Analele ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi Tomul LVI, fasc. 1, s.II a. Biologie Vegetală, 2010 CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE WOOD VEGETATION FROM THE

SUHARD MOUNTAIN

M. COSTICĂ*, N. ŞTEFAN*, I. SÂRBU**

Abstract. This paper describes 10 plant associations which are included in the following classes: Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 (orders: Junipero-Pinetalia mugi Boşcaiu 1971, Vaccinio-Juniperetalia Hoffmann et Passarge 1968, Vaccinio-Piceetalia Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928, Athyrio-Piceetalia Hadač 1962); Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 (Order: Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928); Salicetea purpureae Moor 1958 (Order: Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958). The diversity of woody plant associations indicates the variety in the growing conditions of vegetation on this massive. Key words: Plant associations, mountain Suhard, woody vegetation

Introduction

The Suhard Massif is located between 47 ° 20 '- 47 ° 30' North latitude and 25 °

00 '- 25 ° 21' East longitude, in the North Central part of the Eastern Carpathians group, in the crystal-Mesozoic zone [8]. It occupies approximately 325 km² and the orientation of these mountains is from NW to SE, for a distance of 35 km (in straight line).

Geology. This massif was created due to the large shriveling of the Earth's crust produced in the secondary era as a southeastern extension of the Rodna Mountains. The core of the massif is composed of crystalline rocks which are very widespread in this massive mountain. In the Northern and Central part the crystalline forms an anticline that causes the greatest heights. Metamorphic schists appear on its axis and the sides are made of epimetamorphic schists. The sedimentary formations consist of triassic sediments (at Iacobeni) and cretaceous sediments (in the region of Runcu and Somesu Mare rivers). Eocene sedimentary formations are the most widespread (which belong to the Transcarpathian Flysch), and they are composed of sandstones, conglomerates and bituminous dolomitic limestone.

The Relief represents a mountainous area lower than the Rodnei and Calimani Mountains. The heights decrease from 1932 m to 800 m, approximately. There are three solid well individualized massifs: - Omu (1932 m) in NW, between Rotunda Clough (a271 m) and Dieci Saddle (1400 m) - Faraoane (1715 m) in the center, between the Dieci Saddle and the saddle between the Stejii Peak and Iacob Peak - Ouşoru (1639 m) in the SE, which takes up the Golden Bistrita junction with Dorna.

* „Al. I. Cuza University, Faculty of Biology, Carol Bd., No 20 A, 700506, Iaşi, Romania ** „Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Iaşi, Romania

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The relief energy is high (from several hundred meters to 1000 meters). The hydrographic network has a radial aspect and it fragmented the massif by a series of valleys, which formed secondary interfluves which have the true appearance of buttresses. The Climate is temperate continental, with a slight North Atlantic influence. The Suhard is placed in the land climate of high mountains (above 1700 m), in the land climate of medium and small mountains (below 1700 m). The annual average temperature has smaller and smaller values from the base to the peak. The isotherm of 5 ° C is located in the Southern part of Suhard (to Vatra Dornei); the isotherms of 2 ° and 1 ° C are isolated, around Omu, Faraoane and Ouşoru Peaks. The lowest monthly average temperature recorded in January and February, from - 4 ° to 6 ° C. The warmest months are June, July and August, with monthly average temperatures of 14 ° C. The first day of frost is around October 1st and last day of frost is around May 1st. The annual average of precipitation has different values: from Vatra Dornei, where the rainfall is of 672 mm / annually and it takes place a progressive increase, and it reaches 1200 mm / annually on Faraoane Peak and Ouşoru Peak and even to 1400 mm / annually on Omu Peak[3]. The most precipitation falls in summer, when evapotranspiration reaches its maximum intensity. There are 160-170 days with precipitation in a year out of which there are 40-60 days with snow. The snow depth is of 50-60 cm and the annual number of days in which soil is covered with snow is of 100-160 days. Soil. The physical-geographical conditions and the vegetation carpet from this mountain massif generated several soil types: humic-feriiluvial podzolic soils, brown-acid subalpine soils, brown podzolic soils, brown feriiluvial podzolic soils and brown acid soils.

Materials and methods

For the study and classification of the vegetation we follow the method of the phytocoenological-floristic school [1]. The species nomenclature has been taking from Ciocârlan 2000[2].

Results and discussions

The Suhard Massif has a normal hydrologic regime which allows the development of diverse vegetation: coniferous forests with Leucanthemum waldsteinii (the spruce stage) and alpine scrubs (junipers) from the Vaccinio-Piceetea class, Carpathian forests of fir-trees with beech (Querco-Fagetea) and wood vegetation, especially willows (Salicetea purpurea), which are present in the gravel of Puciosu river meadow, for alluvial soils binding [4,5,6,7]. The characteristic species of the Vaccinio-Piceetea class are: Homogine alpina, Sorbus aucuparia, Lycopodium annotinum, L selago., Oxalis acetosella, Hieracium transsilvaticum, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Luzula sylvatica. Abstract of the associations VACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl.in Br.-Bl.et al. 1939 JUNIPERO-PINETALIA MUGI Boşcaiu 1971 Pinion mugi Pawlowski 1928

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1. Ass. Calamogrostio villosae – Pinetum mugi Sanda et Popescu 2002 2. Ass. Vaccinio-Polytrichetum communis Mihai 1968 VACCINIO-JUNIPERETALIA Passarge et Hoffmann 1968 Vaccinio – Juniperion communis Passarge et Hoffmann 1968 3. Ass. Vaccinio-Juniperetum communis A. Kovács 1979

VACCINIO-PICEETALIA Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928 Piceion excelsae Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928 4. Ass. Calamagrostio villosae – Piceetum (Coldea et Pânzaru 1986) Sanda et al. 2001 5. Ass. Hieracio transsilvanicae-Piceetum Pawlowski et Br.-Bl. 1939

ATHYRIO-PICEETALIA Hadač 1962 Chrysanthemo rotundifolii – Piceion (Krajina 1933) Brezina et Hadač in Hadač 1962 6. Ass. Leucanthemo waldsteinii – Piceetum Karajina 1933 Abieti – Piceion (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939) Soó 1954 7. Ass. Hieracio transsilvanico – Abietetum (Borhidi 1971) Coldea 1991 QUERCO – FAGETEA Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 FAGETALIA SYLVATICA Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928 Symphyto cordati – Fagion Vida 1963 8. Ass. Pulmonario rubrae – Fagetum (Soó 1964) Täuber 1987 9. Ass. Leucanthemo waldsteinii – Fagetum (Soó 1964) Täuber 1987 SALICETEA PURPUREAE Moor 1958 SALICETALIA PURPUREAE Moor 1958 Salicion elaeagno – daphnoides (Moor 1958)Gras in Mučina et al.1993 10. Ass. Salici purpureae – Myricarietum Moor 1958 Description of the associations VACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl.in Br.-Bl.et al. 1939 JUNIPERO-PINETALIA MUGI Boşcaiu 1971 Pinion mugi Pawlowski 1928 1. Ass. Calamogrostio villosae – Pinetum mugi Sanda et Popescu 2002 (Tab. 1; relev. :1, 2, 3) It includes phytocenosis installed on the slopes and plateaus with plenty of snow in winter, with remarkable ecological role because they provide good protection of the slopes by preventing the onset of erosion processes. From the floristic composition one may observe that phytocenoses are pure with the following characteristic species: Pinus mugo, Calamagrostis villosa, Vaccinium myrtillus and Polytrichum communis. 2. Ass. Vaccinio-Polytrichetum communis Mihai 1968 (Tab. 1; relev.:4, 5, 6) Phytocenosis are low in species but they have a very good presence of the characteristic species: Vaccinium myrtillus and Polytrichum communis. These species indicate the acidity of the substrate, the acidity explains the low number of species in the floristic composition

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of this association. During spring and early summer Vaccinium myrtillus dominate, by covering the moss layer dominated by Polytrichum communis. VACCINIO-JUNIPERETALIA Passarge et Hoffmann 1968 Vaccinio – Juniperion communis Passarge et Hoffmann 1968 3. Ass. Vaccinio-Juniperetum communis A. Kovács 1979 (Tab. 1; relev.:7, 8, 9, 10, 11) The phytocoenosis from the subalpine stage are characterized by the species of Juniperus communis and Vaccinium myrtillus. These species are accompanied by particular acidophilous and oligotrophic species. The moss layer is composed of acidophilous to strongly acidophilous species, oligotrophic to strongly oligotrophic species dominated by the species of Polytrichum communis. VACCINIO-PICEETALIA Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928 Piceion excelsae Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928 4. Ass. Calamagrostio villosae – Piceetum (Coldea et Pânzaru 1986) Sanda et al. 2001 (Tab.2; relev.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Phytocoenosis found on slopes with moderate tilts, at the upper limit of forest area. The tree layer has the coverage of up to 70% and is represented by juvenile and mature individuals of the species Picea abies accompanied by individuals of the species Sorbus aucuparia. The shrub layer is represented by Juniperus sibirica. In the herbaceous layer it is mentioned the characteristic species of Calamagrostis villosa accompanied by the species of Oxalis acetosella, Campanula abietina and the species of Vaccinium myrtillus with a good presence and a dominant abundance - noted 1 in two surveyings. In the herbaceous layer the characteristic species is Calamagrostis villosa accompanied by the species of Oxalis acetosella and Campanula abietina. 5. Ass. Hieracio transsilvanicae-Piceetum Pawlowski et Br.-Bl. 1939 (Tab.2; relev.: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) The illustrative species of this phytocoenosis - Picea abies and Hieracium transsilvanicum - are accompanied by a cenotic nucleus containing the following species: Homogyne alpina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Lycopodium annotinum, Oxalis acetosella and Soldanella hungarica. The tree layer consisting of Picea abies, Sorbus aucuparia and Betula pendula has a coverage of up to 90%. The herbaceous layer with a coverage of 10-15% includes the species of Homogyne alpina, Hieracium transsilvanica and Oxalis acetosella.

ATHYRIO-PICEETALIA Hadač 1962 Chrysanthemo rotundifolii – Piceion (Krajina 1933) Brezina et Hadač in

Hadač 1962 6. Ass. Leucanthemo waldsteinii – Piceetum Karajina 1933 (Tabel 3. relev.:1, 2, 3, 4, 5) The phytocoenosis of this association is installed on moderate slopes with specific soil conditions (pH 5.5 to 6.2, acid brown, mesotrophic, wet soil). In the floristic composition there are the species of Senecio nemorensis, Ranunculus platanifolius and Rosa pendulina (Betulo-Adenostyletea). The tree layer is dominated by Picea abies to which we add Abies alba, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica and Sorbus aucuparia. The grass layer includes the species of Sanicula europaea, Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Moneses uniflora, Campanula abietina and Homogyne alpina.

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Abieti – Piceion (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939)Soó 1954 7. Ass. Hieracio transsilvanico – Abietetum (Borhidi 1971) Coldea 1991 (Tabel 3, relev.: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) The association includes phytocenosis installed on the low-sloping hillsides, with saturated soil in base and pH of 5.8 to 6.5. The tree layer includes Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica. The herbaceous synusia (5-15% coverage) is characterized by Hieracium transsilvaticum accompanied by Oxalis acetosella, Luzula luzuloides and Polygonum verticillatum. QUERCO – FAGETEA Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937

FAGETALIA SYLVATICA Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928 Symphyto cordati – Fagion Vida 1963

8. Ass. Pulmonario rubrae – Fagetum (Soó 1964) Täuber 1987 (Tab. 4, relev.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) The phytocoenosis of this association vegetate on soils with pH of 4.7 to 6.2. The relevant species are Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba. The characteristic species of Pulmonaria rubra is accompanied by Dentaria glandulosa, Euphorbia carniolica and Symphytum cordatum. In the tree layer, in addition to Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba, there are also Picea abies and Acer pseudoplatanus. The shrub layer has a maximum coverage of 20% and it includes species of Daphne mezereum, Clematis vitalba and Hedera helix. The herbaceous synusia includes species such as Dentaria glandulosa, Carex sylvatica and Luzula luzuloides. 9. Ass. Leucanthemo waldsteinii – Fagetum (Soó 1964) Täuber 1987 (Tab. 4, relev.:7, 8, 9, 10, 11) It is an association installed on land with moderate humidity, low pH soil rich in humus of moder type and total nitrogen. The relevant species of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies have a coverage of 75-85%. The species of Leucanthemum wadsteinii is accompanied by characteristic species for Symphyto cordati-Fagenion such as Dentaria glandulosa, Euphorbia carniolica, Symphytum cordatum. SALICETEA PURPUREAE Moor 1958 SALICETALIA PURPUREAE Moor 1958 Salicion elaeagno – daphnoides (Moor 1958) Gras in Mučina et al.1993 10. Ass. Salici purpureae – Myricarietum Moor 1958 (Tab. 5, relev.:1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Phytocoenosis that settle the alluvial substrate and protect the banks of the flowing water in the region. In the association’s structure there are distinguished the relevant species of Myricaria germanica and Salix purpurea and the species of Salix daphnoides, Salix triandra, which form the shrub layer and a cover of 65-75%. The species of Alnus incana, Cirsium oleraceum and Deschampsia caespitosa are distinguished and they suggest a syndynamic evolution towards the phytocenosis of Alnus incana.

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Conclusions

The complexity of natural conditions from Suhard Massif determines a relatively large number of plant associations classified in a few units of vegetation. Thus, the associations from the subalpine region are classified in the unit of Hercynic and northern Carpathian shrubs of juniper with the following constant species: Calamagrostis villosa, Homogyne alpine, Luzula luzuloides, Oxalis acetosella, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Polytrichum juniperinum, Pleurozium schreberi. Coniferous forests contain characteristic species for spruce forests (Dryopteris dilatata, Soldanella montana) and constant - subconstant species like Homogyne alpina, Luzula sylvatica, Oxalis acetosella, Sorbus aucuparia, Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea, which support the classification of these forests in the vegetation unit of spruce forests of Eastern and Southern Carpathians.

The forests of broad-leaved trees belong to the Eastern Carpathian beech forests unit and contain Eastern Carpathian species, such as: Symphytum cordatum, Sanicula europaea, Pulmonaria rubra, and Cardamine glanduligera. These forests have a limited distribution in the nemoral and partially boreal stage.

REFERENCES

1. BORZA AL., BOŞCAIU N., 1965 - Introducere în studiul covorului vegetal, Bucureşti, Edit. Acad. R. P. Române.

2. CIOCÂRLAN V., 2000 - Flora ilustrată a României. Pteridophyta et Spermatophyta, Bucureşti, Edit. Ceres. 3. COLDEA GH., PÎNZARU GH.,1987 - Vegetaţia Rezervaţiei Naturale Omul din Munţii Suhard, St., cerc.,

biol., veget., t.39, nr.2:109 -118. 4. COLDEA GH. , 1985 - Phytözonologisches Studium der krummholzgebüsche in den Südostkarpaten. Fedes

Repert, 96, 5-6: 397-405. 5. COLDEA GH., 1991 - Prodrome des associations vegetales des Carpates du sud-est. (Carpaties

Roumanies). Documents Phytosociologiques Camerino, 13: 317 - 359. 6. MITITELU D., CHIFU T., PASCAL P., 1989 - Flora şi vegetaţia judeţului Suceava, Anuar. Muz. Suceava:

93 -120. 7. PASOVSCHI S., LEANDRU V., 1958 - Tipuri de pădure in R..P.R, Edit. Agrosilvică Bucureşti. 8. POPESCU- ARGESEL I., 1983 - Masivul Suhard. Ghid turistic, Bucureşti.

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Table I Associations from the Orders of Junipero-Pinetalia mugi Boscaiu 1971 and Vaccinio Juniperetalia Passarge et Hoffmann 1968

Association Calamogrostio villosae –

Pinetum mugi Vaccinio - Polytrichetum

communis Vaccinio-Juniperetum communis Number of surveying 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Altitude 1725 1880 1740 1720 1695 1710 1680 1795 1670 1730 1650 Exposition NE N N E E NE NV NE N NE N Slope (degrees) 20 25 15 15 25 20 10 20 10 5 15 Cover shrub layer % 95 100 90 25 35 45 70 80 75 70 75 Cover herbaceous layer % 25 30 30 35 45 40 35 50 40 35 45 Cover moos layer % 60 65 75 85 75 80 75 60 65 80 70 Sample surface m2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Charact. ass. Pinus mugo 5 5 4 - - - - - - - - Calamagrostis villosa + 1 1 - - - + - + - - Vaccinium myrtillus 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 Vaccinium vitis idaea + + - + + 1 - + 1 + - Juniperus communis + - + - + + 3 2 2 1 3 Polytrichum communis + 1 + 4 3 4 3 3 2 4 4 Pinion mugi et Junipero-Pinetalia mugi

Campanula abietina + - - - - - + - + + - Melampyrum saxosum - + - - + - - + - - - Potentilla ternata - - - + - - + - + + - Juniperus sibirica - + - - - - - - - - - Vaccinio–Juniperion communis et Vaccinio-Juniperetalia

Calamagrostis arundinacea - - + - + + - + - - + Deschampsia flexuosa 2 1 2 + - + + 1 + + + Luzula luzuloides + - + - + - + + - + - Hieracium alpinum + + - + - + - - + - - Senecio nemorensis - - - - + - + + - - - Vaccinio-Piceetea

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Homogyne alpina + + + - + - - + - + + Sorbus aucuparia + + + - - - + - - - Lycopodium annotinum + - + - - + - + + + - Lycopodium selago - - + + - + + - - + - Oxalis acetosella + 2 + - - + - + - + + Corallorhiza trifida - - + - - - - - - - - Hieracium transsilvanicum - - + + - + - - + - + Melampyrum sylvaticum + - + + - - - - + + - Luzula sylvatica - + + - + - - - - + - Dryopteris dilatata + - + - + - - - - - - Athyrium distentifolium - + - - - - - - + - - Gentiana asclepiades - + + - + - - - - + + Rosa pendulina - - - - + - - + - - - Veratrum album + - + + + - - - + + Picea abies juv. + + - - - + - + - + -

Betulo-Adenostyletea

Adenostyles alliariae - - + - - - - - - - - Aconitum toxicum + - - - - - - + - - - Achillea distans - - - + - - + - - - + Valeriana sambucifolia - - - + - + + - - - - Alnus alnobetula - + - - - - - - - - - Nardo-Callunetea

Nardus stricta + - + 1 1 + + 1 1 + 1 Festuca nigrescens - + - - + + 1 + 1 1 + Viola declinata + + + - + - + + - + + Scorzonera rosea - - - + - - - - + + - Veronica officinalis + - - + + + - + + - + Hypericum maculatum - - - + + + - + - + - Vaccinium gaultherioides - + - - - - - + - - - Erigeron alpinus - + - - + - - - - + - Hypochoeris uniflora - - - + - + - + + - - Carlina acaulis - - - + + - + + - + + Accompanying

Rumex alpinus - - - + - + - - + - - Euphrasia sticta - - - + - + - + + - +

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Gymnadenia conopsea - - - - + - - + + - +- Deschampsia caespitosa - - + + 2 1 + - 1 + 2

The Moss layer: Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum juniperinum, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum scoparium, Ceratodon purpureus.

Table II Associations from the Vaccinio-Piceetalia Order Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al 1928

Association Calamagrostio villosae – Piceetum

(Coldea et Pânzaru 1986) Sanda et al. 2001

Hieracio transsilvanicae-Piceetum Pawlowski et Br.-Bl. 1939

Number of surveying 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Altitude 1590 1575 1610 1605 1550 1545 1495 1530 1560 1485 Exposition N NE NE N NE E NE N NE E Slope (degrees) 15 20 10 20 20 15 10 10 5 15 Height of trees (m) 15 12 12 12 15 24 28 25 27 30 Diameter of trees (cm) 7-20 5-25 5-15 7-20 10-25 10-40 10-55 10-45 7-55 10-65 Cover tree layer % 55 60 60 65 70 85 80 85 90 85 Cover shrub layer + juvenile layer % 20 15 15 10 10 5 7 5 5 7 Cover herbaceous layer % 45 35 35 30 25 10 7 10 10 15 Cover moos layer % 20 15 25 15 20 35 30 25 30 20 Sample surface m2 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Charact. ass. Picea abies 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 Picea abies juv. 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 - - 1 Calamagrostis villosa 3 3 2 2 2 - - - + - Hieracium transsilvanicum - - - - - + + + + + Pinion mugi

Campanula abietina + + - + + + + - + + Melampyrum saxosum + - - + - + - + - - Juniperus sibirica - + - - - - - - - -

Junipero-Pinetalia mugi

Luzula sylvatica - + - + + + - - + - Homogyne alpina + + + - + + + + - + Vaccinium myrtillus 1 + + 1 + + + + + 1

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Vaccinium vitis-ideae + + - + 1 - + - - +

Vaccinio-Piceetea

Sorbus aucuparia - 1 - + + - - + - - Lycopodium selago + - + + - + - + - + Lycopodium annotinum - - - - + - - - + - Orthilia secunda - - - + - + + - - + Corallorhiza trifida - - - - - - + - - - Oxalis acetosella 1 + + + + 1 + + 1 1 Listera cordata - - - - + - + - - - Betula pendula + - - + - - - + - - Betula pendula juv. - - - + - - - + - - Deschampsia flexuosa + - + + - - - - - - Soldanella hungarica - + - - - + + + - - Dryopteris dilatata - - - + - + - - + -

Nardo-Callunetea

Alchemilla glaucescens - + - + - - - - - - Nardus stricta + + - + - - - - - - Campanula seraata - + + - - - - - - - Scorzonera rosea - - - + - - - - - - Hypericum maculatum - + - - + - - - + - Thynus balcanus + - - + - - - - - - Solidago virgaurea - + + - - + - - - - Hypericum richerii ssp. grisebachii - - + - - - - + - -

Accompanying

Festuca nigrescens 1 + + + + - + - - - Dechampsia caespitosa + + - 1 + + - + - + Polygonatum verticillatum - - - - - + - + + - Maianthemum bifolium - + - - - + + - + + Luzula luzuloides - + - - - + + + - + Achillea distans - - - - - - + - + - Epilobium angustifolium - - - - - + - + - + Athyrium distentifolium - + - - - - + - + -

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The Moss layer: Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum scoparium, Polytrichum commune.

Table III Associations from the Athyrio-Piceetalia Order Hadač 1962

Association

Leucanthemo waldsteinii – Piceetum Hieracio transsilvanicae-Abietetum Number of surveying 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Altitude 1280 1305 1140 1250 1370 1100 1060 1015 980 1090 975 Exposition NE - NV NE E NV NE NE N E E Slope (degrees) 5 - 5 3 5 10 15 10 7 15 10 Height of trees (m) 32 30 30 28 32 30 30 30 34 32 28 Diameter of trees (cm) 10-60 10-65 10-55 10-60 10-70 10-60 10-60 10-55 10-70 10-65 10-60 Cover tree layer % 75 80 85 80 75 85 85 80 85 90 80 Cover shrub layer + juvenile layer % 5 10 5 - 5 10 10 5 5 3 5 Cover herbaceous layer % 15 15 20 15 10 10 15 10 5 10 15 Cover moos layer % 35 40 35 30 35 20 25 25 15 15 10 Sample surface m2 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Charact. ass.

Picea abies 4 4 5 4 4 2 3 3 4 3 2

Picea abies juv. + 1 + 1 + + 1 + + + + Abies alba - - - - - 3 1 2 1 2 3 Abies alba juv. - - - - - + - + + + + Leucanthemum waldsteinii + + - - - - + - - Hieracium transsilvanicum - - - - + + + + + + + Piceion excelsae

Hypericum maculatum + + - - + - - + - - - Homogyne alpina - + - - - + + - - - Luzula sylvatica - - + - + - + + + - - Dryopteris dilatata - - + - + - + - + + - Melampyrun sylvaticum - + - - + + - - - + + Athyrium distentifolium + - - + - - + + - - + Soldanela montana - - + - - - - - + - -

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Clematis alpina - - - - - - + - - - -

Vaccinio-Piceetalia

Ranunculus carpaticus - + + - - + + - + - + Deschampsia flexuosa - - + - - - - - - + - Luzula luzuloides + - + - - + - + + + - Calamagrostis arundinacea - - - - + - - - - - - Lonicera caerulea - - - - - - - - + - + Vaccinio-Piceetea

Campanula abietina + - + + - + - + + - + Vaccinium myrtillus + + 1 + + + + - + - + Vaccinium vitis-idaea - + + - - + - - + - - Sorbus aucuparia juv. + - - + - - - - - - + Lycopodium selago + - + - - + - + - - - Betula pendula - - + - + - - - - - - Oxalis acetosella 1 1 + + + + 1 + + + 1 Moneses uniflora - - + - - + - + - - - Orthilia secunda - - - - - - + + - - - Betulo-Adenostyletea

Ranunculus platanifolius + - - + - - - - - - - Polygonum verticillatum - + - - - + - + + + - Rosa pendulina - + - - - - + - - - - Senecio nemorensis + + - - + - - - - - - Carduus personatus - + - - + - - - - - - Adenostyles alliariae - - + - - - - - - - - Veronica urticifolia - + - - + - - - + + - Phegopteris connectilis - - - - - + - - - - - Querco-Fagetea

Acer pseudoplatanus - + - - + - + + - + - Sanicula europaea + - + + - + - + + - + Pulmonaria rubra - - - + - - + + - + + Brachypodiumm sylvaticum - - - - - + + - + - - Geranuim robertianum - + - + + - + + - + + Milium effusum - - - + - - - - + - - Galium odoratum - + - - - + + + + + -

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Maianthemum bifolium - - - - + - + - - - + Myosotis sylvatica + - + + - + + - + + - Gymnocarpium dryopteris - - - - - + - - + - - Euphorbia amygdaloides - + + + - + - + - + + Fagus sylvatica - + - - + 1 1 + 1 1 + Stachys sylvatica - + - - - + + - + + - Equisetum sylvaticum + - + + - - - - - - - Cirsium oleraceum - + - - - - - - - - - Impatiens noli-tangere + - - + - - - - - - - Euphorbia carniolica - - - + - + - + - + - Symphytum cordatum - - - - + - + - + - - Dentaria glandulosa - + - - - - - + - + + Poa nemoralis + + 1 - + - + - + - - Athyrium filix femina - - - - - + - + + - - Dryopteris carthusiana - - - + - + + - + - - Ajuga reptans + + - + - + + - + + - Mycelis muralis - - - - - - - + - + + Moehringia trinervia + - + - - + + - - - - Accompanying

Filipendula ulmaria - - - + - - - - - - - Rubus idaeus - + - - - + - - + - - Petasites albus - - - + - - - - - - - Alchemilla xanthochlora - - - - - - - + - - + Veronica montana - + - - - - - - - - -

The Moss layer: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum scoparium, Polytrichum juniperinum.

Table IV Associations form the Fagetalia sylvatica Order Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1928

Association Pulmonario rubrae – Fagetum Leucanthemo waldsteinii – Fagetum Number of surveying 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Altitude 890 910 950 870 985 930 825 945 910 895 955 Exposition E SE N NE NV NE SV SE E N NE

78

Slope (degrees) 10 15 10 20 15 5 3 5 - 5 - Height of trees (m) 32 30 35 28 30 32 28 28 30 28 32 Diameter of trees (cm) 10-65 10-60 10-75 10-55 10-65 10-70 10-60 10-55 10-65 10-50 10-70 Cover tree layer % 80 80 85 80 90 85 80 75 85 85 80 Cover shrub layer + juvenile layer % 10 15 20 5 7 10 5 3 10 5 5 Cover herbaceous layer % 20 15 25 15 10 20 10 5 5 10 5 Cover moos layer % 20 15 15 20 20 15 25 30 25 35 25 Sample surface m2 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Charact. ass. Fagus sylvatica 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 3 4 4 3 Fagus sylvatica juv. + 1 1 + + 1 + + 1 + + Abies alba 2 1 2 1 3 2 + - - + + Abies alba juv. 1 + 1 + + - - - - + + Picea abies 1 - 1 1 1 + 1 3 1 1 3 Picea abies juv. - - + - - + + + 1 - - Pulmonaria rubra + + 1 + + + - + - - - Leucanthemum waldsteinii - - - - - - + + + + + Symphyto cordati-Fagion

Dentaria glandulosa + + - + - + - + + - - Euphorbia carniolica + - + - - + - + + - + Symphytum cordatum - + + - + + + + - - + Acer pseudoplatanus + - - - - - - - + - - Acer pseudoplatanus juv. + - - + - - - - + - + Primula elatior ssp. leucophylla - + - - + - + - - + - Epipactis heleborine - - + + - - - + + - + Hordelymus europaeus - + - - + - - + - + - Aconitum moldavicum - - + - - - - - - - + Fagetalia sylvaticae

Symphytum tuberosum + - + - - + - - + + - Daphne mezereum - + - - + - - + + - - Galium odoratum 1 + 1 1 + + 1 + + + + Sanicula europaea + + - + - - - + - + - Millium effusum - + - - + - - - + - - Euphorbia amygdaloides + - - + + + - + + - + Anemone ranunculoides - - - + - - + - + - - Mercurialis perennis + - - - - + - + - - -

79

Salvia glutinosa 1 1 + 1 + + - + + - + Scrophularia nodosa - + - - + - + - + + - Platanthera bifolia - - + - + - - - - + - Oxalis acetosella 1 1 + + + 2 + + - + + Hieracium murorum - + + - + + - + - + + Carex sylvatica + - + + - + - + + + - Querco-Fagetea

Viola reichembachiana + - + + - + - + + + - Epilobium montanum - + + - + - - + - - - Hedera helix - - + - + - - - - + - Neottia nidus-avis - - - - - - + - + - - Mycelis muralis + - - + - - + + + + - Geum urbanum - - - + - - + - + - + Brachipodium sylvaticum - - - - + - - + + - + Athyrium filix-femmina - + - - - + - + - - - Dryopteris filix-mas + - + - - + - + - + + Ajuga reptans - - - + + - + - + - - Populus tremula - - - - + - - - - - - Clematis vitalba - - - + - - - + - + - Corylus avellana - - - - - - + - + - - Glechoma hederacea + - + + - + - + + - - Stachys sylvatica + - - + - + + + - - + Equisetum sylvaticum - + - + - + - - + - - Luzula luzuloides + + + + - + - + + - + Geranium robertianum - + + + - + + + - + + Epilobium montanum - - - + - + - + - - + Impatiens noli-tangere - + - - - - - - + - - Poa nemoralis - + - + + - + - - + - Accompanying

Sambucus racemosa - + - - + - - + - - - Rubus idaeus - - + + - + - - - + - Salix caprea - + - - - - + - + - - Solidago viraurea - - + - + - - + - - + Hypericum hirsutum + - - + - - - - - - - Fragaria vesca - + + - + - - + - - - Cardamine impatiens - + - - - + - - - - -

80

Chaerophyllum aromaticum - - - - - - - - + - - Lysimachia nummularia - - - - + - - + - - - Eupatorium cannabinum - - - + - - - - + - + Galeopsis tetrahit - - - - - - - - + - - Gentiana asclepiadea - + - + - - - - - + - Epilobium angustifolium - - - + - - + - - - + Gymnocarpium robertianum - - + - - - - - - - -

The Moss layer: Hylocomium splendens, Plagiomnium affine, Plagiomnium undulatum, Polytrichum formosum, Plagiochilla asplenioides, Dicranum scoparium, Brachythecium rutabulum, Brachythecium velutinum.

Table V Associations of the Salicetalia purpureae Order Moor 1958

Number of surveying 1 2 3 4 5 Altitude 745 735 740 755 730 Exposition NE - SE - - Slope (degrees) 3 - 5 - - Cover shrub layer % 65 75 60 65 55 Cover herbaceous layer % 35 30 45 30 40 Sample surface m2 100 100 100 100 100 Charact. ass. Myricaria germanica 3 4 2 3 2 Salix purpurea 2 + 3 1 2 Salicion elaeagno-daphnoides Calystegia sepium + + - + - Calamagrostis pseudophragmites - + - - - Salix daphnoides + - - 1 - Saponaria officinalis - - + - - Salicetalia purpureae Lysimachia nummularia + + + + + Mentha longifolia 1 + 1 + + Salix triandra - + - + 1 Symphytum officinale 1 1 + + 1 Veronica beccabunga + + + + + Galium aparine + - + + 1 Poa trivialis - + - + +

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Epilobium hirsutum 2 + + 1 1 Lysimachia vulgaris - - + - + Salicetea purpureae Salix alba + - - - 1 Rubus caesius + 2 + + 1 Urtica dioica - + + + - Calamagrostis epigeios - + + - + Alno-Ulmion Alnus incana + - + + + Deschampsia caespitosa + + 2 + 1 Inula helenium - - - - + Equisetum hiemale + - + - - Cirsium oleraceum + - - 1 - Impatiens noli-tangere - + - + + Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Agrostis stolonifera + + 1 1 1 Carex hirta + - - + + Cardamine pratensis - + - + -