Contracting to Preserve Open Science: Lessons for a Microbial Research Commons Prof. Peter Lee UC...

Contracting to Preserve Open Science: Lessons for a Microbial Research

Commons

Contracting to Preserve Open Science: Lessons for a Microbial Research

Commons

Prof. Peter LeeUC Davis School of Law

October 8, [email protected]

Prof. Peter LeeUC Davis School of Law

October 8, [email protected]

AgendaAgenda

• Present ongoing research on private ordering to promote “open science”

• Apply lessons to designing a microbial research commons

• Explore additional design principles and considerations

ContextContext• Ongoing research on the role of “public institutions” in creating a

noncommercial research commons in biomedicine

Public Norms

Private ordering

Intellectual PropertyIntellectual Property

Physical PropertyPhysical Property

Research CommonsResearch Commons

Proprietary Scientific Inputs and Research Holdup

Proprietary Scientific Inputs and Research Holdup

• Patented biomedical research tools

Patented Research Tool

Patented Research Tool

ResearchResearch

ResearchResearch

ApplicationApplication




The Challenge of Appropriate Access to Biomedical Research Tools

The Challenge of Appropriate Access to Biomedical Research Tools

• Wide access to research tools generates significant positive externalities

Commit research tools to the public domain?

• Many research tools are dual status inventions:– Aids in basic research– Commercial products or commercial precursors

Create a mediated semicommons• Traditional policy levers (legislation, judicial reform,

regulation) are inadequate

Private Ordering to Resolve Property-Based Holdup

Private Ordering to Resolve Property-Based Holdup

• Collective rights organizations• Cross-licensing and patent pools• Open source licensing

NormsContracts

NormsContracts Access

Disease Advocacy Groups

Disease Advocacy Groups

“Public” Institutions Engaged in “Private” Ordering

“Public” Institutions Engaged in “Private” Ordering

National Institutes of Health

National Institutes of Health

State Funding Agencies

State Funding Agencies

UniversitiesUniversities

Nonprofit Funding Organizations

Nonprofit Funding Organizations

Biomedical research commons

Biomedical research commons

The National Institutes of HealthThe National Institutes of Health

• $30 billion per year in research funds– Bayh-Dole Act– Principles and Guidelines (1999)

• Advocate wide availability of patented research tools for noncommercial uses

• Allow targeted exclusivity for commercial development– Compliance considered in awarding grants

NIHNIH

Resource DeveloperResource Developer

Consideration Qualified Access

The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine


• $3 billion over 10 years for stem cell research• Access requirements

– “A Grantee Organization agrees to make its CIRM-funded patented inventions readily accessible on reasonable terms . . . to other Grantee Organizations for non-commercial purposes.”

• CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 17, § 100306(a)– Grantees must make materials described in a

scientific publication widely available• CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 17, § 100304



• Commercialization of CIRM-funded inventions is encouraged– CIRM collects “proportionate” royalties– If multiple funding sources contributed to an

invention, the state is entitled to a share “proportionate to the support provided by CIRM for the discovery of the invention.”

• CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 17, § 100308(c)


• Major contributors to biomedical research• Promoting open science in technology

transfer licenses– “Harvard will retain the right, for itself and other

not-for-profit research organizations, to practice the subject matter of the patent rights for internal research, teaching and other educational purposes.”

• Licensing Harvard Patent Rights: A Guideline to the Essentials of Harvard’s License Agreements


• Systematic overvaluation of assets– 1991-2000: 238% increase in new patent

applications– Median net licensing income for research

institutions: $1.13 million– Hit or miss (largely miss)

• Normative plurality– Among universities– Within universities

• Research faculties, individual scientists• Offices of technology transfer

Non-Profit Funding OrganizationsNon-Profit Funding Organizations

• Significant sources of “scientific venture capital”

• Howard Hughes Medical Institute– HHMI “expects all HHMI research tools to be

made available to the scientific research community on reasonable terms and in a manner that enhances their widespread availability.”

• HHMI, Research Tools (SC-310), at 1– Consistent with NIH Principles and Guidelines

Contracting to Preserve Open Science

Contracting to Preserve Open Science

• Formalizing the informal norm of open science• Public institutions are engaged in private

ordering• Leveraging upstream scientific capital to

ensure access to proprietary research assets

AgendaAgenda




Lessons for a Microbial Research Commons


• Integrated access to intellectual and physical property– Even pre-commercial assets are patented– Patent rights may need to be cleared in addition

to obtaining physical materials



• Formalizing informal norms: authority and process– Who speaks for the scientific community?– How does a community arrive at normative

consensus?– NIH Principles and Guidelines

• Thorough consultative process• Notice and comment

• Institutional buy-in– Normative plurality among and within institutions



• Encouraging participation– Systematic overvaluing of assets– Leverage upstream “public scientific capital” to

mandate or encourage compliance with access objectives

• Government agencies, universities, private foundations, scientific journals

Public Institutions

Public Institutions

Downstream Owners

Downstream Owners

Consideration QualifiedAccess



• Experience with dual-purpose assets– Noncommercial research use– Commercial application

• Apportioning upstream/downstream contributions and calculating appropriate compensation

• CIRM’s proportionality principle A BC

D?



• Institutional considerations– The need for centralized coordination and

standardization• Lower information and transaction costs

– The role of NIH or a similarly situated body– International challenges

AgendaAgenda




The Cooperative Research GoalThe Cooperative Research Goal

• Incentives to share– Benefits: communal norms as well as self-interest

• Patent pools in the software industry– Costs: education about the expected value of

microbial assets• Distributing duplicates and derivatives

– Open source/viral licenses for microbes

Maintaining High Quality Standards

Maintaining High Quality Standards

• Enormous governance issues• Need for institutional leadership and

community consensus– Define standards– Assign monitoring responsibility– Delineate sanctions

Promoting Reputational BenefitsPromoting Reputational Benefits

• Critical to the “normative economy”• A response to the incentives question

– Participate to establish priority, increase citations, and obtain recognition

• Carrots and sticks– A community of strangers– Cultivating trust and identifying bad actors– User-generated ratings

• Distributed accreditation and “peer review”

Securing Equitable CompensationSecuring Equitable Compensation

• Challenges of liability rule regimes– Valuation and apportionment– Who determines “equitable compensation”?– How is a reasonable royalty calculated?

• Eliminating or mitigating the threat of exit– Ex ante commitments versus ex post profitability

• Looking forward: commercialization and patenting– Structured rules for recipients to inform providers

of patenting plans

SummarySummary

• The microbial research commons is eminently feasible and can benefit from related experiences– Multiple purpose assets– Integrate intellectual, physical, and informational

resources• Leveraging public norms and private ordering

– Formalizing an informal ethos of sharing• Institutional challenges and opportunities

– Standardization– Coordination– Determining equitable compensation

QuestionsQuestions

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