CONTROL OF 3-WAY SWITCHES USING CLAP SOUND

CONTROL OF 3-WAY SWITCHES USING CLAP SOUND

A final project report

presented to

the Faculty of Engineering

By

Fiedel Tegar Jiwandono

002201200001

in partial fulfillment

of the requirements of the degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

President University

January 2016

President University ii

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I declare that this final project report, entitled “Control of 3-Way Switches Using Clap

Sound” is my own original piece of work and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, has

not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree. All

sources that are quoted or referred to are truly declared.

Cikarang, Indonesia, January 2016


President University iii

APPROVAL PAGE


By


002201200001

Approved by

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul Antonius Suhartomo, M.Eng.Sc., Ph.D. Final Project Supervisor Head of Study Program

Electrical Engineering

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul Dean of Faculty of

Engineering

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost, honor to The Only God, The Most Merciful and The Most Gracious. With full

happiness, I finally finished my thesis. All the efforts and restless night are paid off.

This thesis is dedicated to all people who always give me a lot of support and motivation,

especially for my beloved parents Mr. Purwaluyo and Mrs. Rita Putriani who always concern

about every path that I took.

I would also thank my final project supervisor, Dr. Ing. Erwin Sitompul, for the advise,

guidance, patience and support not only as my final project supervisor but also as a great

lecturer who always pump me to do the best in Electrical Engineering.

Thanks to my senior Muhammad Fikri Arifardi and Kristiantho for the advise and help from

building a neat final project report until the preparation for defense.

Thanks for my fellow friends, Prananda Jalu Akhbar, Yasin Noer Huda, Mawaldi Murandana,

Hartono Mulyo Raharjo, Albert Sebastian, M. Nadif Aswan, who always share the adventures

in this college life.

For Chyntia Ramadina, you will always be in my mind, in my silences, and in my prayers. I

wish that health and success will always be with you. Akeq ubaq ikoq.

Cikarang, January 2016


President University v

APPROVAL FOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION

I hereby, for the purpose of development of science and technology, certify and approve to

give President University a non-exclusive royalty-free right upon my final project report with

the title:


along with the related software or hardware prototype (if needed). With this non-exclusive

royalty-free right, President University is entitled to conserve, to convert, to manage in a

database, to maintain, and to publish my final project report. These are to be done with the

obligation from President University to mention my name as the copyright owner of my final

project report.

Cikarang, 27 January 2016


0022012200001

President University vi

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, human always do their job with the help of technology. From securing the house with alarm or even using an RFID card as a train ticket. All of those are build with the intention to make the human life become safer and easier. From that intention, the author comes up with an idea to create a device for human to control the electronic appliances by using clap sound. The resulting switch circuit can be used to turn on and turn off the electronic appliances by means of clap sound. There is no need for the user to come closer to the electronic appliances anymore and physically switch them on. This project concentrates in designing the hardware and the software of the switch circuit. The prototype can identify three different number of claps and is successful to switch on and off three lamps, which represent three different electric or electronic appliances.

Keywords: switch, clap sound, clap switch.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ....................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... iv

APPROVAL FOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION ..................................................................... v

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Final Project Background ................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Problem Statement ............................................................................................................ 1

1.3. Final Project Objective ..................................................................................................... 2

1.4. Final Project Scopes and Limitations ............................................................................... 2

1.5. Final Project Outline ......................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2 DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND SPECIFICATIONS ........................................ 4

2.1. The Proposed Circuit of Clap Switch ............................................................................... 4

2.2. Microcontroller ................................................................................................................. 5

2.2.1. Arduino UNO ............................................................................................................. 7

2.2.2. Arduino UNO pin configuration ................................................................................ 8

2.2.3. Arduino IDE ............................................................................................................. 10

2.3. Sound Sensor .................................................................................................................. 11

2.3.1. Electret Microphone ................................................................................................. 12

2.3.2. LM393 Operational Amplifier ................................................................................. 13

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2.4. Relay Module .................................................................................................................. 13

2.5. AC/DC Adaptor .............................................................................................................. 15

2.6. Power Outlet ................................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION ................................. 16

3.1. Introduction to the Design Development and Implementation ....................................... 16

3.2. Hardware Implementation .............................................................................................. 18

3.2.1. Hardware Design ...................................................................................................... 19

3.2.2. Arduino UNO Implementation................................................................................. 20

3.3. Software Implementation ................................................................................................ 21

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................................................................... 26

4.1. Results ............................................................................................................................. 26

4.2. Discussions ..................................................................................................................... 32

4.3. Strengths and Weaknesses .............................................................................................. 33

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 34

5.1. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 34

5.2. Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 34

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 36

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................... 37

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. Block diagram of the device ..................................................................................... 4

Figure 2.2. Components of microcontroller [2] ........................................................................... 5

Figure 2.3. Principle design of microprocessor [1] ..................................................................... 6

Figure 2.4. Arduino UNO R3 [4] ................................................................................................ 8

Figure 2.5. Arduino UNO pin configurations ........................................................................... 10

Figure 2.6. Arduino IDE 1.0.5 software .................................................................................... 11

Figure 2.7. Sound Sensor FC-04 [5] .......................................................................................... 12

Figure 2.8. Electret Microphone [10] ........................................................................................ 12

Figure 2.9. LM393 Pinout [11] .................................................................................................. 13

Figure 2.8. Relay Module [6] .................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2.9. AC/DC Adaptor ...................................................................................................... 15

Figure 2.10. Broco Power Outlet ............................................................................................... 15

Figure 3.1. V-model [7] ............................................................................................................. 16

Figure 3.2. Block diagram of the device ................................................................................... 17

Figure 3.3. Flow chart of clap switch ........................................................................................ 18

Figure 3.4. Clap switch design .................................................................................................. 19

Figure 3.5. Clap switch prototype ............................................................................................. 20

Figure 3.6. Hardware pin connections ....................................................................................... 21

Figure 4.1. Final project device ................................................................................................. 27

Figure 4.2. Components inside the device ................................................................................. 28

Figure 4.3. Electret microphone in the device ........................................................................... 28

Figure 4.6. Final project device when given input 2 claps ........................................................ 30



Figure 4.9. Sound sensor works................................................................................................. 32

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Types of Memory in Microcontroller ......................................................................... 7

Table 2.2. Electret Microphone Specification [10] ................................................................... 13

Table 2.3. Relay Module Specification ..................................................................................... 14

Table 3.1. Hardware Pin Configurations ................................................................................... 21

Table 3.2. Programming Explanation ........................................................................................ 22

President University 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Final Project Background

Nowadays, human always use technology in their daily life activities. Technology which

human use can be distinct by its functions, such as for security, for working, for navigating

traffic, for weather forecast, for communication, and many more. All of those technologies

which have been mentioned have the similarity at one point. They are invented to help humans

to do their works and activities become easier and better.

In the automation technology, a machine already can be activated by pressing a button,

wirelessly using Bluetooth in smart phone, by sensing human heat, and many other ways. In

this final project, the idea is to use sound to activate electrical appliances. The final project

device is a switch which can be triggered by a simple sound such as clapping, knocking and a

finger snap sound.

The device is able to solve the problem which related to the efficiency of turning on the lights,

for example when entering a room in the dark. The person can switch the lamp easily without

worrying to step something and even without taking any steps.

1.2. Problem Statement

A busy person sometimes comes home late leaving the room or house in a dark condition.

When the person wants to turn on light in the house, he might have to avoid the obstacles

inside the house. As another example, a patient in a hospital wants to get rest but the television

in the room is still active and there is no nurse that can help the patient to turn off the

television. The solutions of those two examples are to have clap switches which are connected

to the lamp and the television.


In this final project report, the author built a clap switch, a switch which can be controlled by a

clap sound. Any person can make a clap sound by using his or her hands and the person also

can control the clap sound he makes, depending on the volume or the rhythm of the clap.

In the end of this report there will be problem statements to reach the result of this final

project.

• How to design a three way switches which is triggered by a clap sound?

• How to control the three way switches? What kind of clap sound rhythm can be used to

differentiate each of the switches?

1.3. Final Project Objective

The objectives of the final project are:

• To design an automatic switch which triggered by clap sound. It can be done by using

a sound module as the sensor which detects sound; the sound module will be

implemented with Arduino UNO.

• To control up to three switches with as many combination of clap sound. It can be

implemented by using Arduino IDE software.

1.4. Final Project Scopes and Limitations

The final project will be conducted under the following scopes:

• The final project will discuss about designing three way switches which are controlled

by clap sound.

• The controller used is Arduino UNO.

• The software used to programming the controller is Arduino Integrated Development

Environment (IDE) 1.0.5

• The sensor used is Sound Module it has electrets microphone and the main chip is

LM393.


In conducting this research, there are several limitations to be considered:

• The clap switch works well in a place with minimum noise.

• The clap switch is very sensitive to sound, because the sensor used is Sound Module

which is likely detects any kind of sound.

1.5. Final Project Outline

The final project report consists of five chapters and is outlined as follows:

Chapter 1 : Introduction. This chapter consists of Final Project Background, Problem

Statement, Final Project Objective, Final Project Scopes and Limitations

and Final Project Outline.

Chapter 2 : Design Requirements and Specifications. This chapter discussed about the

requirements and specification for components used and the functions of

each components.

Chapter 3 : Design Implementation. This chapter describes the model and the detailed

description of the final project device. How the hardware and software are

used to build the final project device is also presented.

Chapter 4 : Observation, Results, Analysis and Discussions. This chapter describes

about how the final project work and also the strengths and weaknesses of

the final project will be discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 5 : Conclusions and Recommendations. This chapter consists of conclusions

obtained from the whole process of the final project and recommendations

for future projects.


CHAPTER 2

DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND SPECIFICATIONS

2.1. The Proposed Circuit of Clap Switch

As already mentioned in the previous chapter, the clap switch is designed to make human life

easier. As known, in using regular switch, a certain effort is required such as the person needs

to walk to the switch in order to turn on or turn off the system. If this activity is to be repeated

continuously, it is obvious that this activity will affect the work efficiency. It comes an idea to

control switch without needs of lot of work, especially direct contact with the switch. By using

a sound sensor and a microcontroller, a clap sound can be used to control a switch of a device.

The clap switch does not need a physical contact from the person to control the switch.

As it already mentioned in the objective, the clap switch should be able to control up to three

switches with different clap combinations for each of the switches. There will be three power

outlets connected to the clap switch. The clap switch also has three relays, and a sound sensor

to detect the sound, and an Arduino UNO as the microcontroller to control the sound module

and process it to the relay. The block diagram of the clap switch is shown in the Figure 2.1

below.

Figure 2.1. Block diagram of the device


2.2. Microcontroller

The main component of clap switch is the microcontroller. A microcontroller or an embedded

controller is a system containing I/Os (inputs and outputs), memory, processor, which can be

used to controlling machine. In principle, microcontroller is a small size computer which can

be used to take decision and do repeating commands. It can also be connected to external

devices, such as sensors or actuators.

Figure 2.2. Components of microcontroller [2]

Figure 2.2, shows a microcontroller which contains a lot of components and they will be

described one by one in this subchapter.

• Microprocessor

Microprocessor is a CPU (Central Processing Unit) of a computer, realized on a chip [1]. A

microprocessor has inputs and outputs. The inputs and outputs of a microprocessor are a series

of voltages used to control external devices. Inside of microprocessor it has Control Unit and

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit). The principle of microprocessor can be seen in the Figure 2.3

[1].


Figure 2.3. Principle design of microprocessor [1]

• Digital I/O

Digital I/O is the main features in the microcontrollers. All microcontrollers have at least 1-2

I/O port. The value of digital I/O in a microcontroller are logical 0 (LOW) and logical 1

(HIGH).

• Analog I/O

The function of analog I/O is similar with the digital I/O. The only difference is in the value.

The value of analog is not only 0 and 1 but the value can be 2.5, 3.3, etc. Most

microcontrollers have integrated analog/digital converters.

• Timer/Counter

Timer and counter is an important part of every microcontroller and most of the controllers

provide more than one timers with 8 and 16 bit resolution [3]. Each timer basically is a counter

which is incremented or decremented upon every clock tick.

• Memory

Memory is part of the microcontroller used for data storage. There are several types of

memory within the microcontroller, which can be seen in Table 2.1.


Table 2.1. Types of Memory in Microcontroller

Type Description

ROM (Read Only Memory) It is used to permanently save program being

executed

Masked ROM

This ROM are reserved for the great

manufacturers, the program is loaded into the

chip by the manufacturer

OTP ROM (One Time Programmable

ROM)

This ROM can download program but only

once

UV EPROM (UV Erasable

Programmable ROM)

The memory of this ROM can be erased by

UV lamp and it can write a new program

Flash Memory

The contents of this memory can be written

and cleared unlimited number of times. Ideal

for learning

RAM (Random Access Memory)

It is used for temporary storing data and

intermediate results created and used during

the operation of microcontroller

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable

Programmable ROM)

During operation the contents of this memory

may be changed and during off condition the

memory permanently saved

• Interrupt

Interrupt are useful to make the microcontroller react in some events. Such as when the reset

button in the microcontroller is pressed, then the running program will be stopped and return

to the start of the program.

2.2.1. Arduino UNO

In this final project, the microcontroller that used is Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller. The

reason of choosing Arduino UNO as the microcontroller is because Arduino UNO has enough

pins for this project. Besides, finding Arduino UNO in market is easier than any other Arduino


products, since Arduino UNO is the most well known product of Arduino manufacturer. The

picture of Arduino UNO R3 is shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4. Arduino UNO R3 [4]

Arduino UNO is a microcontroller which physically has size of a credit card. This board is a

microcontroller board based on ATmega 328. It has 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins. Arduino

UNO has supported memories SRAM (Static Random Access Memory), EEPROM

(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) and Flash memory [9].

• SRAM used as memory during the sketch works, this memory used to record variables

and the size is 2KB [9].

• EEPROM is a memory used to keep data permanently [9].

• Flash memory used to keep sketch program from the software, Arduino IDE [9].

2.2.2. Arduino UNO pin configuration

Arduino UNO has sufficient pins for this project; the pins of Arduino UNO can be divided by

3 parts. There are power pins, analog pins and digital pins with the PWM (Pulse Width

Modulator) [9]. Here are the descriptions of the Arduino UNO pin configurations:

a) Power pin

It is a pin which gives power to another pin which needs it. For example to activate a

relay module or sensor then it can use the 5v pin and connect it to the sensor Vcc pin

[9]. Arduino UNO power pin has 5 pins in it as follows:

• 5V pin


The output voltage that can be out from the Arduino UNO pin is 5V [9].

• 3V3 pin

The output voltage that can be out from the Arduino UNO pin is 3.3V [9].

• GND

GND stands for ground; it is the source of negative voltage. There are 2 pins of

ground in the Arduino UNO power pin [9].

• Vin

Vin stands for voltage in; it is a pin which can supply Arduino UNO from other

power supply by connecting cable on it [9].

b) Analog pin

It is a pin which can receive and sending analog value. In the voltage the value of

analog pins is around 0V until 5V. There are 6 pins in it which is A0, A1, A2, A3, A4

and A5 [9].

c) Digital pin

It is a pin which can receive and sending signal by digital value. There only 2 values in

digital pin which is 1 and 0. 1 stands for HIGH it represents 5V output and 0 stands for

LOW it represents 0V output. There are 14 pins in it from pin 0 until 13, and in the

digital pin there also contain PWM pins which it can be used as analog output. The

PWM pin marked with symbol ~. The pin itself is 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 [9].

d) IOREF pin

Next of the power pin there are IOREF pin. It is a pin that provides the voltage

reference with which the microcontroller operates [9].

e) AREF pin

Next to the digital pin there are AREF pin. It is a pin that provides reference voltage

for the analog inputs by used with analogReference() [9].

f) LED

There are 4 built-in LED in Arduino UNO board. There are ON LED, RX LED, TX

LED and L LED. The ON LED is the indicator if there is voltage in to the Arduino.

The RX LED is indicator if the Arduino receive signal from other Arduino parts, for

example when the Arduino connect to the computer and the computer sending data to

Arduino, the RX LED will turn ON because Arduino receiving data. TX LED is


indicator if the Arduino transmit signal to the computer, for example when using Serial

Monitor command in Arduino IDE, the TX LED will turn ON because Arduino is

transmitting data. L LED is a built-in LED which connected to the pin 13 [9].

g) Reset button

This button used to reset the program that working in the Arduino and makes it start

again from the beginning [9].

h) RX and TX pin

RX pin is in the 0, the pin itself means receive TTL serial data. TX pin is in the 1, the

pin itself means transfer TTL serial data. The picture of Arduino UNO pin

configuration is shown in Figure 2.5 to make it easier understanding it [9].

Figure 2.5. Arduino UNO pin configurations

2.2.3. Arduino IDE

The software that the author used for this final project is Arduino IDE (Integrated

Development Environment) 1.0.5. The interface of Arduino IDE can be seen in the Figure 2.6.


Figure 2.6. Arduino IDE 1.0.5 software

Arduino IDE is easy-to-use software since the program language is C-language. It can be used

to make the programming of the code and also uploading the code to the device. The

interesting part is, this software can be used not only to Arduino UNO board programming,

but also to program all of the Arduino Board products. Choosing the type of the board is done

just by clicking the tools menu and there will be board option which shows all of the Arduino

Board products.

2.3. Sound Sensor

Sound Sensor is a sensor that can be used to detect sound. When the sensor detects sound the

sensor will produce a voltage 5 V and transfer it to the microcontroller. Furthermore the

microcontroller will process the input from the sensor. The sensor used in this final project is


Sound Sensor FC-04. It has an electret microphone, LM 393, and 3 pins; Vcc, GND and OUT.

The picture of sound sensor FC-04 is shown in Figure 2.7.

The electret microphone is a type of electrostatic capacitor-based microphone; it has FET

transistor inside which the source pin as ground, gate pin connected to the microphone plate,

and drain pin as signal out. The unit of the sensor sensitivity is dBm, since dBm is stands for

an absolute power level and it is in reference to another unit of power in milliwatt. The IC

LM393 function is as the voltage comparing. It compares reference voltage set by the

potentiometer in the sensor with the analog output value. If the analog output values reach

over the reference voltage, the LM393 will send a digital value to indicate the sensor is

triggered [5].

Figure 2.7. Sound Sensor FC-04 [5]

2.3.1. Electret Microphone

The main component in the sound sensor is electret microphone. The function of the electret

microphone is to capture sound wave and translate it into electrical waves. Inside of the

electret microphone there are 2 conducting plates; one is fixed while the other one is a

vibrating diaphragm. The diaphragm is the conducting plate that receives the sound waves and

it causes the change in the capacitance. This change in capacitance produces variance in

voltage on the back plate and sends the electric signals to the output. The figure of the electret

microphone is shown in Figure 2.8 and the specification of the electret microphone is shown

in Table 2.2.

Figure 2.8. Electret Microphone [10]


Table 2.2. Electret Microphone Specification [10]

Specification Description

Direction Omni directional

Operating voltage range 1 – 10 VDC

Frequency range 100 – 10000 Hz

Sensitivity -46 ± 2.0, (0 dB = 1 V/Pa) at 1 kHz

Operating temperature -20oC to + 60oC

Maximum current 0.5 mA

2.3.2. LM393 Operational Amplifier

The LM393 is work as comparator in the sound sensor. It compares the voltage that resulted

from the sound which electret microphone catches with the voltages from the Arduino UNO.

If the voltage from electret microphone is bigger than voltage from Arduino, then the sound

sensor will give it value 1 as a trigger. If the voltage from Arduino is bigger than the voltage

from the electret microphone, then the sound sensor will give it value 0. The figure of LM393

is shown in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9. LM393 Pinout [11]

2.4. Relay Module

Relay is a device which used to switch large currents. The relay that used in the final project is

relay module which applicable to the Arduino. The relay module is an electrically operated

switch that allows the user to turn on or turn off a circuit using voltage and/or current much

higher than a microcontroller could handle. There is no connection between the low voltage


circuit operated by the microcontroller and the high power circuit [6]. The general

specification of the relay module is shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3. Relay Module Specification

Specification Description

Input Voltage 5 V DC

Output Voltage 220 V AC, 30 V DC

Input Pin 4 consist of Vcc, Vin1, Vin2, and GND.

Output Pin 3 consist of NC, NO, Common

Control Signal TTL level

Rated Load 7 A / 240 V AC, 10 A / 125 V AC, 10 A / 28 V DC

Contact Action Time 10 ms for AC voltage, 5 ms for DC voltage

The relay module contains diode which avoid relay damaged the circuit which generated from

EMF on solenoid. The relay module has 4 pins; Vcc pin, GND pin, IN1 pin and IN2 pin. The

Vcc pin should be connected to the Arduino 5V pin, the GND pin should be connected to the

Arduino GND pin, IN1 and IN2 pin should be connected to the digital pin as the command in

the Arduino IDE software. The picture of relay module is shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8. Relay Module [6]


2.5. AC/DC Adaptor

The adaptor used in the final project is AC/DC adaptor as the external power supply for the

Arduino UNO. It contains a transformer to convert AC voltage 220 V becomes DC voltage

12 V with current flow 2 A. The picture of the AC/DC Adaptor is shown in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9. AC/DC Adaptor

2.6. Power Outlet

Power outlet is plug-in equipment that is used to connect electronic appliances to the power

supply (PLN voltage supply). The power outlet used in the final project is from the brand

Broco. The power outlet can be used for pronge plug that are positive voltage and negative

voltage, or pronge plug added with a ground cable for safety. The picture of the power outlet

is shown in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10. Broco Power Outlet


CHAPTER 3

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1. Introduction to the Design Development and Implementation

The purpose of this final project is to make an easy-to-use home automation device. In this

chapter, the hardware and the software development of the clap switch are described. Firstly,

this chapter begins with the explanation about general work procedures of the device by using

block diagram, then explanation of the overall system that works in the device is presented by

using flow chart, the list of components required for the device, hardware design, and the

prototype of the device are explained by figure in breadboard, continue with the

implementation of Arduino UNO in the device and the last is software implementation by

using Arduino IDE program.

To make it easier to understand, the author explains this chapter according to the flows of the

V-model sketched in Figure 3.1 below.

Figure 3.1. V-model [7]


The block diagram of the clap switch is shown on Figure 3.2 in the next page.

Figure 3.2. Block diagram of the device

The clap switch reacts to 3 kinds of claps. The first power outlet will react when the sound

sensor is triggered by the sound of 2 claps. The second power outlet will react when the sound

sensor is triggered by the sound of 3 claps. The third power outlet will react when the sound

sensor is triggered by the sound of 4 claps. All of the power outlets have the same time limit to

hear the claps sound, which is 800 milliseconds. When it reaches to the time limit, the power

outlet which has been triggered by the clap sound will react and allow the power flows to the

electronic appliance connected to the power outlet. The Figure 3.3 shows the overall system

which works on the clap switch.


StartStart

Hear the clap sound for 800ms

Is the clap = 2?

Switch 1 triggered

Is the clap = 3?

Is the clap = 4?

Switch 2 triggered

Switch 3 triggered

Switch 1 condition

OFF?

Switch 2 condition

OFF?

Switch 3 condition

OFF?

Switch 1 turn ON

Switch 1 turn OFF

Switch 2 turn ON

Switch 2 turn OFF

Switch 3 turn ON

Switch 3 turn OFF

YES NO

YES YES YESNO NO NO

NO

NO

YES

YES

Repeat the process

End

Device plugged in to the power

supply

Device plugged out from the power

supply

Figure 3.3. Flow chart of clap switch

3.2. Hardware Implementation

This part explains how the clap switch prototype is built. The explanation will be presented by

using pictures and wiring diagrams. The components required in the hardware development of

the clap switch are:

• 1 Wood box as the casing of the clap switch.

• 1 Arduino UNO as the microcontroller of the device.

• 1 Sound Sensor FC-04 as the input of a signal to the microcontroller

• 1 Matrix board to spread the Vcc and GND value from arduino to other components.


• 3 relay module as a switch that control the voltage 220 V flows to the electronic

appliances.

• 4 power outlet; 3 power outlets used in the front of the box and 1 of the power outlet is

used in the inside of the device for the adaptor.

• 1 ADC Adaptor 12v as a power supply for the Arduino.

• 20 Cable jumpers to connect the pin from sensor relay and LED to the Arduino.

• 3 Red LEDs as indicator of the power outlet.

3.2.1. Hardware Design

The case of device is made of wood. It has a cuboid shape. From the Figure 3.4, it can be seen

that the device has 3 power outlets and 1 electret microphone as the sound sensor. The electret

microphone is putted outside of the case, so it will be able to hear the sound more accurate and

precise. The LEDs putted at the top of the power outlet as the indicator of which power outlet

is in ON condition and which power outlet is in OFF condition.

Figure 3.4. Clap switch design


3.2.2. Arduino UNO Implementation

Arduino UNO is the brain of the clap switch circuit. The microcontroller processes the input

detected by the sound sensor controls the relay to do the output. The power to the Arduino

UNO is provided by ADC adaptor. It has an output 12 V and 2 A.

Figure 3.5 shows the other components powered from the Vcc pin and GND pin of Arduino

UNO. The figure represents the test bench of this final project. It has no relay yet, it only use

LED as indicator. If there are trigger of a clap sound, then the LED in the switch will be

turned on. For example, if there are 2 claps then the LED in switch 1 will turn on.

Figure 3.5. Clap switch prototype

As seen in Figure 3.6, most of the components are powered through the Arduino UNO. The

power supply from the adaptor is connected to the DC jack of the Arduino UNO. The inputs

and outputs of other components are connected to the digital pins of the Arduino UNO. The

complete pin configuration is shown in Table 3.1.


Figure 3.6. Hardware pin connections

Table 3.1. Hardware Pin Configurations

Pin Number Function

Digital pin 12 Input pin for sound sensor

FC -04

Digital pin 2 Output pin relay switch 1



Digital pin 8 Output led 1



3.3. Software Implementation

To implement the program to the microcontroller, the author used Arduino IDE 1.0.5. There

are two main functions which must be mentioned in the Arduino IDE programming. The first

function is setup(), which runs only once at the beginning. The second function is loop(),

which will run continuously in a loop until the power to the Arduino is off. The code of the


clap switch circuit is explained on Table 3.2 and the complete lines of the program can be

found on Appendix.

Table 3.2. Programming Explanation

The Code Description

int soundSensor = 12;

int relay1 = 2;

int relay2 = 4;

int relay3 = 7;

int led1 = 8;

int led2 = 9;

int led3 = 10;

int claps = 0;

long detectionSpanInitial = 0;

long detectionSpan = 0;

boolean lightState = false;

boolean ledState = false;

boolean lampState = false;

void setup() {

pinMode(soundSensor, INPUT);

pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);



pinMode(led1, OUTPUT);



Serial.begin(9600);

}

// it explains the pin placement of components

such as sound sensor in pin number 12. Relay

in pin number 2, 4 and 7. LED in pin number

8, 9 and 10

// It is explain the value of variable “claps”

// It is explain the value of variable

“detectionSpanInitial” and “detectionSpan”

// Boolean means the variable only holds one

of two values which are true or false.

// setup() is a function which runs only once

at the beginning.

// pinMode() command it configures the pin

inside the bracket to behave either as an input

or output, according the programmer needs.

// It is to display an information in the Serial

Monitor in Arduino IDE. The number 9600 in

the program is stand for 9600 baud rate. If 1


void loop() {

int sensorState = digitalRead(soundSensor);

if (sensorState == 0)

{

if (claps == 0)

{

detectionSpanInitial = detectionSpan =

millis();

claps++;

}

else if (claps > 0 && millis()-detectionSpan

>= 50)

{

detectionSpan = millis();

claps++;

}

}

if (millis()-detectionSpanInitial >= 800)

{

if (claps == 4)

symbol is equivaled to 5 bits, then 9600

baud/s is equal to 48000 bits/s.

// loop() is a function which always running

repeatedly until there is no power flows in

arduino

// Declare the value of sensorState based on

the reading result of the sensor

// it means if the value of variable sensorState

is equal to zero and if the claps value is equal

to the zero, then the value of

detectionSpanInitial is the same with

detectionSpan and also the same with

millis().When the value of variable

detectionSpanInitial is the same with

detectionSpan and also the same with millis()

then claps++, it means the value of the clap

will increase by one and returns the old value

of the clap

// else if() it means if the value of the claps is

more than zero and the time is more than 50

milliseconds then the value of the

detectionSpan is the same with the value of

millis(), the claps value will increase by one

and returns to the old value of claps

// if the time to hear the sound is more than

800 milliseconds and there are 4 claps then

when the lampState in off state, it will change


{

if (!lampState)

{

lampState = true;

Serial.println("Power outlet 3 OFF");

delay(500);

digitalWrite(relay3, HIGH);

digitalWrite(led3, HIGH);

}

else if (lampState)

{

lampState = false;

Serial.println("Power outlet 3 ON");

delay(500);

digitalWrite(relay3, LOW);

digitalWrite(led3, LOW);

}

}

if (claps == 3)

{

if (!ledState)

{

ledState = true;

Serial.println("Power outlet 2 OFF ");

delay(500);



}

else if (ledState)

{

ledState = false;

the relay to ON condition and the Serial

Monitor in arduino will show " Power outlet 3

OFF "

// if the 4 claps is triggered and the lampState

in on state, it will change the relay to OFF

condition and the Serial Monitor in arduino

will show “Power outlet 3 ON”



when the ledState in off state, it will change



OFF "

// if the 3 claps is triggered and the ledState in


Serial.println("Power outlet 2 ON ");

delay(500);



}

}

if (claps == 2)

{

if (!lightState)

{

lightState = true;


delay(500);



}

else if (lightState)

{

lightState = false;


delay(500);



}

}

claps = 0;

}

}

on state, it will change the relay to OFF





when the lightState in off state, it will change



OFF "

// if the 2 claps is triggered and the lightState

in on state, it will change the relay to OFF



// return the value of claps to zero.


CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. Results

The final project device is designed to automatically control the switch of electronic

appliances by a clap sound. The electrets microphone in the device is placed outside of the

casing to let the sensor hear the clap sound more accurately. The device works well in the

room with the size of 3 x 6 meters square. The sensor is very sensitive. It does not only detect

a clap sound but also the sound of finger snap and knocking. The picture of the clap switch

prototype can be seen in Figure 4.1.


Figure 4.1. Final project device

Figure 4.2 shows the components inside the device and in the Figure 4.3 it shows the electret

microphone of the sensor, located in the right side of the device.


Adaptor 12 V 2 A

Stop contact Stop contact Stop contact

Relay Module

Relay Module

Red LED Red LED Red LED

Arduino UNO

Sound Sensor FC-04

Figure 4.2. Components inside the device

Electret Microphone

Figure 4.3. Electret microphone in the device


The function of LED in the upper side of the power outlet is as indicator of the power outlet. If

there is power flows in the power outlet, the LED will turn on and when there is no power

flows in the power outlet, the LED will turn off as indicator that the power outlet is ready to be

triggered with the clap sound. The conditions can be seen in the Figure 4.4.

All stop contacts in OFF condition

All stop contacts in ON condition

Figure 4.4. Conditions of the device

Figure 4.5. Final project device trial with electronic appliances


Figure 4.5 shows the initial condition of the final project device when plugged in to the power

supply. The first power outlet of the device is plugged with white study lamp, the second

power outlet of the device is plugged with yellow study lamp and the third power outlet of the

device is plugged with insect killer. As it explained before, when there are power flows to the

power outlet, the LED in the upper side of the power outlet will be in on condition. All of the

electronic appliances are in off condition when they are connected to the clap switch.

Figure 4.6. Final project device when given input 2 claps

Figure 4.6 shows when a two-clap sound is given to the device, the power outlet 1 of the

device is turns into on state. As it can be seen from the LED in the upper side of the power

outlet 1 is turn on and the white study lamp is also in on condition.

Figure 4.7 shows when a three-clap sound is given to the device, the power outlet 2 of the

device is turns into on state. As it can be seen from the LED in the upper side of the power

outlet 2 is turn on and the yellow study lamp is in on condition.



The last is the condition of the third power outlet in the Figure 4.8. When a four-clap sound is

given to the device, the power outlet 3 of the device is turns into on state. As it can be seen

from LED in the upper side of the power outlet 3 is turn on and the light in the insect killer is

on.



4.2. Discussions

Overall operation of the clap switch is not yet perfect. It still has many mistakes. The sound

sensor detects not only the clap sound but also the finger snap sound and the knocking sound.

Even the sound of relay switch inside the device is also detected by the sound sensor.

Whenever the sound sensor detect a clap sound, finger snap, and knocking sound the green led

will blinked. Figure 4.9 shows the sound sensor condition between the sensor in the standby

state and the condition when the sound sensor detects sound.

Figure 4.9. Sound sensor works

Nevertheless, the sensor does not take the sound as a command. To overcome this problem,

the author is suggests to put styrofoam inside the device in order to reduce the effects of the

relay sound. Other thing needs to be mentioned is regarding the clap repetition. When the

person tries to inputs to the device such as a clap sound with the repetition of more than 4, the

device will only react to the first 800 milliseconds of the clap sound. For example, the author

claps 6 times in 1 second, the clap switch will only react to the first 800 ms of the claps. The

number of claps is considered to be 4 times. Then the clap switch takes this value as a

command and the switch number 3 will be given the signal to react to it.

The frequency range of a clap sound is could not be measured since every time there is a two

hands clapping, it will produce a random frequency, sometimes the frequency is high and


sometimes the frequency is low. According to Fletcher [12], a flat clap produces broad-band

sound that typically extends to about 10 kHz while the spectrum of a domed clap usually has

subsidiary maximum somewhere below 1 kHz and then declines with frequency more rapidly

than does the flat clap. The electret microphone has a frequency range from 100 Hz – 10 kHz

[10]. Therefore, the electret microphone can always capture the frequency of a clapping hand.

4.3. Strengths and Weaknesses

The strengths of the clap switch system proposed in this final project are:

• The clap switch runs smoothly as the program implemented in the microcontroller.

• The sensor is very sensitive to sound. Even when the user is around 2 meter from the

clap switch the sound sensor can still recognize the clap and take it as a command.

The weaknesses of the clap switch system in this final project are:

• The sound sensor cannot differentiate the sound between a clap, a finger snap, knock,

and even the sound of relay switch inside the device.

• The microcontroller is easily to get hot. It is because the adaptor used in this final

project is 12 V and 2 A. If the adaptor output is around 7 V and 1 A, the Arduino will

be better exposed.


CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusions

Based on the experiments and analysis of the “Control of 3-Way Switches Using Clap Sound”,

there are two conclusions that can be presented:

1. The Arduino UNO and the sound sensor FC-04 are successfully implemented to

achieve the objective of this final project. The device can be easily controlled through

variations of clap sound with a time limit of 800ms for every command inputted.

2. The device can control 3 switches by a variable number of claps. The device can work

properly according to the number of claps inputted to the device. For switch 1 the input

is 2 claps, switch 2 the input is 3 claps, and switch 3 the input is 4 claps with a time

limit 800ms.

An additional conclusion can be listed as follows:

1. The detection range of the sensor is around 2 meter. If the device is used in the

minimum noise level, the range can be more than 2 meter.

5.2. Recommendations

Even though the objective of this final project is achieved successfully, the device can be

improved to achieve better performance. Some recommendations for the clap switch prototype

resulted from this final project are:

1. The use of sensor with the highest technology such as EasyVR. This will make the

device perform more accurate in detecting sound and also the sensor can help the

device to differentiate the sound around the device.

2. The casing should be designed properly, for example putting styrofoam in the casing to

silence any noise or claps echo in the casing box.


3. The directly implement of the clap switch inside the electronic appliances circuit. For

example a television which has clap switch implemented in the circuit, the user will

not have to press a button in the television, even press a button in the remote control to

turn on television.


REFERENCES

[1] Silitonga, Arthur. Class Lecture, Topic: “Microcomputer Interfacing”. First Meeting.

Faculty of Engineering, President University, Jababeka, Indonesia, Jan, 2015.

[2] Iqbal, M. Amer, Teach Yourself PIC Misrocontrollers for Absolute Beginners,

Pakistan: Microtronics Pakistan, 2013.

[3] Gunther Gridling, Bettina Weiss, Introduction of Microcontroller, Austria, Vienna

University of Technology, March 19, 2006.

[4] Arduino. (2015). Arduino – Home. Retrieved 1 22, 2015, from Arduino:

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno

[5] Sound Sensor FC-04, Datasheet, SparkFun.

[6] Realy Module, Datasheet, Songle.

[7] Silitonga, Arthur. Class Lecture, Topic: “Microcomputer Interfacing”. Second

Meeting. Faculty of Engineering, President University, Jababeka, Indonesia, Jan, 2015.

[8] Arduino. (2015). Arduino – Home. Retrieved 1 14, 2015, from Arduino:

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage

[9] Kadir, Abdul. Buku Pintar Pemrograman Arduino, Yogyakarta: MediaKom Indonesia,

2014.

[10] Electret Microphone, Datasheet, Challenge Electronics.

[11] LM393, Datasheet, ON Semiconductor.

[12] Fletcher, Neville H. Research, Shock Waves and The Sound of a Hand-Clap, Canberra

Australian National University, 2013.

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage


APPENDIX

int soundSensor = 12; // pin of sensor sound

int relay1 = 2; // pin1 of relay



int claps = 0; // the number of claps

int led1 = 8;

int led2 = 9;

int led3 = 10;

long detectionSpanInitial = 0; // the initial of detection

long detectionSpan = 0; // how long it will detect

boolean lightState = false;

boolean ledState = false;

boolean lampState = false;

void setup() {

pinMode(soundSensor, INPUT); // input of the sensor

pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT); // output by switch of the relay



pinMode(led1, OUTPUT); // output by switch of the led



Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

int sensorState = digitalRead(soundSensor);


if (sensorState == 0)

{

if (claps == 0)

{

detectionSpanInitial = detectionSpan = millis();

claps++;

}

else if (claps > 0 && millis()-detectionSpan >= 50) // the sensor will detect sound for every

50ms and repeat

{

detectionSpan = millis();

claps++;

}

}

if (millis()-detectionSpanInitial >= 800) // the sensor will detect sound for every

400ms and always repeat

{

if (claps == 4)

{

if (!lampState)

{

lampState = true;


delay(500);



}

else if (lampState)

{

lampState = false;



delay(500);



}

}

if (claps == 3)

{

if (!ledState)

{

ledState = true;


delay(500);



}

else if (ledState)

{

ledState = false;


delay(500);



}

}

if (claps == 2)

{

if (!lightState)

{

lightState = true;



delay(500);



}

else if (lightState)

{

lightState = false;


delay(500);



}

}

claps = 0; // reset

}

}

CONTROL OF 3-WAY SWITCHES USING CLAP SOUND

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