Contracted Braille Part 1

High Tech Center Training Unit

of the California Community Colleges at the Foothill-De Anza Community College District

21050 McClellan Road Cupertino, CA 95014

(408) 996-4636 (800) 411-8954

http://www.htctu.net

1

Table of Contents

Braille Alphabet ..........................................................................................4 Braille Alphabet with Dot Names................................................................5 Single-letter Contractions ...........................................................................6 Single-letter Fill-in Exercise........................................................................7 Single-letter Contraction Exercise ..............................................................8 Matching Exercise ......................................................................................9 Single-letter Contractions with Punctuation..............................................10 Single-letter Contractions Rule Page .......................................................11 Single-letter Contraction Sentences.........................................................12 Key to Single-letter Contraction Sentences..............................................19 and, for, of, the, with Fill In .......................................................................20 and, for, of, the, with Phrases...................................................................21 and, for, of, the, with Words .....................................................................22 and, for, of, the, with Rule Page ...............................................................23 Sentences Using and, for, of, the, with.....................................................24 Key to and, for, of, the, with......................................................................30 Part-Word Contractions ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st ...........................................31 Part-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Rule Page ...............................................32 Part-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Help Page ...............................................33 Sentences with ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st ........................................................34 Key to Sentences with ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st .............................................39 Whole-Word Contractions child, shall, this, which, out, still......................40 Whole-word Contractions with Punctuation..............................................41 Whole-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Rule Page............................................42 Whole-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Help Page............................................43 Sentences with child, shall, this, which, out, still ......................................44 Key to Sentences Using child, shall, this, which, out, still.........................47 ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing.........................................................................48 ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing Words .............................................................49 ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing Rule Page .......................................................50 Part-word ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing Help Page.......................................51 Sentences with ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing................................................52 Key to Sentences with ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing ...................................57 Lower Signs .............................................................................................58 Contractions with Lower Signs--Group One .............................................59 Sentences with Whole Word his, was, were, be, in, enough ....................60 Key to Sentences with Whole Word his, was, were, be, in, enough .........62 his, was, were, be, in, en/enough Rule Page ...........................................64 Contractions with Lower Signs--Group One .............................................65 Sentences with his, was, were, be, in, en/enough....................................66 Key to Sentences with his, was, were, be, in, en/enough.........................71 Part-Word Lower Signs ............................................................................72 Practice Words.........................................................................................73

2

be, con, dis, com Rule Page ....................................................................74 Contractions with Lower Signs--Group Two .............................................75 Sentences with be, con, dis, com .............................................................76 Key to Sentences with be, con, dis, com..................................................81 to, into, by.................................................................................................82 Practice Phrases ......................................................................................83 to, into, by Rule Page...............................................................................84 Contractions with Lower Signs--Group Three ..........................................85 to, into, by in Sentences ...........................................................................86 Key for to, into, by Sentences ..................................................................90 Double-Letter Signs (Plus One) ...............................................................91 Lower Signs and Position.........................................................................92 Practice Words.........................................................................................93 Double-Letter Signs (Plus One) Rule Page..............................................94 Code So Far.............................................................................................95 Sentences with Double-Letter Signs (Plus One) ......................................96 Key for Sentences with Double-Letter Signs (Plus One) ........................104 Restrictions Help ....................................................................................105 Braille Sign Table ...................................................................................106

3

Braille Alphabet

a b c d e f g h i j ∙ b c d e f g h i j

k l m n o p q r s t k l m n o p q r s t

u v x y z w u v x y z w

a b c d e f g h i j a b c d e f g h i j

k l m n o p q r s t k l m n o p q r s t

u v x y z w u v x y z w

4

Braille Alphabet with Dot Names

a a dot 1

k k dots 1-3

u u dots 1-3-6

b b dots 1-2

l l dots 1-2-3

v v dots

1-2-3-6

c c dots 1-4

m m dots 1-3-4

w w dots

2-4-5-6

d d dots 1-4-5

n n dots

1-3-4-5 x x

dots 1-3-4-6

e e dots 1-5

o o dots 1-3-5

y y dots

1-3-4-5-6

f f dots 1-2-4

p p dots

1-2-3-4 z z

dots 1-3-5-6

g g dots 1-2-4-5

q q dots

1-2-3-4-5

h h dots 1-2-5

r r dots 1-2-3-5

i i dots 2-4

s s dots 2-3-4

j j dots 2-4-5

t t dots 2-3-4-5

5

Single-letter Contractions

b b but k k knowledge t t that

c c can 1 l like u u us

d d do m m more v v very

e e every n n not w w will

f f from p p people x x it

g g go q q quite y y you

h h have r r rather z z as

j j just s s so

c's for can's t'll for that'll x's for it's

c't for can't t's for that's y'd for you'd

p's for people's w's for will's y'll for you'll

s's for so's x'd for it'd y're for you're

t'd for that'd x'11 for it'll y've for you've

Note: The single-letter contractions may also be used when 's is added to a proper name to form the possessive, as in "Will's hat" or "Tom More's house." They should not be used when preceded by the apostrophe in an expression such as d'you.

6

Single-letter Fill-in Exercise

but

people

can

quite

do

rather

every

so

from

that

go

us

have

very

just

will

knowledge

it

like

you

more

as

not

7

Single-letter Contraction Exercise

b __________________

c __________________

d __________________

e __________________

f __________________

g __________________

h __________________

j __________________

k __________________

l __________________

m __________________

n __________________

p __________________

q __________________

r __________________

s __________________

t __________________

u __________________

v __________________

w __________________

x __________________

y __________________

z __________________

8

Matching Exercise Match the single letters to their contractions.

k

us as

b people l

from

c m

rather but

d n

every not

e

quite that

f will p

can have

g just q

very

h it do r

you like

s

go more

j knowledge so t

u v w x y z

9

Single-letter Contractions with Punctuation

c't ________________

x'll _______________

y're _______________

y'd ________________

x's ________________

t'd ________________

t'll _______________

y've _______________

x'd ________________

s's ________________

t's ________________

p's ________________

y'll _______________

,w's _______________

s-s ___________________________________________

milk-c ______________________________________

self-k ______________________________________

h-nots ______________________________________

happy-g-lucky ____________________________

10

Single-letter Contractions Rule Page

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go

h, have i j,

just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quiter,

rather s, so

t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z

u, us

v, very x, it y,

youz, as

Single-letter Contraction Rules' Summary • Only represent whole words • A few can be followed by an apostrophe • May be joined with hyphens to other words

11

Single-letter Contraction Sentences

#a4 ,y may eat ravioli if y

desire1 b y w n l x4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,e boy c play baseball if he

tries4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,d n set t empty c on my

bookcase6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

12

#d4 ,y c't g away f home j yet4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,i h z big a muscle z y h4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 ,he is a j man1 b n v humane4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#g4 ,tom's k on t subject is r

vague4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,w y put m food on my plate8

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

13

#i4 ,w's p w visit u next week4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aj4 ,he is n q z brilliant z my

uncle4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aa4 ,s few p l t petty

politician--he w surely lose4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ab4 ,x's true t ,john graduates

f college next ,june4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

14

#ac4 ,w y sew new buttons on my

old coat8

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ad4 ,a milk-c blocks e exit at

,james ,m's ,dairy4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ae4 8,deposit all milk-cans on

my left10 ,james tells all

patrons4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

15

#af4 ,if y make a w1 ,i hope y'll

n give ,john t cozy cottage on

,willmot ,road4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ag4 ,ronald c play d1 re1 mi on

my trumpet4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ah4 ,he snubs me1 b ,i w n d

likewise1 z ,i feel no ill w4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

16

#ai4 ,a primitive p's tools seem

crude4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#bj4 ,x'll take a week if y g t

way6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ba4 ,self-k is wisdom4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

17

#bb4 ,c boys f ,camp ,quail play

baseball on t field e week8

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#bc4 ,if ,i practice daily1 x is

v likely t ,i w h a voice j z big

z y h4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#bd4 ,todd is q a c-d guy2 n l my

uncle at all4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

18

Key to Single-letter Contraction Sentences

1. You may eat ravioli if you desire, but you will not like it.

2. Every boy can play baseball if he tries.

3. Do not set that empty can on my bookcase!

4. You can't go away from home just yet.

5. I have as big a muscle as you have.

6. He is a just man, but not very humane.

7. Tom's knowledge on that subject is rather vague.

8. Will you put more food on my plate?

9. Will's people will visit us next week.

10. He is not quite as brilliant as my uncle.

11. So few people like that petty politician-he will surely lose.

12. It's true that John graduates from college next June.

13. Will you sew new buttons on my old coat?

14. A milk-can blocks every exit at James More's Dairy.

15. "Deposit all milk-cans on my left," James tells all patrons.

16. If you make a will, I hope you'll not give John that cozy cottage on Willmot Road.

17. Ronald can play do, re, mi on my trumpet.

18. He snubs me, but I will not do likewise, as I feel no ill will.

19. A primitive people's tools seem crude.

20. It'll take a week if you go that way!

21. Self-knowledge is wisdom.

22. Can boys from Camp Quail play baseball on that field every week?

23. If I practice daily, it is very likely that I will have a voice just as big as you have.

24. Todd is quite a can-do guy; not like my uncle at all.

19

and, for, of, the, with Fill In

and

for

of

the

with

&

=

(

!

) ______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

20

and, for, of, the, with Phrases

&=a grade

________________________________________________

=! love ( x

________________________________________________

)a kiss

________________________________________________

=! sale

________________________________________________

)! new pick-up truck

________________________________________________

=a nice pet

________________________________________________

&)a job y c d x

________________________________________________

&)! fall (! wall

_________________________________________________________________________

&= y

_________________________________________________________________________

21

and, for, of, the, with Words

and & dots 1-2-3-4-6 for = dots 1-2-3-4-5-6 of ( dots 1-2-3-5-6 the ! dots 2-3-4-6 with ) dots 2-3-4-5-6

&ante_______________

=eh&________________

(ficial____________

ba!__________________

)hold_______________

,&rew_______________

=eign_______________

pro(________________

o!r__________________

)draw_______________

h&y__________________

be!l________________

bl&__________________

bo!r________________

calis!nics_______

c&le________________

di!r________________

(fice_______________

e!r__________________

trans=m____________

,mat!w_____________

pr(it_______________

sc(f________________

scy! ________________

=get________________

!n___________________

22

and, for, of, the, with Rule Page

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go

h, have i j,

just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quiter,

rather s, so

t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us

v, very x, it y,

youz, as and for of the with

and, for, of, the, with Rules' Summary • Represent either whole words or parts of words • Written with no space between them

23

Sentences Using and, for, of, the, with

#a4 ,! man t lives next door took

,!odore & me =a ride on !

trolley4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,he spoke ! phrase )

emphasis3 8,! l& (! free &! home

(! brave60

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,y w pr(it f ! lecture on

ma!matical !ory1 &= once1 y w see

! value ( x4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

24

#d4 ,=eign travel has a twofold

purpose3 ,x helps y relax2 & x

gives y an idea (! way o!r

peoples live4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,john told ,gr&pa t juicy bit

( gossip1 b !y )held x f ,gr&ma4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 ,my wreck (a s(a looks z if x

came f ,holl& )! ,pilgrims4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

25

#g4 ,i w live )& provide =! =lorn

old man4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,i w give ! girl ,i am fond

(a br&-new ,=d6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#i4 ,mat!w gave a book review on

,jack ,london's ,,! ,,call ,,(

,,! ,,wild4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

26

#aj4 ,s&ra =got ! s&als1 !

b&anna1 ! box ( c&y1 &! !rmos

bottle t ,i left on ! s(a4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aa4 ,y c tie ! bundle )! )e t's

)held f ! o!r job4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ab4 ,i w n help y )! essay1 = t

is n q fair4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

27

#ac4 ,we'll take (f = ,clevel& on

a plane1 &=! sake ( economy1

we'll return on a bus4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ad4 ,i c g ) y1 b ,i'd r n4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ae4 ,! professor w hold a =um on

=eign policy = all ! p on campus4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

28

#af4 ,=tune is an elusive w-o'-!-

wisp4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ag4 ,hit )a rock1 ! pickpocket

wri!d ) agony4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ah4 ,x'll provide me ) ample

funds =! trip if ,i )draw t small

sum f my safe deposit box4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

29

Key to and, for, of, the, with

1. The man that lives next door took Theodore and me for a ride on the trolley.

2. He spoke the phrase with emphasis: "The land of the free and the home of the brave!"

3. You will profit from the lecture on mathematical theory, and for once, you will see the value of it.

4. Foreign travel has a twofold purpose: It helps you relax; and it gives you an idea of the way other peoples live.

5. John told Grandpa that juicy bit of gossip, but they withheld it from Grandma.

6. My wreck of a sofa looks as if it came from Holland with the Pilgrims.

7. I will live with and provide for the forlorn old man.

8. I will give the girl I am fond of a brand-new Ford!

9. Matthew gave a book review on Jack London's THE CALL OF THE WILD.

10. Sandra forgot the sandals, the bandanna, the box of candy, and the thermos bottle that I left on the sofa.

11. You can tie the bundle with the withe that's withheld from the other job.

12. I will not help you with the essay, for that is not quite fair.

13. We'll take off for Cleveland on a plane, and for the sake of economy, we'll return on a bus.

14. I can go with you, but I'd rather not.

15. The professor will hold a forum on foreign policy for all the people on campus.

16. Fortune is an elusive will-o'-the-wisp.

17. Hit with a rock, the pickpocket writhed with agony.

18. It'll provide me with ample funds for the trip if I withdraw that small sum from my safe deposit box.

30

Part-Word Contractions ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st

ch * dots 1-6

wh : dots 1-5-6

sh % dots 1-4-6

ou \ dots 1-2-5-6

th ? dots 1-4-5-6

st / dots 3-4

,*icago____________

scrat*_____________

hu%__________________

?orn________________

:at__________________

f\r__________________

:ale________________

pr\d________________

/ate________________

c\pon_______________

pa/__________________

pi/ol_______________

?i/le_______________

fil? ________________

t\*__________________

:ite/_______________

#a/__________________

#e? _________________

ea/__________________

%oe__________________

/\t__________________

:i/le_______________

\trage\s__________

/ret*_______________

31

Part-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Rule Page

ch * th ? ou \

sh % wh : st /

and & the !

for = with )

of (

a a --- k k knowledge u u us

b b but l l like v v very

c c can m m more w w will

d d do n n not x x it

e e every o o --- y y you

f f from p p people z z as

g g go q q quite

h h have r r rather

i i --- s s so

j j just t t that

Part-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Rules' Summary • Represent parts of words • "st" can be used for saint/street when abbreviated (St. Valentine, Heart St.) • "st" and "th" can be used with ordinal numbers (e.g., 1st, 5th)

32

Part-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Help Page

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go

h, have i j,

just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quiter,

rather s, so

t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us

v, very x, it y,

youz, as and for of the with

W

* % ? : \ w

ch sh th wh ou w, will

/

st

33

Sentences with ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st

#a4 ,?omas's %rill :i/le annoys

me6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,! gr\*y old man *ases !

mis*iev\s boys (f ! /reet4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,uncle ,jona?an has a new %oe

/ore on #ba/ ,/reet4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

34

#d4 ,he came f ,/4 ,l\is1

,miss\ri1 only two mon?s ago4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,! %ip w dock at ,s\?ampton

on ! #bbnd or #bcrd ( ,april4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 ,:at d y expect = ,*ri/mas f

,uncle ,na?aniel8

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

35

#g4 ,if y make ano!r mistake l t1

,i'll puni% y at once6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,did ,mr4 ,:itney mish&le !

funds (! s*ool8

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#i4 ,my family simply w n eat any

hoth\se tomatoes4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

36

#aj4 ,we w visit ,holl&1

,mi*igan1 =! tulip fe/ival on !

#ae? ( next mon?4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aa4 ,! *urli% dog *ases !

mis*iev\s boy (f ! grass4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ab4 ,:e!r y l x or n--,i won't

make ano!r mistake l t4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

37

#ac4 ,\r van c hold ,mom's

:eel*air & all ( u4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ad4 ,meg j loves ! \tdoors2 %e

is a happy girl &1 ,i admit1 my

favorite gr&*ild4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

38

Key to Sentences with ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st

1. Thomas's shrill whistle annoys me!

2. The grouchy old man chases the mischievous boys off the street.

3. Uncle Jonathan has a new shoe store on 21st Street.

4. He came from St. Louis, Missouri, only two months ago.

5. The ship will dock at Southampton on the 22nd or 23rd of April.

6. What do you expect for Christmas from Uncle Nathaniel?

7. If you make another mistake like that, I'll punish you at once!

8. Did Mr. Whitney mishandle the funds of the school?

9. My family simply will not eat any hothouse tomatoes.

10. We will visit Holland, Michigan, for the tulip festival on the 15th of next month.

11. The churlish dog chases the mischievous boy off the grass.

12. Whether you like it or not--I won't make another mistake like that.

13. Our van can hold Mom's wheelchair and all of us.

14. Meg just loves the outdoors; she is a happy girl and, I admit, my favorite grandchild.

39

Whole-Word Contractions child, shall, this, which, out, still

ch * dots 1-6 child

sh % dots 1-4-6 shall

th ? dots 1-4-5-6 this

wh : dots 1-5-6 which

ou \ dots 1-2-5-6 out

st / dots 3-4 still

* ___________________

% ___________________

? ___________________ / ___________________

Child, shall, this, which, out, and still must stand alone. They may be joined

: ___________________

\ ___________________

to punctuation igns—with the exception of the apostrophe. The only instances in which these whole-

.

s, dots 1-6 cannot be used to represent child in the word grandchild; however, this sign is used to represent the letters ch in this word. Similarly, dots 1-2-5-6 cannot be used to represent out in the word without; but this sign is used to represent the letters ou in this word.

sword contractions may be used with the apostrophe are in the words child's and still'sThese whole-word contractions may used in hyphenated compound words. These contractions may not be joined to other letters or contractions to form parts of words. Thu

40

Whole-word Contractions with Punctuation

*'s ___________________________________________

/'s ___________________________________________

*-l ___________________________________________

/-life ______________________________________

\-&-\ lie __________________________________

*-(-!-dawn ________________________________

\-(-date ___________________________________

?-&-t ________________________________________

e-:-way _____________________________________

\-(-doors ___________________________________

worn-\ ______________________________________

knock-\ _____________________________________

41

Whole-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Rule Page

ch/child * th/this ? ou/out \

sh/shall % wh/which : st/still /

and & the !

for = with )

of (

a a --- k k knowledge u u us

b b but l l like v v very

c c can m m more w w will

d d do n n not x x it

e e every o o --- y y you

f f from p p people z z as

g g go q q quite

h h have r r rather

i i --- s s so

j j just t t that

Whole-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Rules' Summary • Represent whole words and must stand alone (including proper names) • Only child's and still's may take apostrophes • May be joined to any other punctuation (including hyphens to form compound words)

42

Whole-word ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Help Page

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go

h, have i j,

just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quiter,

rather s, so

t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us

v, very x, it y,

youz, as and for of the with

W

* % ? : \ w

ch, child sh,

shall th, this

wh, which ou,

out w, will

/

st, still

43

Sentences with child, shall, this, which, out, still

#a4 ,: book does ! * want =

,*ri/mas8

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,% ,i pick \ a /yli% hat = y8

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,! /\t :iskey came f ,uncle

,jo%'s new /6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

44

#d4 ,my old s*oolmate f

,*illico!1 ,ohio1 / pays me a

visit e fall4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,\r gr&*ild loves ! \-(-

doors4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 ,! *'s favorite game is *ess4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

45

#g4 ,a fam\s au?or w soon publi%

a biography ( ,joe ,/illwell4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! ,briti% make

/aun* allies6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#i4 ,my \tside /ateroom is q

luxuri\s & spaci\s4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aj4 ,) two \ts &! bases full1

,casey /ruck \4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

46

Key to Sentences Using child, shall, this, which, out, still

1. Which book does the child want for Christmas?

2. Shall I pick out a stylish hat for you?

3. The stout whiskey came from Uncle Josh's new still!

4. My old schoolmate from Chillicothe, Ohio, still pays me a visit every fall.

5. Our grandchild loves the out-of-doors.

6. The child's favorite game is chess.

7. A famous author will soon publish a biography of Joe Stillwell.

8. Without doubt, the British make staunch allies!

9. My outside stateroom is quite luxurious and spacious.

10. With two outs and the bases full, Casey struck out.

47

ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing

ar > dots 3-4-5

ed $ dots 1-2-4-6

er ] dots 1-2-4-5-6

gh < dots 1-2-6

ow [ dots 2-4-6

ble # dots 3-4-5-6

ing + dots -4 3 -6

+ ___________________

These contractions are part-word contractions only—they have no whole-word meanings. Although the ed sign can be used for the name Ed, and the ow sign in the expression Ow! Also note that ing and ble cannot begin words.

[ ___________________

> ___________________

# ___________________

$ ___________________

< ___________________

] ___________________

48

ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing Words

ne>__________________

r$___________________

pe]__________________

<o/__________________

[l___________________

ca#__________________

r+___________________

ne$__________________

[n___________________

t[+__________________

>r[__________________

f+]__________________

]ror________________

f]n ________________

de] _________________

ni<t _______________

<\l_________________

lau<t] _____________

c[___________________

$it__________________

sn[__________________

m>#__________________

a#___________________

tum#r_______________

w$d+________________

b>e__________________

s+e__________________

f>___________________

f>m]________________

>ts__________________

*>g$________________

t\<__________________

?i<__________________

/a#__________________

49

ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing Rule Page

ar > er ] ow [ ing +

ed $ gh < ble #

ch/child * th/this ? ou/out \

sh/shall % wh/which : st/still /

and & of ( with )

for = the !

a a --- h h have o o --- u u us

b b but i i --- p p people v v very

c c can j j just q q quite w w will

d d do k k knowledge r r rather x x it

e e every l l like s s so y y you

f f from m m more t t that z z as

g g go n n not

ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing Rules' Summary • Represent parts of words • Not used when they might confuse pronunciation • "ing" and "ble" never used at the beginning of a word

50

Part-word ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing Help Page

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go

h, have i j,

just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quiter,

rather s, so

t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us

v, very x, it y,

youz, as and for of the with

W

* < % ? : $ ] \ { w

ch, child gh sh,

shall th, this

wh, which ed er ou,

out ow w, will

/ + # >

st, still ing ble,

# ar

51

Sentences with ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing

#a4 ,\r corn] drug/ore is hav+ a

big sale on too?bru%es1 cig>s1

ba? p[d]1 cig>ette li<t]s1 bub#

ba?1 di%es1 ?im#s1 & ne$les4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,! ,hag]st[n ,almanac

predicts sn[ = ,m>* #bi4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

52

#c4 ,if my sal>y is reduc$1 we

c't redecorate ! liv+ room z

plann$4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#d4 ,he deriv$ a huge pr(it f !

sale ( b>ley la/ ye>6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,!y >e erect+ a mammo? /adium

on ! %ores ( ,lake ,]ie4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

53

#f4 ,:ile visit+ ,switz]l&1 we

le>n$ t ! $elweiss is a favorite

fl[] ( t >ea4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#g4 ,c>ol >ose e>ly ? morn+ &

/udi$ =! >i?metic te/4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,! colony ,sir ,walt] ,ralei<

sponsor$ at ,roanoke predat$ !

,jamest[n colony4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

54

#i4 ,a ?or\< k (! ,spani%

language is a prerequisite =!

,s\? ,am]ican s]vice4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aj4 ,osc>'s pr$ecessor made !

bad mistake ( ignor+ ! wi%es (!

natives4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aa4 8,w y erase ! blackbo>d1

,lonnie1 & redo ! lesson80

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

55

#ab4 8,:at a hat--x's absolutely

sma%+60

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ac4 ,dick ,ho]n] />r$ =! ,los

,angeles ,rams dur+ ! #aidj's4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

56

Key to Sentences with ar, ed, er, gh, ow, ble, ing

l. Our corner drugstore is having a big sale on toothbrushes, cigars, bath powder, cigarette lighters, bubble bath, dishes, thimbles, and needles.

2. The Hagerstown Almanac predicts snow for March 29.

3. If my salary is reduced, we can't redecorate the living room as planned.

4. He derived a huge profit from the sale of barley last year!

5. They are erecting a mammoth stadium on the shores of Lake Erie.

6. While visiting Switzerland, we learned that the edelweiss is a favorite flower of that area.

7. Carol arose early this morning and studied for the arithmetic test.

8. The colony Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored at Roanoke predated the Jamestown colony.

9. A thorough knowledge of the Spanish language is a prerequisite for the South American service.

10. Oscar's predecessor made the bad mistake of ignoring the wishes of the natives.

11. "Will you erase the blackboard, Lonnie, and redo the lesson?"

12. "What a hat--it's absolutely smashing!"

13. Dick Hoerner starred for the Los Angeles Rams during the 1940s.

57

Lower Signs Whole-Word Contractions

his 8 dots 2-3-6

was 0 dots 3-5-6

were 7 dots 2-3-5-6

be 2 dots 2-3

in 9 dots 3-5

enough 5 dots 2-6 Whole-word lower signs (his, was, were, be, in, enough) must never be in contact with any other letter, contraction, word, or punctuation sign, including hyphens. Note that they can

2 _________________________________________

be in contact with composition signs (capital sign, italic sign, etc.).

5 _________________________________________

8 _________________________________________

7 _________________________________________

0 _________________________________________

9 _________________________________________

58

Contractions with Lower Signs--Group One

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go h, have i j, just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quite r, rather s, so t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us

v, very

x, it

y, you

z, as and for of the with

W

* < % ? : $ ] \ { w

ch, child gh sh,

shall th, this

wh, which ed er ou, out ow w, will

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

comma be, semicln colon period en,

enough exclmtn

pt were,paren

his, open qt, qstn mrk

in was, close qt

/ + # > ' -

st, still ing ble, # ar apstrphe hyphen

59

Sentences with Whole Word his, was, were, be, in, enough

#a4 ,! man c>ri$ ! * 9 8 >ms4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,he w 2 9 5 tr\# )\t 8 si/]'s

help6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,we 7 n go+ )! o!rs4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

60

#d4 ,he 0 5 l 8 bro!r t !y 7

regul>ly fool+ p4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,c x 2 t %e 0 sm>t] ?an he

was8

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 ,if we 7 ord]+ soon1 we mi<t

get 5 p 9 \r gr\p s t we c h a

l>ge pizza4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

61

Key to Sentences with Whole Word his, was, were, be, in, enough

1. The man carried the child in his arms.

2. He will be in enough trouble without his sister's help!

3. We were not going with the others.

4. He was enough like his brother that they were regularly fooling people.

5. Can it be that she was smarter than he was?

6. If we were ordering soon, we might get enough people in our group so that we can have a large pizza.

62

Part-Word Contractions

in 9 dots 3-5

en 5 dots 2-6

9/ant

p9e

m9or

,c>ol9a

5=c$

(t5

s5ior

,g5e

l9g]ie

l95

5a#d

9jury

5]gy

9du/ry

5sem#

_________________________________________

____________________________________________

___________________________________________

______________________________________

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

_________________________________________

___________________________________________

________________________________________

____________________________________________

___________________________________________

_________________________________________

___________________________________________

________________________________________

_________________________________________ 63

his, was, were, be, in, en/enough Rule Page

his 8 were 7 in 9

was 0 be 2 enough/en 5

ar > er ] ow [ ing +

ed $ gh < ble #

ch/child * th/this ? ou/out \

sh/shall % wh/which : st/still /

and & of ( with )

for = the !

a a --- h h have o o --- u u us

b b but i i --- p p people v v very

c c can j j just q q quite w w will

d d do k k knowledge r r rather x x it

e e every l l like s s so y y you

f f from m m more t t that z z as

g g go n n not

his, was, were, be, in, enough Rules' Summary • "his," "was," "were" represent whole words only • "be," "in," "enough" represent whole words and parts of words • As whole words, never in contact with punctuation (capital sign okay) • Only two lower signs together unless one is touching a sign containing dot 1 or dot 4

64

Contractions with Lower Signs--Group One

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go h, have i j, just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quite r, rather s, so t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us

v, very

x, it

y, you

z, as and for of the with

W

* < % ? : $ ] \ { w

ch, child gh sh,

shall th, this

wh, which ed er ou, out ow w, will

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

comma be, semicln colon period en,

enough exclmtn

pt were,paren

his, open qt, qstn mrk

in was, close qt

/ + # > ' -

st, still ing ble, # ar apstrphe hyphen

65

Sentences with his, was, were, be, in, en/enough

#a4 ,ev5 if 5 p 7 >riv+ 9 ! next

s*$ul$ tra91 we mi<t n 2 all[$ !

reduc$ rate4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,:5 !y 7 f9i%$ )! 9t]view1 !

clock 0 /rik+ sev54

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,if y don't hurry1 we'll 2

late = d9n]6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

66

#d4 ,we don't h 5 food 9 ! h\se

=! 5tire week5d4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,9 ! 9itial /ages (! w>1 all

w5t well4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 8,in my op9ion10 ! 9dignant

9habitant ( ,virg9ia proclaim$1

8,g5]al ,lee 0 9dubitably ! mo/

\t/&+ g5]al 9 ! ,civil ,w>40

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

67

#g4 8,i w be--]--in my /udy if y

ne$ me40

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,:5 my in-laws 9vad$ \r

doma91 ,i 0 9 a /ate ( fr5zy6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#i4 ,! bride-to-be %[$ u h] l95s

& da9ty l9g]ie1 9clud+ h] fancy

/ep-9s4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

68

#aj4 ,if y 9si/ t ,i 2 frank1 ,i

w be6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aa4 ,h[ few !y w]e1 yet h[

magnific5tly !y def5d$ ! homel&6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ab4 8,5\<'s 5\<60 cri$ !

9furiat$ p>5t4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

69

#ac4 ,d5nis 0 hav+ tr\# )

denom9ators : >e binomials4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ad4 ,8 9gr[n toenail is giv+

,h5ry 9tol]a# pa94

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ae4 ,if y hav5't any?+ 9 \r

price range we >5't 9t]e/$ 9

look+4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

70

Key to Sentences with his, was, were, be, in, en/enough

1. Even if enough people were arriving in the next scheduled train, we might not be allowed the reduced rate.

2. When they were finished with the interview, the clock was striking seven.

3. If you don't hurry, we'll be late for dinner!

4. We don't have enough food in the house for the entire weekend.

5. In the initial stages of the war, all went well.

6. "In my opinion," the indignant inhabitant of Virginia proclaimed, "General Lee was indubitably the most outstanding general in the Civil War."

7. "I will be—er—in my study if you need me."

8. When my in-laws invaded our domain, I was in a state of frenzy!

9. The bride-to-be showed us her linens and dainty lingerie, including her fancy step-ins.

10. If you insist that I be frank, I will be!

11. How few they were, yet how magnificently they defended the homeland!

12. "Enough's enough!" cried the infuriated parent.

13. Dennis was having trouble with denominators which are binomials.

14. His ingrown toenail is giving Henry intolerable pain.

15. If you haven't anything in our price range we aren't interested in looking.

71

Part-Word Lower Signs

be 2 dots 2-3

con 3 dots 2-5

dis 4 dots 2-5-6

com - dots 3-6

2=

3=

4=

-= ____________________________________________ (Note: The for sign is used to show position only and has no meaning.)

ng of words when they constitute a syllable. May be used after a hyphen is a compound word, for example in self-(dis)cipl(in)e. They may follow

precede an apostrophe.

tion is also used only at the beginning of words, but it need not constitute a syllable. Unlike the other three, it may never be used with a hyphen (because it would look

e a dash).

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Be, Con, and Dis

May be used only at the beginni

but not

Com

This contrac

lik

72

Practice Words

2lieve_____________

3duct______________

4trict_____________

-e__________________

2have______________

3t95t______________

4cont5t___________

-b__________________

2gonia_____________

3t9u$_______________

4a#d________________________

-ma__________________

3ci]ge_____________

2wild] _____________

3v5i5t_____________

4play_______________

-m&_________________

2lov$_______________

3fess_______________

4turb_______________

-$y_________________

2have_______________

3c$$________________

4da9________________

-mon________________

2com+_______________

,3go________________

4a/]________________

-a___________________

-rade______________

-pla9______________

-et__________________________

73

be, con, dis, com Rule Page

be 2 dis 4

con 3 com -

his 8 were 7 in 9

was 0 be 2 enough/en 5

ar > er ] ow [ ing +

ed $ gh < ble #

ch/child * th/this ? ou/out \

sh/shall % wh/which : st/still /

and & of ( with )

for = the !

a a --- h h have o o --- u u us

b b but i i --- p p people v v very

c c can j j just q q quite w w will

d d do k k knowledge r r rather x x it

e e every l l like s s so y y you

f f from m m more t t that z z as

g g go n n not

be, con, dis, com Rules' Summary • "be," "con," "dis" must constitute a syllable at the beginning of a word • "be," "con," "dis" never follow an apostrophe but may precede one • "com" must begin a word but need not be a syllable • "com" is never used with a hyphen, dash, or apostrophe

74

Contractions with Lower Signs--Group Two

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go h, have i j, just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quite r, rather s, so t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us

v, very

x, it

y, you

z, as and for of the with

W

* < % ? : $ ] \ { w

ch, child gh sh,

shall th, this

wh, which ed er ou, out ow w, will

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

comma be, semicln

con, colon

dis, period

en, enough

exclmtn pt

were,paren

his, open qt, qstn mrk

in was, close qt

/ + # > ' -

st, still ing ble, # ar apstrphe com,

hyphen

75

Sentences with be, con, dis, com

#a4 ,he did look r 2wild]$1 ,i

3fess4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,i 0 4conc]t$ :5 ,i le>n$ t

resid5ts (! ,4trict ( ,columbia 7

d5i$ home rule until rec5tly4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,3nie & ,2atrice >e 3/ant

-panions4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

76

#d4 ,4pos+ ( ? pro#m w require !

-b9$ ef=ts ( all ( u6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,a 3sid]ate * w help :5 di%es

ne$ wa%+4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 ,! nei<borhood p>k c h>dly 2

-p>$ ) ,coney ,isl&4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

77

#g4 ,! *airman (! -mittee on !

3duct (! w> lo/ 8 self-3trol :5 !

memb]s 2came 4ord]ly4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,betty's 2havior at s*ool 0

unbecom+ =a * ( h] age6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#i4 ,! pati5t has -e \ ( 8 -a & has

improv$ 3sid]ably4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

78

#aj4 ,b5edict's wife is presid5t (!

,ladies ,2nevol5t ,society ( ,/4

,john's ,*ur*4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aa4 ,) 3sid]a# ef=t %e rega9$ h]

self-composure4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ab4 ,gr&pa w 2 9 8 late sev5ties

:5 ,i graduate f college4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

79

#ac4 ,\r (fic]s' meet+ w 2 *iefly

3c]n$ ) 3sid]+ ! new budget4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ad4 ,! auto cra% left 8 hair

di%evel$ & 8 clo!s 9 4>ray4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ae4 ,! l9es on ! 3tract 7 v cle> &

4t9ct4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

80

Key to Sentences with be, con, dis, com

1. He did look rather bewildered, I confess.

2. I was disconcerted when I learned that residents of the District of Columbia were denied home rule until recently.

3. Connie and Beatrice are constant companions.

4. Disposing of this problem will require the combined efforts of all of us!

5. A considerate child will help when dishes need washing.

6. The neighborhood park can hardly be compared with Coney Island.

7. The chairman of the committee on the conduct of the war lost his self-control when the members became disorderly.

8. Betty's behavior at school was unbecoming for a child of her age!

9. The patient has come out of his coma and has improved considerably.

10. Benedict's wife is president of the Ladies Benevolent Society of St. John's Church.

11. With considerable effort she regained her self-composure.

12. Grandpa will be in his late seventies when I graduate from college.

13. Our officers' meeting will be chiefly concerned with considering the new budget.

14. The auto crash left his hair disheveled and his clothes in disarray.

15. The lines on the contract were very clear and distinct.

81

to, into, by

to 6 dots 2-3-5

into 96 dots 3-5 and dots 2-3-5

by 0 dots 3-5-6

6=

96=

0=

(Note: The for sign is used to show position only and has no meaning.)

efore his, was, were, be, in, or enough, the whole-word lower-sign must be written out.

! book y ref] 6has be5 lo/4

96! fray

_____________________________________________

____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Leave no space between these contractions and the word or symbol that follows. Snug them up against composition signs, words, abbreviations, and symbols, but not punctuation signs. They cannot be snugged up to the six whole-word lower-sign contractions; when to, into, and by fall b

Examples Turn (to)(the) left.

,turn 6! left4 (The) book (you) ref(er) (to) has be(en) lo(st).

, (by) (and) (for) (the) (people)

0&=! p (into) (the) fray

82

Practice Phrases

6h help

________________________________________________

96my %op

________________________________________________

0\r c>

________________________________________________

6! /ore

________________________________________________

96! /orm

________________________________________________

0! p>k

________________________________________________

6g home

________________________________________________

96a bu%

________________________________________________

0j a bit

________________________________________________ 83

to, into, by Rule Page

to 6 into 96 by 0

be 2 his 8 be 2

con 3 was 0 in 9

dis 4 were 7 enough/en 5

com -

ar > er ] ow [ ing +

ed $ gh < ble #

ch/child * th/this ? ou/out \

sh/shall % wh/which : st/still /

and & of ( with )

for = the !

a a --- h h have o o --- u u us

b b but i i --- p p people v v very

c c can j j just q q quite w w will

d d do k k knowledge r r rather x x it

e e every l l like s s so y y you

f f from m m more t t that z z as

g g go n n not

to, into, by Rules' Summary • Must snug up to the following sign with no space in between • Must not be used in contact with any punctuation (capital sign okay)

84

Contractions with Lower Signs--Group Three

A B C D E F G H I J

∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go h, have i j, just

K L M N O P Q R S T

k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

people q,

quite r, rather s, so t, that

U V X Y Z

u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us

v, very

x, it

y, you

z, as and for of the with

W

* < % ? : $ ] \ { w

ch, child gh sh,

shall th, this

wh, which ed er ou, out ow w, will

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

comma be, semicln

con, colon

dis, period

en, enough

to, exclmtn

pt

were,paren

his, open qt, qstn mrk

in was, by,

close qt

/ + # > ' -

st, still ing ble, # ar apstrphe com,

hyphen

85

to, into, by in Sentences

#a4 ,%e miss$ h] tra9 0j five

m9utes6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,he w h 6h 8 cr$5tials 0! 5d (!

week4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,he gets 96m tr\# ?an mo/ p d4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

86

#d4 ,he w drop 0! (fice 6make

9quiries 3c]n+ ! new fil+ sy/em4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 ,0? ev5+1 ,i hope 6-plete !

/udy4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 ,f #aieb 6#aied1 ,toby /udi$

aerodynamics4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

87

#g4 ,he w5t f ,*icago 6,r5o 0way (

,/4 ,l\is4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,byron 0 9capacitat$ 0an attack

( 9flu5za4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#i4 8,0! way1 w y 2 a# 6meet me at

n9e 9 ! morn+80 ,mr4 ,byrd ask$ 8

bro!r-in-law4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

88

#aj4 ,he 0 greet$ by 8,hello1 y old

s-&-s60 z he 5t]$ ! room4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aa4 ,x is cle> 76me1 anyway7 t !

5t]prise w 2 a -plete failure6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ab4 ,8 book1 9 my op9ion1 is v

poorly writt5--to 2 p]fectly frank4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

89

Key for to, into, by Sentences

1. She missed her train by just five minutes!

2. He will have to have his credentials by the end of the week.

3. He gets into more trouble than most people do.

4. He will drop by the office to make inquiries concerning the new filing system.

5. By this evening, I hope to complete the study.

6. From 1952 to 1954, Toby studied aerodynamics.

7. He went from Chicago to Reno by way of St. Louis.

8. Byron was incapacitated by an attack of influenza.

9. "By the way, will you be able to meet me at nine in the morning?" Mr. Byrd asked his brother-in-law.

10. He was greeted by "Hello, you old so-and-so!" as he entered the room.

11. It is clear (to me, anyway) that the enterprise will be a complete failure!

12. His book, in my opinion, is very poorly written—to be perfectly frank.

90

Double-Letter Signs (Plus One)

bb 2 dots 2-3 ff 6 dots 2-3-5

cc 3 dots 2-5 gg 7 dots 2-3-5-6

dd 4 dots 2-5-6 ea 1 dot 2

=2= ____________________________________________

=3= ____________________________________________

=4= ____________________________________________

=6= ____________________________________________

=7= ____________________________________________

=1= ____________________________________________ (Note: The for sign is used to show position only and has no meaning.)

These signs are used only within words, not at the beginning or end. They cannot be used with an apostrophe or hyphen. All other one-cell contractions take precedence over these contractions; for example, learn is le(ar)n and wedding is w(ed)d(ing) and office is (of)fice. Note these same signs when used at the beginnings or ends of words may have different meanings.

91

Lower Signs and Position

Sign In Front Ref In the Middle Ref At the End Ref Alone Ref

1 --- --- ea =1= comma =1 --- ---

' apostrophe '= apostrophe ='= apostrophe =' --- ---

2 be 2= bb =2= semicolon =2 be 2

3 con 3= cc =3= colon =3 --- ---

- com -= hyphen =-= hyphen =- --- ---

4 dis 4= dd =4= period =4 --- ---

5 en 5= en =5= en =5 enough 5

6 to 6= ff =6= exclamation

point =6 --- ---

7 parentheses 7= gg =7= parentheses =7 were 7

8 open quote 8= --- --- question mark =8 his 8

9 in 9= in =9= in =9 in 9

0 by 0= --- --- close quote =0 was 0

= serves as a reference cell, showing where letters and/or signs might occur in relation to the focus sign

92

Practice Words

bu2ly______________

a3ord______________

a4$_________________

flu6y______________

e7s_________________

dec1s$_____________

a2reviate_________

a35t________________

a4ict______________

e6ect______________

a7riev$___________

b1u_________________

ru2+________________

pa4$________________

slu7] ______________

hi45________________

gra2$_______________

do7$________________

/u6y________________

su45________________

su3ess_____________

id1s________________

gro7y_______________

mu69________________

d1dly_______________

so45________________

,bo2y_______________

o3upy_______________

fl1s________________

,bu6y_______________

93

Double-Letter Signs (Plus One) Rule Page

bb 2 dd 4 gg 7

cc 3 ff 6 ea 1

to 6 be 2 his 8 be 2

into 96 con 3 was 0 in 9

by 0 dis 4 were 7 enough/en 5

com -

ar > er ] ow [ ing +

ed $ gh < ble #

ch/child * th/this ? ou/out \

sh/shall % wh/which : st/still /

and & of ( with )

for = the !

a a --- h h have o o --- u u us

b b but i i --- p p people v v very

c c can j j just q q quite w w will

d d do k k knowledge r r rather x x it

e e every l l like s s so y y you

f f from m m more t t that z z as

g g go n n not

Double Letters (Plus One) Rules' Summary • Used only within words

94

Code So Far

A B C D E F G H I J ∙ b c d e f g h i j

a b, but c, can d, do e, every f, from g, go h, have i j, just

K L M N O P Q R S T k l m n o p q r s t

k, knowledge l, like m,

more n, not o p, people

q, quite r, rather s,

so t, that

U V X Y Z u v x y z & = ( ! )

u, us v, very x,

it y, you z, as and for of the with

W * < % ? : $ ] \ { w

ch, child gh sh,

shall th, this wh, which ed er ou, out ow w, will

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

ea, comma

bb, be,

semicln

cc, con,

colon

dd, dis,

period

en, enough

ff, to

exclmtn pt

gg, were parenbrackt

his, open

quote, qstn mrk

in

was, by,

close quote

/ + # > ' -

st, still, slash

ing ble, # ar apstrphe com, hyphen

95

Sentences with Double-Letter Signs (Plus One)

#a4 ,:5 he saw ! cop put 8 f+] on

! tri7]1 he gave up ! /ru7le6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#b4 ,su3or 0 n sl[ 9 >riv+ =!

su6]]s f ! 4a/]4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#c4 ,su45ly ! hu2ub c1s$4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

96

#d4 ,y may ?9k x odd1 b ,i simply

w n eat ca2age 9 any =m6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#e4 8,i k9 g \ )a diff'r5t dame e

ni<t10 boa/$ ! %]iff's son4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#f4 ,%e 0 a /iff-neck$ old

>i/ocrat & refus$ 6m+le )! rab#4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

97

#g4 ,! l1d] (! plot 0 a3us$ (

tr1son4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#h4 ,we >e we>y ( 2+ tr1t$ l

ri6raff6

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#i4 ,mr4 ,eaton 0 pu6+ 3t5t$ly on

a huge cig>4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

98

#aj4 ,$die is z pr\d z a p1cock (

8 new ,=d4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#aa4 ,= d9n] we 7 s]v$ m1tloaf1

,fr5*-fri$ e7plant1 c>rots & p1s1

ca2age salad1 ,fr5* br1d1 c(fee1

p1*es & cr1m1 & :ite cake topp$ )

flu6y m>%mall[ fro/+4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

99

#ab4 ,v5]1l 41se 0 q preval5t 9 !

>m$ =ces dur+ #aiag-ah4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ac4 ,le&] 0 >re/$ z ! result (a

brawl 9 a d[nt[n sp1keasy4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ad4 ,! h\se 0 des]t$1 & an

uneat5 m1l 0 / spr1d on ! ta#4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

100

#ae4 ,he 0 tak5 prison] 0! ,*9ese

,-muni/s 9 ! ,kor1n ,w>4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#af4 ,i 0 agreeably surpris$ 0!

f9e deliv]y (! valedictory spee*1

: 0 giv5 at ! ba3alaur1te

ex]cises4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

101

#ag4 ,mr4 ,webb says he gets m

mileage p] gallon ( gasol9e ) 8

new ,ram#r4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ah4 ,he left 8 ,*evrolet at !

g>age 6h ! c>buretor readju/$ &!

:eels realign$4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

102

#ai4 ,i 2lieve t ! r1ltor w a3ept

3sid]ably less ?an ! price he

quot$4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#bj4 ,x 0 a trem5d\s ef=t =!

crippl$ man 6hob# up ! /eps4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

#ba4 ,:5 ! calis!nics 7 f9i%$1 !

t1*] ga!r$ up ! dumbbells &

,9dian clubs4

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

103

Key for Sentences with Double-Letter Signs (Plus One)

1. When he saw the cop put his finger on the trigger, he gave up the struggle!

2. Succor was not slow in arriving for the sufferers from the disaster.

3. Suddenly the hubbub ceased.

4. You may think it odd, but I simply will not eat cabbage in any form!

5. "I kin go out with a diff'rent dame every night," boasted the sheriff's son.

6. She was a stiff-necked old aristocrat and refused to mingle with the rabble.

7. The leader of the plot was accused of treason.

8. We are weary of being treated like riffraff!

9. Mr. Eaton was puffing contentedly on a huge cigar.

10. Eddie is as proud as a peacock of his new Ford.

11. For dinner we were served meatloaf, French-fried eggplant, carrots and peas, cabbage salad, French bread, coffee, peaches and cream, and white cake topped with fluffy marshmallow frosting.

12. Venereal disease was quite prevalent in the armed forces during 1917-18.

13. Leander was arrested as the result of a brawl in a downtown speakeasy.

14. The house was deserted, and an uneaten meal was still spread on the table.

15. He was taken prisoner by the Chinese Communists in the Korean War.

16. I was agreeably surprised by the fine delivery of the valedictory speech, which was given at the baccalaureate exercises.

17. Mr. Webb says he gets more mileage per gallon of gasoline with his new Rambler.

18. He left his Chevrolet at the garage to have the carburetor readjusted and the wheels realigned.

19. I believe that the realtor will accept considerably less than the price he quoted.

20. It was a tremendous effort for the crippled man to hobble up the steps.

21. When the calisthenics were finished, the teacher gathered up the dumbbells and Indian clubs.

104

Restrictions Help

Only at the Front

be 2= to 6=

com -= into 96=

con 3= by 0=

dis 4=

Never at the Front

ing =+ dd =4=

ble =# ff =6=

bb =2= gg =7=

cc =3= ea =1=

Always Snuggle

to 6

=

into

96

=

by 0

=

Hang with Their Own

and & of ( with )

for = the !

Always Inside

bb =2= ff =6=

cc =3= gg =7=

dd =4= ea =1=

Mustn't Touch

his 8

was 0

were 7

Mustn't Touch in the Whole-word Form

be 2

in 9

enough 5

105

Braille Sign Table

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1st line ∙ b c d e f g h i j

dots 1-2-4-5 a b, but

c, can

d, do

e, every

f, from

g, go

h, have i j,

just

2nd line k l m n o p q r s t

add dot 3 k, knowledge

l, like

m, more

n, not o p,

peopleq,

quite r,

rather s, so

t, that

3rd line u v x y z & = ( ! )

add dots 3 and 6 u,

us v,

very x, it

y, you

z, as and for of the with

4th

line * < % ? : $ ] \ { w

add dot 6 ch, child gh sh,

shall th, this

wh, which ed er ou,

out ow w, will

5th line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

drop line 1 ea bb, be

cc, con

dd, dis

en, enough

ff, to

gg, were his in was,

by

6th line / + # > ' -

others with dot 3 st,

still ing ble, # ar com

7th line @ ^ _ " . ; ,

others with dots 4-5-6

106