Contrast radiographyContrast is chemical substance which is introduced in human body

via entral/parentral route to visualize certain structures not seen in plain radiography.it is also used to see vascularity of certain lesions in ct scan and mri

Contraindications for I.V contrast STUDIES

ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATION MULTIPLE MYELOMA RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS DEHYDRATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNCONTROLLED DIABETIS MEELITIS UREMIA

COMPLICATION OF CONTRAST STUDIES LOCAL (AT SITE OF INJECTION) PHELIBITIS EXTRAVASTION OF CONTRAST SWELLING IN SOFT TISSUES SYSTEMIC MOSTLY B/C OF HYPERSENSIVITY NAUSEA VOMITTING TACHCARDIA ANAPHYLATIC SHOCK ERYTHEMA/ERYSEPALOUS

Types of contrast 1. POSITIVE they produce opaque image Example barium sulphate,iodine containing

contrasts such as urograffin ,omnipaque.ipomoro.

2. negative they produce radiolucent image.

Example air.

Routes of contrast Entral contrast is given by oral route. Anal orifice contrast study is called barium

enema/gastrograffin enema Intravenous. Intraarterial. External opening on body surface study is

called sinogram / fistulogram/loopogram

General protocols Informative consent. Pt should be well hydrated. In case of i.v contrast study renal function

must be aceesed(seum urea/creatinine). AnyH/o hypersensivity TO CERTAIN DRUGS PT vitals must be stable. At time of procedures the life saving drugs

must be present

System related contrast studies GIT Barium swallow Barium meal Barium meal andfollow through Barium enema loopogram hepato billiary system Percutaneous transhepatic choleangiography. ERCP Urinogenital system

Urogenital system I V U RETROGRADE PYELOGRAPHY CYSTOGRAPHY CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY RETROGRADE UREHROGRAPHY MICTURATING CYSTO URETHROGARAPHY HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ANGIOGRAPHY CORONARY/ CEREBRAL VENOGRAPHY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEW IMAGING MODALITIES ARE USED CT SCAN /mri i.v contrast is used myelography

indications Each contrast study has its own indications Barium swallow Dysphagia Barium meal Epigastric pain highly suspicious gastric / duodenal

ulcer. GERD. Recurrent vomitting. Barium meal and follow through Small intestinal disorders .intestinal

tuberculosis.inflamatory bowel diseases Barium enema Constipation . Malena, colonic mass. Hirshprung

disease

INTRA VENOUS UROGRAPHY Renal stone localization and obstructive

effects Renal function Localization of ectopic kidney, Congenital anamoly like horseshoe kineys. Haematuria Large pelvic mass

Protocols of contrast studies Informative consent. Preperation of pt In iv contrast studies pt should be kept on light dinner before day

of study. Pt should be kept NPO. SERUM UREA AND CREATININESHOULD BE NORMAL. I.V LINE SHOULD BE MAINTAINED. EMERGENCY TROLLY MUST BE PRESENT. FOR BARIUM SWALLOW

URETHROGRAPHY,SINUGGRAPHY.FISTULOGRAPHY.AND CYSTOGRAPHY PT PREPERATION IS NOT NEEDED.

CLEAN ENEMA/ LAXATIVE SHOULD BE GIVEN IF CONTRAST STUDY IS INCLUDING ITESTINE IN IMAGE.

I,v contrast should be given slowly.

SELECTION OF CONTRAST IV CONTRAST ARE OF THREE TYPES. 1.IONIC AND HYPER OSMOLAR 2.NON IONIC HYPER OSMOLAR. 3.NON IONIC AND HYPOOSMOLAR. MOST SAFE BUT

EXPENSIVE.

MOST COMMONLY USED IS UROGRAFFIN WHICH IS IONIC AND HYPER OSMOLAR.OMNIPAQUE IS NON IONIC BUT HYPER OSMOLAR.ipomoro is non ionicand low osmolar

ORAL CONTRAST ,BARIUM SULPHATE IS CRYSTALLINE POWDER DISSOLVED IN WATER,

BESIDE IT PREPARED LIQUID FORM IS AVAIL ABLE AS GASTROGRAFFIN WHICH IS USED TO

Contraindications for I.V contrast STUDIES

ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATION MULTIPLE MYELOMA RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS DEHYDRATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNCONTROLLED DIABETIS MEELITIS UREMIA