Continuous Forest Continuous Forest Inventory for the Inventory for the Northwest Region Bureau Northwest Region Bureau of Indian Affairsof Indian Affairs

Arnie Browning, ForesterArnie Browning, Forester

NWRO BIA Portland, OR.NWRO BIA Portland, OR.

(503) 231-6205(503) 231-6205

National OverviewNational Overview• 565 Federally Recognized Tribes565 Federally Recognized Tribes

• Recognized Tribes are in all but 17 Recognized Tribes are in all but 17 statesstates

• 20 percent of American Indians 20 percent of American Indians reside on 314 reservationsreside on 314 reservations

• 18 million acres of forest land on 18 million acres of forest land on 317 reservations (8 MM acres 317 reservations (8 MM acres timberland, 10 MM acres timberland, 10 MM acres woodland)woodland)

• 732 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut732 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut

Historical OverviewHistorical Overview• 1776-1871 The Formative Years1776-1871 The Formative Years

– 1830 Indian Removal Act1830 Indian Removal Act– 1832 Chief Justice John Marshall’s Cases 1832 Chief Justice John Marshall’s Cases

• 1871-1928 Allotment & Assimilation1871-1928 Allotment & Assimilation– 1887 General Allotment Act (Dawes Act)1887 General Allotment Act (Dawes Act)– 1909 PL 35 Stat. 781 creates Forestry Division1909 PL 35 Stat. 781 creates Forestry Division within Office of Indian Affairswithin Office of Indian Affairs– 1910 PL 33 Stat. 855 1910 PL 33 Stat. 855 establishedestablished timber sales on timber sales on

Indian land Indian land • 1828-1953 Indian Reorganization1828-1953 Indian Reorganization

– 1934 Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard 1934 Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act) Act)

prohibited future allotment of landprohibited future allotment of land• 1953-1968 Termination Era1953-1968 Termination Era• 1968-1982 Indian Self-Determination1968-1982 Indian Self-Determination• 1982- present Self-Governance1982- present Self-Governance

- 1990 National Indian Forest Resources Management - 1990 National Indian Forest Resources Management ActActTribal Forestry Programs, Independent Assessment Tribal Forestry Programs, Independent Assessment (IFMAT)(IFMAT)

Indian Indian Forestry Forestry ProgramProgram

NationwideNationwideFacts and FiguresFacts and Figures

• CurrentlyCurrently– 43 43 billion bd. Ft. of standing forest billion bd. Ft. of standing forest

inventory on commercial forestsinventory on commercial forests

– ~1.5%~1.5% sustainable annual harvest sustainable annual harvest

– ~18~18 million acres of Trust forest million acres of Trust forest

– ~ 6 ~ 6 million acres of commercial million acres of commercial timberlandtimberland

• FY 2003FY 2003– 634634 million board feet harvested million board feet harvested

– $62$62 million to the Tribal owners million to the Tribal owners

– 4242 thousand acres thinned (PCT) thousand acres thinned (PCT)

– 1414 thousand acres reforested thousand acres reforested

– 157 157 thousand acres of fuels treatedthousand acres of fuels treated

– >100 >100 thousand acres of forest thousand acres of forest treated silviculturally in the treated silviculturally in the commercial harvestcommercial harvest

• 5-Year Annual Average 5-Year Annual Average (1999-2003)(1999-2003)– 622622 million board feet harvested million board feet harvested

– $93$93 million to the Tribal owners million to the Tribal owners

INDIAN FOREST LANDS NATIONAL SUMMARYINDIAN FOREST LANDS NATIONAL SUMMARY TIMBER AVAILABILITY & HARVEST (1993-2003) TIMBER AVAILABILITY & HARVEST (1993-2003)(Millions of Board Feet)(Millions of Board Feet)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

'93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03

Available

Harvested

Indian Self-DeterminationIndian Self-DeterminationTribal Participation in Forest Tribal Participation in Forest

ManagementManagement

((91 Tribes Performing all or some of the Program)91 Tribes Performing all or some of the Program)

EntireEntire forestry program forestry program• 31 Self-Governance 31 Self-Governance

CompactsCompacts• 26 Self-Determination 26 Self-Determination

ContractsContracts

PortionsPortions of forestry program of forestry program• 6 Self-Governance Compacts6 Self-Governance Compacts• 28 Self-Determination 28 Self-Determination

ContractsContracts

ACRES(thousands)

1732,415

9,349

4,450 1,323

Self-Governance

Combined Self-Governance/BIA

638 Contract

Combined 638 Contract/BIA

BIA Managed

Forest Management Forest Management InventoriesInventories

Forest Acres w/ Current Inventory(total needed = 18.3 million acres))

7.4 7.7 7.6 8.3 8.4 8.2

7.2 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.5

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Mil

lio

n A

cres

Woodland Timber

NorthwestMidwestWestSouthwestPacifcEasternRocky Mtn.Other

FIVE-YEAR INDIAN HARVEST FIVE-YEAR INDIAN HARVEST SUMMARYSUMMARYREVENUEREVENUE (% $) BY BIA REGION (% $) BY BIA REGION($519 million to Tribal owners)($519 million to Tribal owners)(1998 – 2002)(1998 – 2002)

77%

9%9%5%5% 6%

BIA Northwest BIA Northwest RegionRegion

BIA Northwest RegionBIA Northwest Region

• 2,664,000 acres timberland 2,664,000 acres timberland mostly on Category 1 mostly on Category 1 reservationsreservations (Category 1 defined as over 1MMBF AAC)(Category 1 defined as over 1MMBF AAC)

• 385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut• All Category 1 reservations have All Category 1 reservations have

Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plots except Grand Ronde. Many plots except Grand Ronde. Many have Stand Inventory also.have Stand Inventory also.

History of CFI History of CFI

• Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS introduced CFI to Lake Statesintroduced CFI to Lake States

• The original purpose of the CFI The original purpose of the CFI was to collect stocking, growth, was to collect stocking, growth, removal, and mortality information removal, and mortality information indispensable to the establishment indispensable to the establishment of broad management policies on of broad management policies on large forest areas. (Stott, 1960)large forest areas. (Stott, 1960)

Steps in the CFI ProcessSteps in the CFI Process

• Pre-InventoryPre-Inventory– Review previous CFI Field ManualReview previous CFI Field Manual– Revise Manual for the re-measurementRevise Manual for the re-measurement– Write data entry and edit programWrite data entry and edit program

• Data collection and error checkingData collection and error checking• Regression analysis, more data cleaningRegression analysis, more data cleaning• Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90)Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90)• Write User Manual and assist with Write User Manual and assist with

program installation and operationprogram installation and operation• Assist with inventory analysis, growth and Assist with inventory analysis, growth and

yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC.yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC.

Changes in Sample DesignChanges in Sample Design• 1950 -1980 1950 -1980

– Cluster of 2 or 3 one-fifth or one-quarter acre Cluster of 2 or 3 one-fifth or one-quarter acre subplots, usually on one-mile gridsubplots, usually on one-mile grid

– 1/201/20thth acre minor plot for height and form class acre minor plot for height and form class– 1/1001/100thth acre minor plot for seedlings/saplings acre minor plot for seedlings/saplings– Plot data: timber type, habitat type, slope, aspect, Plot data: timber type, habitat type, slope, aspect,

etcetc– Tree data: spc, dbh, crown ratio, height, tree history, Tree data: spc, dbh, crown ratio, height, tree history,

problem/severity, age or age class, etcproblem/severity, age or age class, etc– Re-measure every 10 yearsRe-measure every 10 years

• 1980 – present1980 – present– re-measure only one plot per cluster (each subplot re-measure only one plot per cluster (each subplot

was always treated as an independent sample point)was always treated as an independent sample point)– Double the grid, usually ½ mile grid (more even-aged Double the grid, usually ½ mile grid (more even-aged

treatments, more stratification of the data)treatments, more stratification of the data)– Add snag data, fuel transect data, 3 tree Add snag data, fuel transect data, 3 tree

problem/severity codes per tree (usually FVS codes), problem/severity codes per tree (usually FVS codes), new height samplenew height sample

Changes in Height SampleChanges in Height Sample

• Before 1990Before 1990– Measure total height on all trees 5 Measure total height on all trees 5

inches dbh and larger on 1/20inches dbh and larger on 1/20thth or or 1/161/16thth acre minor plot acre minor plot

• After 1990After 1990– On 1/5 acre plot, measure total On 1/5 acre plot, measure total

height on the first tree of each height on the first tree of each species in each 5 inch dbh class, species in each 5 inch dbh class, and all trees 20 in. dbh and larger.and all trees 20 in. dbh and larger.

Changes in Height ModelChanges in Height Model• 1950 – 19871950 – 1987

– Ht = bHt = b00 + b + b11 DBH + b DBH + b22 (DBH) (DBH)22

– (2(2ndnd or 3 or 3rdrd degree polynomial) degree polynomial)– risky outside range of data, must “cap”risky outside range of data, must “cap”

• 1988 – 20021988 – 2002– Ht = 4.5 + exp (bHt = 4.5 + exp (b00 + b + b11 / (DBH+1)) / (DBH+1)) – FVS (Wycoff et.al,1982)FVS (Wycoff et.al,1982)– Usually stratify height sample by Usually stratify height sample by

productivity classproductivity class• 2002 – present2002 – present

– Ht = 4.5 + bHt = 4.5 + b00 (exp (-b (exp (-b11 (DBH) (DBH)bb22 )) ))– FPS (Arney, 1985)FPS (Arney, 1985)

Comparison of Ht Models – FVS Comparison of Ht Models – FVS

• Slightly over Slightly over estimates at 5 – 10 estimates at 5 – 10 inches dbhinches dbh

• Slight under Slight under estimates at large estimates at large diametersdiameters

• Almost always a Almost always a reasonable modelreasonable model

DOUGLAS-FIR (202) - HABITAT TYPE GROUP CFLATHEAD 1999 CFI

DBH (inches)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

TO

TA

L H

EIG

HT

(fe

et)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

FVS Height Model - continuedFVS Height Model - continued

• Height to Height to Diameter Diameter correlation is correlation is reasonable even reasonable even for small for small samplessamples

WHITEBARK PINE (101) - ALL HABITAT TYPE GROUPSFLATHEAD 1999 CFI

DBH (inches)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

TO

TA

L H

EIG

HT

(fe

et)

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10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

FPS Height Model FPS Height Model • Usually slightly Usually slightly

improved fit improved fit through the entire through the entire range of DBH range of DBH (when compared (when compared with FVS height with FVS height model)model)

• Still getting Still getting experience with experience with this model (only this model (only Warm Springs and Warm Springs and Quinault)Quinault)

Western Hemlock Height To Diameter - Quinault 2002 CFI

DBH (inches)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

TO

TA

L H

EIG

HT

(fe

et)

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20

30

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60

70

80

90

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110

120

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140

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160

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180

190

200

210

220

230

240

Plot the data and the modelPlot the data and the model

• Our experience Our experience with FPS height with FPS height model is limited; model is limited; one unreasonable one unreasonable model so far.model so far.

• Thanks to error-Thanks to error-trapping in trapping in Flewelling taper Flewelling taper code, we code, we discovered this discovered this problemproblem

White Pine Height To Diameter, FPS - Quinault 2002 CFI

DBH (inches)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

TO

TA

L H

EIG

HT

(fee

t)

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10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

Western white pine on QuinaultWestern white pine on Quinault

• When the cruisers When the cruisers

showed us how showed us how Western white pine Western white pine grows on the grows on the reservation, we reservation, we reluctantly agreed reluctantly agreed to a small sampleto a small sample

• ““DBH” is at 34 feet DBH” is at 34 feet above ground level above ground level of this pine of this pine growing out of an growing out of an old cedar snagold cedar snag

CFI Program Options for CFI Program Options for Volume and TaperVolume and Taper

• Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in 1983 Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, 1983 Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, App 1DApp 1D

• Form Class = DIB17/DBHForm Class = DIB17/DBH

• Used in CFIs from 1950s to presentUsed in CFIs from 1950s to present

• Most DIB at 17 feet measured in Most DIB at 17 feet measured in 1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots

Form ClassForm Class

• ““The theory of form class volume The theory of form class volume tables is that for a given height, trees tables is that for a given height, trees vary in taper in the first log, but above vary in taper in the first log, but above the first log, taper is quite similar for the first log, taper is quite similar for trees of the same size and trees of the same size and merchantable height, regardless of merchantable height, regardless of species.” (Bell, 1989).species.” (Bell, 1989).

• Most of the taper is in the first log.Most of the taper is in the first log.

Behre’s HyperbolaBehre’s Hyperbola

• BHT = THT - 17.3BHT = THT - 17.3

• RHT = THT - upper stem RHT = THT - upper stem htht

• L = RHT / BHTL = RHT / BHT

• D = L / (0.49 * L + 0.51)D = L / (0.49 * L + 0.51)

• DIB = DIB17 * DDIB = DIB17 * D

BIA Volume MethodBIA Volume Method

• Use Behre’s Hyperbola to calculate Use Behre’s Hyperbola to calculate DIB at top of each logDIB at top of each log

• If dib >= 8.0 thenIf dib >= 8.0 then

bd=(-.26875-.12375*dib bd=(-.26875-.12375*dib +.049375*dib**2)* log length+.049375*dib**2)* log length

• If dib < 8.0 thenIf dib < 8.0 thenbd=(-083714 +.018569*dib bd=(-083714 +.018569*dib

+.059009*dib**2-.003894*dib**3)* +.059009*dib**2-.003894*dib**3)* log lengthlog length

BIA Volume (continued)BIA Volume (continued)

• These regression formulas These regression formulas were developed by regressing were developed by regressing the Factors published on page the Factors published on page 38 of the Official Rules for the 38 of the Official Rules for the Log Scaling and Grading Log Scaling and Grading Bureaus,Bureaus,

January 1, 1982January 1, 1982

West-side Taper CoopWest-side Taper Coop

• Completed May 2, 1994Completed May 2, 1994

• For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Redcedarand Western Redcedar

• Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR, Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR, Industrial Forest Owners, Industrial Forest Owners, contributed felled tree datacontributed felled tree data

• Data modeled by James Flewelling, Data modeled by James Flewelling, PhD.PhD.

INGY Taper CoopINGY Taper Coop

• Distributed to INGY Members Sep. Distributed to INGY Members Sep. 19961996

• Sectioned tree data collected for Sectioned tree data collected for AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH, AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH, WL,WPWL,WP

• INGY participants included Flathead, INGY participants included Flathead, Nez Perce, Spokane, and WS Tribes, Nez Perce, Spokane, and WS Tribes, Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch, Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch, DNR, USFS, BC Min of ForestsDNR, USFS, BC Min of Forests

• Modeled by James Flewelling, PhD.Modeled by James Flewelling, PhD.

Ponderosa Pine fc 77 - 20, 30, 40 in dbh

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

2 point 3 point bia table bia regr

bo

ard

feet

Douglas-fir fc 77 - 20, 30, 40 in dbh

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2 point 3 point bia table bia regr

boar

dfee

t

Uses of CFI data and programsUses of CFI data and programs

• Document changes and trends in the Document changes and trends in the forest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortalityforest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortality

• Data used to calibrate growth and yield Data used to calibrate growth and yield models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI data from reservation forests)data from reservation forests)

• Harvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable CutHarvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable Cut

• Assess Forest Management Plans Assess Forest Management Plans achievement of goalsachievement of goals

East-side CFI StatisticsEast-side CFI Statistics

COMM. NUM. NUM.RES. FOREST 1985 2001 INVENTORY OF OF

NAME ACRES AAC AAC YEAR PLOTS TREES

Coeur D'Alene 23,774 7 7 63,79,87,97 499 15,846Colville 603,415 120 77 58,65,72,79,85,95 1110 28,752Flathead 296,425 56 38 65,72,80,89,99 755 31,231Nez Perce 25,226 8 5 75,85,94 395 10,459Spokane 93,554 12 14 57,63,69,75,85,98 1200 20,595Umatilla 16,886 4 3 90 306 7,036Warm Springs 285,529 102 40 58,65,72,79,88,97 1533 74,289Yakama 446,075 186 143 58,64,70,76,87,95 1286 52,490

Boardfoot Stocking TrendsBoardfoot Stocking TrendsColville, Spokane, Warm Springs, and Yakama

BOARDFOOT STOCKING TRENDS

0

5000

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15000

20000

25000

RESERVATION AND MEASUREMENT YEAR

BF/A

cre

Harvest vs. Net GrowthHarvest vs. Net GrowthColville, Warm Springs, Yakama

HARVEST VS. NET GROWTH - FROM CFI DATA

050

100150200250300350400

BF/

AC

/YEA

R

Harvest

Net Grow th

MortalityMortalityCoeur d’Alene, Colville, Warm Springs, Coeur d’Alene, Colville, Warm Springs, YakamaYakama

HARVEST VS. NET GROWTH - FROM CFI DATA

050

100150200250300350400

BF/

AC

/YEA

R

Harvest

Net Grow th

Warm Springs Ponderosa Pine Warm Springs Ponderosa Pine Stocking Trend 1972-1997Stocking Trend 1972-1997

Ponderosa Pine Stocking by Size Class

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

10-20" 22"+ TOTAL

DBH class (inches)

Bd

Ft/A

C

1972

1979

1988

1997

Warm Springs stocking trend, Warm Springs stocking trend, all species combined, 1972 – all species combined, 1972 – 19971997

StockingAll Species Combined

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

10-20" 22"+ TOTAL

DBH class (inches)

Bd

Ft/A

c

1972

1979

1988

1997

Warm Springs Harvest and Net Warm Springs Harvest and Net Growth Trends 1972 - 1997Growth Trends 1972 - 1997

Comparison of Growth VS Harvest

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1972 - 1978 1979 - 1987 1987 - 1997

BD

FT/A

C/Y

R

BDFT Harvest

BDFT Growth

Changes in Annual Allowable Changes in Annual Allowable CutCut

ANNUAL ALLOWABLE HARVEST LEVEL EAST SIDE RESERVATIONS

0

50

100

150

200

MM

BF/Y

ear

1985 AAC

2001 AAC