Contraceptive Physiology
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Transcript of Contraceptive Physiology
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 1
CONTRACEPTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
ByDr.M.Anthony David MDProfessor of Physiology
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 2
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
CONTRACEPTIONASSISTED
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 3
CONTRACEPTION The prevention of conception is
called as contraception. Contraception is useful to prevent
population explosion. It is also called as Birth Control
methods or Family Planning Methods. This can be done at the female, male
or coital stages.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 4
ABORTION Abortion is the abrupt and
unsuccessful ending or termination of pregnancy.
It can be spontaneous or induced. Induced Abortion is the medical
termination of pregnancy. In Abortion, a formed embryo or
fetus is killed due to health problems of the mother.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 5
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: A CLASSIFICATION
TERMINAL OR PERMANENT METHODS:There is a permanent stopping of
conception.Used by couples who have finished
their family. TEMPORARY SPACING METHODS:
Used for spacing or giving a gap between children
Used to postpone children’s arrival while the couple gets adjusted.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 6
TERMINAL METHODSI. VASECTOMY:
MALE STERILISATION:A SIMPLE OUT PATIENT PROCEDURE.THE ‘VAS DEFERENS’ IS ISOLATED
AND CUT.THE TWO ENDS ARE LIGATED.LATEST METHOD: NSV: NON
SCALPEL VASECTOMY.LEAST DONE IN INDIA DUE TO
PREJUDICE & SUPERSTITIONS.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 8
II. TUBECTOMY:FEMALE STERILIZATION:PART OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE IS
REMOVED.THE TWO ENDS ARE TIGHTLY
LIGATED.CAN BE DONE AS:
POST PARTUM STERILIZATION INTERVAL STERILIZATION LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION
TERMINAL METHODS
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 11
SPACING BARRIER METHODS:
A) PHYSICAL BARRIER: CONDOMS DIAPHRAGM VAGINAL SPONGE FEMALE CONDOM.
B) CHEMICAL BARRIER:SPERMICIDAL
FOAMS CREAMS SUPPOSITORIES
METHODS
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 14
IUCDs INTRA UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE
DEVICES (IUCD): FUNCTION BY PREVENTING
IMPLANTATION.I GENERATION:
NON MEDICATED: LIPPE’S LOOPII GENERATION: MEDICATED BIOACTIVE
COPPER TIII GENERATION: HORMONE RELEASING
PROGESTASERT
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 16
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES ALSO CALLED ORAL PILLS OR ORAL
CONTRACEPTIVES. ARE USUALLY HORMONES OR
COMBINATIONS TAKEN BY MOUTH. THEY CAUSE THE TEMPORARY
CESSATION OF THE OVARIAN CYCLES.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 17
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
COMBINED PILLS:HAVE BOTH ESTROGEN &
PROGESTERONE. POP : PROGESTRONE ONLY PILL. MORNING AFTER PILL. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION. DEPOT FORMULATIONS
INJECTABLES: DEPOT PROVERA,‘DMPA’, ‘NET EN’
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 18
OTHER METHODS ABSTINENCE: THE BEST
PART OF THE A B C TO PREVENT HIV/AIDS.
COITUS INTERRUPTUS:HISTORICALLY THE OLDEST IN
HUMANS.THE SEMEN WAS SPILLED ON THE
GROUND. THE MALE PILL:
GOSSYPOL : COTTON SEED OILKILLS SPERMATIDS.VERY TOXIC AND SO NOT USED.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 19
NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS
SAFE PERIOD METHOD:DURING THE FERTILE PERIOD, COITUS
IS AVOIDED.THE REST OF THE CYCLE IS ‘SAFE’
OVULATION TESTS:BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE CHARTSCERVICAL MUCUS : BILLINGS METHODSYMPTOTHERMIC: ‘SELF
RECOGNITION’
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 21
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES.
THESE ARE TECHNIQUES WHICH HELP INFERTILE COUPLES TO CONCEIVE & BEAR CHILDREN.
THEY ARE OFFERED TO THEM AT FERTILITY CENTERS.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 22
INFERTILITY What is fertility? The capacity to conceive and bear
children is called fertility. Infertility: A couple is said to be
infertile if pregnancy does not result after 1 year of normal sexual activity without contraceptives.
25% of couples experience infertility at some point in their reproductive lives.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 23
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INFERTILITY?
The male partner in 40% cases. Artificial insemination is resorted
to in such cases. A combination of factors can be
the reason for infertility.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 24
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
SPERMS ARE INJECTED INTO THE CERVIX DIRECTLY.
DONE IN CASES OF MALE INFERTILITY OR FEMALE TRACT HOSTILITY.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 25
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY: A CLASSIFICATION
I. PROCESSES INVOLVING DIRECT RETRIEVAL OF OOCYTES FROM THE OVARIES.
II. TECHNIQUES OF SPERM RETRIEVAL AND INJECTION
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 26
I. TECHNIQUES OF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL
1. IVF –ET: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER: TEST TUBE BABY
2. GIFT: GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
3. ZIFT: ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
4. TET: TUBAL EMBRYONAL TRANSFER5. POST: PERITONEAL OOCYTE &
SPERM TRANSFER
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 27
1.IVF-ET: THE TEST TUBE BABY!
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER.
TEST TUBE BABY IS A MISNOMER
FERTILIZATION DONE IN A PETRIDISH.
AFTER THE EMBRYO DEVELOPS, IT IS TRANSFERRED INTO THE BODY OF THE UTERUS.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 28
I. TECHNIQUES OF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL
1. IVF –ET: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER: TEST TUB BABY
2. GIFT: GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
3. ZIFT: ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
4. TET: TUBAL EMBRYONAL TRANSFER5. POST: PERITONEAL OOCYTE &
SPERM TRANSFER
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 29
2. GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT)
BOTH THE GAMETES, THE MATURE SPERMATOZOON AND THE OVUM ARE PUT INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE.
THERE THEY FERTILIZE AND CAUSE CONCEPTION.
DONE IN CASES OF:LOW MOTILITY FOR SPERMSINCREASED CERVICAL MUCUS
HOSTILITY
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 31
I. TECHNIQUES OF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL
1. IVF –ET: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER: TEST TUB BABY
2. GIFT: GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
3. ZIFT: ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
4. TET: TUBAL EMBRYONAL TRANSFER5. POST: PERITONEAL OOCYTE &
SPERM TRANSFER
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 32
3. ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER (ZIFT)
THE FERTILIZATION IS DONE OUTSIDE, INVITRO.
THE SINGLE CELLED ZYGOTE IS PUT INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE.
IT THEN DEVELOPS INTO AN EMBRYO AND MOVES INTO THE BODY OF THE UTERUS.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 33
I. TECHNIQUES OF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL
1. IVF –ET: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER: TEST TUB BABY
2. GIFT: GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
3. ZIFT: ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
4. TET: TUBAL EMBRYONAL TRANSFER5. POST: PERITONEAL OOCYTE &
SPERM TRANSFER
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 34
4. TUBAL EMBRYO TRANSFER (TET)
TUBAL EMBRYO TRANSFER. THE ZYGOTE IS ALLOWED TO
GROW AND BECOME AN EMBRYO IN VITRO.
THEN AT THAT STAGE IT IS PUT INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 35
I. TECHNIQUES OF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL
1. IVF –ET: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER: TEST TUB BABY
2. GIFT: GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
3. ZIFT: ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
4. TET: TUBAL EMBRYONAL TRANSFER5. POST: PERITONEAL OOCYTE &
SPERM TRANSFER
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 36
5. PERITONEAL OOCYTE & SPERM TRANSFER (POST)
BOTH THE GAMETES ARE PUT INTO THE PERITONEAL CAVITY.
THEY ARE EXPECTED TO FERTILIZE IN THE PERITONEUM.
LATER THE ZYGOTE OR EMBRYO IS TO MOVE INTO THE TUBE AND THE UTERUS.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 37
II. TECHNIQUES OF SPERM RETRIEVAL & INJECTION
DONE IN CASES SUCH AS:AZOOSPERMIALOW SPERM COUNTSHYPO & EPISPADIAS.
TECHNIQUES HELP THE SPERM TO REACH THE OVUM BETTER
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 38
II. TECHNIQUES OF SPERM RETRIEVAL & INJECTION
1. ICSI: INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION.
2. TESE: TESTICULAR SPERM EXTRACTION.
3. MESA: MICROSURGICAL EPIDIDYMAL SPERM ASPIRATION.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 41
2. TESTICULAR SPERM EXTRACTION (TESE)
The sperms are extracted or teased from the testes.
Done in cases where there is a block in the ductular system.
The extracted sperms are used for fertilization.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 42
3. MESA MICROSURGICAL EPIDIDYMAL SPERM
ASPIRATION. DELICATE MICROSCOPIC SURGERY IS
DONE. SPERMS ARE ASPIRATED FROM THE
EPIDIDYMIS. THEY ARE THEN USED FOR
FERTILIZATION.
PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 43
Contraception is the prevention of conception.
There two main types:Permanent or Terminal methods:
Vasectomy or Male sterilization. Tubectomy or Female sterilization.
Temporary or Spacing methods: Barriers IUCDs Other methods.
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