeggsandareexportedunderalicenseforduckeggs.14.Whydoyoubelievepeoplewouldchoosetoexportmarineturtlemeat,eggsandproducts?Pleaseconsiderthefollowingfactorsinyourresponse;Monetaryvalue,delicacy,tradition,religion,foreigndemand,lackofalternativelivelihoods,opportunisticuseofbycatch.15a.Pleaseindicatehowtheexportofmarineturtleproductshaschangedinthelastfiveyears,ifatall: Increasing Decreasing Stayedthesame Idon’tknowTurtlemeat Turtleeggs Carapaces/turtle
![Page 67: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
62
shellproductsWholealiveturtles Otherproducts? 15b.Ifyouansweredthequestionabovefor'OTHERTURTLEPRODUCTS'pleasedescribetheparticularproductyouarereferringto:15c.Fortheitem(s)whereyoubelieveexporthasINCREASED,pleasesuggestareasonastowhythismightbehappening:15d.Fortheitem(s)whereyoubelieveexporthasSTAYEDTHESAME,pleasesuggestareasonastowhythismightbehappening:15e.Fortheitem(s)whereyoubelieveexporthasDECREASED,pleasesuggestareasonastowhythismightbehappening:Enforcementandmanagementpriorities16.IsitillegaltointentionallykillseaturtlesinMadagascar?
17.Isitillegaltoaccidentallykillaseaturtle?e.g.caughtbymistakeinanetbuttheanimalisfounddead.
18.Arefishersrequiredtoreportanaccidentalturtlemortalitytotheauthorities?
19a.Areanyareasroutinely/periodicallypatrolled?
19b.Ifyes,arepenaltieseverimposed?(Frequently,Infrequently,Never,Don’tknow)?
![Page 68: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
63
20.Doyouhaveanyrelevantcommentsaboutpatrolling,enforcementorapplicationofpenalties?21a.Doesyouragencyhavespecificprogramsinplacetodeter,mitigateand/ormanageseaturtlecaptureandtrade?
21b.IfyouansweredYEStothepreviousquestion,pleaseselecttheprogramsthatareinplacetodeter,mitigateand/ormanageseaturtlecaptureandtrade.ChooseALLthatapply:
22a.Inyouropinion,howeffectivehavetheseprogramsbeeninreducingthenumberofincidentsofseaturtlecapturesandtradeinMadagascar?Chooseoneonly:a.Completelyineffective,b.Somewhatineffective,c.Somewhateffective,d.Veryeffective,e.Don’tknow
22b.Pleaseprovideanexplanationastowhyyouthinkthisisso:23.Whatadditionalprogramsormeasuresdoyouthinkareneededtoreduceseaturtlecaptureandtrade?24.Iffundingwasavailableandunlimited,whichthree(3)actionswouldyourecommendbetakenbyyouragencytoreduceseaturtlecaptureandtrade?Pleaselist3actions:
![Page 69: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
64
25.PleaseestimatehowmanyincidentsofseaturtlecaptureandtradeoccuryearlyintheAREASYOUWORKwithinMadagascar. Never 1per
yearLessthan10
11to50 51to100 Morethan101
Idon’tknow
Captureofturtles(intentional/targeted)
Captureofturtles(accidental/bycatch)
Tradeofturtle(domesticmarket/localuse)
Tradeofturtle(exportforinternationalmarket)
26a.PleaseestimatehowmanyincidentsofseaturtlecaptureandtradeoccuryearlyforMadagascaronaNATIONALSCALE.
27.Towhatextentdoyoubelievethatillegalfishingrepresentsathreattothehealthofmarineturtlepopulationsinyourcountry?ChooseONEonly:1.Nothreattoturtles,2.Minimalthreattoturtles,3.Moderatethreattoturtles,4.Highthreattoturtles,5.Veryhighthreattoturtles
28.Howimportantisittoyouragencytoaddresstheseaturtlecaptureandtradeproblem?ChooseONEonly:1.Notapriority,2.Lowpriority,3.Moderatepriority,4.Highpriority,5.Veryhighpriority
29.TowhatextentdoyoubelievethatreducingseaturtlecaptureandtradeisagovernmentpriorityinMadagascar?1.Notapriority,2.Lowpriority,3.Moderatepriority,4.Highpriority,5.Veryhighpriority
30.Inyouropinion,whenpeoplearecaughtdoingseaturtlecaptureandtrade,howoftenaretheyformallypunished?ChooseONEonly:1.Never,2.Rarely,3.Sometimes,4.Frequently,5.Veryfrequently
31.Whatdoyoubelieveisthemostimportantactionthatneedstobetakentoreduceseaturtlecaptureandtradeinyourcountry?
![Page 70: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
65
Legislationeffectivenessandapplication31a.AretherelawsrelatedtoDOMESTICtradeinseaturtlesand/ortheirproducts?
31b.Ifso,whoisinchargeofimplementing/enforcingtheselaws?32a.Arethereanychallengestoimplementingtheseregulations?
32b.Ifyes,whatarethese?33a.AretherelawsrelatedtoINTERNATIONALtradeinseaturtlesand/ortheirproducts?
33b.Ifso,whoisinchargeofimplementing/enforcingtheselaws?34.Arethereanychallengestoimplementingtheseregulations?
FinalComments35.IsthereanythingrelatedtoillegaltakeortradeofseaturtlesinMadagascarthatyouwouldliketoshare,thathasn'tbeencoveredinthequestionsabove?
![Page 71: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
66
AnnexIV:SurveyConstraintsThissectiondescribesprocesslimitationstothepresentsurvey,andindicateswheretheselimitationsmayinfluencethetypesofdatacollectedandconclusionswehavedrawn.Fisherscouldhaveomittedincriminatinginformationinourpresence,whichwouldleadtounderestimatesofbycatch,consumptionortrade(domesticorinternational).Thisisacommonissuewhenconductinginterviewsofasensitivenatureoronclandestinetopicsandthereforethedatashouldbeconsideredaconservativeestimationonthetopic.Inadditiontothis,rapidassessmentsarenotthemostsuitablemethodtounderstandsuchasensitivetopicastypicallytheresearcherwouldbe‘embedded’withinthecommunityforalengthyperiodbeforegainingthefulltrustofrespondents.Thelimitedtimeframeandfundingallocatedtoconductthisworksignificantlyimpededourabilitytoconductarapidassessmentoveralargergeographicarea,andmanyexistingdatagapsareevident.Withregardstologistics,whilstinthefieldoursurveyeffortswerelimitedbypoorqualityaccessroadsandroadconditions,andbyitnotbeingsafetotravelatnight.OurattemptstosurveythejarifafishingvillageofAtaperainAnosyregion(wherewebelieveturtletakeandtradealsooccur)wereunsuccessfulduetotheremotenatureandbadaccessroutes(nosuitablebridgetocrossawaterway).Unfortunately,wewerealsolimitedinouropportunitytosurveyoffshoreislands,whicharelikelytobeahubforfishingactivitieswhetherclandestineornot.ItisbelievedthatMadagascar’soffshoreislandshostthemajorityofnestingturtleactivity(Humberetal.2016),andfutureeffortsshouldprioritisecomprehensivesurveysofoffshoreislandsespeciallygiventhelimitedcapacityofauthoritiestopatrolorenforceintheseareas.Manyfishersarehighlymigratoryandareatseaforweeksatatime.ThisaddedadditionalchallengestousinNosyKombaandMahajangawhereallthefishermenofsomevillageswereawayandonlywomenandchildrencouldbefound.Qualitativesurveymethodologydoesnotalwaysrenderwelltoproducingquantitativeestimatesthatcanbeextrapolatedtoregionalandnationalscales,especiallywheninterviewingparticipantswithlowliteracylevels.Forexample,fishersstruggledtoquantifyhowoftentheysawturtlesatsea.Thereweresomedifficultiesfindingsuitablewaystophrasequestionstoensurethatfishersunderstoodthequestion.OftenquestionsneededtobephrasedinseveralsimilarorrepetitivewaysinbothMalagsyandchangetermsintothelocaldialectstofacilitatecomprehensionofthequestion.Wemustalsoconsideranyissuedtoourinterpretationofthedatabroughtaboutthroughtranslationbiasanderrors.Whilstunavoidable,cautionshouldbemadewhenreinterpretingtranslateddata.OneparticularissueofmisinterpretationwasidentifiedhalfwaythroughsurveyinginSouthernMadagascar.Webecameawarethatfisherswerehavingdifficultyunderstandingtheconceptoftargetedvs.non-targetedhunting.Fishersdidnotclassifythemselvesastargetingturtlesbutwhentheydescribedthewayturtleswerecaptureditsuggestedintentionaltargeti.e.usingalinewithalargehookandlassoingturtlesrestingatthesurface.Giventhelimitedtimeavailablewechosetofocusoursurveystoparticularregionswhereturtletradehotspotshadalreadybeenidentified(seeSection3.6).ItwasnotpossibletosurveytheeasterncoastofMadagascarduringthisstudy.Wewereabletocollectverylimiteddataforthesoutheastcoastfromfocalpoints,andthuslimitedoursurveytimeinthisregion.Expansionofsurveysinthisregionshouldbestronglyconsideredinfollowupwork.Unfortunately,ourmanagementsurveysyieldedlimitedresponses.However,webelievethereistheliteraturewehavenotedandcitedaboveprovidesuitableinsightintothehindrancestowardseffectiveconservationmanagementinMadagascar.
![Page 72: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
67
AnnexV:Acknowledgements Name Organization Position Location SupportProvidedAnthonyBracke Opti'PousseHaie Director Analalava InformationBemitera Opti'PousseHaie Unknown Analalava InformationGaetanTovondrainy WWF SOUTHWEST
coordinatorSOUTHWESTMadagascar
Jaonerav MadagascarNationalParks
Unknown Androka Information
TaylorVeriza MadagascarNationalParks
Unknown Androka Information
Prof.BerthinRakotonirina
AntananarivoUniversity
Professor Antananarivo
AnjaraSaloma Cétamada Scientificleader Antananarivo InformationPatriciaDavis Community
CenteredConservation(C3)
Director Antananarivo,DiegoSuarez
Information
Lala'LalarisoaRakotoarimino
C3 Projectcoordinator Antananarivo,DiegoSuarez
Information
AmelieLandySoambola
UniversityofAntsirasana
ResponsableduParcoursSciencesMarines/FacultédesSciences.
Antsiranana Fieldteamcoordinator-Antsiranana
MoiseAndriantsolyAmadaRegisNelson
UniversityofAntsirasana
Student Antsiranana Datacollection
AhmedMoustoifa UniversityofAntsirasana
Student Antsiranana Datacollection
GioRamora MinistryofHalieuticResourcesandFisheries(MRHP)
RegionalDirector-AnosyRegion
FortDauphin Localapprovals
JustinRetenanyVahoavy
CentredeSurveillancedesPechesMahajanga(CSP)
ChefdeservicelogistiqueetArmement
Mahajanga Interviewed
AlHarris BlueVentures Director Maintirano,Toliara,Ambanja
Information
ChrisScarffe ChrisScarffeFilmmaker
Founder NosyKomba Information,logistics,photos
MichelStrongoff ChrisScarffeFilmmaker
Assistantphotography,filmmakingandfixer
NosyKomba Fieldsupport,logistics,information,photos
AnjaraSalomavola Cétamada St.Marie InformationVatosoaRakotondrazafy
MIHARI President SOUTHWESTcoast Information,communitycontacts
Pascal MIHARI VicePresident Tolagnaro/FortDauphin
FocalPoint
EmmaGibbons ReefDoctor Director Tulear Information,communitycontacts
DrSoaryRandrianjafizanaka
RegionalDirectoratefortheMinistryofEnvironment,Ecology,seaandForests(DREEF)
SOUTHWESTregionaldirector
Tulear Information,interviewed,workapprovals
JamalMahafina InstituteHalieutiqueetdesSciencesMarines(IHSM)
Director Tulear information
Dr.Gildas ISHM,University SeniorLecturer Tulear Information,contacts
![Page 73: CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP13/ Inf.7/Annex 1 MIGRATORY …€¦ · legal and illegal international trade in sea turtles in Madagascar and Mozambique. This report addresses findings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042410/5f272804b4ac812e6d1c0bfd/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
68
Todinanahary ofToliaraDr.MamyRakotoarijaona
MadagascarNationalParts
AtsimoAndrefanaregion
Contacts,siteapprovals
JeanBarnabeRavelomanankavamd
MinistryofHalieuticResourcesandFisheries(MRHP)
ChiefTulear,Zones1+2
TulearProvince Interviewed,information
FranHumber BlueVentures UK/Madagascar InformationJeremyKiszka
MarineSciencesProgram,FloridaInternationalUniversity
USA/Madagascar Information
FifouMayer Cétamada Scientificadministrator InformationProf.MaharavoJean CNRO-National
CentreforOceanography,SOUTHWESTMadagascar
NosyBe