Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth...

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Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France - PARIS EU-ARTECH Workshop on Seventeenth Century Northern European Paintings Techniques 12th December 2005

Transcript of Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth...

Page 1: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650

Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO

Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France - PARIS

EU-ARTECH Workshop on Seventeenth Century Northern European Paintings Techniques

12th December 2005

Page 2: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

• French-Flemish cultural area : north of the Loire to the Flandres : panel ground with chalk and glue

• Transition between white and coloured grounds in France for canvas paintings : 1620 -1630

• What about canvas Flemish painting from the first half of the XVIIth century ?

Introduction

Rubens - Descente de croix – Valenciennes

Snyders – Nature morte - Amiens

Page 3: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

• Flemish paintings on canvas from French collections– Lille 2004 Exhibition - “ Rubens “ (Techne 2005)– deployment of the Louvre collections in 1994

• Little publications from this period

• 34 works executed by 13 painters from Antwerp– Rubens (11 paintings)– Jordaens (9 paintings)– The others painters (one or two paintings )Snyders, Van Dyck, Seghers, de Crayer…

• Technical – Cross-sections have been analyzed with scanning electron

microscopy and EDS– Medium of some samples have been analyzed by IRTF and GC-MS

Page 4: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

RUBENS Pierre-Paul (1577-1640)• 1615-1620 :

La Descente de Croix – Lille – for the church of convent “des Capucins” St François recevant l’Enfant Jésus des mains de la Vierge – Lille for

the church of convent “des Capucins” Saint François en extase – (atelier) – Lille

• 1622-1623 : La Descente de croix – Valenciennes – for the church “St Géry”

L’adoration des bergers – Cathédrale de Soissons St Dominique et St François d'Assise préservant le monde de la colère

du du Christ - Lyon- for “ St-Paul-des-Domicains ” from Antwerp

• 1626-1629 : L’adoration des Mages – Paris – Louvre –

• 1622-25 : for “ Palais du Luxembourg - Paris ” Marie de Médicis en Bellone – Paris – Louvre La Reine s’enfuit du château de Blois – Paris – Louvre

• 1615 ?– Ixion roi des Lapithes, trompé par Junon – Paris – Louvre

• ? Thomyris, reine des scythes – Paris – Louvre

Page 5: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

RUBENS Lower layer - white yellowish

• Chalk – La Descente de Croix – Lille

• Medium : oil

– St François en extase– L’adoration des Bergers– La Reine s’enfuit de Blois– L’adoration des Mages– Marie de Médicis en Bellone

• Chalk with very little white lead – St François recevant l’Enfant Jésus

des mains de la Vierge– St Dominique et St François

d'Assise

BSE image

Page 6: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

• Calcium carbonate, white lead, and differents pigments « pincelier »– Ixion roi des Lapithes, trompé par Junon

Pierre Le Brun 1636 : “Recueil des essais des merveilles de la peinture”

• Chalk, a small amount of white lead, earth pigment and charcoal black– Descente de croix – Valenciennes

RUBENS Lower layer slightly coloured

Page 7: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

• White lead, a small amount of calcium carbonate and charcoal black – Descente de croix – Valenciennes

RUBENS Upper layer - grey

• White lead, calcium carbonate, lamp black – Marie de Médicis en

Bellone –

• White lead, calcium carbonate, charcoal black – Thomyris, reine des

scythes…

Page 8: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

RUBENS

St François recevant l’Enfant Jésus des mains de la Vierge – Lille - (enlargement by Rubens)– chalk with a small amount of lead – white lead with little calcium

carbonate– Under drawing

XRay radiograph

Page 9: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

Jacob JORDAENS – (1593-1678)• about 1620

– Saint Thomas et deux apôtres – Lille – Saint Jean l’Evangéliste et deux apôtres - Lille

• 1640 For his residence– Les signes du zodiaque – les poissons – Paris– Palais du Sénat– Les signes du zodiaque – la balance – Paris– Palais du Sénat

• about 1650– Le repos de Diane – Paris– Louvre– L’adoration des bergers – Paris– Louvre– L’arrestation du Christ - Valenciennes

• Attributed to Jordaens :– Connais-toi toi-même - La jeunesse entre le vice et la vertu –

Saint-Brieuc

• 1653– Le jugement dernier – Paris– Louvre

Page 10: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

Connais-toi toi-même - La jeunesse entre le vice et la vertu – Saint-Brieuc

L’arrestation du Christ - Valenciennes

Jordaens

Page 11: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

Jordaens

• Upper layer : grey

white lead and charcoal black

except for the last painting : – L’arrestation du Christ – Le jugement dernier

• Lower layer - white-yellowish

chalk– Saint Thomas et deux apôtres – Saint Jean et deux apôtres – Le repos de Diane – L’adoration des bergers– Le jugement dernier

Page 12: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

Jordaens

• Lower layer - slightly coloured• chalk, little white lead, and different

pigments « pincelier »– Les signes du zodiaque – les

poissons

– Les signes du zodiaque – la balance

– L’arrestation du Christ –

• Lower layer - grey• White lead, some earth pigments, charcoal black

– Connais-toi toi-même - La jeunesse entre le vice et la vertu – Attr. to Joardens

Page 13: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

The others painters

• Upper layer : grey white lead, and charcoal black and sometimes calcium carbonate

• Lower layer : white-yellowish -

chalk– Pieter Brueghel II (Attri. à)(1564-

1638) Adoration des Mages - Salins– Joos de Momper (1564-1635)

Paysage montagneux avec un pont et quatre cavaliers – Paris- Louvre

– Anton Van Dyck (1599-1641) Saint Sébastien secouru par les anges – (early work) – Paris- Louvre

– Theodoor Van Thulden (1606-1669) Le Christ ressuscité apparaissant à la Vierge Louvre - Jesuit church in Bruges. About 1660

Page 14: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

• Lower layer : white-yellowish-chalk and little white lead– Gasper de Crayer (1584-1669) Le

martyre de Sainte Catherine – Grenoble -1620-1625

• Lower layer : slightly coloured- chalk and some grain of minium

– Gasper de Crayer Le Christ en croix entre Sainte Madeleine et Saint François – Paris - Louvre

• Medium : oil

Page 15: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

Lower layer : slightly coloured

• Chalk with a little earth pigment– Hendrik de Clerck (1570-1630) Diane découvrant la grossesse

de Callisto -Louvre

• Chalk with different pigments “pincelier”– Jan Fyt (1611-1661) Gibier et corbeille de

raisin observés par un chat - Louvre

• Chalk with charcoal black – Anonymous (sometimes Philippe de Champaigne’s early work) Portrait from François van der Buch -Cambrai

• Chalk with little earth pigment and little white lead– Gerard Seghers (1591- 1651) St François

d'Assise réconforté par les anges après sa stigmatisation – (1620-1624) Louvre –Paris

• Medium : oil

Page 16: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

coloured grounds

• Paul de Vos (1595-1678) L’entrée des animaux dans l’arche de Noé – Paris - Louvre– First layer yellow-orange : chalk, ochre

• Frans Snyders (1579-1657) :– Nature morte - Amiens– Trois chiens dans un garde-manger – Louvre– red - orange : chalk and ochre

• Medium : oil

Page 17: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

Anton Van Dyck (1599-1641) Le Christ en croix - Lille, about 1628 For the convent “des Récollets”

coloured grounds

• Red lower layer : chalk, little white lead, red ochre

– Medium : oil

Page 18: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

conclusion• White grounds persisted for a long time -

– Van Thulden 1660, Jordaens 1653, – Saint Dominique et Saint François (Rubens) enlargement : 1670– Chalk with oil (with protein ?, Conversion de Saint Bavon IRPA 1999),

sometimes with white lead, – Chalk with different pigments ; «  pincelier »

• Coloured grounds – Rubens

(Italy 1600-1608)

La Transfiguration - Nancy - for Mantoue

England (1629) Peace and War (NGTB 1999)

– Frans Snyders, Paul De Vos– Anton Van Dyck

Le Christ en croix, about 1628

red ground – French influence ?

(Le Golgotha, about 1630, Church of Malines, chalk ground IRPA 2001-02)

Page 19: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

Turquet de Mayerne manuscript from 1620-1646

Pictoria sculptoria et quae subalternarum artium spectantia

• Colored grounds– English brown red, yellow ochre, bolus, umber,

charcoal black– white lead with English brown red, yellow ochre,

bolus, umber, charcoal black

• Why aren’t white chalk grounds mentioned ?– Manuscript written at Charles I court : English

techniques ?– Manuscript does not refer to canvas purchased with

grounds already applied ? (Van Hout, Leiden, 1998)

Page 20: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.

• Remerciements :– GC-MS : Juliette Langlois and Martine Regert– IRTF : Anne-Solenn Le Hô– MEB-EDS : Eric Laval

Page 21: Contribution to the study of grounds of Flemish paintings on canvas from 1600 to 1650 Elisabeth MARTIN and Myriam EVENO Centre de Recherche et de Restauration.