Tonan Ajia Kenkyu (The Southeast Asian Studies) Vol. 8, No.2 September, 1970

Contributions to the Flora of Southeast AsiaI. Taxonomy and Phytogeography of Some

Temperate Species in Thailand

by

Tern SMITINAND,* Tatemi SHIMIZU,** Hiroshige KOYAMA,***

and Nobuyuki FUKUOKA****

General Introduction to This Series

The flora and fauna of the tropical regions are still far less known than are those

of the temperate and the warm temperate regions. Thailand and Malaya are included

in the regions which are not as yet sufficiently explored biologically.

A comprehensive contribution to the flora of Thailand was made by A. F. G. Kerr,

who made extensive botanical trips and collections in that country, as recorded in

detail by M. Jacobs in Blumea 11: 427-493 (1962). Kerr's collections were studied by

W. C. Craib and others, as well as by Kerr himself, and were enumerated in the Flora

Siamensis Enumeratio, 3 vols. (1925-62). The results of the Thai-Danish Botanical

Expedition published in Dansk Botanisk Arkiv are also important contributions to the

flora of Thailand. Concerning the flora of Malay Peninsula, we have no comprehensive

recent work since Ridley's classical Flora of Malay Peninsula, 5 vols. (1922-25). To

enrich the knowledge of the flora of these regions, Lecomte's Flore Generale de l'Indo­Chine added a good deal of valuable information. In addition the Flora Malesiana

contains important knowledge, although only a small part has yet been published. In

spite of the presence of these various contributions, our knowledge is still scanty, as

these reports are incomplete and partly out of date.

Several Osaka City University Biological Expeditions have been sent to Southeast

Asia, including Thailand and Malaya. Their itineraries have been recorded in

Nature and Life in Southeast Asia, vol. 1 to 5 (1959-68). Most of the collections

have been deposited in the University of Tokyo or in Kyoto University. They have

been studied also by the authors of the articles included in this series of papers.

The Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, recently sent two biolog-

*Tem SMITINAND, The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand**m7l\.Jl!~, Biological Institute "and Herbarium, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Shinshu University,

Matsumoto, Japan***/N"ljif~ttJ1, Department of Botany, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan

****tffi~ct)JX1T, Shoei Junior College, Kobe, Japan

171

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1. Doi Tung2. Doi Pa Hom Pok3. Doi Chiang Dao4. Doi Pacho(Doi Langka)5. Doi Suthep6. Doi Inthanon(Doi Angka)7. Doi Khun Than8. Huay Tak.9. Mae Hong Song

10. Phu Luang11. Lan Sang12. Phu Miang13. Phu Kradung14. Kanchanaburi15. Kao Yai16. Bangkok17. Khao Soi Dao18. Huay Yang19. Phangnga20. Khao Luang21. Tung Song

22. Khao Chong23. Penang24. Gua Musang25. Cameron Highlands26. Fraser's Hill27. Gunong Gombok28. Kuala Lumpur29. Gunong Muntahak30. Gunong Pulai31. Singapore

Fig. 1 The localities botanized by the Kyoto University Biological Expeditions172 to Thailand and Malaya, 1965-66 and 1967

T. Smitinand, et al. : Contributions to the Flora of Southeast Asia (1)

ical expeditions to those regions. The first expedition, which was made by four

botanists led by Dr. Motozi Tagawa, went to Thailand, and the second, made by nine

botanists and an entomologist and led by Professor Joji Ashida, went to Thailand and

Malaya. The members and the locations visited are:

March to April, 1965 (preliminary trip) by M. Tagawa and I. Yamada: Doi Suthep

and Khao Chong.

November 1965 to February 1966 by M. Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki, N. Kitagawa, and N.

Fukuoka: Doi Pacho, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep, Doi Inthanon, Tung Salaeng Luang,

Phu Luang, Phu Kradung, Khao Yai, Khao Soi Dao, Khao Luang, and Khao Chong.

August to November, 1967 by ]. Ashida, M. Tagawa, M. Hirano, M, Hutoh, S. Ueno,

T. Shimizu, K. Iwatsuki, N. Kitagawa, H. Koyama, and N. Fukuoka: Doi Tung, Doi Pa

Hom Pok, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep, Doi Khun Tan, Huay Tak, Mae Sariang, Lan

Sang, Phu Miang, Phu Kradung, Khao Yai, Kanchanaburi, Huay Yang, Phangnga, Khao

Luang, Thung Song, Penang, Gua Musang, Cameron Highlands, Fraser's Hill, Gunong

Gombok, Templer Park, Gunong Panti, Gunong Pulai, and Bukit Timah.

In this series of papers we intend to publish the results of our own biological

trips, adding the information obtained from the materials available as far as we can.

The studies are based on the materials in the following herbaria, in addition to those

collected by ourselves:

AAU: Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

BK : Section of Biology, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand.

BKF: the Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand.

C: University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

KYO: Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

SHIN: Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.

SING: Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

TI: University of Tokyo, Japan.

TNS: National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan.

We are grateful to the directors and curators of all these herbaria for glvmg us

the opportunity to study their specimens. The plants of our own collection are

numbered with the prefix T for the Thai collection and M for those from Malaya.

For making the field studies in Thailand and Malaya we have been assisted by

many persons and the National Research Council of Thailand and the Royal Forest

Department of Thailand. We wish to extend our sincere thanks to the directors and

the staff members of these organizations. The staff members of the Forest Herbarium,

Messrs. Dumrong Chaiglom, Anan Nalampoon, Aiem Chintayungkun, and others, kindly

helped us in many ways in the field work in Thailand. Without their kind arrange­

ments, we could not have succeeded in the biological investigation. In Malaya we are

greatly indebted to the School of Biology, University of Malaya, and to the Forest

173

Research Institution. Dr. B. C. Stone was very kind to help us in various ways in

Malaya. The Botanic Gardens, Singapore, arranged various things for our expedition.

Thanks are also due to the staffs of all these institutions. The Ministry of Education

of Japan supported financially our second trip; the expenses of M. Hutoh were paid by

Kyoto Pharmaceutical College; the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University,

provided financial as well as administrative support for our biological expedition. We

are grateful to Professor ]oji Asida, Professor Motozi Tagawa, and the other members

of our expeditions for giving us various supports and warm friendship.

We wish to extend our thanks to Professor Shinobu Iwamura and the members of

the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, and also to Professor Siro

Kitamura and the staff of the laboratory of Plant Taxonomy, Department of Botany,

Kyoto University, for their kind assistance to our scientific expeditions and the subse­

quent studies on the materials obtained.

Introduction to This Article

Phytogeographically Thailand belongs to the Continental Southeast Asiatic region

characterized by monsoon forest elements, characteristically represented by Diptero­

carpus, Shorea, Tectona, etc. The northern mountain ranges higher than 1000 m

elevation, however, are covered by evergreen forests consisting of Castanopsis,

Lithocarpus, Quercus, Cinnamomum, Symplocos, etc. From such components of the

forests, Ogawa & al. (1961) concluded the forest type there to be a warm temperate

vegetation, which Smitinand (1966) and Robbins and Smitinand (1966) called the hill

evergreen forests. In this zone are found, as Craib (1926) pointed out, some temperate

species which are the same as or closely related to those of the East Asiatic temperate

region, especially those of the Himalayas.

In this part of the series, we intend to enumerate some temperate species found in

Thailand and to analyze their phytogeographical aspects, for we consider that it is an

important contribution to the phytogeography of Thailand. Indeed, it is our particular

concern to understand where and how the temperate species are distributed in Thailand,

which lacks mountains higher than 2595 m, the height of Doi Inthanon.

Enumeration of the Species

Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch.-Bip. in Pollichia 18-19: 169. 1861 ; Kitam. in Acta

Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 14. 1961, 23: 6. 1968, in Hara, Fl. East. Himal. 330. 1966.--Liatris

latifolia D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 169. 1825, with descr.

A. pteropoda DC., Prodr. 7: 14. 1838; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 3: 663.

1924 ; Kerr in Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 2 : 295. 1936.

A. reflexa Merr. in Philip. Jour. Sc. 1 (Suppl. 3) : 242. 1906; Kitam., Compo lap. 2: 306.

1940.

174

T. Smitinand, et aI. : Contributions to the Flora of Southeast Asia (1)

BA

Chiang Mai: Doi Inthanon, T*2866(KYO), T. Smitinand

& 1. Alsterlund 6695 (BKF), Winit 1344 (BK, BKF);

Doi Chiang Dao, Put 418 & 4461 (BK); Doi Pa Hom

Pok, Kerr 5187 (BK). Loei: Phu Luang, T1611(KYO).

-Gn humus covered slope in mossy evergreen for­

ests, at 1300-2595 malt.

Distr. Himalaya, Central China, Northern Indo·China,

Philippines and Taiwan.

The leaves of the Thai specimens cited above are

pilose with long slender hairs on both sides, but not

white-tomentose on the netted veins beneath. Some

specimens, however, have both kinds of hair on the

leaves; slender long hairs and white wooly ones as

shown in Fig. 2. In this respect, the Thai plants cor­

respond with Form 1 in Kitamura (1966).

This species is widely distributed horizontally and

altitudinally. In Taiwan we saw it growing both inFig. 2 Structure of leaf hairs

the cool temperate zone and in the subalpine coniferous in Ainsliaea latijoliazone. (H. Koyama) A : slender hair (x 200)

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f., B : white tomentose (x 200)

Gen. PI. 2 : 303. 1873 ; Gagnep. in Lecomte, FI. Gen. Indo-Chine 3 : 553. 1924 ; Kerr in Craib,

Fl. Siam. Enum. 2: 269. 1936 ; Kitam., Compo Jap. 1: 242. 1937, in Kihara, Faun. Fl. Nepal

Himai. 1 : 245. 1955, in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 12. 1961, 23: 9. 1968, in Hara, FI. East.

Himal. 331. 1966. --Gnaphalium margaritacea L., Sp. PI. 2: 850. 1753.

Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep, T3238 (KYO), Kerr s.n. (BK) ; Doi Chiang Dao, T4158 & T

4361(KYO), Kerr 6571 (BK), T. Smitinand 3966 (BKF); Doi Inthanon, T2585 (KYO),

Winit 1346 (BK, BKF), Lakshnakara 1496 (BK); Doi Khun Huai Pong, B. Hansen & T.

Smitinand 12769 (BKF).--Usually in grassy fields, but also in limestone crevices on Doi

Chiang Dao, at 1000-2000 malt.

Distr. East Asia and North America.

The present species is widely distributed in Eastern Asia, including Himalaya, and

also in North America. Four subspecies are recognized by Kitamura (1937); subsp.

japonica and yedoensis in Japan, and subsp. morrisonicola in the high mountains of

the Philippines and Taiwan. In Thailand and the adjacent countries, the plants are

all represented by subsp. margaritacea. The area of this subspecies covers almost

whole of that of the species, but it is sometimes replaced by the other subspecies noted

above.

*All the specimens of our collection will be cited in T-number. The collectors are variousaccording to the localities and the dates botanized.

175

o

Fig. 3 Range of Anaphalis margaritacea subsp. margaritaceadisks: specimens examined; circles: literatures

'~

id,p:

.~

Fig. 4 Range of Aster ageratoides subsp. alato-petiolatadisks: specimens examined; circles: literatures

176

'r. Smitinand, et al. : Con tributions to the Flora of Southeast Asia (I)

Judging from the facts that a number of species of Anaphalis occur in Southwest

China and Himalaya, and that most of them are distributed mainly in the cool temperate

zone, the present species may have spread southwards along the high mountains of the

Indo-China Peninsula to Thailand and Vietnam. (H. Koyama)

Aster ageratoides Turcz. subsp. alato-petiolata Kitam. in Kihara, Faun. Fl. Nepal

Hima1. 1: 247. 1955, in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 23: 12. 1968.

A. benthamii Steetz in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald. 385. 1857; Kerr in Craib, F1. Siam. Enum.

2 : 252. 1936.

Diplopappus laxus Benth. in Hook., London Jour. Bot. 1: 487. 1842.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, Kerr 6591 (BK), T4146 (KYO), T. Smitinand & J. A. R.

Anderson 7299 (BKF). --Sunny grassy slope, at 1900-2050 malt.

Distr. Himalaya (from central Nepal to eastwards), Northern Indo-China and Central

China.

Aster ageratoides occurs widely in Eastern Asia, and has been variously delimited

by investigators. Although Grieson (1964) treated A. ageratoides as a subspecies of

A. trinervius in his revision of the Asters (in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 26: 102),

Kitamura (1968) considered A. ageratoides as an independent species. Considering the

wide variation in taxonomic characters in A. ageratoides, we consider these two species

best treated as distinct species.

In Thailand, the present plant is known only from the

Dao.

summit area of Doi Chiang

(H. Koyama)

Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Roxb. ex Meissn., PI. Vase. Gen. 2: 44. 1836;Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 : 486. 1875; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 : 215. 1931 ; Kanai in Hara, Fl.

East. Hima1. 169. 1966. --Ruta albiflora Hook., Exot. Fl. t. 79. 1823.

B. schizocarpa S. Y. Hu in Jour. Arn. Arb. 32: 391. 1951.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T4379, T9874 & TI0025 (KYO); Chiang Dao, Pang Boh

to Khun Khong, T. Smitinand & a1. 8722 (BKF); Doi Inthanon, T2633 (KYO); Mae Lan

Noi, TDBS 10947 (BKF). --Grassy field on mountain slopes or in limestone crevices

in open place, at 1200-2150 malt.

Distr. Nepal to Japan, Indo-China, Taiwan and Luzon.

The leaves and stems of our specimens from Himalaya, Thailand and Taiwan vary

from densely pubescent to nearly glabrous, while those from Japan are all glabrous.

Hu (1951) described B. schizocarpa from Yunnan as having the stipes shortly branching

at the top. In B. albiflora of Himalaya and Thailand, however, this character varies

from distinctly to scarecely branching. Therefore, this seems not to be a specific

character.

B. sesseilicarpa from Yunnan and Szechuan differs from the present species merely

by the non-stipitate carpels.

Geographically this species is to be regarded as a Himalayan element. (N. Fukuoka)

177

Clarkella nana (Edgw.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 46. 1880; K. Schum. in Eng!. &Prantl, Nat. Pfl.-fam. 4, 4: 31. 1891. --Ophiorhiza nana Edgw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 20:60. 1846.

Radical leaves solitary, large. Cauline leaves one- or rarely two-paired. Cymes 2 to

5-flowered, pubescent. Calyx pubescent outside, sparsely so inside; tube 1 mm long;

lobes 5 (4), deltoid, acute at apex, 1.5-2.5 mm long, 2 mm wide. Corolla hypocrateri-

form, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; tube 8-15 mm long, 1-1.5 mm across; lobes 5,

oblong, acute at apex, 4-6 mm long, 2 mm wide. Stamens 5, adnate near the base of

corolla-tube; filaments 1 mm long; anthers linear-oblong, 1.5 mm long, 0.3 mm wide.

Ovary pubescent, obconical, about 2 mm long and wide; style 0.5 mm long; stigma 1.3 mm

long, bilobes, erect.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T9949 (KYO).-Qn mossy limestone in shady place, at

1100-1800 malt.

New to Thailand.

Distr. West Himalaya.

var. siamensis (Craib) Fukuoka & Kurosaki, stat. nov. --C. siamensis Craib in

Kew Bull. 1931 : 216.

Nakhon Si Thammarat: Khao Chaem, Thung Song, Rabil 139--type (BK).

Known only from the type collection.

Only two species of Clarkella have been recognized: C. nana Hook. from West

Himalaya and C. siamensis Craib from Peninsular Thailand. Craib (1931) notes that

the latter is much larger in all respects than the former. Our specimen, T9949,

well accords with Hooker's description of C. nana. Comparing the photograph of the

isotype as well as the original description of C. siamensis with our specimens and

Hooker's description of C. nana, we can not find any differences warranting the specific

discrepancy between them, except size. Therefore, Craib's species may better be

reduced to a variety of C. nana. (N. Fukuoka & N. Kurosaki)

Clematis siamensis Drummond & Craib in Kew Bull. 1915: 420 ; Craib, Fl. Siam.

Enum. 1 : 15. 1925.

Chiang Mai: Doi Inthanon, interior of Ban Yang, T3050 (KYO).--Bushes on the glade

in the evergreen forest, at 1300-2000 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

As pointed out by Drummond & Craib (1915), this species is closely related to

C. sikkimensis (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Drummond ex Burkill, which occurs in the temperate

zone of East Himalaya through Assam and Upper Burma to Yunnan. Our specimen,

T3050, is within the limit of variation of C. sikkimensis in having large chartaceous

leaflets up to 13 em long and 7 cm wide. However, more plentiful specimens must be

examined to determine whether these two species are really distinct or not.

Hitherto the present species is known only on Doi Suthep (type locality) and Doi

178

T. Smitinand, et al. : Contributions to the Flora of Southeast Asia (1)

Inthanon. (T. Shimizu)

Clematis wattii Drummond & Craib in Kew Bull. 1915 : 421 ; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum.

1 : 16. 1925; Smitinand in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 21 : 101. 1966.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T4372 (KYO), Put 4459 (BK); Doi Pha Khao, Garrett 115

--isotype (BK, BKF). -- Among limestone rocks in open places at least in Doi

Chiang Dao, at 1400-2000 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

This species, originally reported from Doi Pha Khao, 1400 m, and Doi Chiang Dao,

1770 m, is conspicuous by its dense golden brown tomentum. Thus it recalls C. grewi­

aeflora DC. from Himalaya, Assam and Upper Burma. In its narrower, not globose

buds and its sepals covered with grayish hairs, however, the present species is nearer

to C. buchananiana DC. than to C. grewiaeflora. The former is more widely distri­

buted, being found from Himalaya to Indo-China and West China. According to Hooker

& Thomson (1872), it occurs throughout the temperate Himalaya, at 5000-10000 ft. in

altitude. (T. Shimizu)

Cornus oblonga Wall. var. siamica Geddes in Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 : 808. 1931.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T10136 (KYO), Kerr 6605 (BK), Put 425 & 4451 (BK),

T. Smitinand & ]. A. R. Anderson 7270 (BKF), T. Smitinand & Abbe 6252 (BKF), T.

Smitinand 4746 (BKF).--Rocky sunny place of limestone on mountain slope, at 1900­

2100 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

This variety differs from the typical form, which occurs in Himalaya (Kashmir toBhutan), Assam, Upper Burma and China (Szechuan, Yunnan and Kweichou), in having

broader and shorter leaves. But this difference is sometimes indistinct. On the other

hand, f. pilosula Li was reported from Yunnan, characterized by the dense covering of

hairs on the under leaf surfaces. However, it should be reduced to a synonym of var.

oblonga, because we can not distinguish both forms from each other by villosity of

the leaves. Another variety from Bhutan, var. grijfithii Clarke, is characteristic of the

leaves being covered with spreading hairs beneath. (N. Fukuoka)

Cotoneaster franchetii D. Bois in Rev. Hort. Paris 1902: 380, in Vilmorin & Bois,

Frut. Vilmorin. 117. 1904; Fedde in Fedde Rep. 3: 228.1906; Rehd. & Wils. in Sarg., PI.

Wils. 1: 165. 1912; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 577. 1931; Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 458.

1933; Smitinand in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 21 : 104. 1966.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T4376 (KYO, SHIN), Kerr 6611 (BK).--Among limestone

rocks in sunny place, at 2150 malt.

Distr. Yunnan and West Szechuan.

In Thailand, this shrub is known only from the limestone ridge in Doi Chiang

Dao. It occurs mainly between 2000 m and 3000 m alt. in West Szechuan and Yunnan.

Schneider (1906) reports this plant also from Tibet. (T. Shimizu)

179

Delphinium altissimum Wall. var. siamense (Craib) T. Shimizu, comb. nov. -­

D. stapeliosum Bruhl var. siamense Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 19. 1925; Smitinand in Nat.

Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 21: 101.1966. D. siamense(Craib)Munz in Jour. Arn. Arb. 49: 116.1968.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T9878 (KYO), Put 337 & 4454 (BK), Kerr 6612--isotype

(BK), T. Smitinand & al. 7778 (BKF), T. Smitinand 4710 (BKF). --Open rocky slopes

of limestone, at 1100-2100 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

The present plant is also found only on Doi Chiang Dao in Thailand. I found it

scattered on rocky ridges and on steep slope of limestone.

Munz (1968) raised up this Doi Chiang Dao plant to an independent species. Since

it is different from D. altissimum merely in having paler colored perianths, it would

better be treated as a variety. The area of the mother species is in Nepal, Sikkim,

and Bhutan. (T. Shimizu)

Geranium lamberti Sweet subsp. siamense (Craib) T. Shimizu, stat. & comb. nov.

--G. siamense Craib in Kew Bull. 1926: 158, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 208. 1931; Smitinand

in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 21 : 102. 1966.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T4378 & T10143 (KYO), T. Smitinand 4725 (BKF).-­

Among limestone rocks, at 1900-2175 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

This plant is characterized by its pink petals 1.5 cm long and about twice as long

as the sepals, and by the deeply 5-parted stigmas about 5 mm long. In these respects,

in spite of Craib's opinion, it is nearer to G. lamberti than to G. nepalense Sweet.

From G. lamberti, however, it is different in the absence of glandular hairs on the

pedicels and on outside of the sepals and in having pale pink (not dark pink) filaments.

The limestone ridge in Doi Chiang Dao is the sole home of the present plant.

According to Edgeworth & Hooker (1874), this species occurs in temperate Himalaya

from Kumaon to Sikkim between 2400 m and 3500 malt. (T. Shimizu)

Geranium nepalense Sweet, Geraniac. 1: t. 12. 1820, in Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Brit.

Ind. 1 : 430. 1874; Knuth in Engl., Pfl.-reich IV-129, 53 : 192. 1912; Hara, Fl. East. Himal.167.1966.

Phitsanulok: Phu Rom Rot, one of the peaks of Phu Miang, T11524 (KYO). --Open

from abandoned farm, at 1200-1600 malt.

New to Thailand.

Distr. Afghanistan, Himalaya, Khasia, Manipur, Tonkin, Yunnan and Szechuan.

We found this plant crowded like a weed on open arable land. It is uncertain

whether its presence is due to human influences. (T. Shimizu)

Luculia gratissima (Wall.) Sweet var. glabra Fukuoka, var. nov.--L. gratissima

(non Sweet) Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 2: 22.1932.

Ovarium inflorescentiaque glabrum.

180

T. Smitinand, et ai. : Contributions to the Flora of Southeast Asia (1)

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, Kerr 6545 (BK), T10017--type (KYO; isotype in A,

AAU, BKF, E, K, L, SHIN, TI, TNS), T4144 (KYO, A, BKF, E, K, SHIN, SING, TI).

Hennipman 3291 (BKF), T. Smitinand & a1. 7856 (BKF), T. Smitinand & Abbe 6233

(BKF).--Crevices in limestone on sunny ridge, at 1700-2100 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

The genus Luculia occurs from Nepal to Yunnan and southward almost to Thail­

and. Five species have been described: L. gratissima, L. pinceana Hook., L. intermedia

Hutchins., L. yunnanensis Hu and L. grandiflora Ghose. The Thai plants are L. gra­

tissima, which is distinguishable from the others by the corolla-lobes without interposed

tubercles. However, I have found that the material from Thailand differ from the

Himalayan plants in hairiness on the ovary and the cyme. The ovary of the former

is glabrous and the cyme is almost so. In the latter, the ovary and the cyme densely

or sparsely covered with brownish hairs. The specimen T4144 is from a dwarf plant;

1 m tall, the cyme up to 2 cm long and wide, the leaves lanceolate-oblong, 3-7 cm long,

1-2.5 cm wide.

Geographically the species is an inhabitant of Nepal to Bhutan, Assam and Upper

Burma, while the present variety is a limestone loving plant known only from Doi

Chiang Dao. (N. Fukuoka)

Parnassia siamensis T. Shimizu in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 24: 41. 1969.

A small herb, 4-8 cm tall. Radical leaves cordate, 5-8 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, with

petioles 5-15 mm long. Cauline leaves solitary, smaller than the radical ones, 2-4 mm

long, sessile. Flowers white, 1 em or so across; sepals obovate, 3-4 mm long; petals

ovate-elliptic, erose-denticulate on the margin but entire around apex, 5-8 mm long,

4-5 mm wide; staminodes candelabriform, 2.5 mm long, 3 to 5-lacerate.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, TlO028--type (KYO). --Mossy limestone in light

thicket at ridge, at 1900-2175 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

Kerr (1934) reported P. mysorensis Heyne ex Wight & Arnott, based on Garrett

702 found in 'crevices of rock-faces at an altitude of about 1600-1650 m in Doi Pa Kao,

Chiang Mai'. This specimen, according to his drawing, is a plant 13 cm tall with

obovate petals and 3-lobed staminodes. Also, the specimens of p. mysorensis available

to us, viz. Houa la po, 3000 malt., Delavay s. n. (TNS) and Tolo Gompa Khola, 3900 m,

S. Nakao 195 (KYO), are provided with obovate petals and deeply trilobed staminodes.

On the other hand, our plants are peculiar in having ovate-elliptic petals and especially

3 to 5-lacerate candelabriform staminodes.

In addition, one of us found the third plant of Parnassia on a fen near Om Koi,

900 m alt., in North Thailand by the Thai-Danish Expedition in 1964. The specimen,

B. Hansen, G. Seidenfaden & T. Smitinand 10842 (C), is its representative. This is a

large plant, 20-30 cm tall, characterized by the large cordate leaves, 2-4 cm long and 3-

181

5 cm wide, and the deeply 5-lobed staminodes, 3.2 mm tall. Consequently it is=apparently

different from both P. mysorensis and P. siamensis. Since the petals are lost in the

specimen, however, its classification remains still questionable.

(T. Smitinand & T. Shimizu)

Saxifraga gemmipara Franch. var. siamensis T. Shimizu, var. nov.--S. gemmipara

(non Franch.) Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 581. 1931; Smitinand, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc.

21 : 104. 1966.

Fig. 5 Comparison of the floral size

between S. gemmipara var.siamensis and var. gemmipara

A : var. siamensis, TI0027B : var. gemmipara, A. Henry 10380

xca. 1

BA

Floribus majoribus var. gemmiparis.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, TI0027--type (KYO; isotype in SHIN), Kerr 6606 (BK),

T. Smitinand & al. 7760 (BKF), T. Smitinand & ]. A. R. Anderson 7238 (BKF).-­

Open limestone ridge, at 2000-2100 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand. Var. gemmipara: Yunnan & Szechuan.

In comparison with the Yunnan plants, A. Henry 10380 (TNS) and P. Y. Chiu 596116

(SHIN), our specimens have larger flowers with

petals 6-6.5 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide; the sepals

3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide; the filaments 5.5-6 mm

long and the capsules 6.5 mm long. In the

Yunnan plants, the petals are 4-4.5 mm long,

1.2 mm wide; the sepals 2-2.2 mm long, 1 mm

wide; the filaments 4-4.5 mm long, and the cap­

sule 4.5-5 mm long. Therefore, the Thai plants

could be separated as a variety (See Fig. 5).

The occurrence of this new plants is also

due to limestone ridges of Doi Chiang Dao.

(T. Shimizu)

Scabiosa siamensis Craib in Kew Bull. 1933 :

30, Fl. Siam. Enum. 2 : 234. 1934.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, Put 411-type & 4462 (BK), Kerr 6594 (BK), T4162,

T4362 & T10022 (KYO).--Crevices in limestone rocks in open place, at 2000-2175 m

alt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.According to Craib, this is related to S. hookeri C. B. Clarke occurring in Himalaya

(Nepal to Bhutan), Yunnan and Szechuan."1 In our plants the peduncles are covered

with short curved hairs, the linear to linear-spathulate bracts end in an obtuse apex,

and the sparsely pubescent leaves are not lobed on the margin and have much promi~

nent midribs and lateral veins beneath.

The occurrence of this species is due to limestone ridges. (N. Fukuoka)

Senecio raibianus Hoss. in Bot. Centralb. Beih. 28 : 454. 1911 ; Gagnep. in Lecomte,

Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 3: 640. 1924 ; Kerr in Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 2 : 291. 1936 ; Koyama in

182

T. Smitinand, et al. : Con tributions to the Flora of Southeast Asia (I)

Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ. Ser. BioI. 3: 153. 1969.

Chiang Rai: Doi Pacho, T3639 (KYO). Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T4143 (KYO), T.

Smitinand 4239 (BKF), Put 4481 (BK), Garrett (BKF); Chiang Dao, Doi Nang, Chant­

hmuk 650 (BK).--Rocky ridges of limestone in dry upper mixed deciduous forest, at

1580-2100 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

This species is referred to Sect. Jacobaea, which includes about 40 species and

occurs in the cool temperate zone of Eurasia. Among its members, S. grijjithii Hook.

f. & Thoms. ex C. B. Clarke, occurring in East Himalaya, is nearest to the present

species. (H. Koyama)

Senecio nagensium C. B. Clarke var.lobbii (Hook. f.) Craib in Kew Bull. 1911 : 402;

Kerr in Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 2: 291. 1936; Koyama in Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ. Ser.

BioI. 3: 149. 1969.--S. densiflorus Wall. ex DC. var. lobbii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 355.

1881.

Chiang Rai: Doi Pacho, T3653 (KYO). Chiang Mai : Doi Inthanon, T2589 (KYO); Doi

Ii:tJ'

,/~.·.~

Fig. 6 Ranges of Senecio nagensium and S. densiflorusdisks: specimens and circles literatures of S. nagensiumasters: S. densiflorus

183

BA

Structure of leaf hairs in

Senecio nagensium var.lobbiiA : hirsute hair ( x 80)B : white wooly hair (x 200)

Fig. 7

Suthep, T4485 (KYO), T. Smitinand 3370 & 3776

(BKF), Chermsiriiwathana 552 (BK), Sukri 82

(BKF); Doi Pha Khao, Mae Ya, Garrett 108

(BKF) ; Doi Chiang Dao, T4141 (KYO), Put 4482

(BK), T. Smitinand 4238 (BKF). Loei : Phu Krad­

ung, T881 (KYO), T. Smitinand 2144 & 4970

(BKF), Bunpheng 263 & 269 (BKF). --Grassy

field in light forest, at 1100-1900 malt.

Distr. South Yunnan and East Burma.

The present variety has white wooly hairs

on the lower leaf surfaces and also reddish hir­

sute hairs on the veins (Fig. 7). The hirsute

hairs of var. lobbii are very variable in color

ranging from pale-brown to dark-reddish brown.

Although the leaves of var. nagensium are said

to have no reddish hairs on the veins beneath,

it is questionable if they lack any kind of hirsute

hairs at all. These hairs are also found in

S. densiflorus Wall. ex DC., which is close to

S. nagensium. Both of the species belong to Sect. Synotis Series Erectae (C. B. Clarke)

H. Koyama. Most species of this series are distributed in temperate Himalaya and

South China. (H. Koyama)

Thalictrurn calcicolurn T. Shimizu in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 24: 41. 1969.

var. calcicolum

Wholly glabrous. Stems erect, 0.5-1 m tall, sulcate, stramineous but sometimes

tinged with purple. Leaves 2 or 3-ternate, without secondary stipules, petiolate;

petioles sulcate, vaginate at base, the sheath auriculate. Leaflets chartaceous or coriaceous,

suborbicular or obovate, trilobed on the upper half into entire or crenate lobes, cordate

to rounded at base, 1-2.5 cm long and wide, rarely 3.2 cm long and 3.4 cm wide; the nerves

distinct, somewhat elevated above, prominently reticulate-elevated beneath. Inflorescence

paniculate-corymbiform, axillary and terminal. Flowers white, small; sepals 4, obovate,

about 4 mm long, caducous; stamens 5 mm long; the filaments clavate, thicker than the

anthers; the anthers 0.8 mm long, with connectives never mucronate at apex. Achenes

3-9, 3-4 mm long, sessile; the costa 8-10, elevated; stigma persistent, hooked.

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, T10034--type (KYO; isotype in BKF, SHIN), T10242

(KYO), UNESCO 1061 (BKF, L), T. Smitinand & al. 7793 (BKF); Doi Pha Khao, west

slope, Garrett 690 (BKF).--Among limestone rocks in open ridges, at 1650-2175 malt.

var.longicarpum T. Shimizu, var. nov.

Acheniis typo majoribus, 6-7 mm longis, stylis elongatis.

184

r

B

Achenes of Thalicirum calcicolumA : vaL calcicolumB : vaL longicarpum x 6

A

Fig. 8

Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, TI0034 bis-­

type(KYO).---Among limestone rocks in open

ridges, at 1900-2175 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

The present plant resembles T. reticulatum

Franch. from Yunnan in being completely glab­

rous and in the texture and venation of the

T. Smitinand, et al. : Contributions to the Flora of Southeast Asia (I)

leaflets. Although I have no specimens of the

latter at my hand, they are easily distinguish­

able each other, because Franchet (1886)

described his species as having leaf-sheath not

auricled, the achenes 15-18 in number, not

exceeding 2 mm long, and, according to his

drawing (1889), the stigmas short and never hooked. Our plants have larger achenes

3-4 mm long with hooked persistent stigmas, and distinctly auricled leaf-sheaths.

Some of our plants have larger achenes 6-7 mm long, with conspicuous elongate

beaks, from which characters the name var. longicarpum is derived. The achenes of

var. calcicolum and var.longicarpum are illustrated in Fig. 4. They occur on the same

limestone ridges in Doi Chiang Dao. (T. Shimizu)

Thalictrum foliolosum DC., Syst. 1 : 175. 1818; Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 14.

1872; Lecoyer, Monogr. Thalict. 115. 1885; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 18. 1925; Smitinand

in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 21 : 101. 1966, as foliosum ; Hara, Fl. East. Himal. 91. 1966.

Chiang Mai : Doi Chiang Dao, T9838, T9909 & T9910 (KYO), UNESCO 1015 & 1043

(BKF); Muong Khu, south peak, H. Ogawa & al. 217-1, -10 & -21 (TI).-Grassy slope,

sunny or in the light forest, at 500-1800 malt.

Distr. Himalaya, Khasia, Manipur, and Upper Burma.

This Himalayan plant extends to North Thailand, where it grows in open or

somewhat shady grassy sites higher than 500 m in altitude. Craib (1925) reported it

also from Mae Tuen, 1000-1200 m. (T. Shimizu)

Thalictrum siamense T. Shimizu in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 24: 42. 1969.

Stems erect, sulCate, glabrous, stramineous but sometimes tinged with purple,

25-50 cm tall. Leaves ternate below, simple above; petioles up to 10 cm long, stipulate.

Leaflets chartaceous, nearly orbicular, shallowly 3 to 5-lobed, with the lobes again

trilobed and crenate, deeply cordate to truncate at base, 2-6 cm in both ways, sparsely

hirsute with multi-cellular crisped patent hairs on both sides; nerves reticulate, elevated

on both sides; petiolules up to 4 em long, the central one longest, without secondary

stipules. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbiform, axillary and terminal. Flowers white,

small; sepals 4, elliptic, 5.5 mm long, 4 mm wide, caducous; stamens 5-6 mm long; the

filaments clavate, nearly equal to anthers in width; the anthers 1.5 mm long, with

185

connectives slightly mucronate at apex. Achenes numerous, 30-60, fusiform, shortly

stalked, long beaked, slightly hispid, with 6-8 elevated ribs; stigma persistent, hooked.

Chiang Mai : Doi Chiang Dao, T10035--type (KYO; isotype in BKF, SHIN), T. Smiti­

nand 4750 (BKF), UNESCO 1027 & 1068 (BKF).--Among limestone rocks at ridges,

at 1800-2175 malt.

Distr. Endemic in North Thailand.

This species most closely resembles T. dalzellii Hook. from West India. However,

the latter is characterized by glabrous leaflets, foliate inflorescences, fascicled flowers,

filiform filaments and glabrous achenes less than 3 mm long. In respect to the character

of the leaflets, the inflorescences and the filaments, the present species comes nearer to

T. scabrifolium Franch. from Yunnan. However, that species differs from ours in

having the pubescent stems, biternate leaves, and small achenes less than 3 mm long.

Two of the three species of Thalictrum treated here are endemic to the limestone

ridges in North Thailand. (T. Shimizu)

Literature

Ogawa, H., K. Yoda & T. Kira (1961) A Preliminary survey of the vegetation of Thai­

land. Nature & Life in S. E. Asia 1 : 22-157.

Robbins, R. G. & T. Smitinand (966) A botanical ascent of Doi Inthanond. Nat. Hist.

Bull. Siam. Soc. 21 : 205-227.

Smitinand, T. (1966) The vegetation of Doi Chiengdao, a limestone massive in Chieng­

mai, North Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 21 : 93-128.

186