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Transcript of Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture..
CHAPTER 7
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
Er. Pramesh Hada•BE Civil Engineering (2002-2006)
•MSC Urban planning (2009-2011)
•Assistant ProfessorNepal Engineering College,
Changunarayan,Bhaktapur
By:-
CHAPTER 7
1
CHAPTER 7. CONTOURING (4 HOUR)
� 7.1 Basic Definitions in Contouring –pu 2010
� 7.2 Contour Interval (pu 09,10,14, 15), Horizontal
Equivalent .
� 7.3 Characteristics of Contours – pu 08,09,10,11,13,14)
7.4 Methods of Contouring – pu 09,10,11,13,14
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
� 7.4 Methods of Contouring – pu 09,10,11,13,14
� 7.5 Interpolation of Contours (PU 2015)
� 7.6 Uses of Contour Maps – pu 09,11,13
2
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3
•Contour An imaginary line on the ground surface joining
the points of equal elevation is known as contour.
•It facilitates depiction of the relief of terrain in a twodimensional plan or map.
•In other words, contour is a line in which the ground
7.1 Basic Definitions in Contouring –pu 2010Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
•In other words, contour is a line in which the ground
surface is intersected by a level surface obtained by joining
points of equal elevation. This line on the map represents a
contour and is called contour line.
•Contouring is the science of representing the vertical dimension of the terrain on a two dimensional map.
2CONTOURINGCONTOURING 24
Contours
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Contour interval = 30 m5
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Different contour mapsDifferent contour maps
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RELIEF OR SHAPE OF THE LAND IS
SHOWN BY CONTOURS� Contours are those light brown or orange lines that can see on maps.
� A contour line is an imaginary line that joins points of equal height above sea level.
The lines are numbered � The lines are numbered giving the height above sea level in metres.
� On 1:50000 map the contours will be drawn for every 10 metre rise.
� Although on this map they are every 3m so always remember to check. Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant
Professor, nec8
� It is important to remember that the closer
together the contour lines the steeper the
slope.
Steep slopes
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Area that is flatter with only a gentle slope
XXXX
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� Contour Map : A map showing contour lines is
known as Contour map.
� A contour map gives an idea of the altitudes of
the surface features as well as their relative
positions in plan serves the purpose of both, a plan
and a section.and a section.
� Contouring : The process of tracing contour lines
on the surface of the earth is called Contouring.
10
� Contour LineContour LineContour LineContour Line : A Contour line is an imaginary outline of the terrain obtained by joining its points of equal elevation.
PuPuPuPu 09,10,1409,10,1409,10,1409,10,14
� Contour Interval (CI) Contour Interval (CI) Contour Interval (CI) Contour Interval (CI) – It is the vertical distance between any two consecutive contours.
Suppose a map includes contour lines of 100m, 98m ,96 m and so on .The contour interval here is 2 m.
This interval depends upon
(i) the nature of the ground (i.e. whether flat or sleep).
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
(i) the nature of the ground (i.e. whether flat or sleep).
(ii) the scale of the map
(iii) the purpose of the survey.
Contour intervals for flat country are generally small, e g. 0.25 m, 0.5 m, 0.75m. etc. Contour interval for a steep slope in a hilly area is generally greater. e.g. 5m. 10 m, 15 m etc.
It should be remembered that the contour interval for a particular map is Constant.
11
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12
� Horizontal Equivalent (HE)
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance
between two consecutive contour lines measured
to the scale of the map.
� It is not constant. It varies according to the steepness
of the ground.
� For steep slopes, the contour lines run close together,
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� For steep slopes, the contour lines run close together,
and for flatter slopes they are widely spaced.
13
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
(pu 08,09,10,11,13,14)
i) All points in a contour line have the same elevation.
ii) Flat ground is indicated where the contours are widely
separated and steep-slope where they run close together.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
separated and steep-slope where they run close together.
iii) A uniform slope is indicated when the contour lines are
uniformly spaced.
iv) A plane surface when they are straight, parallel and
equally spaced.
CONTOURINGCONTOURING 1314
EXAMPLES
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16
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
v) A series of closed
contour lines on the
map represent a hill
, if the higher values
are inside 65
70
75
80
HILL
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
are inside
A HILL
60
65
60
65
707580
HILL
CONTOURINGCONTOURING 1417
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
vi) A series of
closed contour
lines on the map
indicate a
depression if the
DEPRESSION
60
65
70
75
80
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depression if the
higher values are
outside
A DEPRESSION
70
60
6570
75
80
60
15CONTOURINGCONTOURING 18
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
vii) Contour line cross ridge or valley line at
right angles. •If the higher values are
inside the bend or loop
in the contour, it
indicates a Ridge.
100
90
80
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RIDGE LINE
70
60
50
16CONTOURINGCONTOURING 19
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
vii) Contour line cross ridge or valley line at
right angles.If the higher values are
outside the bend, it
represents a Valley100
90
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VALLEY LINE
90
80
70
60
50
17CONTOURINGCONTOURING 20
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VALLEY 21
viii). Contours cannot end anywhere but close
on themselves either within or outside the limits
of the map.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
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18CONTOURINGCONTOURING 22
ix).Contour lines cannot
merge or cross one
another on map except
in the case of an
overhanging cliff.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
10
20
30
40
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40 30 20 10
OVERHANGING CLIFF
10
19CONTOURINGCONTOURING 23
OVERHANGING CLIFF
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24
x) Contour lines never run
into one another except in the
case of a vertical cliff. In this
case ,several contours
coincide and the horizontal
equivalent becomes zero.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS
10
20
30
40
VERTICA
CLIFF
50
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40302050
OVERHANGING CLIFF
10
10 50
20CONTOURINGCONTOURING 25
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURSXI) Depressions between
summits is called a saddle. It
is represented by four sets of
contours as shown. It
represents a dip in a ridge or
the junction of two ridges.
And in the case of a mountain
range ,it takes the form of a
SADDLE70
80
90
7080
90
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range ,it takes the form of a
pass .
90
110100
90
21CONTOURINGCONTOURING
Line passing through the
saddles and summits gives
water shed line.
26
A SADDLE
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27
Think where is the steepest slope on this island?
150
200
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XXXX
50
100
28
Steepest slope –contour lines are closest together
Sparrow point 227
. 76
150
200
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
Sometimes spot heights can be shown as a dot with a note of the height of that particular place.
A trigonometrical point (or trig point) shows the highest point in an area (in meters) and is shown as a blue triangle
. 76
50
100
29
THE SHAPE AND PATTERN OF THE CONTOURS
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30
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35
PURPOSE (uses) OF CONTOURING/CONTOUR MAP
(pu2009,2011,2013)
Contour survey is carried out at the starting of any
engineering project such as a road, a railway, a canal, a
dam, a building etc.
i) contour maps is prepared in order to select the most
economical or suitable site.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
economical or suitable site.
ii) It helps to locate the alignment of a canal so that it
should follow a ridge line.
iii) It helps to mark the alignment of roads and railways so
that the quantity of earthwork both in cutting and filling
should be minimum.
4CONTOURINGCONTOURING 536
iv) It helps for getting information about the ground
whether it is flat, undulating or mountainous.
v) It helps to find the capacity of a reservoir and volume
of earthwork especially in a mountainous region.
vi) It helps to trace out the given grade of a particular
route.
PURPOSE(uses) OF CONTOURING/CONTOUR
MAP
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
route.
vii) It helps to locate the physical features of the ground
such as a pond depression, hill, steep or small slopes.
(Undulating – rising & falling)
CONTOURINGCONTOURING 637
USES OF CONTOUR MAP (Pu,09,11,13)
- A contour map furnishes information regarding the features
of the ground , whether it is flat, undulating or mountainous.
- From a contour map , sections may be easily drawn in any
direction
-Intervisibility between two ground points plotted on map can be
ascertained
- It enables an engineer to approximately select the most
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
45CONTOURINGCONTOURING
- It enables an engineer to approximately select the most
economical or suitable site for an engineering project such as
a road, a railway, a canal or a pipe line etc.
- A route of a given grade can be traced on the map.
- Catchment area and capacity of a reservoir may be determined
from the contour map.
- Contour map may be used to determine the quantities of earth
work.
38
FACTORS ON WHICH CONTOUR -INTERVAL
DEPENDS
The contour interval depends upon the following
factors:-
i) The Nature of the Ground - In flat and
uniformly sloping country, the contour
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
uniformly sloping country, the contour
interval is small , but in broken and
mountainous region the contour interval
should be large otherwise the contours will
come too close to each other.
CONTOURINGCONTOURING 839
FACTORS ON WHICH CONTOUR -
INTERVAL DEPENDS
ii) The Purpose and extent of the survey.
• Contour interval is small if the area to be surveyed
is small and the maps are required to be used for
the design work or for determining the quantities of
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
the design work or for determining the quantities of
earth work etc.
• while wider interval shall have to be kept for large
areas and comparatively less important works.
CONTOURINGCONTOURING 940
FACTORS ON WHICH CONTOUR -
INTERVAL DEPENDS
iii) The Scale of the Map-
The contour interval should be in the inverse
ratio to the scale of the map i.e. the smaller
the scale, the greater is the contour interval.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
the scale, the greater is the contour interval.
iv) Time and Expense of Field and Office work-
The smaller the interval, the greater is the
amount of field-work and plotting work.
CONTOURINGCONTOURING 1041
COMMON VALUES OF THE CONTOUR -
INTERVAL
The following are the common values of the
contour interval adopted for various purposes:-
i) For large scale maps of flat country, for
building sites, for detailed design work and
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
building sites, for detailed design work and
for calculation of quantities of earth work;
0.2 to 0.5 m.
CONTOURINGCONTOURING 1142
COMMON VALUES OF THE CONTOUR -
INTERVAL
ii) For reservoirs and town planning schemes;
0.5 to 2m.
iii) For location surveys. 2 to 3m.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
iii) For location surveys. 2 to 3m.
iv) For small scale maps of broken country and
general topographic work; 3m,5m,10m,or
25m.
CONTOURINGCONTOURING 1243
METHODS OF CONTOURING (PU 09,10,11,13,14)
There are mainly two methods of locating contours:-
(1)Direct Method and (2) Indirect Method.
Direct Method:
•In this method, the contours to be
located are directly traced out in the
field by locating and marking a
50
48
B.M
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
field by locating and marking a
number of points on each contour.
• These points are then surveyed and
plotted on plan and the contours
drawn through them. DIRECT METHOD OF CONTOURING
48
46
22CONTOURINGCONTOURING 44
METHODS OF CONTOURING (PU 09,10,11,13,14)
TheTheTheThe locationlocationlocationlocation ofofofof aaaa pointpointpointpoint inininin topographictopographictopographictopographic surveysurveysurveysurvey involvesinvolvesinvolvesinvolves bothbothbothbothhorizontalhorizontalhorizontalhorizontal asasasas wellwellwellwell asasasas verticalverticalverticalvertical controlcontrolcontrolcontrol.... TheTheTheThe methodmethodmethodmethod ofofofof contouringcontouringcontouringcontouringdependsdependsdependsdepends uponuponuponupon thethethethe instrumentsinstrumentsinstrumentsinstruments usedusedusedused....
TheTheTheThe methodmethodmethodmethod maymaymaymay bebebebe divideddivideddivideddivided intointointointo twotwotwotwo classesclassesclassesclasses....
� TheTheTheThe DirectDirectDirectDirect MethodMethodMethodMethod
� TheTheTheThe indirectindirectindirectindirect methodmethodmethodmethod
InInInIn thethethethe directdirectdirectdirect methodmethodmethodmethod
� TheTheTheThe contourcontourcontourcontour totototo bebebebe plottedplottedplottedplotted isisisis actuallyactuallyactuallyactually tracedtracedtracedtraced onononon thethethethe groundgroundgroundground.... OnlyOnlyOnlyOnlythosethosethosethose pointspointspointspoints areareareare sursursursurveyedveyedveyedveyed whichwhichwhichwhich happenhappenhappenhappen totototo bebebebe plottedplottedplottedplotted andandandand
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
TheTheTheThe contourcontourcontourcontour totototo bebebebe plottedplottedplottedplotted isisisis actuallyactuallyactuallyactually tracedtracedtracedtraced onononon thethethethe groundgroundgroundground.... OnlyOnlyOnlyOnlythosethosethosethose pointspointspointspoints areareareare sursursursurveyedveyedveyedveyed whichwhichwhichwhich happenhappenhappenhappen totototo bebebebe plottedplottedplottedplotted andandandandcontourscontourscontourscontours areareareare drawndrawndrawndrawn throughthroughthroughthrough themthemthemthem....
� TheTheTheThe methodmethodmethodmethod isisisis slowslowslowslow andandandand tedioustedioustedioustedious andandandand isisisis applicableapplicableapplicableapplicable forforforfor smallsmallsmallsmall areasareasareasareasandandandand wherewherewherewhere greatgreatgreatgreat accuracyaccuracyaccuracyaccuracy isisisis requiredrequiredrequiredrequired....((((as a lot of time is wastedin searching points of the same elevation for a contour).
InInInIn thethethethe indirectindirectindirectindirect methodmethodmethodmethod
somesomesomesome suitablesuitablesuitablesuitable guideguideguideguide pointspointspointspoints areareareare selectedselectedselectedselected andandandand surveyedsurveyedsurveyedsurveyed(the(the(the(the guideguideguideguidepointspointspointspoints shouldshouldshouldshould notnotnotnot necessarilynecessarilynecessarilynecessarily bebebebe onononon thethethethe contourscontourscontourscontours butbutbutbut serveserveserveserve asasasasbasisbasisbasisbasis forforforfor interpolationinterpolationinterpolationinterpolation ofofofof contours)contours)contours)contours)
45
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
46
DIRECT METHOD
Each contour is located by Each contour is located by Each contour is located by Each contour is located by determining the positions of a series of points determining the positions of a series of points determining the positions of a series of points determining the positions of a series of points tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh
the the the the contour passes contour passes contour passes contour passes ....
Vertical Control:Vertical Control:Vertical Control:Vertical Control:
� The points on the contours are traced either with the help of The points on the contours are traced either with the help of The points on the contours are traced either with the help of The points on the contours are traced either with the help of aaaa lllleeeevvvveeeellll aaaannnndddd ssssttttaaaaffffffff oooorrrr hhhhaaaannnndddd
level. level. level. level.
� The level is The level is The level is The level is set at a point to command set at a point to command set at a point to command set at a point to command as much area as is possible and is leveled.as much area as is possible and is leveled.as much area as is possible and is leveled.as much area as is possible and is leveled.
� The staff is kept The staff is kept The staff is kept The staff is kept on BM and the height of the instrument on BM and the height of the instrument on BM and the height of the instrument on BM and the height of the instrument is determined. If BM is not is determined. If BM is not is determined. If BM is not is determined. If BM is not
nearby, nearby, nearby, nearby, fly leveling fly leveling fly leveling fly leveling mmmmaaaayyyy bbbbeeee ccccaaaarrrrrrrriiiieeeedddd oooouuuutttt ttttoooo eeeessssttttaaaabbbblllliiiisssshhhh aaaa tttteeeemmmmppppoooorrrraaaarrrryyyy bbbbeeeennnncccchhhh mmmmaaaarrrrkkkk iiiinnnn tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaarrrreeeeaaaa....
� Having known the Having known the Having known the Having known the height of the instrumentheight of the instrumentheight of the instrumentheight of the instrument, the staff reading is calculated so that the , the staff reading is calculated so that the , the staff reading is calculated so that the , the staff reading is calculated so that the
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
Having known the Having known the Having known the Having known the height of the instrumentheight of the instrumentheight of the instrumentheight of the instrument, the staff reading is calculated so that the , the staff reading is calculated so that the , the staff reading is calculated so that the , the staff reading is calculated so that the
bottom of the staff is at an elevation equal to the value of contour to be plotted.bottom of the staff is at an elevation equal to the value of contour to be plotted.bottom of the staff is at an elevation equal to the value of contour to be plotted.bottom of the staff is at an elevation equal to the value of contour to be plotted.
EgEgEgEg. If height of instrument is . If height of instrument is . If height of instrument is . If height of instrument is 800.250800.250800.250800.250 meters the staff reading to plot a contour meters the staff reading to plot a contour meters the staff reading to plot a contour meters the staff reading to plot a contour of 800 of 800 of 800 of 800
meters will be 0.250 meters. meters will be 0.250 meters. meters will be 0.250 meters. meters will be 0.250 meters. TTTTaaaakkkkiiiinnnngggg oooonnnneeee ccccoooonnnnttttoooouuuurrrr aaaatttt aaaa ttttiiiimmmmeeee(((( ffffoooorrrr 888800000000mmmm ccccoooonnnnttttoooouuuurrrr)))) tttthhhheeee ssssttttaaaaffffffff
man is directed to keep the staff on those man is directed to keep the staff on those man is directed to keep the staff on those man is directed to keep the staff on those points where staff reading of 0.250 m points where staff reading of 0.250 m points where staff reading of 0.250 m points where staff reading of 0.250 m is is is is
obtained every time. obtained every time. obtained every time. obtained every time.
47
DIRECT METHOD DIRECT METHOD DIRECT METHOD DIRECT METHOD
b) Horizontal Control:b) Horizontal Control:b) Horizontal Control:b) Horizontal Control:
� After having located the After having located the After having located the After having located the points for various contours vertically points for various contours vertically points for various contours vertically points for various contours vertically
they are to be surveyed with a they are to be surveyed with a they are to be surveyed with a they are to be surveyed with a suitable control system for suitable control system for suitable control system for suitable control system for
horizontally located.horizontally located.horizontally located.horizontally located.
� For this, the For this, the For this, the For this, the llllooooccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ppppooooiiiinnnnttttssss aaaarrrreeee ttttrrrraaaacccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd ooooffff ppppllllaaaannnneeee
tabling, chain survey or tabling, chain survey or tabling, chain survey or tabling, chain survey or theodolitetheodolitetheodolitetheodolite....
� Then the Then the Then the Then the contour are drawn contour are drawn contour are drawn contour are drawn through these points.through these points.through these points.through these points.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
Then the Then the Then the Then the contour are drawn contour are drawn contour are drawn contour are drawn through these points.through these points.through these points.through these points.
� For accurate For accurate For accurate For accurate contouring sufficient number of the points contouring sufficient number of the points contouring sufficient number of the points contouring sufficient number of the points aaaatttt cccclllloooosssseeee
interval are required.interval are required.interval are required.interval are required.
� The plotted positions of the The plotted positions of the The plotted positions of the The plotted positions of the consecutive points of any contour consecutive points of any contour consecutive points of any contour consecutive points of any contour
are simply joined by straight lines are simply joined by straight lines are simply joined by straight lines are simply joined by straight lines to form contour linesto form contour linesto form contour linesto form contour lines
48
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49
Procedure:
•To start with, a temporary B.M is established near the area to be
surveyed with reference to a permanent B.M by fly leveling.
•The level is then set up in such a position so that the maximum
number of points can be commanded from the instrument station.
• The height of instrument is determined by taking a back sight
on the B.M. and adding it to the R.L. of bench mark.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
on the B.M. and adding it to the R.L. of bench mark.
•The staff reading required to fix points on the various contours is
determined by subtracting the R.L. of each of the contours from
the height of instrument.
24CONTOURINGCONTOURING 50
Example:
• If the height of instrument is 82.48m., then the staff readings
required to locate 82, 81 and 80m contours are 0.48, 1.48 and
2.48m respectively.
•The staff is held on an approximate position of point and then
moved up and down the slope until the desired reading is obtained.
The point is marked with a peg.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
25CONTOURINGCONTOURING
•Similarly various other points are marked on each contour.
•The line joining all these points give the required contour. It
may be noted that one contour is located at a time.
• Having fixed the contours within the range of the instrument,
the level is shifted and set up in a new position.
51
The new height of instrument and the
required staff readings are then calculated in a
similar manner and the process repeated till all
the contours are located. The positions of the
contour points are located suitably either
simultaneous with levelling or afterwards. A
Procedure (Contd…..)Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
simultaneous with levelling or afterwards. A
theodolite , a compass or a plane table
traversing is usually adopted for locating these
points. The points are then plotted on the plan
and the contours drawn by joining the
corresponding points by dotted curved lines.
27CONTOURINGCONTOURING 52
2. Indirect Method:
•In this method some suitable guide points are selected and their
elevations are found. These point may form well shaped geometrical
figures.
•The location of such points are plotted by plane tabling and contours
are drawn by interpolation. These guide points do not fall except by
coincidence, on the contours to be located.
• While interpolating, it is considered that the slope between any two
adjacent guide points is uniform.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
adjacent guide points is uniform.
•Several representative points representing hills, depressions, ridge and
valley lines and the changes in the slope all over the area to be
contoured are also observed.
• Other Guide points are then plotted on the plan and the contours
drawn by interpolation.
•This method of contouring is also known as contouring by spot levels.
30CONTOURINGCONTOURING 53
• This method is commonly employed in all kinds of surveys as
this is cheaper, quicker and less tedious as compared to direct
method.
• There are mainly three method of contouring in indirect
method:
(i) By Squares.
• In this method, the whole area is divided into number of
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Indirect Method:
• In this method, the whole area is divided into number of
squares, the side of which may vary from 5m to 30m
depending upon the nature of the ground and the contour
interval.
• The corners of the squares are pegged out and the reduced
levels of these points are determined with a level.
31CONTOURINGCONTOURING 54
SQUARE METHOD
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31CONTOURINGCONTOURING 55
Indirect Method: (Square Method)
13 14 15 16
100.4 97.60 96.05 94.40
98.00 98.00
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10 11
6 7
1 2 3 4
5 8
9 12
SQURES LAID ON GROUND
97.45 99.25 98.75 99.40
98.65 99.60 97.80 89.55
100.90 99.70 99.85 98.45
98.00
98.0
99.0 99.0
98,00
CONTOURS INTERPOLATED
32CONTOURINGCONTOURING 56
2. Indirect Method: (Square Method)
100.4 97.60 96.05 94.40
98.00 98.00
•The important points
within the squares
may be taken when
required and located
by measurements
from the corners.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
97.45 99.25 98.75 99.40
98.65 99.60 97.80 89.55
100.90 99.70 99.85 98.45
98.00
98.0
99.0 99.0
98,00
SQUARE METHOD
33CONTOURINGCONTOURING
from the corners.
• The squares are
plotted and the
reduced levels of the
corners are written on
the plan.
57
2. Indirect Method:
By Cross- Sections:
• This method is most suitable for the surveys of long narrow
strips such as a road, railway or canal aignment etc.
• In this method cross sections perpendicular to the centre
line of the area are set out.
• The spacing of the cross-section depends upon the contour
interval, scale of plan and the characteristic of ground.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
interval, scale of plan and the characteristic of ground.
• The common value is 10 to 20 m in hilly country and 20-30m in
flat country.
•The centre line and cross sections are plotted along with
important features on the desired scale and their RLs are
entered.
•The contours are then interpolated with respect to these RLs.
35CONTOURINGCONTOURING 58
Indirect Method:
By Cross- Sections:
70.6 69.1 68.8 69.1 70.8
70.8 70.2 69.1 70.4 70.5
RD 580
RD 560
7070
69 69
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•The levels of the points along the section lines are plotted on
the plan and the contours are then interpolated as usual as
shown in the fig.
70.8 70.2 69.1 70.4 70.5
71.2 70.8 66.3 70.6 70.8
71.6 71.2 70.6 72.4 71.7
RD 560
RD 540
RD 520
71
71
70
69
68
67
71
71
Fig. X-Section Method
34CONTOURINGCONTOURING 59
2. Indirect Method:
(iii) By Tacheometric method:
• A tacheometer is a transit theodolite having a diaphragm
fitted with two stadia wires, one above and other below the
central wire.
Fig. Stadia Wires at Diaphragm
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
central wire.
• The horizontal distance between the instrument and staff
station may be determined by multiplying the difference of the
staff readings of the upper and lower stadia wires with the
stadia constant of the instrument, which is usually 100.
• Thus the tacheometer is used for both the vertical as well as
horizontal measurements.
37CONTOURINGCONTOURING 60
2. Indirect Method:
iii) By Tacheometric method (contd…):
•This method is most suitable in hilly areas as the number of
stations which can be commanded by a tacheometer is far more
than those by a level and thus the number of instrument settings
are considerably reduced.
•A number of radial lines are laid out at a known angular
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
•A number of radial lines are laid out at a known angular
interval and representative points are marked by pegs along
these radial lines.
•Their elevations and distances are then calculated and plotted
on the plan and the contour lines are then interpolated.
38CONTOURINGCONTOURING 61
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
By Tacheometric method
62
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT METHODS OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT METHODS OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT METHODS OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT METHODS OF
CONTOURINGCONTOURINGCONTOURINGCONTOURING
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
63
INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS
• The process of spacing the contours proportionally
between the plotted ground – points is termed as
interpolation of contours .
• This becomes necessary in the case of indirect
contouring as only the spot levels are taken in this
method.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
method.
• While interpolation of contours the ground between any
two points is assumed to be uniformly sloping.
39CONTOURINGCONTOURING 64
INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS
There are three main methods of interpolation:
i) By arithmetical calculation:
• This is very tedious & time consuming but accurate
method .
• The positions of contour points between the guide points
are located by arithmetic calculation.
• used for small areas where accurate results are necessary.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
• used for small areas where accurate results are necessary.
40CONTOURINGCONTOURING
•Find distance from A for a contourof 99m elevation. (Note – Square = 10*10m)
•Distance from A for contour of 99m = (99—98.75)/ (100.75 —98.75) *10 = 1.25m
65
INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS
The contours are interpolated as under:
Example-•A and B are two points at a distance of 30 m and the reduced level of
A and B are 25.45m and 27.54m .
•Taking the contour interval as 1m, 26 and 27 m contours may be
By arithmetical calculation:
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
A B30 m25.45m 27.54m
26m 27m
Diff (A-B)=2.09m
•Taking the contour interval as 1m, 26 and 27 m contours may be
interpolated in between A and B.
•Difference of level between A and B is 2.09m.the difference of level
between A and 26m,and A and 27m is 0.55mand 1.55 m respectively.
•Horizontal distance between A and 26 m contour =0.55/2.09 x 30m
((Diff of A & 26m / Diff of A & B)* Dist.AB)) and Between A and 27
m contour =1.55/2.09 x 30m.
•These distances are then plotted to scale on the map.
41CONTOURINGCONTOURING 66
INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS
•Graphical method of
interpolation is simpler
as compared to
arithmetical method
and also the results
(ii) By Graphical method:
60
65
B62.5m
60m2
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
and also the results
obtained are accurate.
• Out of several
graphical methods, the
most common is as
given below:
50
55
A 51.5m
55m1
42CONTOURINGCONTOURING 67
•As shown in the fig. suppose the
contour interval is 5m, then on a
piece of tracing cloth or tracing
paper, a number of parallel lines
spaced at 0.5 m (usually 1/10th of
the contour interval) are drawn.
Graphical method:
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS
• Every tenth line being made
thick.
•Suppose it is required to
interpolate contours between two
points A and B of elevation 51.5m
and 62.5m respectively.
43CONTOURINGCONTOURING 68
INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURSBy Graphical method:
• If the bottom line represents an
elevation of 50m. Then the successive
thick lines will represent 55m, 60m and
65m, etc.
•The point A is on the third line from
the bottom, B is on the fifth line above
the 60m thick line.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
the 60m thick line.
• The intersection of the thick lines 1
and 2 representing elevations of 55m
and 60 m and the line AB give the
position of the points on the 55m and
60m contours respectively and are
pricked through on the plan with a pin.
44CONTOURINGCONTOURING 69
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS
iii) By Estimation:
� The position of the contour points between ground
- points are estimated roughly and the contours
are then drawn through these points.
� This is a rough method and is suitable for small
scale maps.
� Accuracy of work depends upon the skill and
experience of surveyor.
70
DRAWING THE CONTOUR LINESContour lines are drawn as fine and smooth free hand
curved lines. Sometimes they are represented by broken
lines .They are inked in either in black or brown colour. A
drawing pen gives a better line than a writing pen and
French curves should be used as much as possible .Every
fifth contour is made thicker than the rest.
The elevation of contours must be written in a uniform
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
The elevation of contours must be written in a uniform
manner, either on the higher side or in a gap left in the line
.When the contour lines are very long, their elevations are
written at two or three places along the contour .In the case
of small scale maps, it is sufficient to figure every fifth
contour.
45CONTOURINGCONTOURING 71
CONTOUR GRADIENT� Contour gradient is a line lying throughout on the surface of the
ground and preserving a constant inclination to the horizontal.
� The inclination of a contour gradient is generally given either as
rising gradient or falling gradient, and is expressed as ratio of
the vertical height to a specified horizontal distance.
� If the inclination of a contour gradient is 1 in 50, it means that
for every 50 m horizontal distance, there is a rise (or fall) of 1 m.
� To locate the contour gradient in the field a clinometer, a
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
� To locate the contour gradient in the field a clinometer, a
theodolite or a level may be used.
� The inclination of a contour gradient is generally given either as
rising or falling gradient and is expressed as ratio of the vertical
height to a specified horizontal distance.
72
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
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