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![Page 1: Continued intro classification. Updates Lab starts this week Monday 9.30-12.20 lab, Wednesday 2.30-5.30 lab Todays topics: 1a. Heat, pressure and the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b7e7f8b9ab0599ba34f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Continued intro & classification
7773696561575349
52
Basalt
454137
45
Picro-basalt1
3
5
7
9
11
(Foid)itePhono-tephrite
13Tephri-phonolite
Trachy-andesite
Phonolite
Trachyte
Basaltic trachy- andesite
Trachydacite
Trachy-basalt
BasalticAndesite
Andesite
Dacite
Rhyolite
TephriteBasanite
63ULTRABASIC BASIC INTERMEDIATE ACIDIC
wt% SiO2
Wt.% Na
2O+K
2O
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Updates
•Lab starts this week•Monday 9.30-12.20 lab, •Wednesday 2.30-5.30 lab
Today’s topics:1a. Heat, pressure and the geotherm1b. Geotherm and melting1c. Different ways to melt2. Classification of igneous rocks
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The Pressure Gradient
• P increases = gh• Nearly linear through mantle
– ~ 30 MPa/km 1 GPa at base of ave
crust• Core: incr. more rapidly
since alloy more dense
1010 2020 303000
10001000
20002000
30003000
40004000
50005000
60006000D
epth
(km
)D
epth
(km
)
Pressure (GPa)Pressure (GPa)4040
Mantle
Core
Figure 1-8. Pressure variation with depth. From Dziewonski and Anderson (1981). Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 25, 297-356. © Elsevier Science.
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Heat
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Heat Sources Heat Sources in the Earthin the Earth
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The Geothermal GradientCrust
Mantle
OuterCore
Temperature(K)
0 5 10
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Dep
th (k
m) S waves
P waves
InnerCore
Lithosphere
Astheno-sphere
Solid
Liquid
Meso-sphere
S waves
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Rocks at different depth: change in P & T: Phase
changeT T
P P
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Atoms have a “choice” as to how they want to arrange
themselves in a phase
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Plate Tectonic - Igneous Genesis
? ???
600 km
400
200 kmContinental CrustOceanic CrustLithospheric MantleSub-lithospheric Mantle
Source of Melts
15 3 46 7 2
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Geotherm and solidus: how to melt
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Processes That Form Magma
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Processes that form magma and rock
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Environments of Magma Formation
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Environments of Magma Formation
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Environments of Magma Formation
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Environments of Magma Formation
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Environments of Magma Formation
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Partial Melting: The Origin of Basalt and Granite
Asthenosphere40% Silica
Melting
Basaltic magma = 50% silica (1100o C)
Forms the rock basalt
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Partial Melting: The Origin of Basalt and Granite
Continental Crust(Mainly low melting point minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica)
Melting
Granitic magma ~ 70% silica (700-900o C)
Forms granite (a mixture of quartz and feldspar)
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Classification of Igneous Rocks
Figure 2-1a. Method #1 for plotting a point with the components: 70% X, 20% Y, and 10% Z on triangular diagrams. An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, John Winter, Prentice Hall.
X
YZIncr %X
Incr %Y
Incr %Z
30 20 10
10
2030
10
20
30%Z
20
10
30%X
A%Y
%Z
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Classification of Igneous Rocks
Figure 2-1b. Method #2 for plotting a point with the components: 70% X, 20% Y, and 10% Z on triangular diagrams. An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, John Winter, Prentice Hall.
Y
X
Z
70
67
A
100
0
%X
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Classification of Igneous RocksFigure 2-2. A classification of the phaneritic igneous rocks. b. Gabbroic rocks. c. Ultramafic rocks. After IUGS.
Plagioclase
OlivinePyroxene
Gabbro
Troctolite
Olivine gabbro
Plagioclase-bearing ultramafic rocks
90
(b)
Anorthosite
OlivineOlivine
ClinopyroxeneClinopyroxeneOrthopyroxeneOrthopyroxene
LherzoliteLherzoliteHa
rzbu
rgite
Wehrlite
Websterite
OrthopyroxeniteOrthopyroxenite
ClinopyroxeniteClinopyroxenite
Olivine Websterite
PeridotitesPeridotites
PyroxenitesPyroxenites
90
40
10
10
DuniteDunite
(c)
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Classification of Igneous Rocks
Figure 2-4. A chemical classification of volcanics based on total alkalis vs. silica. After Le Bas et al. (1986) J. Petrol., 27, 745-750. Oxford University Press.
7773696561575349
52
Basalt
454137
45
Picro-basalt1
3
5
7
9
11
(Foid)itePhono-tephrite
13Tephri-phonolite
Trachy-andesite
Phonolite
Trachyte
Basaltic trachy- andesite
Trachydacite
Trachy-basalt
BasalticAndesite
Andesite
Dacite
Rhyolite
TephriteBasanite
63ULTRABASIC BASIC INTERMEDIATE ACIDIC
wt% SiO2
Wt.% Na
2O+K
2O
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Classification of Igneous Rocks
Figure 2-5. Classification of the pyroclastic rocks. a. Based on type of material. After Pettijohn (1975) Sedimentary Rocks, Harper & Row, and Schmid (1981) Geology, 9, 40-43. b. Based on the size of the material. After Fisher (1966) Earth Sci. Rev., 1, 287-298.
Glass
Rock Fragments Crystals
VitricTuff
LithicTuff
CrystalTuff
(a)
Ash (< 2 mm)
Blocks and Bombs(> 64 mm)
LapilliTuff
Lapilli -TuffBreccia
Tuff Lapilli-stone
(b)
30 30
7070PyroclasticBreccia or
Agglomerate
Lapilli (2-64 mm)