CONTRIBUTORS

J. Agusti B. Engesser K. Kowalski Instituto de Paleontologia Naturhistorisches Museum Polish Academy Sciences Sabadell, Spain Basel, Switzerland Krakow, Poland

B. Alpagut V. Fahlbusch J. I. Lacomba M.T .A. Enstitusu Universitat MWlchen Universidad de Valencia Ankara, Turkey MWlchen, Germany Valencia, Spain

M.A. Alvarez-Sierra 0. Fejfar C. G. Langereis Universidad ·complutense Ustredni Ustav Geologicky University of Utrecht Madrid, Spain Prague, Czechoslovakia Utrecht, Netherlands

P. Andrews L. Flynn E. Lindsay British Museum (NH) Harvard University University of Arizona London, England Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Tucson, AZ, U.S.A

M. Antunes M. Freudenthal N. Lopez Martinez Universidade Nova Lisboa Rijksmuseum Geol. Miner. Universidad Complutense Lisboa, Portugal Leiden, Netherlands Madrid, Spain

A. Azzaroli L. Ginsburg F. Masini Universita di Firenze Mus. Nat. Hist. Naturelle Universita di Firenze Firenze, Italy Paris, France Firenze, Italy

J. Barry C. Guerin P.Mein Harvard University Universite Claude Bernard Universite Claude Bernard Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Lyon, France Lyon, France

R. L. Bernor M. Gurbuz E. Moissenet Howard University M.T.A. Genel Mudurlugu Universite de Paris I Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Ankara, Turkey Paris, France

M. Bonifay W. Heinrich S. Moya-Sola Lab. Geologie du Quater. Humboldt University Instituto de Paleontologia Marseille, France Berlin, Germany Sabadell, Spain

H. de Bruijn K. Heissig N. Opdyke University of Utrecht Universitat MWlchen University of Florida Utrecht, Netherlands Munchen, Germany Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.

R. Daams M. Hugueney P. Perez Gonzalez Inst. de Geologia C.S.I.C. Universite Claude Bernard Universidad de Zaragoza Madrid, Spain Lyon, France Zaragoza, Spain

M. Diaz-Molina L. Jacobs M. Petko Universidad Complutense Southern Methodist Univ. University of Florida Madrid, Spain Dallas, TX, U.S.A. Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.

W. Downs G. Koufos M. Pickford Northern Arizona Univ. University of Thessaloniki Mus. Nat. Hist. Naturelle Flagstaff, AZ, U.S.A. Thessaloniki, Greece Paris, France

629

z. Qui Academia Sinica Beijing, China

M. Ringeade Universite de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France

G. Sarac M.T.A. Genel Mudurlugu Ankara, Turkey

R. Savage Bristol University Bristol, England

N. Schmidt-Kittler Johannes Gutenberg Univ. Mainz, Germany

S.Sen Universite P. et M. Curie Paris, France

G. Storch Forschungsinstitut Senck. Frankfurt/Main, Germany

M. Sumengen M.T.A. Genel Mudurlugu Ankara, Turkey

P. Tassy Universite P. et M. Curie Paris, France

R . Tedford Amer. Mus. Nat. History New York, NY, U.S.A.

I. Terlemez M.T.A. Genel Mudurlugu Ankara, Turkey

H. Tobien Johannes Gutenberg Univ. Mainz, Germany

D. Torre Universita di Firenze Firenze, Italy

E. Unay M. T .A. Enstitusu Ankara, Turkey

M. W oodburne University of California Riverside, CA, U.S.A.

Participants of NATO ARW on European Neogene Mammal Chronology.

Front row (seated) left to right: V. Fahlbusch, M. Antunes, E. Unay, P. Mein, D. Torre; second row (seated): R. Savage, A. Azzaroli, J. Morales, L. Ginsburg, E. Martinez-Suarez, A. Agusti, N. Opdyke, T. Kotsakis, S. Moya-Sola, M. Pickford; third row (standing): C. Guerin, S. Sen, A. van der Meulen, M. Alvarez-Sierra, M. Hugueney, M. Freudenthal, C. de Giuli, J. Barry, G. Hock-Daxner, 0, Fejfar, F. Masini, M. Bonifay; back row (standing): L. Jacobs, L. Flynn, G. Koufos, z. Qiu, K. Heissig, L. Benda, P. Andrews, R. Daams, R. Ziegler, B. Engesser, K. Kowalski, F. Steininger, E. Heizmann, G. Storch, R. Bernor, E. Lindsay. Participants not in picture: B. Alpagut, H. de Bruijn, H. Lippolt, P. Tassy and G. Rossner (Secretary).

630

SUBJECT INDEX

Acheulian Paleolithic implements, Z16 Acid preparation, 61Z Ad Dabtiyah, Z40, 595 Adriatic Gulf, 351 Aerotrain (see Airborne Railway), 163 Affalterbach, 188 Afghanistan, 401 Africa, 11, 133, 135, Z37, Z38, Z41, Z44,

Z49, Z53, Z58, Z61, 345, 357, 369,371, 37~415,4ZZ, 4Z6, 4Z9, 431, 456, 557, 573, 587, 589, 596, 597

Africa mammal localities, 588 (map) African bioprovinces, 401 African biostratigraphy, 436 African dispersal event, Z38 African mammal fauna, 587 African microfauna, 401 African middle Miocene fauna, 56Z African Miocene fauna, 589 African taxa, 367, 368, 558 African-Eurasian dispersal events, 371 African-Eurasian mammal exchange, ZZ African-European dispersal, 357, 371 African-European dispersal histories,

43Z (map) Afro-Arabian continental plates, Z41,

557 Afro-Eurasian land links, 589 Age assignment, 3, 4 Agenais region, 139 Agenian land mammal age, 9, Z1, 73,

157, 161, Z41 Agenian sites, 59Z Agenian stage, Z7, 51, 5Z Agenian/Orleanian boundary, 16 Agreda, 358 Aillas, Z1, Z7, 140, 143, 144, 146, 147,

149, 150, 153, 154 Airborne Railway, 157, 168 169, 171,

173 Akca yollen zone, Z4 Akdag, 61 Akhalkalaki, 34 7 Akkulaevo, 410 Al Jadidah, 596

Al Jadidah fauna, 597 Alberca fauna, 509 Alcocer (AC), 149, 464, 471, 47Z Alcocer 3B, 150 Alcoy, 399 Algeria, 59Z Algerian fauna, Z38 Aliveri, 66, 37Z, 393 Aliveri-Kymi, ZZ, Z8 Aljezar B, 109 Almazan Basin, 51, 464 Almenara, 388 Alpine Arch, Z58, Z60, Z61 Alpine chronology, 483 Alpine glacial chronology, 1Z1, 1Z4 Amana, 390 Am berieu section, 398 Ampudia section, 53 Amuwusu, 544 Anaseur Formation, 499 Anatolia, 68, 71, 7Z, 444 (map), 515 Anatolian assemblage, 65 Anatolian assemblage zones, 67, 68 Anatolian succession, 61 Anchitherium fauna, Z39 Ancient Burdigalian taxa, 159 Anjou, 157, 159, 168 Antarctic glaciation, 560 Anwil, 85, 183, 187, 190, ZZ8 Apparent diversity, 579 Apparent turnover, 579 Aquitaine Basin, 9, 139, 140 (map), 141,

145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153, Z37, Z38, Z45, Z57

Aquitanian parastratotype, 140, 154 Aquitanian parastratotype of Carry-le­

Rouet, 14Z Aquitanian stage, 18, Z1, 143, 178, Z55,

Z59, 589 Aquitanian stratotype, 139, 154 Aquitanian transgression, 143, 153 Aquitanian/Burdigalian boundary, 16,

140 Aquitanian/Burdigalian stratotype, 153 Arabia, Z59 Arabian plate, 589

631

Arafara Sea, 43Z Aragon, 2.56 Aragonian faunas, 394 Aragonian of Poland, 384 Aragonian stage, 4, 2.5, 51, 52., 57,

357-359, 361-363, 365, 366, 368, 369, 401, 40Z, 497, 517, 6ZO, 62.1

Aragonian stage/superstage, 618 Aragonian superstage, 618 Aragonian/early Vallesian beds, 385 Aragonian/early Vallesian sites, 386 Aragonian/Vallesian boundary, 53, 55,

495, 497 Aragonian/Vallesian transition, 54 Arapli, 2.48 Araya, 375, 376 Araya Basin, 383, 393 Arcille, Z4, 36 Arctic environment, 2.06 Areias da Quinta do Bacalhau, 2.54 Areias do Vale de Chelas, 2.56 Arenas del Ray, 367 Arezzo, 350 Argilas axuis de Xabregas, 2.5 7 Argilas do forno do Tejolo, 2.56 Arid environment of Asia, 2.04 Arikareean land mammal age, 535 Armantomys-Praearmantomys group,

383 Arondelli, 2.32. Arondellian subage, 2.1 7 Arquillo, 87, 361, 399 Arroyo de Val, 3 59 Artenay, 73, 157, 158, 162., 166, 168,

2.3 7' 2.39, 2.42., 2.45, 2.46, 2.56 Artenay fauna, 173 Artenay group, 169 Artiodactyl faunal groups

LG-I-m, 358 LG-IV-VII, 360 LG-vm-xm, 360 LG-XIV, 361

Arvicola cantiana zone, 104 Arvicola-Microtus superzone, 104, 110 Arvicola terrestris zone, 105 Arvicolid radiation, 107 As Sarar, 2.40, 595 Asia, 11, 2.58, 339, 340, 344, 357, 401,

42.9, 548, 618 Asia Minor, 2.59, 576, 589, 597 Asia Minor mammal localities, 588

(map) Asian-European mammal dispersal, 106 Asiatic bioprovinces, 401 Asiatic origins, 588 Asiatic taxa, 367 Assemblage zone, 5, 67 Association zone, lZO Astaracian assemblage, 2.17, ZZZ, 2.30

632

Astaracian land mammal age, 90, 2.41, 2.48, 2.49, 618, 62.5

Astaracian rodent fauna, 105 Astaracian stage, ZZ Astaracian/Vallesian boundary, 16 Astaracic faunal unit, Zl Ateca, 57 Ateca ill, 2.56 Atlantic Basin, 557 Australia, 1 Z, 43 Z Autol (AU), 51, 149, 464, 471, 472. Autochthonous phyletic speciation, 414 Autochthonous sympatric speciation,

414 Autroche village, 162. Auvilliers Castle, 162. Avaray, 158, 164 Avenida do Uruguay, 2.55, 2.56 Axios Valley, 32.1-32.3, 32.5, 32.6, 32.8,

331-336

Baccinello, 34 Baccinello V3, 2.4 Badener Tegel clays, 2.17 Badenian stage, 19, zz, Z3, Zll, 2.16,

2.17, zzz Bulimina-Bolivina zone, ZZ, Zll, 2.16,

ZZ7 lagenid zone, Zll, 2.16, ZZZ, ZZ7

Badenian transgression, ZZ7 Badenian/Kosovian transgression, 2.16 Badenian/Moravian transgression, 2.16 Badenian/Sarmatian boundary, 19 Babe fauna, 544 Babe River, 544 Bahean land mammal age, 2.74 Baigneaux, 173, 2.37, 2.39 Baigneaux-en-Beauce, 157, 158, 163,

168 Balearic Islands, 390 Balizac, Zl, Z7, 139, 140, 144, 146, 150,

153, 154 Balizac section, 144 Ballestar, 376, 383, 384, 395 Ballestar Formation, 376 Balneario fauna, 511 Baluchistan, 2.38, 2.39, Z4Z, 2.46 Banco Real, 2.56 Banda Daud Shah, 574, 576 Baode, 309, 544 Baode County, 52.7, 532. Baode fauna, 545, 546 Baode (Shaanxi Province), 545 Baodean land mammal age, 2.74, 308 Barstovian land mammal age, 2.54, 2.74,

2.90, 2.99, 310, 536, 551 Basarakavak fauna, 2.3 Bashkiria, 407 Bauge-Savigne, 160 Bavarian Molasse, 181, 183, 190, zzz,

2.30

Bavarian Molasse Basin, 181, 190 Bayraktepe, 496-498 Baza Formation, 380, 381 Beauce limestone, 157, 165, 168 Beaugency-Tavers, 173, 246 Beaugency-Tavers group, 173 Beaugency-Tavers Sand group, 171 Beaugency-Tavers Sands, 164 Beaulieu, 21, 28 Belchatow, 193-195, 202 Belenyenice, 22, 28 Bellenberg, 183 Belometcheskaya, 248, 540 Beni Mella!, 387,451, 597 Berbesti Slavesti, 340 Beremend, 101, 110, 232, 405 Bergasa (BG), 149, 464, 471, 472 Bering land bridge, 550 Beteke, 410 Betic massive, 258, 260 Bezian, 239, 245 Bezian fauna (Gers), 164 Bierkeller, 179 Bighorn Basin, 604 Bigneaux-en-Beauce group, 171 Biharian faunas, 214, 217 Biharian land mammal age, 94, 101,

103, 106-108, 110, 128, 131, 135, 216

Biharian zones, 104 Biochron, 5, 6, 7, 128 Biochronologic age, 551 Biochronologic correlations, 264 Biochronologic framework, 91, 618 Biochronologic units, 94, 133, 606 Biochronology, 2, 3, 5, 7, 49, 91-93, 96,

101, 112, 527' 574, 608, 613, 618, 622, 625

Bioevents, 133 Biogeographic aspects, 625 Biogeographic distributional changes,

413 Biogeographic faunal provinces, 10, 12 Biogeographic problems, 10 Biogeographic realms, 413, 415, 416

(map), 431 Biostratigraphic correlation, 560 Biostratigraphic dating, 608 Biostratigraphic event, 55 7, 564 Biostratigraphic framework, 562 Biostratigraphic interval zone, 561 Biostratigraphic unit, 125, 128 Biostratigraphic zonation, 20 Biostratigraphical succession, 476 Biostratigraphy, 2, 3, 5-8, 61, 511, 580,

615, 625 Biotopes, 126 Biozonation, 67, 96, 119,616 Biozone, 5, 6, 124, 125 Birosse, 245, 246 Bissingen, 55

Black Sea, 401, 426 Blancan fauna, 339 Blancan land mammal age, 134, 274,

290, 339, 340, 604, 606 Blancan Hagerman fauna, 339, 340 Blesois, 157 Blois, 157 Blois group, 173 Blow plankton zonation, 255 Bohemian localities, 213 Bohemian massive, 214, 216 Bohemian Tertiary basin, 211, 214, 222 Bonanza, 213, 216, 227 Bordelais, 146 Boreal zone, 205 Borsodia-Dolomys stage, 101 Borsodia-Villanyia superzone, 99, 101,

102, 110 Boselaphini bovids, 3 71 Bossee, 158, 166 Botardo section, 384 Bou Hanifia, 23, 31, 296, 496, 497, 499 Bou Hanifia Formation, 501 Bou Hanifia section, 502 Boulder horizon of Bavarian Molasse,

183 Boundaries of land mammal ages, 609 Bouzigues, 55, 150 Brachyodus dispersal event, 415 Bridger Basin, 604 Bridger fauna, 606 Bridger Formation, 607 Brockhorizont (boulder horizon) of

Bavarian Molasse, 181, 183 Brunhes Magnetic Chron, 480, 483, 484 Brunhes/Matuyama magnetic boundary,

559 Briittelen 2, 177-179 Bubenhausen, 188 Bucheggberg, 177 Bugti, 70, 240, 242, 574 Bugti Beds, 241, 243, 245, 248, 372, 537 Bugti fauna, 238-240, 371, 538, 548,

549, 551, 583 Bugti Hills, 237, 246 Bugti proboscidean datum, 243 Bulong, 530 Buluk, 240, 242, 245, 248 Buiiol (BU), 359, 462, 464, 471 Burdigalian dispersal event, 238 Burdigalian fauna, 239, 592 Burdigalian regression, 22 Burdigalian stage, 18, 22, 153, 238, 253,

254, 256, 257, 259, 261, 323, 536, 589, 595

Burdigalian transgression, 17 8, 256 Burdigalian/Langhian boundary, 16 Burdigalian/Langhian stages, 377 Burgtonna 2, 105 Burtepe Formation, 64 Byelometcheskaya, 368, 372

633

C. Almirall (see also Can Almirall), 2.3, 30

Cabriel Basin, 10, 507, 508 (map), 509, 512.

Cabriel section, 508, 510, 513 Calabrian stage, 615 Calah, 384 Calamocha, 51, 52, 55 Calatayud-Daroca, 359, 365 Calatayud-Daroca Basin, 366, 375,

383-386, 392., 396, 497 Calatayud-Teruel Basin, 51, 53, 615,

62.0, 62.1 Calcaire blanc de l'Agenais, 139, 143 Calcaire blanc Formation, 140, 143 Calcaire de Beauce Formation, 157 Calcaire gris de l'Agenais, 139, 144 Calcaire gris Formation, 143, 153 Calcareous nannoplankton, 2.56 Calcarios com Chlamys scabriuscula de

Musgueira, 2.56 Calcarios da M~gueira, 2.56 valdag Group, 61 Calta, 400 Camallera, 398 Can Almirall (see also C. Almirall),

360,377--Can Canals, 359 Can Casablancas, 379 Can Jofressa, 379, 384 Can Llobateres, 86, 108, 32.8, 330, 331,

360, 366, 378, 383-387, 391, ~95, 396

Can Marti Vell, 366, 377, 378, 384, 392., 393

Can Mas, 359 Can Missert, 360 Can Perellada, 379 Can Petit, 376, 383, 384, 395 Can Ponsic, 96, 360, 366, 378, 383, 386,

395 Can Simeo, 383 Can Vilella, 384, 390, 400 Canada del Castano, 384 Canales (pond), 4 70 ~andir, 2.3, 30, 368, 447 Canis etruscus dispersal event, 134 Caproides dispersal event, 90 Caravaca, 387 Carbon isotope shift, 561 Carpathian foredeep, 2.03 Carretil (CAR), 464 Carriere Cluzel, 149 Carry-le-Rouet (Formation

biodetritique de Sausset, niveau), 140

Casa del Acero, 2.3, 33, 360, 380, 384, 385, 398

Casa del Rincon (Rincon 1), 2.4, 36 Casa. Frat a, 346

634

Casablanca, 361, 367, 375, 376, 384, 387-391, 401

Casablanca karstic complex, 379, 400 Cases de la Valenciana, 359 Castell de Barbera, 360, 366, 378, 383,

384, 386, 394 Castilla la Vieja, 2.97 Catalonian basins, 375, 383 Catalonian (Vallesian and Turolian), 62.5 Catalonium superstage, 618 Caucasus, 2.04, 549 Caunelles, 2.1, 2.7, 146, 153 Celleneuve, 35 Cenozoic mammals of North America,

606, 608 Central Massif, 157, 340, 346, 475 Central Paratethys, 18, 2.0, 2.3 <;erdanya Basin, 375, 376, 384, 390, 400 Cervenf, 2.2.7 Cetina (CE), 149, 462., 464, 470 Cetina de Aragdn, 51, 358, 384, 472. Cevizljik Formation, 61, 64 Ceyssaguet, 480 Chagny, 12.6,346,347 Chalkoutsi, 334 Chamtwara, 589 Charmoille, 31 Z Chattian stage, 2.41, 595 Chao Chia Cha (Qingyang County), 52.7 Cheb Basin, 2.11, 2.13, 2.14, ZZZ Chelas 1,2., 2.9 Chelas z, ZZ Chetougou, 541 Chevilly, 157, 158, 2.39 Chi Chia Kou (Baode County), 52.7 Chiana valley, 350 Chianda, 589 Chillac, 2.4, 38, 343 Chilleurs, 173 Chilleurs-aux-Bois, 157, 158, 161, 168 Chilleurs-aux-Bois group, 169 China, 11, 136, 2.40, 331, 345, 454 Chinese Cenozoic stratigraphy, 52.8 Chinese mammal localities, 534 (map) Chinese-European faunal correlations,

530 Chinji, 2.39, 559, 561 Chinji Formation, 2.46, 558, 574 Chios, zz, 2.9, 2.48, 451 Chita Parwala-Gabhir section, 2.40 Chitenay, 158, 161, 168, 173, 2.39 Chitenay-Les Beilleaux, 169 Chitenay-Les Beilleaux group, 168 Chlum, 110, 2.13, 2.14 Choerolophodont proboscideans, 2.49 Chomutov, 2.13, 2.14, 2.18, 2.19, 2.2.1 Chorora Formation, 502. Chou Kou Tien, 52.7-52.9 Chron 5, 2.4, 1 2.8 Chron 5 (C3A), 2.0 Chron 9, 17, 19

Chron 11, 16, 17, 19 Chron 11/10 boundary, 19 Chron 22r, 18 Chron C3A, 19 Chron C5A, 19 Chron C5Cn, 19 Chron C5N, 16, 274 Chron C5r, 23 Chron C6Br, 18 Chronologie framework, 255, 605, 612,

615 importance of, 4

Chronostratigraphic dating, 587 Chronostratigraphic framework, 559 Chronostratigraphic mammal stages, 25 Chronostratigraphic stage, 24, 608 Chronostratigraphic unit, 24, 25, 55,

125, 128, 562 Chronostratigraphy, 5, 6, 24, 92 Chronozones, 5, 7, 8, 124 Cixian, 529, 530, 540, 542 Cladistics, 627 Clarendonian land mammal age, 274,

296, 302, 310 Clark Fork Basin, 606 Clarkforkian land mammal age, 7, 606 Climatic crisis, 483 Climatic events, 5 Climatic fluctuations, 480, 482 Climatozones, 124 Cocumont, 140, 144, 146-150, 153, 154 Coderet, 146 Coderet-couche, 154 Coelodonta antiquitatis-Bos primigenius

fauna, 529 Coenozones, 120, 124 Colhuehuapian land mammal age, 12 Collet Redon, 190 Comanesti 1, 23, 30 Comanesti 2, 31 Concud, 360 Concurrent range zones, 6 Condom, 239 Conohyus dispersal, 359 Continental chronostratigraphic stages,

20 Continental glaciations, 475,480 Continental plate movement, 557 Continental/marine correlation chart,

16 Continental/marine correlations, 21 <;::orcoles, 359 Correlation group, 16 Correlation point, 153 Correlation tables, 57 Correlation tie-points, 26-31, 33-38 Costablanca, 377, 381, 391, 392 Cournon, 536 Cracow, 193 Cremohipparion lineages, 315

Cretaceous North American land mammal ages, 606

Crete, 502 Creux de Peyrolles, 346 Crevillente, 1-3, 23, 32, 360, 375, 384,

391, 398 Crevillente 2, 87 Crevillente 6, 24, 33 Cricetid vacuum, 52, 53, 55, 56, 71, 358 Cricetodon-Hispanomys fauna, 385,

395, 497 Cromerian glacial stage, 105, 107, 405 Crostolo River, 347 Csarn6ta, 110, 232, 405, 407, 409 Csarn6ta 2, 100, 109, 110 Csarnotan land mammal age, 101 Csarnotan stage, 615 Ctenodactyloids, 69 Ctineves, 211, 214, 232 Cullar de Baza, 349, 400 Czech karst, 214 Czechoslovakia Neogene sites, 213

(map)

Dachai fauna, 54 7 Dacian/Romanian boundary, 20 Dalai Nor, 529 Dam Formation, 595-597 Dama nestii dispersal event, 135 Datum planes, 613 Daud Khel, 574 De Meeren, 37 Deep sea hiatuses, 560 Deinotherium dispersal event, 260 Deinotherium reimmigration, 188 Dendil, 70, 516 Deneze-sous-le-Lude, 158, 159 Dental morphology (see also Teeth

characters), 110, 111, 153, 161, 239

A/L indices of Vander Meulen, 103 bilophodont, 244 brachyodont, 328, 331 cementum, 231 enamel synclines, 231 height of crown, 284 hypsodonty, 204,328,331,348 mandibular incisor, 286 mesodont-lophodont molars, 107 rooted molars, 204 rooted and rootless molars, 232 supernumerary teeth, 243 trilophodonty, 244-246

Deseadan land mammal age, 12 Detan, 213, 214 DeviD.ska Nova Ves, 22, 29, 211, 213,

216, 217, 220, 222, 223-229 Dhok Pathan Formation, 558 Diachronous, 3-5, 10, 53, 71, 123, 126,

240, 248, 254,497, 579, 612 Diavata, 323, 325, 332

635

Dinar-Akcakoy, 2.4, 34 Dinarid-Asian giant rhinoceros region,

549 Dinotheriensande, 2.46 Dispersal events, 71, 12.6, 414, 549, 567,

602., 609 Dispersal from Africa, 351 Dispersal from Asia, 351 Djilancik, 2.39 Djilancik Beds, 2.46 Dolinskoe, 410 Dolna Cave, 2.04, 2.05 Dolnice, 2.13, 2.16, 2.19, 2.2.1-2.2.6 Dolnice 1, 55 Dolnice 3, 2.11, 2.14, 2.18 Dongxiang Autonomous County, 537 Dongyaozitou, 547 Dor Zaggut sections, 592. Dordogne prehistoric sites, 482. Dorn-Diirkheim, 2.30, 396 Dou~-la-Fontaine, 166 Doupov Hills, 2.14 Douvre, 366 Dragonian land mammal age, 606 Dryopithecine hominoids, 96 Duero Basin, 53,357,375,383,387,396 Dumlupinar, 2.2., 2.9 Dverce, 2.13, 2.14 Dytiko (DTK), 32.1-32.3, 325, 328, 32.9,

334 Dytiko Formation, 323, 331, 332, 336 Dzerava skala, 110 Dzungar Basin (Anjihai), 535, 536, 543

East Africa, 135, 239, 2.40, 245, 248, 413, 42.3, 42.8, 433, 435, 438, 502, 589, 592-594

East Africa Faunal Sets I and II, 590 East African fauna, 592., 594 East Asia, 260 East Paratethys, 2.39 Eastern Mediterranean, 20, 248 Ebershausen, 188 Ebro Basin, 51, 359, 383, 462, 464 Eburonian pollen zones, 136 Eburonian stage, 103 Ecological factors, 10 Eemian/Weichselian boundary, 105 Egerci Formation, 64 Egerian stage, 548 Eggenburg, 27 Eggenburgian stage, 18, 21, 2.14, 218,

548, 549 Egypt, 589, 592, 594 Eibiswald, 22., 2.8, 246 Eichkogel, 108, 109, 230 El Canyet, 359,377,393 El Firal, 376 El Kohol, 238 Elbistan, 24, 35 Elephant-Equus dispersal event, 341

636

Elephantoid datum event, 2.37 Elmali Dag thrust, 61, 64 Elsterian sub age, 105 Empoli, 409 Emporda, 375, 376 Emporda Basin, 398 En Pejouan, 2.46 End-Villafranchian event, 346 Endemic Asian taxa, 567 Endemic fauna, 549 Endemic taxa, 126 Endemism, 12.3 Ephemeral oxbow lake habitat, 560 Eppelsheim, 245, 2.46, 312., 328, 330,

396 Equid facial morphology

buccinator fossa, 282 canine fossae, 282. caninus fossa, 283 fossette ornamentation, 284 infraorbital foramen, 2.82 lacrimal, Z 7 9 malar fossa, 283 nasal notch, 283 orbital surface of lacrimal bone, 2.79 preorbital bar (POB), 279 preorbital fossa, 280, 2.83

Erkertshofen, 55, 386 Er langgang, 543 Ertemte (Nei Mongol), 109, 527, 52.9,

530 Ertemte fauna, 528, 546 Escobosa, 360, 383, 385, 394 Eskihisar, 545 Eskihisar pollen assemblage, 66 Eskihisar pollen zone, 2.2., 23 Esme-Akcakoy, 23, 31, 335, 369, 496,

497, 545 Estrepouy, 21, 2.8, 55, 140, 146, 150,

152., 153, 239, 2.56 Estrepouy (Gers), 144 Estrepouy zone, 239 Esvres syncline, 157, 160, 161 Etampes limestone, 157 Ethiopean biogeographic realm, 416,

417, 42.0, 429, 43o-432, 435 Etouaires, 24, 36, 125, 12.6, 475 Etulia, 410 Eucladoceros dicranios dispersal event,

135 Eucricetodon gerandianus-

infralactorensis lineage, 146 Eucricetodon haslachensis lineage, 146 Eurasia, 557 European land mammal age, 603 European mammal chronology, 615 European mammal stages, 603 European marine stages, 609 Eustatic sea level oscillation, 560 Euzet, 613 Event stratigraphy, 4

Evolutionary change, 47 Evolutionary first occurrences, 12.8 Evolutionary grade, 3 Evolutionary lineages, 12.0 Evolutionary processes, 12.6 Extinction, 579 Extinction events, 561, 567

Facial morphology buccinator fossa, 342.

Falun, 158-160, 168, 173 Falun of Anjou, 160, 165, 168, 171, 173 Falun of Area Falun of Pontlevoy, 160 Falun of Touraine, 168, 171 Falun pit, 165 Falun transgression, 160, 166 Fangshan, 530, 539 Fangxian, 543, 549 Farneta, 356 Farneta fauna, 356 Fars Formation, 589 Faunal distribution, 12.1 Faunal events, 562. Faunal interchange, 4 Faunal provincialism, 12.3 Faunal succession, 53, 56, 57, 67 Faunal zones, 561 Faunizones, 614 Fayum, 2.38, 589 Fayum Depression, 2.38 Fayumian land mammal age, 11 First Appearance Datum (FAD), 2.0, 94,

609 Fission track age determinations, 559 Fissure fillings, 49, 55 Flood basin deposits, 462. Fluvial channels, 462. Forest Bed series, 347, 348 Formation bioc1astique de Carry-nineau

13, 154 Formation biodetritique de Sausset­

niveau 2.1, 154 Formation pararecifale du Cap de

N autes-niveau 7, 154 Fornace RDB, 2.4 Forsthart, 2.2., 2.2.2. Fort Ternan, 451, 597 Fortuna Basin, 360, 367, 375, 376, 379,

398,400 Four a Chaux quarry, 165 Frankfurt Nord Basin, 2.56 Frantiskovy Lazne (Franzensbad), 2.13 Franzensbad, 2.11, 2.14, 2.18, ZZO,

2.2.2.-2.2.9 Franzensbad fauna, 2.11 Freshwater Molasse (see also Lower

Freshwater Molasse, Upper Freshwater Molasse, and Siisswaserschichten), 181, 183, 188, 2.2.2.

Freshwater Molasse (continued) Altere Serie, 181, 190 Hangendserie, 181, 183 Jiingere Serie, 181, 190 Mittlere Serie, 181, 183, 188, 190

Freshwater Molasse of Bavaria, 182. (map)

Fuenmayor (FM), 464 Fuente del Viso, 509, 512., 513 Fuente Podrida, 512. Fuente Podrida fauna, 511 Fuente Podrida Formation, 510 Fugu County, 52.7, 545

Gaiselberg, 2.3, 31 Gaiselberg land mammal age, 2.96 Gaj Formation, 558 Gaj section, 574 Galerian faunas, 3 50 Galerian immigrants, 347, 349 Galerian interval, 348, 349, 351, 356 Gallenbach, 188 Gallenbach sand quarries, 183 Gans, 2.1, 2.7, 140, 143, 146, 147, 149,

150, 153, 154 Gansu Province, 52.7, 52.9, 532., 537,

540, 549 Gaozhuangfauna, 546 Gaozhuangian land mammal age, 2.74,

308 Garkin, 2.3, 32. Gatinais limestone, 157 Gauss/Matuyama magnetic boundary,

476 Gebel Zelten, 2.46, 368, 372., 592.-594,

597 Gebel Zelten fauna, 594 Geiselberg, 2.30 Gemerek, zz, 2.8, 61, 63, 66, 70, 517,

518 Gemerek area, 516 (map) Gemerek mammal fauna, 52.4 Gemerek section, 519-52.4 Geochronologic age, 2.4, 608 Geochronology, Z Geographic limits of land mammal

ages, 602. Georgia (USSR), 345, 347 Gers, 2.46 Gier Bu Hasciso Formation, 592. Giggenhausen, 2.14 Gilbert magnetic chron, 18 Glenns Ferry Formation (Idaho), 340 Gliwice, 193 Global climate events, 560 Globigerinoides, 19, ZZ Globigerinoides lineages, 139 Globorotalia aemiliana zone, 2.4 Globorotalia inflata zone, 2.4 Globorotalia praemenardi-Globorotalia

peripheroronda, 19

637

Globorotalia puncticulata/Gr. aemiliana transition, Z4

Goldberg, Z3, 30 Gombasek, Z13, Z17 Gomphotherium datum event, Z60 Gomphotherium dispersal event, 4 Gomphotherium-Sayimys-Kansupithecus

level, 5Z9 Gonen Basin, 445 Gonghe Basin {China), 136 Gorafe, 109, 387 Gorafe-Hue1ago Formation, 380, 381 Gotzendorf, Z30 Granada Basin, 367 Granada depression, 349 Grand Combe, 476 Grande Coupure, 588 Grande Pile pollen sequence, 48Z Grosslappen-Aumeister, ZZ8 Great American Interchange, 5 Gres de Bazas, 144 Group 1 hipparionines, Z75, Z9Z, Z93,

Z96, Z99, 30Z, 307, 312-315 Guadix Formation, 380 Guadix-Baza Basin, 375, 376, 380, 384,

387, 391, 400 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,

5Z7 Guizhong, 530 Gulf of Loches, 166 Giilyazi, Z4, 36 Gumba, 589 Gundersheim, 110 Gundersheim fauna, 406 Gundersheim-Findling, 405, 406, 408,

409-411 Gundersheim-Findling fauna, 406

Hadrukh fauna, 597 Hadrukh Formation, 595 Hagerman quarry, 339 Hajna&.a, 10Z, 110, Z11, Z13, Z17 Halamagai Formation, 535, 543 Halmyropotamos {Evia), 334 Hammerschmiede, 108, Z30, 396 Hannoba basalt, 536 Hans Johnson Quarry, Z94 Harami, 61, 64, 65, 7Z Harami 1, 66 Harami 3, 66, 67 Hautimagne, 409 Headonian stage, 49 Hebei Province, 5Z9, 536, 540 Hefeng {Jingle County), 547 Hemingfordian land mammal age, Z74,

Z90 Hemphillian land mammal age, 134,

Z74, 339 Henan Province, 5Z7 Hequ County, 5Z7 Hesperic massive, Z58, Z60

638

Heterochrony, 608 Heterogeneity of faunas, 1Z6 Hiatuses, 6 High-resolution chronology, 10 Himalayan foothills, 345 Himalayas, 557 Hintersteinbruch, 179 Hinzirdag, 61 Hipparion biozones, 336 Hipparion datum, 9, 10, Z5, Z74, Z9Z,

415,435,495,497,498,500, 50Z, 574

Hipparion dispersal event, 1Z6, 364, 495, 496

Hipparion facial morphology orbit-preorbital fossa, 330

Hipparion fauna, 530, 541, 545 Hipparion morphological terms, Z75 Hipparion red clay, 5Z9 Hipparionine, Z64, Z70, Z78, Z89-Z9Z,

Z94, Z98, 303, 306, 309-311, 314

Hipparionine characteristics, Z75 Hipparionine horses, Z63 Hipparionine lineages, 315 Hiramaki Formation, Z39, Z46 Hirschthal, 178, 179 Hispanotherium fauna, Z55-Z57, 359 Hiwegi, Z45, 589 Hofuf fauna, 597 Hofuf Formation, 451, 595, 596 Holsteinian sub age, 105 Hol;tejn, Z16 Horlak, 516 Horlak 1, 66 Horlak Z, 64 Hornomoravsky uval, Z16 Horta das Tripas, Z54, Z56 Horta das Tripas fauna, Z55

. Hostalets, Z96, 385, 386 Hostalets de Pierola, 360, 378, 383, 496 Hovorany, Z3, 31, Zl3, Z16 Howenegg, Z3, 31, Z78, Z94-Z96, 310,

31Z, 313, 315, 396, 496, 497, 499

Hrabrsko, 335 Hsanda-Gol, 53Z, 535 Hsi-shui, 538 Hsin Chia Kou {Quingyang County), 5Z7 Huai River, 548, 549 Hubei Province, 543 Huerta Obispalia {HO), 464

Iberia, Z55, Z58, Z60, Z61 Iberian climate, Z60 Iberian fauna, 398 Iberian Peninsula, 173, Z59, 350, 375,

376, 384-386, 39Z, 395, 399, 401, 497' 550, 589

lbericus zone, 391 Ibero-Gentral Basin, 385, 387, 398

Ibero-Gentral province, 375, 395 !hero-Levant fauna, 393 !hero-Levant province, 375, 377, 383,

384 !hero-Levant subprovince, 387, 392,

394-397' 400, 401 Ibero-Qccitanian province, 391, 399,

401 Igdeli, 64, 70, 516, 517 Ikebulage Formation, 532 Immigrant-derived taxa, 567 Immigrant taxa, 128 Immigration (see Dispersal) Immigration from Africa, 351 Immigration from Asia, 351 Index fossils, 94 India, 416, 434, 454, 455, 457, 557, 560 Indian Basin, 557 Indian Ocean, 589 Indo-Pacific plate, 557 Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, 258, 259,

496, 500, 549, 550, 557 Indonesian Archipelago, 43 2 Indus River, 559 International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature, 128 International Stratigraphic Guide, 5-7 Inzersdorf (see also Vosendorf), 23, 31 Ipolytarnoc;-23 9--Ipolytarnoc fauna, 239 Iran, 589 Irvingtonian deposits, 350 Irvingtonian land mammal age, 604, 606 Ischim-Petropavlovsk, 109 Isochronous, 6, 8 Isochronous boundary, 121 Isochronous surface, 120 Isochrons, 4 Isochrony of chronostratigraphic zones,

562 Isotopic chronology, 264 Isotopic dating (see also Radiometric

dating)-;-z,-s­Isotopic events, 560 Isotopic excursions, 561 Israel, 587, 594 Itaboraian land mammal age, 12 Ivanane, 335 Ivanovce, 110,211,213,217,224,225,

231, 232, 407' 409 Ivanovce A, 109, 110 Ivanovce B, 110

Jabal Midra ash-Shamali, 595 Japan, 240, 258, 260, 429, 430 Jaramillo magnetic subchron, 345,

347-349 Javoricko, 216 Jebel el Quatrani Formation, 589 Jebel Qatrani fauna, 238 Jettingen, 183

Jhil Equus skull, 345 Jiangning County, 539 Jiangsu Province, 530, 538, 544 Jiaozigou, 537 Jingle, 529 Jiulongkou, 541 Jiulongkou fauna, 540, 541 Jozaria, 238 Jurassic limestone, 205

Kabarsero section, 502 Kadzielnia, 194, 202, 206, 232 Kaiyuan Province, 530, 544, 549 Kalekoy, 64, 66, 516 Kalekoy assemblage, 70 Kalekoy mammal fauna, 524 Kalekoy section, 517-521, 523 Kalimantsi, 335 Kamlial Formation, 239, 240, 558, 561 Kamyk, 194, 202, 206, 207 Karaburun, 24, 35 Karaganian interval, 239 KaraozU, 66, 516 Karaozii assemblage, 70 Karaozii mammal fauna, 524 Karaozii section, 517-521,523 Karpatian fore-deep, 216, 222 Karpatian stage, 18, 19, 22, 214, 216,

222 Karstic sites, 216 Karungu, 58 9 Kastellios, 23, 31, 334, 335, 496, 497 Kastellios section, 502 Kayadibi, 23, 32, 335, 369 Kayseri-Sivas Basin, 61, 62, 515 Kazakhstan, 239, 246 Kenya, 11, 417, 587-589, 592, 595, 597 Kenyan fauna, 597 Keypar, 303 Khapry, 341 Kiahera, 589 Kielniki, 194, 202, 206, 207 King-Yan-fou (China), 71, 390 Kinik, 23, 33 Kiramaki Formation, 242 Kirthar Range, 557 Kiscelian stage, 214 Kishinev-Odessa region, 410 Kislangian land mammal age, 101 Kizilhisar pollen zone, 23 Kiziltepe metamorphic series, 445 Kohfidisch, 90, 204, 230 Kohat-Potwar region, 558 Kolfnany, 110, 211, 213, 217, 232 Kopeprusy, 110, 213, 214 Koru, 240, 589, 592 Kosovian assemblage, 217 Kotlovina, 410 Koujiacun fauna, 542 Koujiacun Formation, 540 Krakow-Wielun Upland, 203-205

639

Krolewskie, 2.02. Kromdraai, 135 Kromdraai A, 133 Kromidovo, 335 Kryzhanovka,410 Kiid,tk-Cekmece, 3Z Kulu, 2.45 Kurosedani (Japan), 42.6 Kuruksaf, 344 Kyjov lignite seam, Z16

La Alberca, Z4, 33, 361, 391 La Aldehuela, 399 La Bastida, 366, 376 La Brete, Z7, 140, 144, 146, 152.-154 LaBrosse, 159, 160 La Buste, 359 La Canera, 360 La Celia (see also Los Gargantones), 2.3,

3Z, 379, 391, 398 La Celia Basin, 360 La Chaux, 149, 150 La Ciesma, 359 La Dehesa, 53 La Fortesa, 379 La Galocha (GAL), 464 La Grenatiere, Z3, 30 La Grive, 190, 394 La Grive M, Z3, 30 La Hornera, 34, 380 LaMilloque, 140,146,150,154 La Moliere, 177 La Paillade, 153 La Puebla de Valverde, 343 La Romieu, 83, Z39, Z45, Z56, 6Z1 La Tour, 109 Lachar, 349 Lagenid zone, ZZ Lagrelius Collection, 5Z8, 5Z9 Laimering, 188, 190 Laimering clay quarries, 183 Lake Baykal, 407 Lake deposits, 46Z Lakhuti fauna, 348, 350 Laki Range, 557 Lance Cretaceous interval, 606 Land mammal ages, Z, 5, 7, Z1 Langebaanian land mammal age, 11 Langebaanweg, 134 Langenmoosen, 183, ZZZ, ZZ4-ZZ7 Langhian falun of Touraine and Anjou,

166 Langhian part of the falun, 15 7 Langhian regression, ZZ Langhian stage, 19, 158, 2.54, 2.59 Langhian transgression, 385 Langhian/Badenian transgression, ZZ Langhian/Serravallian transgression,

2.60, 2.61 Languedoc region, 153 Lantian area, 530, 544

640

Lantian Formation, 544 Lanzhou, 551 Lanzhou Basin, 537 Lanzhou fauna, 53Z, 535 Lanzhou railway station, 532. Las Planas, 365 Last Appearance Datum (LAD), ZO, 94 Laugnac, 2.7, 82., 139, 140, 144, 146,

150, 153, 154, 169, 536 Le Bardon, 164 Le Coupet, 133, 136 Le Coupet fauna, 547 Le Moune, Z45 Legetet, Z40, 589, 592. Lengshuigou fauna, 541, 542. Lengshuigou Formation, 530 Leptobos etruscus dispersal event, 136 Les Beilleaux, 159, 160, 168, 173 Les Cevennes, 153 Les Echets pollen sequence, 482. Les Etouaires (see Etouaires) Les Forques, 55--Les Grandes Noues, 165 Lespignan, 2.7, 153 Levkon, 2.3 Levkon 1, 32. Librilla, 33, 361, 384, 511 Libya, 592., 594 Libyan fauna, 597 Lineage zone, 1 ZO Linqu County, 539 Linxia Basin, 537 Lisboa, Z38, 2.39 Lisboa IVb, ZZ, 2.8 Lisboa Va, ZZ, 2.8 Lis boa Univ. Catolica, Zl, Z7, 153, Z55,

Z56 Lisbon Basin, 173, 2.54 Lisbon series, Z55-Z57 Lisov, 2.13, 2.14, ZZ6 Lithofagous pholads and lithodomes,

165 Lithostratigraphic framework, 559 Lithostratigraphy, 61 Livenzovka, 341, 410 Livenzovka Equus skull, 34Z Local fauna, 1Z7 Loire Basin, 9, 157, 158, 168, 170 (map),

172. (map) 173, 2.37, 2.38, 2.45, 2.54

Loire River, 158, 162., 164 Loperot, 2.48 Loranca Basin, 358, 462., 464, 470 Loranca del Campo, 358 Los Gargantones (see also La Celia), 2.3,

3Z, 360 ---Los Mansuetos, 87, 98, 99, 109, 360, 385 Lothagamian land mammal age, 11 Lower Freshwater Molasse (see also

Freshwater Molasse), 177, 178

Lower Freshwater Molasse reference faun~ 177

Lower Miocene fauna, 55 Lower Silesi~ 203 Lowest Stratigraphic Datum (LSD), 609 Luc sur Orbieu, 23, 30 Lufeng (Yunnan Province), 530, 545 Lukavice, 213, 214 Lumiar, 253 Lunel Viel, 350, 356 Luoyang (Henan Province), 527 Lutetian transgression, 589

Maboko, 240, 248, 368, 433, 592, 595, 597

Maboko fauna, 593 Macedonia, 321, 333-335 Macromammal events, 124 Maghreb, 416 Magnetic Anomaly 3A, 24 Magnetic Anomaly 4, 18 Magnetic Anomaly 5, 16, 17, 19, 23 Magnetic Anomaly SA, 19 Magnetic Anomaly 5C, 19 Magnetic polarity time scale (MPTS),

16, 18, 501, 507, 510, 562, 566 Magnetostratigraphic correlation, 559 Magnetostratigraphic data, 500-502 Magnetostratigraphic dating, 559 Magnetostratigraphy, 2, 8, 10, 25, 507,

511, 515, 521, 524, 558 Maigen, 21, 27 Makapan 3, 133 Makapanian land mammal age, 11 Mala Cave, 204 Malakoy Formation, 61 Mallorca, 71 Malu\lteni, 100, 340 Mammal age, 121, 127, 128 Mammal associations, 120 Mammal biochronology, 25, 48 Mammal biochrons, 621 Mammal biozonation, 61Z Mammal dispersal event, 2, 4, 5, 9, 133,

475, 515 Mammal episodes, 21 Mammal extinction events, 475 Mammal faunal zone, 20 Mammal localities in Poland, 194 (map),

202 (map) Mammal Neogene (MN) biochrons, 8 Mammal Neogene (MN) chronology, 47 Mammal Neogene (MN) faunal units, 21 Mammal Neogene (MN) faunal zones, 3,

6, 8, 9, 20, 21, 57, 74 Mammal Neogene (MN) zonation, 57,

61, n, 73 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 1, 81 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 2a, 81 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 2b, 82

Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 3, 82, 214, 222, 597

Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 3~ 178 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 4, 66, 83,

222, 237, 2'48 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 4~ 179 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 5, 83, 173,

183, 190, 214, 248 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 6, 84, 222 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 7, 84, 190,

203 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 8, 85 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 9, 86, 214 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 10, 86 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 11, 87 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 12, 87 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 13, 87 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 14, 88, 92 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 15, 88, 9Z Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 16, 89 Mammal Neogene (MN) zone 17, 89, 214 Mammal Neogene (MN) zones 4-5, 214 Mammal Neogene (MN) zones ~6, 193 Mammal Neogene (MN) zones 5-7, 202 Mammal Neogene (MN) zones 8-13, 203 Mammal Neogene (MN) zones 1~17,

214 Mammal Neogene (MN) zones, 15b-17,

217 Mammal Neogene/Quaternary (MNQ)

concept, 124 Mammal Neogene/Quaternary (MNQ)

system, 128 Mammal Neogene/Quaternary (MNQ)

zonation, 119, 123, 124, 127 Mammal Neogene/Quaternary (MNQ)

zones, 1 Z0-1 zz, 1 Z5 Mammal Paleogene (MP) reference

levels, 48, 49 Mammal Paleogene (MP) zone 8, 49 Mammal Paleogene (MP) zone 9, 49 Mammal Paleogene (MP) zone 16-18, 49 Mammal Paleogene (MP) zone 21, 214 Mammal Paleogene (MP) zone 25-30, 49 Mammal stage, 5-7, 121 Mammal substage, 121 Mammal unit, 21, 127, 1Z8 Mammalian fossil assemblages (MFA),

461 Mammalian paleofaunas, 48 Mammalian succession of Chin~ 533 Manchar Formation, 68, 71, Z45, 558,

574, 575 Manchones, 90, 359, 366 Manthelan, 158, 166 Marada Formation, 59Z, 594 Maragheh, 23, 3Z, Z97, 30Z, 307, 309,

314,335 Marine biochronology, 16 Marine biostratigraphy, 613 Marine chronologie framework, 20

641

Marine planktonic biozonation&, 18 Marine planktonic scales, 16 Marine transgression in plankton zone

N6, 59Z Marine transgressive events, Z57 Marine/continental biochronology, Z1 Maritsa, 109, 400 Marnes a Ostrea aginensis, 139, 144 Marnes a Unios du Bazadais, 139, 143,

144 Marsolan, 55, Z37 Marti Vell, 383 Martini zone of NN Zone 4, Z57 Mas Genegals, 407 Masada del Valle .z, 109 Masia del Barbo, 86, 98, 330, 331, 335,

360,397 Maspino gravels, 350 Masquefa, 360 Massendorf, ZZ7-ZZ9 Matassino, 344, 346 Matassino local fauna, 345 Matuyama magnetic chron, Z4, 480, 547 Mediterranean, 561 Mediterranean area, 4ZO, 4Z5, 495, 500,

50Z, 503 Mediterranean area faunal intervals,

615 Mediterranean basins, 376 (map) Mediterranean Sea, 548, 550 Mediterranean (Tethyan) stage, 18 Megacricetodon extinction event, 497 Meigne-le-Vicomte, 159 Menorca, 384 Merkur-North, Z13, Z18 Merychippine grade horses, 264, 289,

30Z Messinian salinity crisis, Z03, 370, 399,

550 Messinian stage, 19, Z4, 379 Messinian/Zanclean boundary, 16, 18,

zo Meswa, Z40, Z4Z, 59Z Meswa Bridge, Z40, Z41, 589, 597 Meta-Carpathian arch, Z03 Mexico, 339 Mfwangano, Z4Z, Z45, Z46 Micromammal dentitions, 6Z7 Micromeryx immigration, 359 Microtocricetus molassicus zone, 98 Microtus-Mimomys Superzone, 103, 110 Mid-Vallesian boundary, 357 Mid-Vallesian crisis, 363, 364, 366 Middle Miocene transgression, Z61 Mikulov, Z13, Z16 Mimomys (Mimomys) davakosi zone,

100 Mimomys (Mimomys) hajnackensis zone,

10Z Mimomys (Mimomys) occitanus zone,

101, 106

642

Mimomys (Mimomys) pliocaenicus zone, 10Z, 107

Mimomys (Mimomys) polonicus zone, 10Z

Mimomys (Mimomys) savini zone, 104 Mimomys (Mimomys) savini-Mimomys

(Cseria) pusillus zone, 104 Mindel-Riss interglacial age, 350 Mindel-Riss interglacial fauna, 1Z1 Mino, Z39, Z46 Miocene chronostratigraphy, 18 Miogypsinidae lineage, 139 Mira, 375 Mirabeau, 158, 166 Moghara, Z48, 594, 597 Moheda (MOH), 464,471, 47Z Moissac, 140 Moissac I, 143, 146, 147, 150, 153, 154 Molasse de l'Agenais, 140 Molasse de l'Armagnac, 144 Molayan (Afghanistan), 71 Moldavia, 350 Molf Calopa, 55, 358,377, 381, 391, 39Z Molina de Segura, Z3, Z4, 33, 34, 367,

380, 391, 400 Moncalvillo (MON), 149, 464, 471, 47Z Mongolia, 110 Mongolian Gobi area, 5Z8 Mont Dorian eruptions, 476 Montaigu, 81 Montaigu-le-Blin, 154 Montalban, 384 Monte Gargano, 11 Z Monticino (Brisighella), 34 Montopoli, 37, 34Z Montopoli fauna, 476 Montopoli faunal unit, 340 Montopoli-type faunas, Z4 Montpellerian interval, 91, 9Z Montpellier, 1Z5 Montredon, 108, ZZ8, 335, 385 Montrejeau, Z46 Moratilla, 358 Moratines, 359 Moravian region, Z13, Z16 Moreda, Z3Z, 399 Morocco, 59Z, 597 Morosovka, 410 Moroto, Z40 Mortilla, 53 Moruorot, Z40, 589 Mosbach-Z, 104 Mosbachian land mammal age, 1 Z8 Mounicot, 55 Mt. Blanco, 606 Mt. Luberon, Z98-300, 30Z Mt. Vully, 178 Muroid rodent molar evolution, 107 Murree Formation, 71, 386, 558, 574,

576 Mutenice, Z13, Z16, ZZ3,ZZ6

Mwiti, 2.40, 2.42., 2.45, 2.46 Myomiminae, 381

Nagri Formation, 502., 558 Nan Sha Wa (Hequ County), 52.7 Nannoplankton biozonation (see also

Plankton zone), 18 Nannoplankton zone N4-N5, 153 Nannoplankton zone NN1, 18, 2.1 Nannoplankton zone NN3, 18, 2.2 Nannoplankton zone NN4, 22, 257 Nannoplankton zone NN4 floras, 19 Nannoplankton zone NN4/NN5

boundary, 19 Nannoplankton zone NN6, 22, 216 Nannoplankton zone NN6/NN7

boundary, 19 Nannoplankton zone NNll (Chron CN9),

18 Nannoplankton zones NN4-13, 255 Nannoplankton zone NN 11 a/NN 11 b

boundary, 19 Nannoplankton zone NN1lb/NN12

boundary, 19 Napak, 589 Narbada River (India), 345 Nari Formation, 557 Natural Remanent Magnetization

(NRM), 511, 517 Navarrete del Rio, 358 Navere, 239 Navere 1, 55 Nea Mesimvria Formation, 323, 330,

331, 336 Nearctic biogeographic realm, 416 Negev, 594, 597 Negev fauna, 240, 594 Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, 546 Neogene chronostratigraphy, 18 Neogene dispersal phase 1, 249 Neogene dispersal phase 2, 248 Neogene monophyletic groups, 242 Neotropical biogeographic realm, 416 Neudorf an der March, 443 Neudorf clay pit, 213, 216 Neudorf fissures, 227 Neudorf Sandberg, 23, 29, 211, 213,

216, 217' 447 Neudorf Spalte, 213, 541 Neudorf Spalte 1-3 (see also Devinska

Nova Ves), 22, 29 Neudorf Spalte 3, 217 Neuville-aux-Bois, 157, 158, 161 Neuville-aux-Bois group, 169 Ngorora, 433 Ngorora Formation, 369, 502 Ngororan land mammal age, 11 Nihewan, 532 Nihewan fauna, 133, 345, 528, 529, 547,

548 Nihewan Formation, 547

Nihewan land mammal age, 274 Ningxia (Wuzhong County), 530, 545 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 540 Nombrevilla, 108, 328, 330, 331, 360 Norfolk, 34 7, 348 North Africa, 136, 248, 428, 499, 576,

577, 616 North African faunal sequence, 592 North America, 11, 134, 253, 254, 258,

260, 261, 339, 342, 344, 350, 429, 431, 496, 548-550, 604, 608, 621, 622

North American Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 5, 7, 606

North American gomphotheres, 246 North American land mammal age

concept, 119, 128 North American land mammal ages, 3,

7, 11, 601-603, 608-610 North American life zones, 605 North American provincial land

mammal ages, 606 North American tetralophodonts, 246 North American vertebrate chronology,

607 North China, 527, 545, 546, 548, 549 Novaya, 410 Numerical taxonomic methods, 278

Occam's razor, 587 Occitanium superstage, 618 Oceanic circulation, 561 Oggenhof, 183, 188, 190 Olchon Peninsula, 407 Old World tropics, 568 Olduvai beds, 135 Olduvai Gorge, 306 Olduvai magnetic subchron, 24, 73, 136,

480, 547 Oligocene/Miocene boundary, 18, 153,

415, 436, 462, 464 Oligocene/Miocene transition, 139, 150 Olivola, 133, 343-345, 356 Olivola fauna, 133, 135, 136 Olivola faunal unit, 131, 132, 346 Ombo, 368 Omo Basin, 438, 439 Oncophora (Rzehakia) beds, 222 Opole, 193, 195, 202, 203 Oppelian zone, 120 Orce-Galera-Huescar, 380 Orechov, 22, 28, 211, 213, 216, 219,

221-224, 226 Oriental biogeographic realm, 416, 417,

420, 429, 431 Oriental region, 550 Or.leanais Sands, 157, 161, 239, 246 Orleanian assemblages, 214, 218 Orleanian Basin, 157 Orleanian land mammal age, 21, 73,

158, 239, 241, 245, 2.49, 415, 429, 593, 595, 618, 625

643

Orleanian stage, 27-31 Orleanian/ Astaracian boundary, 16 Orleanic faunal unit, 21 Orleans, 157, 158, 162, 173 Orrios, 232 Orrios 3, 35, 110 Ostracoda, 256, 257 Osztramos, 407 Ottnangian stage, 18, 22, 211, 214, 216,

222, 549 Oued Zra, 23, 32 Oxygen isotope climatic stage, 481 Oxygen isotope curve, 423, 483, 484 Oxygen isotope records, 561

PII pollen zone, 24 Pill pollen zone, 24 PIV-PII pollen zones, 24 Pacific Basin, 557 Pakistan, 11, 71, 136, 507, 557, 560,

573, 574 (map), 575, 577, 595 Palearctic biographic realm, 416, 417,

429-431 Palearctic zoogeographic province, 548 Paleoclimatology, 475 Paleogene biozonation, 8 Paleogene chronostratigraphy, 18 Paleogene/Neogene boundary, 18 Paleogeography, 588 Paleomagnetic data, 136 Paleomagnetic dating, 601, 608 Paleomagnetism, 128 Pannonian assemblages, 227 Pannonian Basin, 615 Pannonian stage, 214, 216, 293 Pannonian strata, 23 P annonian/Pontian stage boundary, 19 Panska G6ra, 204 Papiol, 359 Paracuellos, 359 Parahippine horses, 264, 289 Parapodemus gaudryi zone, 99 Parapodemus lugduneneis zone, 98, 99 Paratethys, 203, 238, 532, 548, 550 Paratethys area faunal intervals, 615 Paratethys basin, 211, 222 Paratethys sea, 216, 260 Pardines, 476 Paris Basin, 601, 609, 613 Parr ales (PAR), 464 P~alar, 22, 23, 29, 245, 368, 372,

443-446,451-454,493 P~alar deposits, 450 Pa~alar fauna, 447, 455-457 Pastonian pollen horizon, 346, 347 Patagonia, 422, 430, 435 Pataniak, 387 Paulhiac, 27, 81, 140, 143, 146, 149,

150, 153, 154, 536 Pedregueras, 108,391 Pentalophos (PNT), 332

644

Peralejos, 108 Peralejos D, 108 Peridyromys prosper-brailloni group,

153 Perpignan (see also Serrat d'en

Vacquer), 35, 88,90, 134,476 Perpignan-Roussillon, 125 Perrier plateau volcanic

chronostratigraphy, 479 Perrier-Rocca Neyra, 476 Perroche quarry, 165 Petersbuch 2, 55 Petit Camon, 55 Peyrolles, 475, 476, 480 Pfaffenhofen, 188 Phylogenetic changes, 413 Phylogenetic systematics, 627 Phylozones, 120, 124 Piacenzian stage, 16 Piedra Formation, 376 Piera, 297, 360, 391 Piera section, 398 Pinjor "stage", 340 Pikermi, 23, 33, 109, 302, 325, 332, 335 Pikermian mammalian stage, 128 Pithiviers limestone, 157 Plakia, 23, 30 Plankton zone N 5, 18 Plankton zone N7, 22 Plankton zone N8, 22 Plankton zone N9/N10, 22, 23 Plankton zone NlO, 19 Plankton zone N12, 23 Plankton zone N15, 16, 19 Plankton zone N16, 23 Plankton zone N17, 23 Plankton zone N 17 /N 18 boundary, 19 Plankton zone NN1, 154 Plankton zone NP25, 18, 154 Planktonic biostratigraphy, 613 Planktonic foraminifera, 256 Planktonic foraminifera zonations, 18 Plate tectonics, 429, 433 Platybelodont proboscideans, 249 Platyrrhine primates, 422 Plesivec, 110, 211, 213, 217 Pliocene chronostratigraphy, 18 Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 73, 214,

547 Pliohyaena brevirostris dispersal event,

133 Plio-Pleistocene of western Europe, 122 Po Valley (Italy), 615 Podlesice, 88, 100, 109, 194, 195,

202-204, 390, 407 Poggio Mirteto, 36 Poitiers Gulf, 166 Polish lowland, 203 Polish mammalian successions, 202, 207 Pollen zonations, 20 Polyphyletic theories, 126

Pond deposits, 46Z Pont Boutard, 166 Pontian of 'Eurasia, 5Z8 Pontian stage, Z16, 3Z3, 615 Pontian/Dacian boundary, ZO Pontign~, 158 Pontlevoy (= Pont Levoy-Thenay

(Falun)), 83, 158, 161, 165, 168, 173, Z45, 6Z1

Pontlevoy fauna, 165 Pontlevoy sea, 166 Pontlevoy-Thenay Sand, 165, 171 Portugal, 55 Potwar biostratigraphy, 575, 577 Potwar faunal change, 567 Potwar Plateau, Z46, 497, 50Z, 558,

57 5-578, 583 Potwar Plateau fossil plants, 560 Potwar sequence, 559, 563 Potwar Siwaliks, 573 Poznan Formation, Z03 Pozo (PZ), 464 Pre-Aragonian zone X, 51 Pre-Aragonian zone Y, 51 Pre-Aragonian zone Z, 51 Prebeza, 451 Prezletice, 110, Z14 Primitivus zone, 39Z Proboscidean datum, 9, 11, 73, Zll, Z53 Proboscidean dispersal event, 4, Z37,

Z48, Z49, Z53, 4Z5 Prochoma (PXM), 3Z3, 3Z5, 334 Progonomys hispanicus zone Progonomys-Rotundomys superzone, 96,

98, 108 Promimomys insuliferus zone, 100 Promimomys-Mimomys-Arvicola

lineage, 91, 94, 110, 111 Promimomys-Mimomys stage

(Csarnotan), 100 Promimomys moldavicus zone, 100 Promimomys zone, 100 Przeworno, 194, 195, Z03 Przeworno fauna, Z03 Pseudotheridomys group, 151 Pseudotheridomys lineage, 150 Pseudotheridomys-Ligerimys group, 150 Ptolemais, 109 Ptolemais 1, Z4, 35 Ptolemais 3, 100 Puebla de Valverde, 135 Puenta de Vallecas, 359 Pul-e Charki, 390 Puttenhausen, 183 Pyrenees, Z60, Z61 Pyrenees Basin, 384 Pyrenees Range, 375, 401

Qaidam (Tsaidam) fauna, 5Z9, 544 Qinghai Province, 5Z9, 530, 535, 541 QingyangCounty, 5Z7

Qinling Mountains, 549 Quantougou, 540 Quaternary, 10 Quaternary glacial chronologies, 1Z3 Quel (QE1), 464, 471, 47Z Quinta da Farinheira fauna, Z55 Quinta da Noiva, Z45 Quinta das Pedreiras, Z45, Z53 Quinta do Navigao, ZZ Quinta do Narigao fauna, Z55 Quinta do Pombeiro, ZZ, Z9 Quinta do Pombeiro fauna, Z55

Radiometric data, Z39, 499 Radiometric dating (see also Isotopic

dating), 5, Z14, 559, 589, 59Z, 601

Radiometric scale, 57 Ramapithecine hominoids, 96 Ramblian fauna, 55 Ramblian stage, Z5, 51-53,57,357,358,

361, 368, 371, 6ZO, 6Zl Rancholabrean deposits, 350 Rancholabrean land mammal age, 606 Range zone, 5, 1ZO, 1 Z4 Rauscherod, ZZ, ZZZ Ravin de Konikovo, 3Z1 Ravin de la Pluie (RPI), 3ZZ-3Z4,

333-335 Ravin de Vatillik, 3Zl Ravin des Zouaves (RZ), 3Z1-3Z4, 333,

334 Rebielice Krolewskie, 10Z, 110, 194,

195, zoz, Z05, 407 Red Cloud Formation, 350 Reference faunas of land mammal ages,

6ZZ Reference localities, 8 Reference sections, Z Reisensburg symposium, 6Z7 Rema Marmara, 34 Rembach, ZZ, ZZZ, ZZ8 Restricted species of land mammal

ages, 6ZZ Rhodanomys lineage, 150 Rhodanomys-Ritteneria group, 146,

148, 150, 6Z1 Rhodos, 37 Rhone Basin, 387 Rhone valley, 398 Richevoltes, 55 Rickenbach, 154 Ries crater, 183, 190 Ries lake, 188 Ries impact, 181 Rincon, 34Z Rincon 1 (see also Casa del Rincon), Z4 Rio Cabriel, 5~ Rfp basalt cone, Zl4 Riparian forest inhabitants, 98 Ritteneria lineage, 150

645

Riu Ripoll, 383, 397 Roca Neyra, Z4, 37 Rodent partial range zone, 1Z4 Rodent superzones, 94, 96 Rodolfian land mammal age, 11 Rombach, 66 Ronzon zone, 613 Ro ~haupten, 183 Rotem Basin, Z40, 594 Roussillon Basin, 407, 615 Roussillon fa\Dla, 5 Z8 Rubielos de Mora, 57 Rudabanya, 98, 108, Z30 Rlmton, 346, 348 Rupelian stage, 59 Z Ruscinian assemblage, Z31 Rus.cinian cricetid rodents, 110 Ruscinian land mammal age, 16, Z41

9Q-9Z, 94, 99, 100, 106-109, 11Z, 1Z7, 1Z8, 134, Z04, Z74, 380,387, 405,411, 615

Ruscinian stage, Z5, 34, 35 Ruscinic faunal unit, Z1 Rusinga, Z39, Z45 Rusingan land mammal age, 11 Rzehakia (Oncophora) beds, Z11, Z16

Sabadell, 613 Sahabi, 136 Saint-Gerand-le-Puy, 536 Saint Vallier, 89, 1Z5, 343, 345, 356,

475 Saint Vallier fauna, 133 Sainte Catherine, 55 Sakaraulian, Z39 Salento Peninsular, 351 Salobrena, 367, 384, 387, 391, 400 Salt Range, 558, 559 Saltina Z, Z4 Samos, Z3, 3Z, 33, Z78, 309, 31Z, 331,

332., 335 San Giusto, 409 San Juan (SJ), 464 San Men Series, 52.8, 52.9 Sandelzhausen, 181, Z46 Sankt Stefan, Z3, 30 Sansan, 84, 90, 185, 190, ZZ4, ZZ5, ZZ7,

Z45, 359, 368, 451 Sant Andreu de la Barca, 55, 377, 381,

391, 392. Sant Mamet, 359, 377, 393 Sant Quirze, 360, 366, 378, 383, 384 Santa Cilia (SC), 147-149, 464, 471, 47Z Santacrucian land mammal age, 4ZZ Santarem, Z3, 30 Santiga, 360 Sardice, Z13 Sardinia, 71 Sarmatian stage, Z3, Z16, 32.3 Sarmatian/Pannonian boundary, 19 Sarrion, 110, 399

646

Saudi Arabia, 451, 589, 594-597 Saulcet, 150, 153 Savigne-sur-Lathan, 158, 159, 166 Savigneau facies, 158 Schaffhausen, 153 Schernfeld, Z3Z Schnaitheim, 55 Sehwan section, 574 Selles-sur-cher, 157, 158, 1611 169 Selva Vecchia, 346 Selvella, 3441 346 Semiarid to arid environments, 433 Seneze, 73, 12.5, 133, 135, 136, 343,

346,475 Seneze fauna, 132.1 547 Serrat d'en Vacquer (see also

Perpignan), Z4, 35, 88, 99, 100, 110, 615

Serravallian stage, 19, 2.541 Z59 Serravallian/Tortonian boundary, 16 Ses Fontanelles, 390 Sete, Z4, 35, 101, Z3Z, 409, 615 Seu d'Urgell, 375, 376, 384 Seu d'Urgell Basin, 366 Seventh International Geological

Congress, 604 Seynes, 12.7 Shaanxi Province, 52.7, 540, 541 Shagou (Nihewan s.s.) fauna, 547 Shandong Province, 5Z9, 539 Shanwang, 54Q-54Z, 551 Shanwang fauna, 530, 539, 551 Shanwang (Shandong Province), 52.9 Shanwangia, 539 Shanxi Province, 5Z7, 52.9 Shawan Formation, 536 Shig-chiang-tzi-ku, 53Z Shouyang, 308,309 Siberia, 407 Sicily, 71 Sihong fauna, 538, 551 Sihong Province, 530 Silesia, 1931 ZOZ Simbugino, 407, 410 Sind, 2.45 Sino-American project, 532. Sivalhippus complex, Z76, 302., 306, 307,

311-315 Siwa, 597 Siwa fauna, 594 Siwalik assemblage, 580 Siwalik biostratigraphic interval-zones,

56Z Siwalik biostratigraphic zonation, 561 Siwalik chronology, 583 Siwalik climates, 560 Siwalik cricetid radiation, 583 Siwalik extinctions, 568 Siwalik fauna, 566, 567, 582. Siwalik faunal change, 566 Siwalik mammals, 562., 567

Siwalik murid record, 573, 577, 580 Siwalik section, 576 Siwalik sequence, 497, 557, 564, 575,

577, 592. Siwaliks (see also Pakistan), 4, 11, 136,

368,447,451, 549, 557-559, 563, 567

Slatina 1, 37 Slatina 2., 37 Slovakia, 2.13 Small mammal diversity, 583 Soan Formation, 558 Soblay, 366, 398 Sof~a, 2.3, 30, 2.48 Solar energy capture, 42.0, 440 Solar energy fluctuations, 42.2. Sologne Sands, 157 Songhor, 2.40, 372., 589, 592. South Africa, 42.8 South America, 12., 2.54, 2.58, 42.9, 431,

435 South Asia, 573, 577, 580, 583, 584 South Asian biogeographic province,

575 South China, 52.7 South China (Yunnan), 548 Southeast Asian mammals, 562. Southeast Asian species, 567 Southern Asia, 2.38, 2.41, 2.45, 2.48, 2.49,

608 Southern Asia elephantoids, 2.39 Southwest Asia, 416 Soviet Asia, 134 Spalte, 2.2.0, 2.2.3-2.2.9 Spalte-3, 2.16 Spanish extinction/immigration events,

369 Spanish Miocene bioevents, 370 Speciation event, 561 Species associations, 62.5 Sphaeroidinellopsis zone, 2.4 Spilia 1, 2.4, 35 St. Esteve, 134 St. Genies, 2.2. St. Gerard, 358 Stage of evolution, 6, 8, 9, 1 z, 49, 613,

618, 62.5, 62.6 Stampian stage, 536 Standard zone, 12.0, 12.4 Stehlin quarry (Artenay), 162. Steinberg, 2.3, 30 Steinheim, 84, 190, 2.46, 2.48 Steinheim Basin, 190 Stenotherm foraminifera, 2.59 Stephanomys rambliensis zone, 98, 99 Steppe lemmings, 107 Sterkfontein, 133 Strakonice, 2.13, 2.14, 2.2.0, ZZZ, 2.2.3, 2.2.6 Stranska skala, 2.16 Stranzendorf, 2.4, 37, 38 Stranzendorf D, 2.4

Stratigraphic signals, 4 Stratigraphic superposition, 3 Stratophenetic series, 576 Subzone, 1 Z 1 Suchomasty, 108, 2.11, 2.13, 2.14, 2.2.4,

2.2.5, 2.2.7' 2.30 Suevia fauna, Z 14 Suevres Collonges, 179 Sulaiman Range, 558 Suosuoquan Formation, 535 Superage/superstage, 62.5 Superposition, 2., 6-8, 12., 47, 49 Superzone, 1 2.8 Siissbrackwassermolasse, 179 Siissenborn, 348 Sut3wasserschichten (see Freshwater

Molasse beds), 2.2.2. Swamp-marsh deposits, 462. Synchronous events, 2.54 Synchrony, 4, 5, 8, 53, 495, 52.4 Systematic chron numbering, 18

Taben-buluk, 538 Taben-buluk area, 52.9, 535 Tadjikistan, 348,350 Tagus, 365, 359, 383 Tagus Basin, 2.55, 2.57, 2.59, 2.61, 366 Tandem dental evolution, 413 Tandem evolution, 439, 440 Taphonomy, 487

environments of deposition, 462. fossil concentrations, 559 post-predator modification, 492. predator modification, 448, 488, 491,

559 predepositional evidence, 452. preservation state, 469, 470 scat and pellet concentrations, 559 taphonomic factors, 10, 2.40, 465

Tarazona, 359 Tasso fauna, 135, 136 Tasso faunal unit, 346, 356 Tavers, 158, 168, 173, 2.45 Taxonomic boundaries, 415 Taxonomic diversity, 42.0, 433 Taxonomic diversity changes, 418, 419,

42.2., 42.4-42.6, 434, 436, 437' 440

Taxonomic grade, 2.45 Taxonomic identification, 94 Tectonic events, 5 Teeth characters (see also Dental

morphology), 3, 102., 107, 110, 112., 152., 2.39, 2.43, 333, 334, 347

antecrochet, 536 anterior ellipse, 152. anteroloph, 148, 149 anterolophid, 69, 147, 152. anterosinusid, 152. bunodont ctenodactylid, 68

647

Teeth characters (continued) cheek tooth plications, 275 chevrons, 576 crown height, 3, 536 dental morphology, 66, 70, 71 ectostylids, 288 first syncline, 152. hypocone, 32.9 hypoglyph, 2.8 5 hypolophid, 152 hypsodonty, 108 linguaflexid, 330 lingual cingulum, 536 lingual cusps, 576 lingual hypoconal groove, 3 2.9 longitudinal ridge, 147, 148, 152., 153 lophodont semi-hypsodont, 68 medisinus, 536 mesoloph, 147-150, 152. mesolophid, 69, 147, 152. metalophulid, 71 molar ectoflexid, 2.89 paracone, 149 parastylid, 32.9 pli caballin, 2.85, 32.9 pli caballinid, 2.88 plication, 32.9 posterior ellipse, 152 posterior cingulum, 536 posterior metalophule, 146 posteroloph, 147, 148 posterolophid, 69, 152. postfossette, 2.84, 536 premolar ectoflexid, 2.87 premolar linguaflexid, 2.88 premolar metaconid, 2.87 premolar metastylid, 2.87 protoconal spur, 2.86 protocone, 2.85, 32.9 protoconid, 69 protostylid, 2.88, 32.9 sinus, 152. sinusid, 152., 153 talonid, 535 third synclinid, 153 transverse metalophule, 146 trigonid, 535

Tegelen (see also Tiglian C), 24 Tegelen fauna, 133, 136 Teilchron, 5 Teilhard de Chardin's Zone ll, 546 Teilzone, 5 Teiritzberg, zz, 28 Temporal gaps, 6 Ternanian land mammal age, 11 Terranova, 346 Terrassa, 379, 397 Terrats, 24, 34 Teruel, 613 Teruel Basin, 358, 360, 379, 397 Teruel-Alfambra area, 615, 616

648

Teruel-Alfambra Basins, 387 Tethys, 430, 589, 592. Tethys area faunal intervals, 615 Tethys Sea, 2.38 Tethys seaway, 42.9, 557, 588 Thaler biozones, 613, 614 Thaler mammal zones, 612. Thenay (see also Pontlevoy-Theney),

165, 166, 173 Thermal demagnetization, 518, 52.1 Thessaloniki, 32.5 Thrace, 71 Thvera magnetic subchron, 18, ZO Tianshan Mountains, 536 Tibetan expedition, 530 Tibetan Plateau, 530, 557 Tien-chiang-tzi-ku, 538 Tienshan, 52.7 Tiffanian land mammal age, 606 Tiglian C, 2.4, 38 Tiglian land mammal age, 136 Time succession, 47 Time-transgressive dispersal, 94 Tongxin, 541, 542. Tongxin area, 530 Tongxin fauna, 540, 541 Toringian land mammal age, 104,

106-108, 110, 380 Tornanian land mammal age, 101 Torrejonian land mammal age, 606 Torremormoj6n section, 53 Torrent de Febulines, 360 Torrijos, 359 Tortajada, 109 Tortajada A, 99, 109 Tortonian stage, 19, 32.3, 499 Transgression/regression cycles, 483,

475 Trilogie agenaise, 139, 143 Trilophomys-Ruscinomys Superzone, 99,

109 Trimingham, 348 Trinxera Nord Autopista, 360, 384 Trinxera Sud Autopista, 378, 397 Triversa (see also Villafranchian), 2.4,

36, 476 Triversa faunal unit, 340 Tropical Africa, 439, 455 Tropical African faunas, 454 Tsaidam (see Qaidam) Tucho~ce, 55,Z13,Z14,Z18,Z19 Tung-gur, 52.8, 52.9, 532., 540, 542.-544,

551 Tung-gur Formation, 530 Tunisia, 592. Tunisian fauna, 2.38 Turgai Strait, 548, 588 Turkey, 71, 72., 2.48, 369, 454, 456, 616 Turkish plate, 589 Turkish-German lignite, 445 Turkomys-Byzantinia fauna, 395

Turolian assemblage, 513 Turolian fauna, 360, 401 Turolian faunal association, 396 Turolian dispersal event, 310 Turolian land mammal age, Z3, 90, 94,

98, 105-llO, llZ, Z30, Z74, Z97, Z98, 300, 308, 3Z9-33Z, 336, 357, 361, 36Z, 364, 367, 370,37Z,384, 389,398,399, 40Z, 407, 508, 615, 6Z5

Turolian localities, 400 Turolian stage, Z5, 3Z-34, 134 Turolian/Ruscinian boundary, 16, 615 Turolic faunal unit, Zl Type section, 6

Uganda, Z40, 587-589 Ulantatar locality, 53Z Untere Landschneckenmergel, Z56 Unterneul, 183, 188 Unterneul clay quarries, 183 Upper Freshwater Molasse (see also

Freshwater Molasse), 178, 179 Upper Marine Molasse, 177-180 Upper Valdarno, 34Z, 344-346 Ural Mountains, 410 U ralian Sea, 548 Urungu River, 543

Valdai glaciation, 480 Valdarno, 131, 13Z, 135, 136 Valdecebro, 99, 109 Valdemoros, 359 Valec, Z13, Zl4 Valerymys-Hispanomys Superzone, 98,

109 Valles de Fuentiduena, 360 Valles-Penedes area, 615 VaUes-Penedes Basin, 357-360, 365,

366, 37 5-379, 381, 383, 384-387,391-394,396,397, 497, 498

Vallesian assemblage, Z30, Z31 Vallesian fauna, 57, Zll Vallesian hipparions, 334 Vallesian land mammal age, Z3, 70, 71,

90, 94, 96, 108, 11 Z, 166, Zl4, Z74, Z96, Z97, 310, 31Z, 3Z8, 330-333, 335, 336, 357, 359-361, 369, 37Z, 375, 383, 384, 387, 391, 396,397, 401, 40Z, 50Z, 517, 5Zl, 544, 574, 615, 6ZO, 6Z5

Valles ian localities, 397, 496 (map) Vallesian rodent fauna, 105 Vallesian stage, 6, 7, Z5, 31, 3Z, 5Z, 53,

6Zl Vallesian zone, ZZ7 Vallesian zones H and I, 51 Vallesian/early Turolian sites, 396 Vallesian/Turolian boundary, 367, 5Z1

Vallesic faunal unit, Zl Valquemado (VQ), 358,464 Valtorres, Z56 Vathylakkos (VLO), 3Zl, 3ZZ, 3Z4, 3Z5,

3Z8, 334 Vathylakkos Formation, 3Z3, 331, 33Z,

335, 336 Vcelare, Zll, Zl3, Zl7, Z3Z Ycefare 3, 110 Vendargues, Z4, 35 Venta del Moro, Z3, 33, 361, 384, 391,

509, 5ll . Venta del Moro fauna, 5ll-513 Venta del Moro section, 508, 510 Venta Micena, 349 Verona, 346, 347 Veyran, ZZ, Z9 Vialette, Z4, 36, 1Z5, 1Z6 Vialette local fauna, 340 Vienna Basin, Zl4, Zl6 Vieux Collonges, 179, 188, 190, 365,

383, 385, 6Zl Viladecavalls, 360, 379, 397 Villafeliche, 365 Villafranca d'Asti, 89, 131, 615 Villafranchian association, 13Z Villafranchian fauna, 90,347,475-477,

480, 483, 484, 5Z9 Villafranchian faunal expansion, 136 Villafranchian holdover taxa, 349 Villafranchian land mammal age, 9, 10,

91, ll9, 1Z7, 1Z8, 131-136, Z74, 305, 346, 356, 547, 615

Villafranchian sites, 478 (map) Villafranchian stage, Z5 Villafranchian-Galerian transition, 347,

356 Villafranchian-Villanyian land mammal

age, Z4 Villafranchian-Villanyian stage, 36-38 Villafranchic faunal unit, Zl Villalba, 370 Villalba Alta, 35, llO, 399 Villany, Z3Z, 405 Villany 3, 101, lOZ vmany 5, 104 vma.ny 8, 103 Villanyian assemblage, Z3Z Villanyian fauna, Z14 Villanyian land mammal age, 9, 101,

106, 108, llO, 1Z8, 131, 13Z, Z05, Z06, Z17, 380,405

Villanyian stage, Z5 Villanyic faunal unit, Zl Villaroya, Z4, 37, 305 Villastar, 361 Vivero de Pinos, 360 Voigtsted t, 104 V6sendorf (see also Jnzersdorf), Z3, 31,

Z30 Vrica section, 136

649

Wadi Faregh fauna, 594 Wafangyingzi, 536 Wallace's Rule, 418-420, 423, 429, 432 Wangdaifuliang, 545 Wasatch Formation, 602, 604 Wasatchian land mammal age, 7, 606 Wasatchian stage, 7 Wattwil, 179 Wattwil fauna, 179 Westbury Cave, 49Z Western Mediterranean, 20 Wet screening, 612 Wrrie, 109, 193-195, 202, 204, 205, 232,

407, 409 Wyze 1, 204 Wintershof-West, 55, 82, 538 Wisconsin glaciation, 480 Wolfersheim, 405, 407, 409 Wood Committee Report, 606-609 Woodburne volume, 608 Woodland and forested habitat, 560 Wu Lan Kou (Fugu County), 527 Wu-tao-ya-ku, 532 Wulungu Formation, 535 Wiirm glaciation, 480 Wurmian glacial fauna, 1Z Wurmian glaciation deposits, 110 Wuxiang, 303 Wyoming, 602, 604

Xiacaowan Formation, 68, 538 Xianshuihe, 529 Xianshuihe Formation, 537, 541 Xiaodian Village, 539 Xiaolongtan fauna, 544 Xi~ia, 532, 536, 540, 551 Xiejia fauna, 535 Xiejia Formation, 530, 535, 536, 541 Xin-an (Henan Province), 527 Xining Basin, 530, 535, 541 Xining (Qinghai Province), 529 Xinjian Uygur Autonomous Region, 536,

543 Xinjiang, 535 Xmas Quarry, 294-296

Yassioren, 335, 496-498 Yehucheng Formation, 532 Yellow River, 532 Yeni~ubuk anticline, 64 Yeni-Eskihisar 1 fauna, 23, 31 Yeni-Eskihisar pollen zone, 22, 23 Yenikoy, 64, 66, 68, 69, 516 Yenikoy fauna, 70 Yenikoy section, 517 Yeroham Basin, 240, 594 Yindirte, 538 Yongdong County, 540 Youhe, 547 Youhe fauna, 547 Youhean land mammal age, 274, 304

650

Youshashan Formation, 544 Yu County, 547 Yunnan Province, 527, 530, 544, 545,

549, 550 Yushe, 529 Yushe Basin, 532 Yushe County (Shanxi Province), 546 Yushe series, 5Z9

Zagreb, 548 Zalesiaki, Z04 Zamkowa Dolna Cave, Z04, ZOS Zanclean/Piacencian boundary, 20 Zhangbei, 536, 537 Zhangbei County, 536 Zhanjiaping, 551 Zhanj iaping fauna, 53 7, 551 Zhongning County, 545 Zhurihe railway station, 544 Zirany, Z17 Zofingen, 178 Zonation of Aguilar, 1Z3, 1Z4 Zonation of Agust1 et al., 1 Z4 Zonation of Cordy, 1Z4 Zone boundaries, 125 Zoogeographic region, 549 ziijar, 381

TAXONOMIC INDEX (Mammal Genera)

Aceratherium, 81, 84-87, 140, ZOO, ZOZ, Z03, 379, 449, 450, 591

Acerorhinus, 544, 545 Acinonyx, 89, 131 Acteocemas, 358, 3 59, 368 Adcrocuta, 86, 87, 334, 379 Adelomyarion, 140, 146, 154 Afrosmilus, 591 Agriotherium, Z05, ZOO, 546 Albanensia, 85, 86 Albanohyus, 85, 86 Albertona, 68, 70 Alicornops, 86 Alilepus, 8 7, 545 Allocricetus, lOZ-106, 110, Z06, 379 Allophaiomys (see also Microtus

(Allopaiomys)), 110, 1Z4, Z06, 381

Alloptox, 448, 449, 541, 543 Alloscapanus, 84, 85 Allosorex, Z31 Alopecocyon, 84, ZOO Amblycoptus, 196 Ameniscomys, 8Z, Zl8 Amphechinus, 81, 84 Amphictis, 81-83 Amphicyon, 81, 8Z, 84-86, 161, 449,

450, 45Z, 453, 5Z9, 539, 543, 549, 551

Amphicyonopsis, 85 Amphilagus, 81-83, 86, 140, 160, Zl8 Amphimachairodus, 87 Amphiperatherium, 81, 8Z, 183 Amphitragulus, 81-83, 358, 359 Anancus, 89, 131, Z31, Z3Z, 475 Anasinopa, 591, 593 Anatolomys, 407 Anchitheriomys, 54Z, 544 Anchitherium, 51, 53, 83-85, 153, 161,

168, 173, Z01-Z03, Z39, 435, 449, 450, 5Z8, 530, 538, 539, 543, 544, 549, 550, 618, 6Zl

Ancylotherium, 436, 540 Andegameryx, 8Z, 83, 160, 168, 358,

359

Anomalomys, 85, 86, 96, 98, 108, 179, 193, 198, Z03, Z11, ZZZ, ZZ7, ZZ8, Z30, 366, 367, 376, 378, 379, 385, 395-398

Ansomys, 538, 539 Antelope, 545 Antemus, 573, 756, 580, 58Z-584 Anthracobune, Z38 Anthracotherium, 140 Antilospira, 547 Aonyx, 89 Apeomys, 8Z Apodemus, 87, 89, 99-106, 109, 110,

367, 376, 379-381, 199, 391, 399, 410, 509, 584

Aprotodon, 537, 549 Arabosminthus, 595 Aratomys, 106, 107 Archaeobelodon, Z39, Z40, Z45, 591 Archaeomys, 68, 140 Archidiskodon, 131, 4 7 5 Arctomeles, ZOO Armantomys, 375, 383, 385, 39Z, 395 Arsinoitherium, Z38 Arvernoceros, ZOl, Z06 Arvicola, 103-105, 107, 110, 1Z4, 349,

381, 407 Astrohippus, 339 Atlantoxerus, 86, 87, 99, 380, 498, 54Z,

543 ·Aureliachoerus, 83, 358, 359, 368 Austroportax, 360

Baranogale, 87, 89, ZOO,Z04, Z05 Baranomys, 99, 100, 10Z, 106, 110, 198,

Z04, Z05, 405, 407 Barberahyus, 360 Barytherium, Z38 Bathyergoides, 589 Bedenomeryx, 140 Beliajevina, 449, 450, 45Z Bellatona, 543, 544 Beremendia, 89, 196 Birgerbohlinia, 87, 360, 36Z, 379 Bison, 340, 349 Blackia, 84, 85, 197, Zl8, 410

651

Blancomys, 106, 110, 367, 399, 509 Blarinella, 84, 87, 195 Blarinotdes, 89, 195, 2.31 Borissiakia, 537 Borsodia, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101-103, 106,

110, ZOS, Z3Z, 407, 408 Brachyerix, 535 Brachyodus, 160, 161, 168, 173, Z39,

Z55, 358, 368, 371, 435, 436, 591

Brachypotherium, 8Z, 83, 84, ZOO, ZOZ, Z03, 449, 450, 535, 536, 539, 548, 591, 593

Brachyrhizomys, 530, 545, 546, 580 Bransatoglis, 66, 70, 81-83, Z18, ZZZ,

366, 377' 378, 383, 384, 393, 394, 396

Broiliana, 83, 160, 173 Bubalus, 1Z6 Bunolistriodon, 83, 173, Z58, 359 Byzantinia, 68, 106, 109, 497, 498

Cadurcotherium, 140 Cainotherium, 81-83, 140, 183, 2.54 Calomyscus, 106, 367, 387, 401 Camelus, 436 Canis, 87, 1Z4, 133-136, 346,448,480,

491 Canthumeryx, Z40, 591, 593 Capreolus, 86 Caprotragoides, 359, 360, 368, 371, 449,

451, 596 Carposorex, 8Z Castillomys, 70, 101, 367, 379, 381,

391, 400 Castor, 89 Celadensia, 99, 100, 367, 407 Cephalogale, 81, 140 Cercopithecus, 419, 4ZZ Cervalces, 346, 347 Cervavitus, 547 Cervus, 89, 135, Z01, ZOS, 349, 480 Chalicomys, 98, 198, Z03 Chalicotherium, 84, 86, 173, Z01, ZOZ,

379, 449, 539, 541, 543, 591 Chardinomys, 547 Chasmaporthetes, 89, 131, 334, 546 Chilotherium, Z60, 540, 541, 545, 549 Chleuastochoerus, 544 Choerolophodon, 2.37, 2.39, Z4Z, Z47-Z49 Circamustela, 86 Citellus, 104, 105 Clapasorex, 81 Clethrionomys, 10Z-106, 110, Z3Z Collimys, 96, 98, 105, 108 Collongomys, 365 Condylura, 195 Conohyus, 85, 166, Z01, Z03, 368, 449,

451, 563 Copemys, 386 Cordylodon, 8Z

652

Cormohipparion, 4, Z3, Z68, Z75, Z90-Z9Z, Z94-Z96, 30Z, 308, 310, 314, 496

Coryphodon, 60Z Cremohipparion, Z69, Z75, Z77, Z78,

Z9Z, Z97, 307-314 Cricetodon, 67, 68, 70, 72., 84, 85, 183,

184, 188, 190, zzz, Z37, 365-367' 377' 378, 385-387' 391, 394, 395, 397, 498, 54Z

Cricetulodon, 86, 360, 367, 376, 378, 379, 497' 498

Cricetulus, 7Z Cricetus, 68, 72., 87, 99, 104-106, 110,

Z06, 367' 380, 381, 387' 509 Crocuta, 347, 4Z5 Croizetoceros, 89, Z01, ZOS Crouzelia, 84 Crusafontina, 86 Cseria, 406, 409 Cynelos, 8Z, 160

Dakkamys, 576 Dama, 133, 135 Decennatherium, 87, 334, 360 Deinosorex, Z2.7 Deinotherium, 83, 84, 86, 166, 173, 181,

190, Z11, Z37, Z53, Z54, Z56-Z59, Z61, 449, 450, 549

Deinsdorfia, 195 Democricetodon, 5Z, 53, 55, 57, 66, 67,

7Q-73, 83-86, 96, 98, 107, 108, 183, 190, 193, 198, zoz, Z03, ZZZ, ZZ4, ZZS, ZZ7, 2.30, Z37, 365, 367' 369, 377' 386, 392., 394, 448, 449, 537, 538, 543, 549, 551, 576, 577, 583

Dendromus, 106 Deperetomys, 70, 7Z, 85, 105, 365, 385 Desmanella, 85, 87, 54Z Desmana, 19 5 Desmanodon, 44 7-449 Desmatolagus, 536 Diaceratherium, 81, 83, 140, 160, 536 Diatomys, 538, 539 Dibolia, 87 Diceratherium, 81 Dicerorhinus, 81, 86, 87, 89, ZOO, Z05,

379, 540, 541, 591 Diceros, 550 Dicoryphochoerus, 544 Dicrocerus, 84, 173, 543, 544 Dicrostonyx, 104, 105, 107, 110 Dimylechinus, 81, 535 Dimylus, 81 Dinocrocuta, 544, 545 Dinofelis, 135 Dinohippus, 339 Dinosorex, 84-86, ZZ7 Dionysophithecus, 538 Dipoides, 86, 87, 99

Dolomys, 101, 102., 106, 109, 110, 198, 2.04, 2.05, 407

Dorcabune, 546 Dorcatherium, 83-87, 173, Z01, Z03,

332., 334, 358, 361, 368, 371, 449, 451, 538, 551, 591, 592.

Dremotherium, 81, 82., 140 Dryomimus, 10Z, 103 Dryopithecus, 86, 376, 447, 530, 549 Dzungariotherium, 536, 537

Ebromys, 4 71 Elephas, 439, 547, 550, 551, 563, 604 Eliomys, 86, 87, 98,99, 105, 2.Z7, Z30,

2.31,366,380, 383,384,399, 409, 410, 508

Enhydrictis, 89 Enhydriodon, 87 Entelodon, 548 Eolagurus, 105, 107, 110 Eomuscardinus, 84-86, 2.2.7, 366, 383,

394, 396 Eomyops, 85, 86, ZZO, ZZZ, Z2.7, Z31,

366,369,376,378,396,398 Eomys, Z18 Eostylocerus, 87, 360, 361, 379 Eotragus, 84, 85, Z37, 2.40, 359, 360,

368, 371, 540 Eozapus, 98, 99 Eozygodon, Z41, 2.42., 2.45, 591, 59Z Epimeriones, 96, 98, 100, 105, 198, Z04,

367, 376, 390, 400 Episoriculus, 89, 196 Eptesicus, 84. 196 Equus, 9, 89, 131, 305, 339-353, 435,

436, 475, 480, 550, 551, 563 Erinaceus, 195, 544 Estramomys, lOZ, 103, 197, Z04, Z05,

366, 399 Eucladoceros, 133, 135, 2.05, 34Z, 346 Eucricetodon, 5Z, 53, 55, 57, 67, 68, 70,

n, 81, 8Z, 140, 146, 147, 154, 160, 178, 365, 39Z, 535, 536, 548

Euctenoceros, 89 Eumyarion, 66, 70, 7Z, 83-86, 96, 105,

108, 179, 183, 186, 190, 193, 198,Z03, Z11, ZZZ,ZZ3, ZZ7, Z30, 365, 367, 369, 377, 379, 392., 395, 396

Euprox, 85-87, 193, ZOl-2.03, 359, 360, 368, 449, 451, 543

Eurolagus, 84, 85, 197, ZOZ Eutamias, 538 Exallerix, 535

Fahlbuschia, 53, 105, 360, 365, 367, 369, 377, 378, 3.94

Felis, 89, ZOO, Z05 Felsinotherium, 89 Forsythia, 85

Fortunictis, 87

Gaindatherium, 173 Gaindatherium (Iberotherium), 2.56, Z58 Galemys, 195 Galerix, 83-87, ZZ7 Gallogoral, 89 Gazella, 87, 89,475, 545, 547 Gazellospira, 89 Gelocus, 591 Germanomys, 101, 102., 106, 109, 198,

2.04, Z31, 405, 407, 408, 547 Giraffa, 563 Giraffokeryx, 449, 451 Gliravus, 140, 154 Glirudinus, 66, 70, 81-83, 85, 86, 96,

199, 2.18, zzz, 377, 383, 393, 394

Glirulus, 89, lOZ, 199, ZZZ, ZZ7, Z30, 405, 410

Glis, lOZ, 105, 199, ZZZ, ZZ7, Z30, 376, 383, 384, 396, 409, 410

Glyptotherium, 604 Gobicyon, 540, 543, 549 Gomphotherium, 83-85, 181, Z01-Z03,

Zll, ZZZ, Z37-Z4Z, 2.45, 2.48, Z54, Z56, Z59, Z61, 449, 450, 453, 537' 538, 541, 548-550, 591

Graphiurops, ZZ7, Z30, Z31

Haplocyon, 81, 8Z, 140 Haplocyonoides, 8Z, 160 Haplocyonopsis, 81 Hecubides, 591 Hemicyon, 83-85, 449, 539, 540, 543,

591 Hemimastodon, Z37-Z39, 2.41, Z4Z, 2.44,

Z49 Herpestides, 81, 8Z, 591 Heterictis, ZOO Heteromyoxus, 8Z, Z18 Heteroprox, 84, 85, 357, 360 Heterosorex, 8Z Heteroxerus, 81-84, 86, 87, 2.18 Hexaprotodon, 1Z6, 563 Hipparion (see also Cormohipparion and

Hippotherium), 4, 9, 10, 19, Z3, 51, 53, 54, 57, 86, 87, 90, 96, 166, 173, ZZ7, Z48, Z54, Z68, 2.75, Z78, Z9Q-2.93, 2.95-Z99, 301-310, 31Z, 314, 315, 32.1, 3Z8-330, 33Z, 333, 336, 360, 378, 379, 383, 386, 395, 436, 496, 497, 500, 502., 503, 52.7-530, 53Z, 544-547, 550,551,576,597,618

Hipparion s.s., Z76, Z98, 30Q-30Z, 307, 311-315

Hippopotamus, 361, 369, 371, 4Z5, 436 Hipposideros, 83

653

Hippotherium, Z3, Z15 Hippotigris, 344, 348 Hispanodorcas, 87, 361 Hispanomeryx, 359, 360, 368 Hispanomys, 86, 98, 99, 105-109, 367,

378-380, 385, 394, 395, 397, 398, 498

Hispanotherium, 173, Z56, Z58, Z60, Z61, 359, 530, 541, 54Z

Homoiodorcas, 369, 596 Homotherium, 89, 131 Hyaena, 133, 33Z Hyaenaelurus, 549, 589 Hyaenodon, 140,537,591 Hydracoides, 86 Hydromops, 81 Hyoboops, 591 Hyotherium, 81-83, 86, 359, 360, 368,

544 Hypolagus, 89, 197, Z05, Z31 Hypsodontus, 451 Hyracotherium, 60Z Hystrix, 90, ZOO, Z04, 436, 567, 576

Ictitherium, 334, 544, 546 Indarctos, 86, 87, 546 Ischymomys, 106, 107, 109 Ischyrictis, 84-86 Isoptychus, 613 Issiodoromys, 68, 140

Kansupithecus, 538 Karnimata, 367, 391, 58Z, 584 Kelba, 589, 591 Kenyalutra, 591 Kenyapithecus, 44 7 Kenyasus, 591 Keramidomys, 84-86, 197, ZZO, ZZZ,

ZZ7, Z31, 366, 376, 394-396, 398, 399, 54Z

Keridomys, Z04 Kichechia, 591 Kipsigicerus, 369 Kislangia, 379, 381 Kowalskia, n, 86, 87, 98-101, 105, 108,

110, 198, Z04, ZZ4, ZZ5, ZZ7, Z30, Z31, 367, 376, 380, 387, 397, 398, 409, 410

Kubanochoerus, Z48, 368, 540-543, 549, 551

Kubanotragus, 449, 451, 453

Lagomeryx, 83, 160, 168, 173, 358, 359, 538, 539, 543, 544, 551

Lagopsis, 83-86, 145, 154, 160 Lagurodon, 10Z-104, 106, 110 Lagurus, 105, 107, 110 Lanthanotherium, 83-86, ZZ7 Laphyctis, 83 Lartetomys, ZZZ, 365, 385 Lartetotherium, 83-85, 541

654

Leakitherium, 591 Legetetia, 591 Lemmus, 94, 97, 10Z-107, 110, Z06 Leptarctos, 543 Leptobos, 89, 131, 133, 475 Leptodontomys, 197, Z04, 54Z Leptop1esictis, 85, 591 Leptotataromys, 53Z, 536 Lepus, 436 Leukaristomys, 407 Libycochoerus, 591, 593 Ligerimys, 5Z, 53, 8Z, 83, 153, 154, 178,

179, Z18, Z19, ZZZ, 377, 39Z, 393,471

Listriodon, 84-86, 359, 360, 368, 409, 436, 450, 451, 5Z9, 530, 540, 54Z, 543, 563, 593

Lophiba1uchia, 69, 70 Lophiodon, 613 Lophiomeryx, 536 Lophocricetus, 407 Lufengpithecus, 546 Luoga1e, 591 Lutra, 546 Lycyaena, 87 Lynx, 475

Macaca, 89, 369, 371, 4Z5, 540 Machairodus, 86, 87, 543, 546 Macrotherium, 165, 540, 541 Mafia, 195 Mammut, Z01, Z31, Z3Z, 341, 546, 547 Mammuthus, 89 Marcetia, 86 Martes, 83-86, ZOO, Z05, 543 Megaceros, 349 Megacricetodon, 53, 67, 70, 7Z, 83-86,

105, 108, 179, 183, 185, 187-190, zzz, ZZ6, ZZ7, Z30, Z37, 365, 367, 369, 377-379, 383, 385, 386, 39Z, 394-396, 448, 449, 497, 498, 537, 538, 541, 543, 549, 551, 576, 583, 6Z1 .

Megaderma, 8Z, 87, ZZ7 Megalovis, 1Z4, 136, 346 Megamphicyon, 8Z, 83

. Megantereon, 89, 131 Megapedetes, Z48, 589 Megistotherium, 591 Meinia, 539 Meles, 89 Melissiodon, 5Z, 8Z, 83, 140, 179, Z18,

ZZ1, ZZZ, 39Z Melodon, 543 Merychippus, Z68, Z90, Z91, 30Z Mesaceratherium, 81, 83 Mesembriacerus, 331, 334 Mesochoerus, 439 Mesocricetus, 68, 7Z Mesomephitis, 86

Metacordylodon, 85, 86, 195, ZOZ Metailurus, 87, 543, 546 Metapterodon, 591 Metasayimys, 594 Metaschizotherium, 540 Metexallerix, 53Z, 535 Microbunodon, 140 Microdyromys, 81, 83-85, Z18, ZZZ, 384,

393, 538, 54Z Micromeryx, 84-86, 361, 368, 449, 451,

541, 543 Micromys, 99, 100, 106, 199, 379, 409,

410, 584 Microstonyx, 87, 360, 361, 379 Microtia, llZ Microtocricetus, 96, 98, 105, 107, 108,

386, 387, 397 Microtodon, 106, 198, Z04, 407 Microtoscoptes, 106, 107, 109, 407 Microtus, 103-105, 110, 2.06 Microtus (Allophaiomys), 94, 101, 107,

2.32. Mimomys, 89, 90, 100, 101, 106, 107,

109, 110, 1Z4, 131, 13Z, 198, 199, 2.04-Z06, Z31, Z3Z, 381, 405, 406, 408-411, 547

Mimomys (Cseria), 94, 101-103 Mimomys (Kislangia), 10Z Miniopterus, 196, 2.04 Miodyromys, 8Z, 84, 85, 2.18, ZZZ, 377,

383, 395 Mioechinus, 84 Miomachairodils, 544, 545 Miomegaderma, 84, 85 Miomephitis, 83 Mionictis, 84, 543 Miopetaurista, 70, 8Z-86, 197, Z18, 377 Mioprionodon, 591 Miorhynchocyon, 589 Miosorex, 83, 84, 86 Miotragocerus, 86, 332., 359, 360, 368,

369 Mirabella, 66, 70 Moeritherium, 2.38 Monosaulax, 536, 54Z Montalbanensis, 70 Moropus, 81 Mus, 107, 110, 576, 577 Muscardinus, 85-87,89,98,99, 105,

199,ZZ7, 2.30, 366,367,369, 376-380, 383, 384, 394, 396, 410

Mustela, ZOO, Z05 Mygalea, 84 Myocricetodon, 106, 367, 371, 387, 401,

576 Myoglis, 84-86, 96, 98, Z18, ZZZ, ZZ7,

Z30, 366, 369, 378, 383, 394-396

Myomimus, 71, 87, 98,366, 369,379, 381,383,396,399,498

Myorycteropus, 591 Myotis, 81-84, 196

Nannippus, Z75 Necromanis, 82., 83 Neocometes, 85, 105, 193, Z11, ZZ.Z,

ZZ7' ZZ9, 369 Neocricetodon, 387 Neodon, 104, 105 Neohipparion, Z75, 30Z, 305 Neomysorex, 196 Neurotrichus, 195 Ningxiatherium, 545 Nisidorcas, 332., 334, 369 Notiocradohipparion, Z91, Z92. N otochoerus, 439 Numidotherium, Z38 Nyctereutes, 89, 134, ZOO, 475, 546,

547, 550 Nyctinomus, 81, 85

Occitanomys, 70, 87, 96, 98-100, 105, 109, 11Z, 367' 379-381, 391, 398, 399, 508

Ochotona, 197, ZOS, 547 Ochotonoides, 54 7 Oioceros, 369, 535, 536, 540-543, 595 Oligosorex, 81, 84 Olobulukia, 544 Orientalomys, 100, 101, 547 Oriomeryx, 8Z Orycteropus, 89, 2.48, 449, 451, 550,

591, 592. Oryctolagus, 89 Ouranopithecus, 334 Ouzocerus, 334

Pachycrocuta (see also Pliohyaena), 89 Pachyhyrax, 591 Pachytragus, 451, 596 Paenelimnoecus, 82., 84, 87, 196 Palaeochoerus, 82., 140 Palaeogale, 81-83 Palaeomastodon, 2.38 Palaeomeryx, 83-85, Z01, ZOZ, 357, 358,

368,449,451,538-542. Palaeomys, 86 Palaeonycteris, 81 Palaeoreas, 334 Palaeoryx, 369 Palaeosciurus, 70, 81-83, 197 Palaeotapirus, 81, 539 Palaeotragus, 360, 368, 538, 541-544,

547 Pannonicola, 106 Panthera, 89, 1Z6, 133 Paracamelus, 361, 546, 550 Paracervulus, 546 Parachleuastochoerus, 86, 360 Paracitellus, 82. Paraentelodon, 537, 548

655

Paraethomys, 100, 101, 106, 109, 110, 367' 376, 380, 381, 391, 399, 509, 577, 582, 584

Paraglirulus, 85, 86, 227, 230, 231, 366, 369,378,383,384,394,396, 398

Paraglis, 84, 85, 227 Parahippus, 268, 290, 291 Parailurus, 89, 231, 232 Paralactaga, 542 Paralutra, 85, 86 Paramachairodus, 87 Paranomalurus, 589 Paranourosorex, 196 Parapelomys, 584 Parapetaurista, 538 Paraphiomys, 589 Parapliohyrax, 451 Parapodemus, 68, 70, 72, 87, 90, 98, 99,

105, 109, 199, 227, 231, 360, 361, 367, 379, 380, 391, 398, 508, 509, 511, 582, 584

Parasminthus, 68, 535 Parasorex, 86 Paratalpa, 81 Paratapirus, 161 Pelomys, 106 Pelycodus, 602 Percrocuta, 449, 450, 530, 540, 543 Peridyromys, 81-83, 140, 218, 222, 377,

381,383, 39~ 393,471 Petenyia, 89, 195 Petenyiella, 380 Phenacolophus, 238 Phiomia, 238, 242, 244 Phoberocyon, 83 Phyllotillon, 81, 85, 537, 548, 549 Piezodus, 81, 140 Pitymys, 104, 105 Platodontopithecus, 538 Platybelodon, 248, 528, 532, 540, 541,

543, 545, 549, 551, 591 Plecotus, 196 Plesiaceratherium, 83, 529, 539, 540,

551 Plesiaddax, 369, 549 Plesictis, 81-83, 140 Plesiodimylus, 82-86, 227 Plesiodipus, 541, 542 Plesiogale, 81-83 Plesiogulo, 334, 449, 546 Plesiosminthus, 81, 140, 146, 154, 535,

538, 539, 548 Plesiosorex, 85 Plesippus, 340 Plesispermophilus, 82., 2.18 Plioctomys, 407 Pliohyaena, 133, 546 Pliohyaena (= Pachycrocuta), 131 Pliohyrax, 86, 451

656

Pliomys, 101, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 379

Pliomys (Propliomys), 106 Pliopentalagus, 231 Pliopetaurista, 102, 197,231,409,410 Pliopetes, 102, 197 Pliopithecus, 83, 84, 165, 173, 183, 196,

202, 203, 540 Plioselevinia, 199 Pliospalax, 7Z, 96, 105, 109, 448, 449 Plioviverrops, 87, 334, 379, 550 Plithocyon, 84,160,449 Postpalerinaceus, 86 Potamotherium, 81 Potwarmus, 576 Praearmantomys, 375, 377 Praemegoceros, 349 Pristiphoca, 2.2.7 Proailurus, 81, 82 Proboscidipparion, 269, 275, 303, 304,

306, 307, 312, 314, 546, 547 Procamptoceras, 124, 136 Procapreolus, 201, 205, 227, 361 Procervulus, 83, 358 Proconsul, 589 Prodeinotherium, 86, 238, 240, 241,

245, 591-593 Progenetta, 83 Progiraffa, 368, 371 Progonomys, 68, 70, 7Z, 86, 98, 105,

108, 331, 334, 360, 367 376, 379, 390, 396, 497' 498, 502, 574, 576, 580, 582-584

Prohyrax, 591 Prokanisamys, 575 Prolagurus, 104, 107, 110 Prolagus, 82.-87, 89, 145, 154, 160, 179,

379, 448, 449 Promephitis, 86 Prometheomys, 2.04 Promimomys, 68, 70, 7Z, 99, 106, 109,

110 Proochotona, 498 Propalaeoryx, 591 Propliomys, 101, 199, 204, 205, 407, 408 Propotamochoerus, 544 Proputorius, 84, 85, 449, 546 Prosantorhinus, 83 Proscapanus, 82-84 Prosiphneus, 544, 547 Prosomys, 198, 204 Prospalax, 98, 102-105, 109, 110, 199,

408 Prostrepsiceros, 33 2, 334 Protaceratherium, 81, 83, 160 Protalactaga, 541, 542, 544 Protanancus, 245 Protapirus, 140 Protatera, 106,367,371,381,387-390,

401, 576 Protictitherium, 86, 449, 450, 538

Protoryx, 369 Protozapus, 227, 231 Protrage1aphus, 332 Protragocerus, 360 Protursus, 86 Pseudaelurus, 83-85, 200, 203, 449, 538 Pseudarctos, 83-85, 543 Pseudocricetodon, 67, 68, 70, 72, 82,

140 Pseudocyon, 81-84 Pseudocyonops~, 81, 140 Pseudodryomys, 55, 81-83, 140, 222,

227,377,381, 383,39~393, 449, 471, 472

Pseudofahlbuschia, 53 Pseudogalerix, 84 Pseudohipparion, 275 Pseudo1tinomys, 68 Pseudomeriones, 71, 72, 100, 108, 230,

367' 390, 401 Pseudotheridomys, 81, 82, 140, 150,

152, 178, 218, 219, 222, 471 Pterodon, 591 Ptychoprolagus, 218

Quercomys, 471 Qurliqnoria, 544, 545

Rahonapithecus, 86 Ramapithecus, 447, 546, 549 Rangifer, 482 Rattus, 107, 110 Ratufa, 82 Renzimys, 53 Rhagapodemus, 100, 106, 110, 112, 199,

231, 379, 391, 409, 410 Rhino1ophus, 81, 82, 196, 204 Rhizomys, 449 Rhizospalax, 140, 154 Rhodanomys, 81, 140, 146, 147, 149,

154, 471, 47Z Ritteneria, 52, 149, 154, 47Z Rotundomys, 105, 107, 108, 367, 379,

386, 387' 396-398 Ruscinomys, 87, 94, 99, 100, 106, 109,

110, 112, 367, 381, 385, 398, 399, 509

Sabadellictis, 86 Samotherium, 544 Sansanosmilus, 84, 85, 540, 541 Sayimys, 68, 71, 538, 549, 575 Scapanulus, 19 5 Scaptonyx, 85, 195, 227 Schizochoerus, 360, 379, 397 Schizogalerix, 380, 447-449, 498 Schlossericyon, 84 Sciuropterus, 85 Sciurus, 84, 197, 542 Scotophilus, 85 Selenolophodon, 541, 542

Selenoportax, 563 Semigenetta, 83-86, 160, 173, 538 Serridentinus, 543 Shaanxispira, 545 Shamalina, 595 Shuanggouia, 53 8 Sic~ta, 104 Simamphicyon, 86 Sinoadap~, 545 Sinolagomys, 535, 548 Sinomioceros, 543 Sivalhippus, 268, Z75, Z82, 303-307 Sivameryx, 436 Sivaonyx, 87, 546 Sivapithecus, 443, 44 7, 449, 544, 546,

549, 567 Sivoreas, 369, 371 Sminthozapus, 10Z, ZOO, Z04, Z05, 367,

376, 400, 410 Soergelia, 349 Sorex, 8Z, 89, 195 Soricella, 8Z Spalax, 104, 107 Spanocricetodon, 66, 67, 70-72, 386,

39Z, 538, 539, 575 Spermophilinus, 83-87, 99, 107, Z18,

ZZ7, 54Z Spermophilus, Z06 Stachomys, 101, 10Z, 106, 109, 198,

204, Z05, 408, 411 Stenailurus, 379 Stegodon, 546, 563 Steneofiber, 81-84, 86, 160, 173, 198,

536 Stenogale, 81 Stenoplesict~, 84, 591 Stephanocemas, Z39, 360, 538, 541, 543,

544 Stephanochoerus, 543 Stephanomys, 87, 99-101, 109, 110, 11Z,

361, 367' 379-381, 391, 399, 509

Strogulognathus, 84 Stromeriella, 83, 160, 173 Stylohipparion, Z75, 306, 307 Sulimskia, 19 5 Sus, 89, 133, 341, 349, 547 Synaptomys, 94, 97, 10Z, 106, 110, 199,

205

Tachyoryctoides, 535, 537, 548 Tadarida, 85 Talpa, 8Z-87, 89 Tamias, 71, 197, 409, 410 Tapirus, 83, 86, 89, ZOO, Z03, ZZ7, Z31,

Z3Z, 341, 476, 544 Tataromys, 67, 53Z, 53 5, 536, 548 Tatera, 389, 390 Taucanamo, 84,Z01, Z03,449,451 Taxodon, 84

657

Tempestia, 86, 98, 366, 369, 375, 395, 396

Teratodon, 589, 591 Teruelia, 358, 368 Tesselodon, 543 Tetralophodon, 86, 87, Z01, 544, 545 Thalassictis, 87 Titanomys, 81, 145, 154, 536, 537 Tragocerus, 87 Tragoportax, 87,334,360-36Z, 369,

371, 379 Triceromeryx, 357, 359 Trilophomys, 94, 98-100, 101, 106, 110,

198, Z04, Z05, Z31, 381, 405, 407, 408

Trocharion, 85, 86 Trochictis, 86, 165, 449 Trochotherium, 85 Trogontherium, 84-86, Z05 Tsaganomys, 53Z, 548 Tsaidamortherium, 544 Tungurictis, 543 Turcocerus, 543 Turkomys, 67, 448, 449, 497

Ungaromys, 101-103, Z04, Z3Z, 405, 407, 547

Urmiatherium, 550 Ursavus, 83, 85, 86, ZOO, 449, 539, 546,

551 Ursus, 89, ZOO, 341, 546

658

Valerymys, 87, 96, 98, 99, 105, 106, 109,367,379,380,391,398

Vasseuromys, 66, 70, 81, 8Z, 154, 471 Villanyia, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101-103, 110,

199, Z05, Z3Z Viverra, 84, 89 Vulpes, 89, 134, 448, 490

Walangania, 591

Xenochoerus, 591, 593 Xenocyon, 135 Xenohyus, 8Z, 160, 358

Youngofiber, 538 Ysengrinia, 81, 8Z Yunnanotherium, 546

Zelceina, 195 Zygolophodon, 89, 131, Z37-Z39, Z48,

340, 543, 547