CONTEXT WHAT TASKS FACE THE NATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR ENDS? 1.How should the devastated South be...

CONTEXT

WHAT TASKS FACE THE NATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR ENDS?

1. How should the devastated South be rebuilt?2. What would be the place/role of the freedmen?3. How will the conquered states be re-admitted to the

Union?4. Who will direct/control reconstruction?5. How could Reconstruction have been done better?ALSO…A. How will Southern leaders/traitors be treated?B. What economic system will replace slavery?

12.1 OBJECTIVE: How did Presidential and Congressional

plans for Reconstruction differ?

HW: 12.2, #1, #4

RECONSTRUCTION

• When was Reconstruction?

• What is being re-constructed?

• How long did it last?

• Who did the “constructing”?

• Did it work?

Second Inaugural Address(Prelude to Reconstruction)

Read Lincoln’s second inaugural address:

Answer the following:What is the tone of the address?Who is Lincoln addressing?What strikes you most about the address?How does it compare to political speeches you have

heard before?In light if this document, why do some say that

Lincoln’s death was a tragedy for the South?

Second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or even before the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."

With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which

may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

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RECONSTRUCTION PLANSLINCOLN’S 1863 PLAN:

• 10% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union

• Pledge to abide by emancipation

• Focused on pardon of individuals by President

WADE-DAVIS BILL, 1864:

• 50% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union

• STRONG safeguards for emancipation

• Focused on pardon of states by Congress

* Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, exposed split b/w Moderate and Radical Republicans

Taking the Oath of AllegianceThese white southerners are shown taking the oath of allegiance to the United States in 1865 as part of the process of restoring civil government in the South. The Union soldiers and officers are administering the oath. (Library of Congress)

Taking the Oath of Allegiance

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

RADICAL REPUBLICANS

Charles Sumner (left), Senator from Massachusetts, and Thaddeus Stevens, (right), Congressman from Pennsylvania, led the Radical Republican faction in Congress. (Portraits from Library of Congress)

Charles Sumner

What were the Radical Republicans worried about?

Southern States, with more new seats in Congress, would control the Federal govt. and halt Reconstruction.

WHY DID THE SOUTH HAVE MORE POWER NOW?

Freedmen counted FULLY, no longer 3/5.

How is the war affecting the peace?

Portrait of Andrew Johnson(Library of Congress)

Pres. Andrew Johnson

WHO WAS HE?• VP to Lincoln in 1864 to

attract pro-Union Democrats to Union Party

• Humble origins, self-educated, self-made man

• From Tennessee, slave-owner

• Pro-Union, appointed war time governor

• Pro states’ rights

JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN (1865):

HOW WAS IT DIFFERENT FROM CONGRESS’ PLAN?

• Called “Presidential Reconstruction”

• Same as 10% plan of Lincoln, BUT

• Disenfranchised leading Confederates and Planter class ($20,000 property or more)

• Special State Convention to repeal secession laws, repudiate Confederate debts, ratify 13th amendment

*Johnson granted many pardons-enraging Radical Reps.

OBJECTIVE: How did Presidential and Congressional plans for Reconstruction differ?

• Who had the better plan? Why?

• What problems do you foresee with Reconstruction?

THE FREEDMEN• Freedmen’s Bureau lasted from 3/3/1865-1872)

What was the job of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

- distribute food and clothing

- help house

- help educate

- help train for independence

Why did Pres. Johnson veto the Freedmen’s Bureau?

King AndrewThis Thomas Nast cartoon, published in Harper's Weekly just before the 1866 congressional elections, conveyed Republican antipathy to Andrew Johnson. The president is depicted as an autocratic tyrant. Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, upper right, has his head on the block and is about to lose it. The Republic sits in chains. (Harper's Weekly, 1866)

King Andrew


REPUBLICAN CONGRESS VS. “ANDY VETO”

• South returns “whitewashed rebels” to Congress

• Republicans close Congress to “rebels” Dec. 4, 1865

• Johnson recognizes Southern states Dec. 6, 1865

• Johnson vetoes extension of Freedmen’s Bureau

• Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Bill of 1866

• Republicans pass 14th Amendment – DOES NOT GRANT RIGHT TO VOTE TO FREEDMEN!!!

• Johnson defeated in 1866 Congressional Elections

Johnson Impeached (Almost!!!)

• 1867: Congress passes “Tenure of Office Act”

• Johnson fires Sec. Of War Stanton, a Radical sympathizer in the Administration

• House of Reps votes 126 to 47 to impeach

• Senate fails to impeach by ONE vote

NOTE: Vice Presidency still vacant – many fear Ben Wade as President, despite dislike of Johnson

Congressional Reconstruction/ Military Reconstruction: 1867-1877

1867-1869:

• South divided into 5 military districts

• Disenfranchised former Confederates

• Req. South to ratify 14th Amendment

• Req. South to guarantee full suffrage to Freedmen

1870-1877:

• Fifteenth Amendment passed to ensure suffrage

• Federal troops enforce Reconstruction until 1877

Map: The Reconstruction


The First Vote

A newly freed slave casts his first vote. (Library of Congress)

The First Vote


Distinguished Colored MenThis lithograph from 1883 depicts prominent African American men, several of whom had leading roles in Black Reconstruction. (Library of Congress)

Distinguished Colored Men


Grant Administration

• Grant (Republican) wins 214 electoral votes to Seymour’s (Democrat) 80

• NOTE: Grant only wins popular vote by 300,000

SIGNIFICANCE: The approx. 500,000 to 700,000 Freedmen’s votes swing election to Grant.

Map: Popular Vote for President in the South, 1872


• Did we learn any lessons from Reconstruction?

• Compare and Contrast Reconstruction after the Civil War and reconstruction in Iraq.

• Are there any lessons from the Civil War that could be helpful in Iraq?

12.2 OBJECTIVE:What were the social, political, and

economic changes in the South during Reconstruction?

HW: 12.3, #1, #4

1. Define scalawag.

2. _______________ replaced slavery as the agricultural system in the South.

3. __________ was elected president in 1868 and 1872.

4. Lincoln and Johnson’s plan for reconstruction required ________% of Southern voters from 1860 to swear allegiance to the Union.

5. Thaddeus Stevens was the leader of the _________________.

1. Define carpetbagger.

2. _______________ replaced slavery as the agricultural system in the South.

3. __________ was almost impeached in 1867.

4. Congress’s plan for reconstruction required ________% of Southern voters from 1860 to swear allegiance to the Union.

5. The Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed the universal right to ___________.

REPUBLICANS IN THE SOUTH

Made up of:

Scalawags

Carpetbaggers

Freedmen

What were the differences?

Were these positive or negative names?

Southern Counter-Reaction

• New Southern govts pass Black Codes

• Racial politics enforced (segregation)

• Race riots & lynchings

• KKK, vigilante “justice”

• Sharecropping instituted

• Jim Crow laws, disenfranchisement of Freedmen

Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper's WeeklyIn 1866, as Congress reviewed the progress of Reconstruction, news from the South had a considerable impact. Violence against black people, like the riot in Memphis depicted here, helped convince northern legislators that they had to modify President Johnson's policies. (Library of Congress)

Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper's Weekly


Primary Document Mississippi Black Code Vagrancy LawSection 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, that all rogues and vagabonds, idle and dissipated persons, beggars, jugglers, or persons practising unlawful games or plays, runaways, common drunkards, common nightwalkers, pilferers, lewd, wanton, or lascivious persons, in speech or behavior, common railers and brawlers, persons who neglect their calling or employment, misspend what they earn, or do not provide for the support of themselves or their families or dependents, and all other idle and disorderly persons, including all who neglect all lawful business, or habitually misspend their time by frequenting houses of ill-fame, gaming houses, or tippling shops, shall be deemed and considered vagrants under the provisions of this act; and, on conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $100, with all accruing costs, and be imprisoned at the discretion of the court not exceeding ten days.Section 2. Be it further enacted, that all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes in this state over the age of eighteen years found on the second Monday in January 1866, or thereafter, with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together either in the day or nighttime, and all white persons so assembling with freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes, or usually associating with freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes on terms of equality, or living in adultery or fornication with a freedwoman, free Negro, or mulatto, shall be deemed vagrants; and, on conviction thereof, shall be fined in the sum of not exceeding, in the case of a freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, 150, and a white man, $200, and imprisoned at the discretion of the court, the free Negro not exceeding ten days, and the white man not exceeding six months.Section 3. Be it further enacted, that all justices of the peace, mayors, and aldermen of incorporated towns and cities of the several counties in this state shall have jurisdiction to try all questions of vagrancy in their respective towns, counties, and cities; and it is hereby made their duty, whenever they shall ascertain that any person or persons in their respective towns, counties, and cities are violating any of the provisions of this act, to have said party or parties arrested and brought before them and immediately investigate said charge; and, on conviction, punish said party or parties as provided for herein. And it is hereby made the duty of all sheriffs, constables, town constables, city marshals, and all like officers to report to some officer having jurisdiction all violations of any of the provisions of this act; and it shall be the duty of the county courts to inquire if any officers have neglected any of the duties required by this act; and in case any officer shall fail or neglect any duty herein, it shall be the duty of the county court to fine said officer, upon conviction, not exceeding $100, to be paid into the county treasury for county purposes.Section 4. Be it further enacted, that keepers of gaming houses, houses of prostitution, all prostitutes, public or private, and all persons who derive their chief support in employments that militate against good morals or against laws shall be deemed and held to be vagrants.Section 5. Be it further enacted, that all fines and forfeitures collected under the provisions of this act shall be paid into the county treasury for general county purposes; and in case any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto shall fail for five days after the imposition of any fine or forfeiture upon him or her for violation of any of the provisions of this act to pay the same, that it shall be, and is hereby made, the duty of the sheriff of the proper county to hire out said freedman, free Negro, or mulatto to any person who will, for the shortest period of service, pay said fine or forfeiture and all costs:Provided, a preference shall be given to the employer, if there be one, in which case the employer shall be entitled to deduct and retain the amount so paid from the wages of such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto then due or to become due; and in case such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto cannot be hired out he or she may be dealt with as a pauper.Section 6. Be it further enacted, that the same duties and liabilities existing among white persons of this state shall attach to freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes to support their indigent families and all colored paupers; and that, in order to secure a support for such indigent freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes, it shall be lawful, and it is hereby made the duty of the boards of county police of each county in this state, to levy a poll or capitation tax on each and every freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, between the ages of eighteen and sixty years, not to exceed the sum of s I annually, to each person so taxed, which tax, when collected, shall be paid into the county treasurer's hands and constitute a fund to be called the Freedman's Pauper Fund, which shall be applied by the commissioners of the poor for the maintenance of the poor of the freedmen, free Negroes. and mulattoes of this state, under such regulations as may be established by the boards of county police, in the respective counties of this state.Section 7. Be it further enacted, that if any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto shall fail or refuse to pay any tax levied according to the provisions of the 6th Section of this act, it shall be prima facie evidence of vagrancy, and it shall be the duty of the sheriff to arrest such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, or such person refusing or neglecting to pay such tax, and proceed at once to hire, for the shortest time, such delinquent taxpayer to anyone who will pay the said tax, with accruing costs, giving preference to the employer, if there be one.Section 8. Be it further enacted, that any person feeling himself or herself aggrieved by the judgment of any justice of the peace, mayor, or alderman in cases arising under this act may, within five days, appeal to the next term of the county court of the proper county, upon giving bond and security in a sum not less than $25 nor more than $150, conditioned to appear and prosecute said appeal, and abide by the judgment of the county court, and said appeal shall be tried de novo in the county court, and the decision of said court shall be final.

http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/code.html

Vagrancy LawSection 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, that all rogues and vagabonds, idle and dissipated persons, beggars, jugglers, or persons practising unlawful games or plays, runaways, common drunkards, common nightwalkers, pilferers, lewd, wanton, or lascivious persons, in speech or behavior, common railers and brawlers, persons who neglect their calling or employment, misspend what they earn, or do not provide for the support of themselves or their families or dependents, and all other idle and disorderly persons, including all who neglect all lawful business, or habitually misspend their time by frequenting houses of ill-fame, gaming houses, or tippling shops, shall be deemed and considered vagrants under the provisions of this act; and, on conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $100, with all accruing costs, and be imprisoned at the discretion of the court not exceeding ten days.

NEW FREEDOMS BLACK CODES

BLACK CODES

Curfews = Generally, black people could not gather after sunset

Vagrancy Laws = Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not working – could be fined, whipped, and sold for a year’s labor

Labor contracts = Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned

Land restrictions = freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

FREEDOM TO OWN LAND

FREEDOM TO LEARN

FREEDOM TO WORSHIP

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

NEW FREEDOMS BLACK CODES

BLACK CODES

Curfews = Generally, black people could not gather after sunset

Vagrancy Laws = Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not working – could be fined, whipped, and sold for a year’s labor

Labor contracts = Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.

Land restrictions = freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

FREEDOM TO OWN LAND Land restrictions

FREEDOM TO LEARN

FREEDOM TO WORSHIP

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Curfews, Vagrancy Laws, Labor contracts

Primary Documenthttp://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/code.html

Apprentice LawSection 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, that it shall be the duty of all sheriffs, justices of the peace, and other civil officers of the several counties in this state to report to the Probate courts of their respective counties semiannually, at the January and July terms of said courts, all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes under the age of eighteen within their respective counties, beats, or districts who are orphans, or whose parent or parents have not the means, or who refuse to provide for and support said minors; and thereupon it shall be the duty of said Probate Court to order the clerk of said court to apprentice said minors to some competent and suitable person, on such terms as the court may direct, having a particular care to the interest of said minors.

Provided, that said apprentice shall be bound by indenture, in case of males until they are twenty-one years old, and in case of females until they are eighteen years old.

Section 3. Be it further enacted, that in the management and control of said apprentices, said master or mistress shall have power to inflict such moderate corporeal chastisement as a father or guardian is allowed to inflict on his or her child or ward at common law:

http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/code.html

ExodustersBenjamin "Pap" Singleton, a one-time fugitive slave from Tennessee, returned there to promote the "exodus" movement of the late 1870s. Forming a real estate company, Singleton traveled the south recruiting parties of freedmen who were disillusioned with the outcome of Reconstruction. These emigrants, awaiting a Mississippi River boat, looked forward to political equality, freedom from violence, and homesteads in Kansas. (Library of Congress)

Exodusters


The First Vote

A newly freed slave casts his first vote. (Library of Congress)

The First Vote


Ku Klux Klan meetingIn this picture, the artist has portrayed a group of bizarrely dressed Klansmen contemplating the murder of a white Republican. (Library of Congress)

Ku Klux Klan meeting


Black sharecropping family in front of their cabinSharecropping gave African Americans more control over their labor than did labor contracts. But sharecropping also contributed to the south's dependence on one-crop agriculture and helped to perpetuate widespread rural poverty. (Library of Congress)

Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin


SHARECROPPING = system of farming in which a farmer tends some portion of a planter’s land and receives a share of the crop at harvest time as payment.

SHARECROPPING AND THE CYCLE OF DEBT

Poor whites & Freedmen have

no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy food.

At harvest time, the sharecropper owes more to the landlord than his

share of the crop is worth.

Share cropper cannot leave the farm

as long as he is in debt

to the landlord.

Poor whites & freedmen sign contracts

to work a landlord’s acreage in exchange for part of the crop.

Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers

owe him for housing and food.

Map: The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881

The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881The transformation of the Barrow plantation in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, illustrates the striking changes in southern agriculture during Reconstruction. Before the Civil War, about 135 slaves worked on the plantation, supervised by an overseer and a slave foreman. After the war, the former slaves who remained on the plantation signed labor contracts with owner David Crenshaw Barrow. Supervised by a hired foreman, the freedmen grew cotton for wages in competing squads, but they disliked the new arrangement. In the late 1860s, Barrow subdivided his land into tenant farms of twenty-five to thirty acres, and freedmen moved their households from the old slave quarters to their own farms. By 1881, 161 tenants lived on the Barrow plantation, at least half of them children. One out of four families was named Barrow.


12.3 COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION

HW: 16.3, #1

OPPOSITION TO RECONSTRUCTION

KU KLUX KLAN

• Formed in 1866

• “secret” society

• Used violence and intimidation

• Used economic warfare

Mississippi Klansman, 1871Members of the Ku Klux Klan devised ghoulish costumes to heighten the terror inspired by their acts. This photograph shows the costume of a Mississippi Klansman from 1871. (Courtesy of Mr. Herbert Peck, Jr.)

Mississippi Klansman, 1871


The White LeagueAlabama's White League, formed in 1874, strove to oust Republicans from office by intimidating black voters. To political cartoonist Thomas Nast, such vigilante tactics suggested an alliance between the White League and the outlawed Ku Klux Klan. (Harper's Weekly, October 24, 1874)

The White League


Grant Administration

• Grant – Popular soldier, inept (corrupt?) politician

• Grant’s Cabinet and Administration famous for graft, corruption and nepotism (his wife’s family)

• Despite, numerous scandals and charges of incompetence, Grant is reelected in 1872!

• Handles Panic of 1873 poorly

The Grant administration had already undergone the embarrassment of a slew of scandals—Credit Mobilier, Sanborn Contracts, Whiskey Ring, Navy Contracts, Emma Silver Mine, and others—in the fall 1876 elections, the Democrats attempt to impeach the president.

http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=June&Date=3

Reconstruction cartoonThis 1868 cartoon by Thomas Nast pictured the combination of forces that threatened the success of Reconstruction: southern opposition and the greed, partisanship, and racism of northern interests. (Library of Congress)

Reconstruction cartoon


Compromise of 1877

• Grant willing to run for 3rd term, but Congress votes 233- to 18 on resolution to discourage him

• Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes, veteran from Ohio

• Democrats nominate Samuel J. Tilden, reformer who convicted Tweed

• Tilden wins 184 of 185 needed votes, with 20 contested electoral votes. Tilden also wins popular vote.

Map: The Presidential Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877

The Presidential Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877In 1876 a combination of solid southern support and Democratic gains in the North gave Samuel Tilden the majority of popular votes, but Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed election in the electoral college, after a deal satisfied Democratic wishes for an end to Reconstruction. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Compromise of 1877AKA the Hayes-Tilden deal

• Republicans controlled the electoral commission, and gave election to Hayes.

• To avoid conflict, North/Republicans offer to withdraw federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina.

• Freedmen are abandoned for Northern political interests

RECONSTRUCTION OFFICIALLY OVER

http://elections.harpweek.com/09Ver2Controversy/Cartoons/CompromiseIndeed5w.jpg

THE FAILURE OF RECONSTRUCTION:DISENFRANCHISEMENT, GRAFT, &

COMPROMISE OF 1877• Reconstruction troubled with corruption of Grant

Administration, scalawags and carpetbaggers• KKK and secret societies intimidation • Congress’ Force acts of 1870 and 1871 ineffective• Jim Crow laws & intimidation disenfranchise

blacks • Black officials and representatives removed from

office by “electorate”• 1883: Supreme Court rules 1875 Civil Rights Act

unconstitutional

http://pbsvideodb.pbs.org/resources/eyes/images/dc1.jpg

http://elections.harpweek.com/09Ver2Controversy/Cartoon-Large.asp?UniqueID=5&Year=1876

CONTEXT WHAT TASKS FACE THE NATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR ENDS? 1.How should the devastated South be...

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Transcript of CONTEXT WHAT TASKS FACE THE NATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR ENDS? 1.How should the devastated South be...