CONTENTS - World Tourism Organization · ~ 1 ~ Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction...
Transcript of CONTENTS - World Tourism Organization · ~ 1 ~ Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction...
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Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction
CONTENTS Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction
Table of Content
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 GoalandObjectives ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Output ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 ScopeofActivity .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 ActivitySchedule ............................................................................................................................. 3
2 CoralReefasAnImportantAquaticEcosystem ..................................................................................... 5 2.1 ImportanceofCoralReef ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 ImportanceofCoralReeftoHumanWelfare ................................................................................. 5 2.3 ThreatsFacingCoralReefEcosystem .............................................................................................. 6 2.4 CoralReefTransplantation .............................................................................................................. 7
3 OverviewofPangandaranCoralReef ..................................................................................................... 8 3.1 GeographicandAdministrativePosition ......................................................................................... 8 3.2 ClimateandOceanographyCondition ............................................................................................ 8 3.2.1 Bathymetric .......................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Sea Current ........................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.3 Tide ....................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.4 Wave ..................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.5 Temperature ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.6 WaterClarity ........................................................................................................................ 9 3.2.6 Salinity .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.3 GeneralConditionofCoralReefatPangandaranBeach ................................................................. 9 3.4 ProblemsofCoralreefproblemsatPangandaranbeach. ............................................................... 10
4 CoralReefTransplantationinPangandaran ........................................................................................... 12 4.1 InitiationandPreparation ............................................................................................................... 12 4.2 PlanningandDesign ........................................................................................................................ 13 4.2.1 SurveyonProposedAreaforCoralTransplantation ............................................................. 13 4.2.2 DesignofConstructionMethod ........................................................................................... 14 4.3 ImplementationofConstructionActivities ..................................................................................... 16 4.4 TourDevelopmentandPromotion .................................................................................................. 18 4.5 MonitoringandEvaluation .............................................................................................................. 19 4.6 CommunityAwarenessandConservationEducation ..................................................................... 20 Annex1.ArticleofCoralReefTransplantationinPangandaran ...................................................................... 23Annex2.TemplateoftheMonitoringReport(providedinbilingual) ............................................................. 24
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PPangandaranispopularbothfordomestictouristsandinternationaltouristsasoneofthetourismdestinationswithnaturaland
culturalfeaturesinWestJava.However,Pangandarannowfacesseveralseriousproblems;forinstancedegradationanddecliningpopulationofmarinebiotaduetouncontrolledcollectionbothbylocalsandbytourists,poorlawenforcement,weakmanagement,andpooreducationalcontentintourismactivitiesofferedtovisitors.
Therefore,itisnecessarytohaveaninnovativeinterventiontoraiseawarenessofbothlocalsandvisitorsonthecrucialimportancetoconservenaturalresourcesastourismassetsforlocalcommunity;aswellastoencourageinitiativestoconservemarinebiodiversity.INDECONinpartnershipwithKMPP(KelompokMasyarakatPeduliPangandaran)–alocalcommunitygroupwhohasparticularinterestsandattentiontocoastalconservationinPangandaran–underprogramofTourismDevelopmentSupportingBiodiversityConservationinPangandaransupportedbyUNWTOconductedthecoralreefrehabilitationbyconstructingartificialcoralreef,inordertopromotesustainableactivitieswhichaimtodecreaseanydestructiveactivitiesoncoralreefandmarinebiota.
1.1. Goal and ObjectiveCoralreeftransplantationispartofrehabilitationandconservationprogramoncoralreefecosysteminPangandaran.Thegoalsofthisactivityare:1. TorecovercoralreefconditionatPangandaran2. Toincreasetheecosystemfunctionofcoral
reefasanurseryground,feedingground,andspawninggroundofmarinebiota,aswellasfortourismandcoastalprotection
3. Toincreaselocalcommunityawarenessontheimportanceofcoralreefconservation,inordertoenhancecommunityroleineffectiveandefficientofsustainablecoralreefmanagement
Chapter01
Introduction
4. Toincreasetouristawarenessontheimportanceofcoralreefconservation
TheobjectivesofcoralreeftransplantationinPangandaranare:1. Todevelopexampleoftransplantationoffew
coralspeciesasoneofconservationactivitiesthatsupporttourismactivity.
2. Toincreasecommunityskillincoralreeftransplantationinordertoachieverehabilitationandconservation
3. Toincreasecommunityinvolvementinsharingroleandresponsibilityinenvironmentrehabilitation
4. Toeducatecommunitythatcoraltransplantationaimstorecovercoralreefinnature,whileinthelongtermitwillprovidebenefitthroughtourismactivity.Inthiscase,coraltransplantationcanbeanalternativeactivityintourismattraction.
5. Todevelopeducationalreeftourtoincreaseawarenessoflocalcommunityandtouristsontheimportanceofmarinebiotaconservation.
Inlongterm,throughmonitoringbyrelatedinstitution,itisexpectedthattheprogramcanbecontinuouslyconductedbythelocalcommunityandcanexpandcoverageareaofcoralreef.Itisnecessarytoestablishacommunitybasedcoralmanagementsystem,whichisaneffectiveandefficientstrategyinnaturalresourcesmanagementtowardssustainableuse.
1.2. Output1. Implementationofcommunitybasedartificial
coralreefconstructionactivities2. Existenceofcoraltransplantationsamples
asamodeloncoralreefrehabilitationandconservationthatsupportingtourismactivity.
3. Implementationof‘coraladoptionprogram’whichcanbesoldtovisitororhotels.
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No Activity Oct 08 Nov 08 Dec 09 Jan 09 Feb 09 Mar 09 Apr 09
5 Development of tourpackage, includingpreparing flyer for visitors
6 Progress Report on design,constructionimplementation, and tourpackage development.
7 Conduct press tour;targeting press and studentscoming from the villagewhere their parents sellingor collecting live shell forsouvenir
8 Develop mechanism formonitoring and evaluation.
9 Growth monitoring andcontrolling of transplantedcoral which arecontinuously implementedby local community group
10 Community awareness andconservation educationSocialization of coral
transplantation programDevelop code of conduct
among relatedstakeholders.
11 Conduct an evaluationmeeting to fine tune theprogram.
12 Final report onimplementation of coralreef construction.
4. Increasingskillofcommunitygroupsactiveinconservation,whicharethecoregroupinconductingcoraltransplantation.ItwillsupportrehabilitationandconservationofcoralreefinPangandaranatthefuture.
5. Establishmentofcoralreefeducationorawarenessprogram
1.3. Scope of Activity 1. InitiationandPreparation,includingseriesof
meetingwithLWGandKMPPtodevelopactivityframework,andselectdesignfortheconstruction
2. Surveytodeterminetransplantationsiteandcoralgermresources.
3. Implementationofconstructionactivities.• Coraltransplantationfieldactivity(sampleplot
establishment)• Implementationofconstructionactivities.• Determinationoftransplantationactivity
thatcoversresourcessharingamongkeystakeholders.
4. Developmentofcoral‘adoption’program.5. Developmentoftourpackage,includingpreparing
flyerforvisitors
6. ProgressReportondesign,constructionimplementation,andtourpackagedevelopment.
7. Conductpresstour;targetingpressandstudentscomingfromthevillagewheretheirparentssellingorcollectingliveshellforsouvenir
8. Developmechanismformonitoringandevaluation.
9. Growthmonitoringandcontrollingoftransplantedcoralwhicharecontinuouslyimplementedbylocalcommunitygroup
10.Communityawarenessandconservationeducation• Socializationofcoraltransplantationprogram• Developcodeofconductamongrelated
stakeholders.11.Conductanevaluationmeetingtofinetunethe
program.12.Finalreportonimplementationofcoralreef
construction.
1.4. Activity ScheduleAllactivitiesarescheduledtotakeplacein5(five)monthsfromNovember2008toMarch2009,asdetailedbelow:
No Activity Oct 08 Nov 08 Dec 09 Jan 09 Feb 09 Mar 09 Apr 09
1 Initiation and Preparation,including series of meetingwith LWG and KMPP todevelop activity framework,and select design for theconstruction
2 Survey to determinetransplantation site andcoral germ resources.
3 Implementation ofconstruction activities.Coral transplantation
field activity (sample plotestablishment) Implementation ofconstruction activities. Determination oftransplantation activity thatcovers resources sharingamong key stakeholders.
4 Development of coral�adoption� program.
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CCoralreefisanecosystemwhichisecologicallyandeconomicallyimportanttocoastalareas.Theterminologycoralreefis
familiarandheardfrequently,sincethisecosystemisknownasabeautifulanduniquemarinegarden.Coralreefisknownforitsbeautifulshapeandcolor.Thisbeautifulecosystemishomeformanykindsoforganismswithdifferentcolorsandattractiveshapes.Coralreefisfrequentlycalled‘MarinePark’andbecomesaprimarytourismattraction.
2.1. Importance of Coral ReefBiologically,coralreefisauniquemarineecosystemsinceitisformedthroughacomplexbalanceofbiologicalprocessesbydifferentorganisms,bothplantsandanimals.Generally,coralreefmeansahardsubstrate,whichliesinshallowaquaticareaandbecomesahabitatformarinebiota.Thetermactuallycontainstwowords,whichare‘reef’and‘coral’.‘Reef’or‘animalreef’isagroupofanimals,particularlyPhylumofCnidarians(OrderofScleractinia),calcareousalgae,andcalciumproducersuchassponge,mollusk,andphoraminiphores;whichcantransformcarbonatesintocoral.‘Coral’isthebasicsubstrateproducedbythesedimentmadeofcalciumcarbonates(CaCO3).Therefore,coralreefcanbeexplainedasastructureofcarbonateshabitatmadebyreefanimals.Tropicalareaisanabundantplaceforcoralreef;becauseitprovidestheentirerequirementashabitatandgrowingareaforcoralanimals.Temperaturereaching180C,salinitybetween29ppt–30ppt(partperthousand),highwatervisibility,abundanceofsunshine,goodwatercirculation,andsolidofwaterbasedasasubstrateforanimalcorals.
Coralreefplaysimportantroleforhumankindandinnaturalresources.Comparedtoothermarine
Chapter2
Coral Reef as an Important Aquatic Ecosystem
ecosystems,coralreefhasahighproductivity,richbiodiversity,andhighestheticfunction.Coralanimalscanbefoundinalmostallseawaterfromnorthtosouthpole;however,coralanimalsthatareabletoformcoralreefcanliveonlyintropicalareas.Basedonitsabilitytoformcoralreef,coralanimalsaredividedintwogroups:hermatipicandahermatipiccoral.Inhermatipiccoralcultures,asymbioticalgaeofzooxanthellaethatproduceCaCO3arefrequentlyfound,oppositetoahermatipiccoral.
Geographically,coralreefsaredistributedinshallowwatersthatliearoundearth,fromtropictosub-tropicarea,at35oofnorthlatitudeand32oofsouthlatitude.Latitudelineisthemaximumlimitforcoralreefgrowtharea,sinceinthisarealivingrequirementforcoralisavailable;suchasdepthofwater,sunshineintensity,temperature,salinity,andgroundsubstrate(Suharsono,1984).
2.2. Importance of Coral Reef to Human Welfare Coralreefplaysanimportantroleinhumankindsuchastourismattraction,fisheryground,naturalcoastalprotector,andbiodiversityresources;asdetailedbelow:• Function for Biodiversity Coralreefecosystemhashighproductivityand
biodiversity.Speciesdiversityperunitareaofcoralreefecosystemisequalorhigherthanaunitareaoftropicalforest.Coralreefisknownasaknowledgelaboratoryparticularlyforbiologicalandenvironmentalstudy.Coralreefhashighpotentialformedicine,antivirus,anticancerandothermedicalpurposes.
• FunctionforTourism Thebeautyofcoral,itsbiologicalrichness,and
waterclarityhavemadecoralreefafavourablerecreationplace.Skindivingorsnorkeling,SCUBA,
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andphotographyaresomeofthecommontourismactivitiesdoneincoralreefarea.
• FunctionforFishery Coralreefishabitatandfisherygroundofhigh-
valueexoticfishes.TheaveragefisherycatchmentatPhilippinescoralreefis15,6ton/km2/year.However,thisamountvariedfromthreetons/km2/yearto37tons/km2/year(WhiteandCruz-Trinidad,1998).Moreover,ithasbeenreportedthat1kilometersquareofhealthycoralreefinPhilippinesisabletoproduce20–35tonsoffreshfishtomeetfoodrequirementsfor400–700person;whiledamagedcoralreefcanonlyproduce5tonsoffreshfishtomeetfoodrequirementfor100peopleonly(McAlister&Ansula,1993).
• FunctionforProtectingShoreline Coralreefisbarrierforwaves;itprotects
thecoastalareafromerosion,flood,andotherdestructionprocessmadebyseawaterphenomenon.Italsocontributestoshorelineaccretionbyaddingsandtobeach;andprotectsvillagesandotherinfrastructuressuchasroadsandbuildingsontheshoreline.Itwillneedbillionsofrupiahtobuildmanufacturedbarrierthatisequivalenttocoralreefability.
2.3. Threats Facing Coral Reef Ecosystem Destructionofcoralreefecosystemmayleadtothedestructionoftheentiremarineecosystem.Threatscanbenaturaloranthropogenic.Naturalthreatsareforexampletsunami,coralpathogenicdisease(Acanthasterplancii),increasingwatertemperature(ElNino),etc.Whileanthropogenicthreatsareforexampledestructivefishing(usingbombandpotassium),landreclamation,coralmining,etc.
Moreover,threatsfacingbycoralreefecosysteminIndonesiaaredescribedbelow:i. Sedimentation Sedimentationthatcomesfromlandhighlyaffects
coralreefecosystemdegradation.Sedimentationprocessiscausedbylanddegradation.Loggingleadstoerosion,andthenthesoilisbroughttotheseathroughriverflow.Oncethesoilcovers
thecoralreef,itwillenterthedigestiveorganofpolyps,andmaycausetheirdeath.
ii. Destructivefishing Useofbombandcyanidepotassiuminfishing
maydamagecoralreef.Catchinganeconomic-valuedfishthatliveincoralreefisthepurposeofblastfishing.However,italsodamagecoralreefsincethebombwilldestroythecoralintorubbles.Intheotherhand,potassiumwhichisusuallyusedforcoralfishwillkillboththefishandthecoralanimal.
iii. Environmentaldestructionandagriculturedrainage
Oilproductandotherchemistryagentsspilledinseawaterwillkillpolypanddamagecoralreef.Inmanycases,deathofcoralcolonyiscausedbyplasticandotherwaste.Overcultivationandintensificationmethodinagricultureisothercausesofdestruction.Riverflowwillbringfertilizer’swastetotheseaandsupportsalgaegrowth.Itwillaffectthebalanceofwaterconditionsurroundingcoralreef,sincethealgaewillbeobstructsunshinepenetrationandbecomeacompetitortocoralpolypinphotosyntheticprocess.
iv. Recreationalactivities Mismanagementofrecreationplaceincoastal
areacanbeharmfultoenvironment,sincetherearemanytourismactivitieswhichcandamagecoralreefiftheyarenotcarefullycontrolled.Throwingboatanchorandgroundedboatinthewrongplacecandestroyandbreakthecoral.Walkingoncoralreef,picking,andcollectingcoralassouveniralsocontributetocoralreefdestruction.
2.4. Coral Reef Transplantation Ingeneral,rehabilitationtechniqueforcoralreefcanbeconductedintwoways,whicharepassiveandactiverehabilitation.Passiverehabilitationisconductedthroughnaturalprocess,whichusescoralplanulafromotherplacesascoralresources.Amassivegroundbaseascoralplanulasubstrateisthemainrequirementforcoralgrowth.Inpassivealternative,wecreatecoralsubstrateandputitat
appropriatelocations.ArtificialreefcreationsuchasdrowningapedicabandrumponinJakartabay,shipwreckinsomelocations,aimtoprovidehabitatforfishandsubstrateforcoralplanula.Activerehabilitationisconductedthroughdirecthumaninterventionbydistributingcoralanimalstootherplaces.Transplantationisanactiverehabilitationmethodbymovingorstickingcolonytoanartificialcoralreeflocatedatanewarea;thecolonyisexpectedtogrowbigger.ThismethodoftenusesAcropora,whichisconsideredafastgrowingcoral.
Coraltransplantationisacoralreefrehabilitationmethodthatcanbeimplementedintwoatthesametime.Thefirstprocessisstickingthefragmentedcolonydistributionofadultcoralintosubstrates.Thecolonyisexpectedtogrowandenlargethepercentageofcoralcoverage,whichisamilestoneforqualityofcoralreefecosystem.
Thesecondprocessisdistributingthetransplantedcoral.Ifcoralplanulaspreadevenly,theprocessofnaturalrecruitmentwillrunfasteraswellastheprocessofcoralrehabilitationitself.Toimplementatransplantationprogram,thewaterenvironmentshouldmeetthesecriteriabelow:a. Damageoccurredincoralreefwithrubblesand
sandingroundsubstrateofwaters.b. Locationofcoralreefisprotectedfromwavec. Salinityisaround29–31pptd. Watertemperaturereachestheoptimum
requirementforcoralgrowthwhichis23–27oCe. BalanceofpHwaterf. Wideareag. Waterclarityisbetween6–8meters.h. Theareaisfreefrompollutant,awayfrom
freshwaterresources,andfreefrompredator(Acanthasterplancii)
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3.1. Geographic and Administrative PositionPangandaranissituatedat108035’108041’Tand7040’10”–7040’20”S;thelargebayisgeographicallyborderedbytwosmallerbayscalledParigibayatthewest,andPangandaranbayattheeast.Itislocatedatslightly0to20mASL.TemperatureinPangandaranvariesbetween250C–350C,withhumiditylevelat80–90%andaveragerainfallat3.196mm/year.Administratively,PangandaranissituatedinCiamisRegency,WestJava.
3.2. Climate and Oceanography Condition
3.2.1. Bathymetric Pangandaranbeachhasabathymetrythatvariesbetween0–30metersofslight.MorphologyofthebeachisaffectedbytheriverflowsthatestuarytoPangandaranandParigibeach.Watergroundiscoveredbysandymudwhichisformedbysedimentlandmaterial.
3.2.2. Sea Current Ingeneral,currentpatterninPangandaranbeachisaffectedbyMonsoonsimilarlytocurrentpatternatthewestofJavaIsland.Windblowsfromcertaindirectioninoneperiod,thenblowstotheoppositedirectioninanotherperiod.InDecembertoFebruary,windblowsfromAsiatoAustralia,whichiscalledtheNorthWestMonsoon.InJulytoAugust,windblowsfromAustraliatoAsia,whichiscalledtheSouthEastMonsoon.
WestseasonaffectsseacurrentinIndonesianwaters,fromSouthChinatoJavathencontinuedtoBandaandFloresSea.DuringSouthEastmonsoon,currentflowsfromwesttoSouthChina.Thereare4windseasonsinPangandaran,whichare:1. WestSeason;itoccursinDecembertoMarchand
windblowsfromwesttoeast2. Firsttransitionperiod;itoccursinApriltoMay.
Chapter3
Overview of Pangandaran Coral ReefTransitionoccursinMayfromeasttowest
3. EastSeason;itoccursinJunetoSeptemberandwindblowsfromeasttowest
4. Secondtransitionperiod;itoccursinOctobertoNovemberandwindblowsfromwesttoeast.
3.2.3. TideBasedondataanalysis,thetypeofwavetideinPangandaranbeachishalf-diurnal.Itmeansthattidechangestwicedaily.TideforecastforParigiandPangandaranBayshowsthattherangeoftideisbetween199cmto93cm.
3.2.4. Wave
WaveisadominantphysicalfactorofthesouthernwaterofWestJava,duetoitsstrength.Inaverage,theheightofthewaveis2to5meters.
3.2.5. Temperature TemperatureatPangandaranbeachvariesbetween29,2–30,1oC,with29,5oCinaverage.Temperatureofwatersurfacevariesbetween27o to 32oC,whichisconsideredasgoodtemperatureforfishactivity(AnalysesofBPLHDofWestJavaProvince).
3.2.6. Water ClarityWaterclaritylevelisusedtoidentifythelevelofintensityofsunshinewhichcanpenetratewater.WaterclarityatPangandaranbeachisinaveragebetween3to4meters,whileinParigibeachitisbetween5,5–8metersor6meterinaverage.
3.2.7. SalinityWatersalinityatPangandaranbeachrangesfrom31,1to32,3%,whichisconsideredagoodnumbersincecoralhasahighleveloftoleranceforitsgrowth.LevelofsalinityatPangandaranbeachisheavilyaffectedbytheintrusionoffreshwatertoestuariesinPangandaranandParigibay.
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3.3. General Condition of Coral Reef at Pangandaran Beach
CoralreefatPangandaranislocatedinsidetheMarineNatureReserve,bothattheeastandwestpart.ThePananjungNatureReservewasdeclaredonMay8,1990,marineareaaroundNatureReserveandNatureRecreationParkwasturnedintoMarineNatureReservecovering470hectareofmarinebyMinistryofForestryDecreeNo.225/Kpts-II/1990.ThecoralreefatPangandaranis1.2kilometerlongand20-50meterwidth;withdepthrangesfrom1to10meter.Itisaffectedbythepenetrationlevelofsunshinetogroundwater.
CoralreefatPangandaranbeachisfringingreeftype;dominatedbymassivecoralthatcansurviveinPacificseaconditionwithhardwave.SomeofthemareGoniastrea retformis, G. Pectinata. G. favulus, Platygyra pini, P. lamelina, Montastrea curta, M. annuligera, M. magnistellata, M. leptastrea. Tranversa, Cyphastrea serailia, C. chalcidium, Echinopora lamellosa, E. gemmacea, and E. hirsitussima. Somebranchedspecieswerefoundincertainlocationswithcalmerwave,suchasAcropora polifera, A. grandis, A. digifera, A. cerealis, Montipora stellata, M. danae, and M. aequituberculata. Moreover,13speciesofbivalvefamilywerealsofoundinPangandaran.AtEastbeach,about13specieswerefound,whileintheWestBeachtherewere6speciesfound.GenusofGastropodswasfoundin23species,where14genus
isfoundatWestbeach,and20genusisfoundinEastbeachofPangandaran
Naturalcoralreefdegradationiscausedmostlybyhumanactivityandnaturalprocesses.Ithasbeenaseriousissueinsomecountries,sincecoralreefhasanimportantroleinsupportingfishresourcesandseaorganism,aswellasinbufferingwaveandtide.AtPangandaran,coralreefdamagewascausedbyhumanactivity,suchassedimentation,wastespilling,overnutrientintrusion,overfishing,tourismactivitiesforexamplecollectingcoralforsouvenir,fishanchoring,andwalkingoncoral;aswellasnaturaldisastersliketsunami.
TsunamihitinJuly2006damagingbothlandecosystemandmarineecosystem,includingcoralreef;asshownbyastudyatthewestandeastPangandaranbeachposttsunami.Livecoralinwestbeachremains11.49to38.3%,whiledeadcoralcovers8.21to49.13%,andrubblecovers25.72to67.76%ofcoralreefcoverage.ThesituationissimilarlyworseattheEastbeach,wherelivecoralcovers32.5to40.39%ofcoralreefcoverage,whiledeadcoralreaches7.53to28.34%,andrubblereaches30.72–58.1%.BasedonthestandardcriteriaofMinistryofEnvironmentoncoverageofcoraldegradation,thecoralreefatboththeWestandEastbeachofPangandaranisconsidereddamage.
Image1.DeadcoralandshellcollectionatWestBeach,2008
Table 1. Transect Benthic Life Form at Pangandaran
Transect Benthic Life form in West beach
SiteDepth
(m)Hard Coral (%) Dead Coral (%) Fauna (%) Rubble (%)
13 25.09 49.13 0.4 25.72
6 11,49 10.9 12,7 65.3
23 38,3 15.26 1,35 45.03
6 17.09 8.21 5,92 67.76Transect Benthic Life form in East beach
13 33.44 7.71 0.06 58.1
6 32.5 9 3.8 48.68
23 39.34 28.34 1.58 30.72
6 40.39 7.53 3.59 48.48
Source: developed based on survey of coral reef, which was conducted by University of Diponegoro in July 2008.
Highnumberofrubblesismostlikelycausedbytsunamiandtourismactivities.CoralreefdamageattheWestbeachismoreseriousthantheEastbeach,probablybecausetheWestbeachismoreoftenvisitedbymanytouristsparticularlythosewhowanttosailtothewhitesandbeach(insideNatureReserve)orjusttakeashortcruisebyfishermanboat.TheWestbeachhasacalmwaveandlowtide,soitismoreconvenientforvisitorstovisitoreventowalkoncoralreeftoseemarinebiota;whiletheEastbeachhasstrongerwavethuslessconvenientforvisitors.
3.4. Problem of Coral Reef at Pangandaran Beach HumanactivityisaseriousthreattocoralreefbothattheWestandEastbeachofPangandaran;particularlytourismactivitiesandfishermanactivity.‘Cangkrungan’–alocalterminologyforwalkingoncoralreeftofindshellsorexoticfishandcollectingcoralforsouvenir–candirectlydamagethecoralreef.Itisconductedduringlowtidewhencoralreefiseasilyvisible.Whencoralreefissteppedon,itwillbeparriedintorubble.Moreover,poisonoussubstancelikepotassiumcyanideusedforfishingwillpoisonboththefishandcoralpolyp.Regardlessofthetidelevel,touristboatoftentakesvisitortocoralreefarea,whichissometimeslessthan1meter
ofdepth.Boat’sscrewwillstiruptheseawaterandthesedimentattheseabed,whichwillcoverspolyp.Duringlowtide,sometimesmanyboatsaregroundedatcoralreefarea,whichleadstoseriouscoraldamage.
RiversthatestuaryatPangandaranbeachsuchasCikidang,Cialitandotherriversoftentransfersediment,garbage,andagriculturewastefromlandtosea.Theywillcauseanegativeimpacttocoralreefthroughtwomechanisms.Firstly,itwillcauseshadesatwatersurfacewhichwillbecomeabarrierforlightpenetrationneededbyzooxanthelaeforphotosynthesis;andsecondly,sedimentparticlescovercoralsurfaceandsuffocatecoralpolyp.Agriculturewastewillcausepopulationboomingforcertainalgae,whichbecomeacompetitortocoralgrowth.
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RRehabilitationofmarineenvironment,particularlycoralreef,shouldbeconductedimmediatelytorestorethefunctionof
coralreef,andfurthertoprovidebenefittothecommunityinPangandaran.Therehabilitationisexpectedtorestorecoralreeffunctionasspawningground,feedingground,andnurserygroundformarinebiotaatPangandaranbeach;aswellastorestorethebeautyofmarinepanoramaastourismattractioninPangandaran.
TheguidelinesonpreventionandrestorationofcoralreefdamageisexplainedintheattachmentofDecreeLetterofMinistryofEnvironmentNo.KEP-/MENLH/04/2001,onFebruary23,2001.Theattachmentaccuratelyexplainedthepreventionandrestorationofcoralreefdamageinseveralsteps:1. Increasingofcommunityawarenessand
participation Trytoincreasecommunityawarenessand
knowledgeontheimportanceofcoralreef.Theactivityisaimtoinvolvecommunitytoactivelyparticipateandhasaresponsibilityincoralreefsustainablemanagement.
2. Community-basedmanagementa.Educatecommunitytoconductedan
alternativeactivitythataimtoreducethreatoncoralreef,suchascultivation,tourismguiding,andothersactivitytoincreasecommunityincome.Thiseducationeffortshouldbesupportedbygrantthatdistributedthroughexistingsystemandnottogiveanypressuretocommunity.
b.Implementingknowledgeandtechnologyonrehabilitationaswellasinvolvingstakeholderinsustainablecoralreefmanagement.
3. InstitutionalDevelopmenta.Strengtheningcoordinationamonginstitution
thathasroleincoralreefmanagementsuchas
sitemanager,securitystaff,naturalresourceuserandenvironmentexpert.
b.Increasingabilityonhumanresourcesthroughseveraltrainingrelatedtocoralreefmanagementandrehabilitationtechnique.
4. Research,MonitoringandEvaluation Research,monitoringandevaluationare
importantcomponentsincoralreefrehabilitationprocess.Inthiscase,governmentwilldevelopmonitoringandinformationnetworksystembydevelopmanagementnetworkandmonitoredbyLIPIasscientificauthority.
5. LawEnforcement Communityhasanimportantroleinlaw
enforcementasareefwatcher.Communityhaveobligationtoreporttheirresulttosecurityofficerforanyactivitythatleadstocoralreefdestruction.Asoneofresponsibilitysharingform,communityshouldbedirectlyinvolvedinsecuringtheirownarea.
4.1. Initiation and PreparationItiscrucialtoensurethatlocalstakeholdersareactivelyinvolvedsincethebeginningoftheprojectactivity.Therefore,theinitiationstartedwithidentificationofstakeholdersanddisseminationoftheproject.Theactivitiesare:1. Identifiedstakeholdersthatwillbeinvolvedaskey
implementeroftheprogram,whichare:• KelompokMasyarakatPeduliPangandaran
(KMPP),whichisoneofthelocalenvironmentalNGO.KMPPhaspreviouslyconductedcoralreeftransplantationthusselectedasourlocalpartnertoimplementtheprojectinPangandaran.KMPPwillresponsibleforfieldoperationalunderINDECON’ssupervision.
Chapter4
Artificial Coral Reef Construction in Pangandaran
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• BalaiBesarKSDAJawaBaratResortKonservasiWilayahTWA/CAPangandaran,orConservationResortofNatureTourismPark/NatureReserveofPangandaran.ItistheauthorityformanagementoftheconservationareainPangandaran.
andalsorelatedstakeholderswhichmightbedirectlyaffectedorhaveinterests:• FisheryandMarineOfficeofCiamisRegency• Tourboatoperatorgroup,whichconsistsof
communitywhoworksascoralreeftourguide• ’Bagang’fishermangroupthatoperatein
EasternPangandaranbeach• Visitorsandtourismmanagers• GuideAssociation• DiveoperatorinPasirPutihBeach
2. ConductedmeetingwithBKSDACiamis–astheinstitutionthatmanagesPananjungNatureReserve-todisseminateinformationaboutthecoraltransplantationworkplanandtoaskpermittoenterandworkontheconservationareas(SIMAKSI,inBahasaIndonesia).
3. DisseminationofinformationabouttheprojectactivitytogetherwithKMPPtorelatedstakeholdersandlocalcommunity.Thefishermangroups,Pangaubanguide,andtourboatoperatorwereinformedabouttheprojectbecausetheyaredirectlyaffectedbythequalityofcoralreef.Thentheywereinvolvedtodisseminatetheinformationbothtolocalcommunityandtourists.
Aftertherehabilitationprogramstarted,theMarineandFisheryofficehassupportedtheprogrambyconstructingcoralreeftransplantation.
4.2. Planning and Design
4.2.1. Survey on Proposed Area for Coral Transplantation
Properplacingisvitaltotheoverallsuccessofanartificialreef.Siteselectionisbasedonthegoalsofcoralrehabilitationconservation,aswellasbio-ecologicalandsocio-economicalfactorsforthecommunitysurroundingPangandaran.
Bio-ecologicalconsiderationsforartificialreefsiteare:
• Watertemperatureis23–30oC• Depth,seabedcondition,lowsedimentationlevel,
andfarfromtheedgeofdropoff• Averagecurrentvelocities• Salinityisaround30–33ppt• Waterclearnessislessthan10meters• Freefrompollutant,awayfromfreshwater
resources,andfreefrompredator(Acanthasterplancii)
• Availabilityofhardsubstrate
Othercriteriatosupportthesuccessofcoralreeftransplantationare:• Farfromhousingbutwithineyesight,inorderto
monitorthereef• Productiveandexistingcoralreefsite,though
therewassomedamage,thesitecandynamicallyperformasfishspawningarea.
• Accessibilityoftouriststothesite.• Farfromcommercialfishingactivities
Surveyswereconductedinfour(4)locations(pleaserefertoMap1forlocation):(1)PasirPutih,(2)BatuMandi,(3)BatuLayar,and(4)infrontofwatchingpost.Basicinformationforsitesurveywasgatheredfromliterature,research,andassessmentontheexistingcoralreef.Atwodaysurveywasconductedby3(three)diversin2.5hoursdivingusingscubadivingequipmentandsnorkeling(surfacesurvey)infour(4)locations.Identificationwasmadeforseabedcondition,coralcoverage,planulasupplies,biophysicalcondition(temperature,salinity,visibilityandcurrent),humanactivities,andenvironmentpressurewerealsoidentifying.ThesurveyresultwasanalyzedbySWOT.
Basedonthesurvey,thesiteincloseproximitytoBatuMandiisthemostpossiblesiteforcoraltransplantation.Batumandiisanidealsiteregardingthebio-ecologicalandothersiterequirements.Waveandcurrentvelocityisrelativelyslowbutfastinhigh/lowtide.Artificialreefdesignreliesmuchonthissituationtopreventcoralfragmentfromseriousdifficultiescausebytidalcurrents.Otherimportantsubstancesaretheavailabilityofhardcoral,especiallybranchingcoralspecies.Thesecoralswill
Map1.LocationofCoralReefinPangandaran
becomesourcesofappropriatedonortobeplantedintheartificialreef.Theexistenceofcoralsourcesconfirmthattheplanulasuppliesandnaturalcoraldonorareabletogrowandplantedintheartificialreef.
Flatbaseofseabed,spaciousspace,andvolcanicrockbeachinBatuMandiisadditionalvaluescomparetoPasirPutih.SandbeachinPasirPutihreleasessedimentanddecreasesvisibility.Thereisnosignofcoralpredator(Acanthasterplancii)andalgaedominationinBatuMandi.Deepseacurrentandsurfacewavesarerelativelyslow,butinhighorlowtidethedeepseacurrentisstrongenough.
4.2.2. Design of Construction MethodThemethodchosenisactiverehabilitationthroughcoraltransplantation.Tooptimizethegrowthof
coraltransplantation,itisnecessarytoconsidernotonlythebio-ecologicalcondition,butalsotheenvironmentalcondition,suchasdeepseacurrentandsurfacewaves.Generally,JavanesesouthernbeachesincludingPangandaranBeachisanopensea.Typically,ithashighsurfacewavesandstrongcurrent.Theheightofwaveapproximatelyreaches2–5meters.
Basedonexperience,mostofcoralreefrehabilitationsinIndonesiaweredevelopedinashallowdepththuswasnotinfluencedbytidalcurrents.TheprevioustransplantationbyKMPPatWestandEastbeachusedthebracketmodel,bio-rock,umbrellashapecementblocksandtires;yettheywerenotsuccessful.Afterawhile,mostartificialreefsturnedupsidedownandmanyreeffragmentswerebrokenbystrongcurrent.
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Therefore,inthisproject,wedecidedtousefourconcreteblockswithdimensionof20x20x100cmtobuildtypicalpyramidreeftobeplacedinflatseabed.Eachconcreteblockpilewasconnectedwithother150cmconcreteblockswithscrewbolts.CompletedetailpictureofmodulesandconcreteblockframecanbeseeninImage1andImage2.
Pyramidtypeconcreteblockframeisselectedforitsadvantageasastrongfooting.Thesurfaceisusedtoputcoralfragment,whiletheconcreteblockcanalsostandasanartificialbarriertofacecurrentandwaves.Furthermore,itcanslowdownthecurrentandwavesbeforereachingthebeachthusreducingbeacherosion.
Image2.TypicalConcreteBlock
Image3.PlanofthePyramidConcreteBlockandConcreteBlockinProduction
4.3. Implementation of Construction ActivitiesTheimplementationwasconductedinfewsteps,whichare:1. Constructtheconcreteblockmold.Theprocess
took3(three)weeksinOctober-November2008bylocalworkersandsupervisedbyKMPPandIndecon.ExpensesforcoralreefconstructionareRp.45,382,948formaterialandlabor.
2. Installationofartificialreef.Theinstallationofconcreteblockpilesinseabedinvolved4diversandKMPPmembers.Ittookapproximatelyoneweek.Ninetynine(99)blockpileswerecarriedbyboattothetransplantationsiteandinstalled.ThefirsttransplantationactivitywillbeconductedatcoralreefareaattheWestbeach.
3. Collectcoralfragment.CoralfragmentswerecollectedfromtheareassurroundingBatuMandiandBatuNunggulatEastBeach.Coralfragmentswerecollectedfromhealthycolonyofcoralbycutting10-15cmfromthetop.Acroporaisthebestcoralspeciesfortransplantationbecauseitgrowsfast.
4. Implantcoralfragmentandconductceremoniallaunchingof“AdopttheCoralReef”Program
Thefirstimplantofcoralfragmentwasconductedon17thNovember2008.ItwasofficiallymarkedbythereleaseofoneconcreteblockbearingthemarkoftheprojectandsupportedinstitutionsbyMr.JuergenNauber(UNWTO).Theeventnotonlyservedasthefirstimplantactivity
Image4(clockwise).Concreteblockwiththeofficiallogos;Mr.JuergenNauberwithhisbabycoral,Mr.Supratman(localcommunity)withhisbabycoral;Taggingbabycoral;HandbabycoraltoKMPPdivers
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Image5.ProcessofInstallationofConcreteBlock
No Name Institution
1 Mr. Juergen Nauber UNWTO
2 Mr. Michael Meyer UNWTO
3 Chitraria Liestywati Ministry of Culture and Tourism
4 Wita Simatupang Indecon
5 Wawan Jumarna BKSDA Wil. III Ciamis
6 A Supriatna Bapeda Ciamis
7 Trinil Office for Marine and Fishery, West Java
8 Safrudin H.N Local Working Group/PGRI
9 Supratman Head of Presidium
10 H. Adang Hadari Head of PHRI
11 Encih Sarsih LWG/Kelompok Perempuan
12 PASUS ADIWIYATA SMPN 2 Pangandaran
13 SMK Kelautan SMK Kelautan
Table 2. List of Coral Adopters in November 2008
ThesecondadoptionprogramwasheldinFebruary2009.NameofgueststhathaveadoptedthecoralreefinNovember2008isshowninTable3.
Table 3. List of Coral Adopters in February 2009
No Name Institution
1 Firmansyah Rahim Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2 Gordo Jain Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
3 Akhyarudin Ministry of Culture and Tourism
4 Ary Suhandi Indecon
5 W.Ridwan Head of Economic Division of West JavaProvincial Secretary
6 Tiwa Sukrianto Head of Ciamis Planning Board
7 Drs. Cu Herman S Head of Ciamis Tourism Office
8 Wahidin Head of Ciamis Marine and Fishery Office
Image6(lefttoright).Mr.JuergenNauberreceivedhiscertificate;Mr.GordoJainwithhisbabycoral;andMr.FirmansyahRahimwithhisbabycoral
4.4. Tour Development and Promotion ThecoralreeftourpackageincludestheAdopttheCoralReefprogram.Themainobjectiveofthetourpackageistodirectlyinvolvecommunityandtouriststoshareroleandresponsibilityinenvironmentrehabilitationactivity.Visitorwillbeaskedtoconductcoraltransplantationactivityinthefieldandbeadonatorinthesametime.‘Adoption’methodissimilarwith‘adoptthenest’conceptonturtleconservation,whilevisitorgivefundincertainnominalforcaringthenestfromeggtohatchling.Visitorthatinvolveintransplantationactivitywillreceiveacertificateasanappreciationgift.Besidesinvolvingvisitor,‘Adoption’conceptcanbe‘sold’tocompanyorprivatesector;suchashotelsandtouroperators.Thecompanieswillgain“greenimage”asanenvironmentfriendlycompanyorinstitution.
Thetourwasfurtherpromotedbyflyer,whichdepictsthefirstadoptionactivityinNovember2008.Presstour,whichtargetspressandstudentscomingfromthevillagewheretheirparentssellingorcollectingliveshellforsouvenirwereconductedinNovember2008.TheinvitedjournalistshavejoinedtheadoptionprogramandpublishedarticlesatnewspapercoveringlocalareasandCiamisregency.Thearticleswerescannedand provided at Annex 1.
Themechanismofthetourisasfollow:1. Theadoptionprogramisofferedtoadopters,
eithertourists,communitymembers,orcompanies.
2. TheadopterspayanamountofRp200,000(minimum5pax)perannum,whichwillbeusedtocover:• 1coralfragmentandnametag• Constructioncostoftheartificialreef• Implantationcost,includingboatanddivers• Monitoringfor6(six)times.Reportwillbesent
toadopterseverymonthbyemail. Thefundwillbesharedto:KMPP(80%)tocover
allcostand(20%)toLWGforpromotionanddevelopment.
butalsoastheceremoniallaunchingof”AdopttheCoralReef”program.ThefirstadoptersincludedrepresentativesofWestJavaandCiamisgovernment,UNWTO,privatesector,womangroup,schoolchildren,andNGO.Eachpicked
outone“baby”coral,whichwastaggedbytheirname;handedtoKMPPdivers,whodivedandplacedeachcoralattheartificialreef.NameofgueststhathaveadoptedthecoralreefinNovember2008isshowninTable2.
Image7.Flyerofcoraladoptionprogram
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3. Theadopterssailoffshoretoimplantthebabycoralonthelocation.Iftheywantandhavelicence,adoptersdiveandimplantitdirectlytotheartificialreef(withadditionalcost).
4.5. Monitoring and EvaluationGrowthmonitoringisanimportantsteptoensurethesuccessofcoraltransplantation.Itcanalsoinformusaboutanysituationwhichrequiresimmediateaction.Monitoringtoolsweredevelopedasguidelinetoconductmonitoringactivities.Bio-ecologicalparameterswerecompiledasmonitoringmeasurement.Theyareasfollows:
Table 3. Bio-Ecological Indicators for Healthy Coral
Bio Ecological Indicator for Healthy CoralWaterTemperature
Optimum water temperature requirement for coral growth is 25�30o C (Sukarno etall., 1983). Water temperature influences the coral feeding behaviour. Most coralloss their ability in capturing their food in temperature above 33,50C, or below 160C(Mayor,1918). Sudden change of 4 � 60C above and below threshold can causedeath to coral.
Salinity Hard coral is very sensitive to salinity change. Optimum salinity requirement forcoral growth is between 300/00 � 350/00. Fresh water from the river and rainfall canchange the salinity.
Sunlight Alga zooxanthella and most coral need sunlight and carbon dioxide to producehigh energy substances, thus providing an important dietary supplement(Nybaken, 1992). Without enough sunlight, the process will degrade and coralgrowth becomes slow.
Sedimentation Sedimentation that flows from land highly affects coral reef ecosystemdegradation. Sedimentation process caused by degradation of land ecosystem,such as logging that leads to erosion. Soil is brought to sea through river flow andcoats the coral reef. Clay coating coral reef will enter digestive organ of polyp andmay cause death. Infiltration of sediment may indirectly halt light penetration tothe sea bed, which is required by coral reef for photosynthesis.
Coral growthmeasurement
Coral health is measured by their height and volume in certain time. Somereference said that Acropora in healthy environment will grow 3 5 cm per year. Itcan also be measured by observing the additional polyp at a colony.
Coralfragmentobservation
Healthy coral will show their bright color. It depends on symbiotic process withAlgae in the coral.
Muccusobservation
In certain condition coral produces muccus as a response to tolerableenvironmental pressure. In worse situation, slowly coral will release its pigment,become pale, and may die.
Image8.(fromlefttoright)MichaelMeyer’sBabyCoralattwo-monthold;Safrudin’sBabyCoralattwo-monthold;Safrudin’sBabyCoralatfour-monthold
Particularlytoevaluatethegrowthoftransplantedcoral;regularmeetingswereheldaftereachmonitoringwithKMPPtodiscuss.Monitoringactivitiesareconductedevery3(three)monthsatthe
minimumoraccordingtotherequirements.Fortheearlydaysaftertransplantation,monitoringshouldbeconductedevery2(two)weeks,becauseitisthecriticalperiodforbabycoral.Anydeadfragmentsshouldbereplaced.Afterthefirsttwoweeks,monitoringshouldbeconductedinthefollowingmonth,thenevery3(three)months.MonitoringactivitiesareconductedbyKMPP,LWG,andIndecon.
Monitoringandobservationwereconductedonemonthafterthefirstimplanttogetinformationoncoralgrowthandhealth.Healthycoralgrowthcanbemainlyobservedfromitsbrownishcolorand
existenceoffigmen.Thebrowncolourindicatesthemutualismsymbiosiswithzooxanthellaalgae.Unhealthycoralgrowthislargelycausedbysedimentationandtemperaturechange;thecoral
isusuallycoveredbymucusasitsrespondstotheenvironment.ThemonitoringactivityinDecember29,2009showedthat234coralfragmentsgrewwelland23fragmentsdied.Thedeathwascausedbythesizeofbabycoralbeingtoosmall.Theyhavebeenreplacedbynewbabycorals.TheadoptersofthefirsttransplantationbatchinNovember2008havereceivedanAdopterCertificateandMonitoringReport.ThetemplateoftheMonitoringReportisprovided at Annex 2.
4.6. Community Awareness and Conservation Education
Disseminationofcoraltransplantationprogramwereconductedthroughnewsletter(the3rdeditionandthe5thedition);film(latestrevisioninMarch09);andflyers.Itprovedtobequitesuccessful;consideringmanyfeedbackfromlocalcommunitythroughLWGandrequestfromfewhotelsaboutfurthercollaboration.
Image8.Snapshotofthe3rdNewsletter–ArticleaboutCoralReefTransplantation
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Identificationofstakeholderswhocanbecomefacilitatorsforconservationeducationprogramswasconductedinthefirsttwomonths.SomepotentialstakeholdersidentifiedarePPLP,RAKOM,andIlalang(alocalNGO).SomelocalschoolsurroundingPangandaransuchasSMPandSMKKelautanarealsoidentifiedasalocalschooltobecomethetargetforconservationeducationprogram.Thetrainingswereconductedfewtimesfordifferentaudiences:1.TrainingforKMPP Date/Time :Tuesday,24March2009 Venue :OfficeofKMPP,WhiteSandbeach Participants :MembersofKMPP TopicsandBriefDescriptionofContent:
• Howtoconductmonitoringandevaluationofcoral reef
• DiscussandagreeontheBio-EcologicalIndicatorsforHealthyCoral
• Opportunitiestodevelopcoralreefadoptionprogramasoneofthemeanstodisseminatetheinitiatives
2. ConservationEducationforSchoolChildren Date/Time :4November2008 Venue :WhiteSandBeach Participants :AdhiwiyataStudent
EnvironmentalGroupofSMPNegeri2Pangandaran
TopicsandBriefDescriptionofContent:• Introductionofcoastalandcoralreef
ecosystem• ActualconditionandthreatsofPangandaran
coral reef
Image9.ConservationEducationforStudentfromSMP2Pangandaran
Bengen,D.G.2004.SynopsisonEcosystemandCoastalNatureResourcesanditsManagementPrinciples.CoastalandMarineResourcesResearchCenter,BogorInstituteofAgriculture
Gomez,E.D.,andA.C.Alcala.1982.SurveyofPhilippinecoralreefusingtransectandquadranttechniques.In:ComparingCoralReefSurveyMethods.ReportofRegionalUNESCOUNEPWorkshopPhuketMarineBiologicalCenter.Thailand.UNESCO.
Nonjti,A.1984.RoleofZooxanthelaeinCoralReefEcosystem.OseanaIX.pp:74–87.
StudyinCoralReefManagementinSouthCoastalofCiamisRegency2206,EnvironmentManagementBoardofWestJava.
REFERENCESSuharsono,1984.CoralGrowth.OseanaIX.pp:41–48.
DevelopmentofArtificialCoralandCoralTransplantationinCiamisRegency.FinalReportofMarineandFisheryOfficeofWestJavaProvince,PangandaranCareCommunityGroup.
RencanaPengelolaanTamanWisataAlamPangandaran,2006.DepartemenKehutananDirektoratJendralPerlindunganHutandanKonservasiAlam.BalaiKonservasiSumberDayaAlamJawaBaratWilayahII
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Annex 1. Article of Coral Reef Transplantation in Pangandaran
Bapak/IbuAsuhKarangyangterhormat,DearestCoralAdopter,
Ucapanterimakasihyangsebesar-besarnyaataspartisipasiandadalamkegiatanrehabilitasikarangmelaluiprogram”adopsikarang”.PartisipasiandasangatmembantuupayamensukseskanprogramrehabilitasiperairanlautdiPangandaranmelaluitransplantasikarang.Programinidikembangkanuntukmenampungpartisipasidanmelibatkansecaralangsungberbagaikomponenmasyarakatuntukikutberbagiperandantanggungjawabdalampelestarianlingkungan.Kamisadarbahwapelestarianlingkunganmerupakantanggungjawabsemuapihakdemikelangsunganhidupanakcucukitadimasayangakandatang.
Herewithisourgreatestthanksforyourparticipationincoralreefrehabilitationthroughthe”CoralReefAdoption”program.Yourparticipationhighly
contributestothesuccessofcoralreefrehabilitationprogramthroughcoralreeftransplantation.Thisprogramisdevelopedtoallowparticipationandinvolvevariouscommunitymemberstoshareroleandresponsibilitiesinenvironmentalconservation.
Werealizethatitfallsunderresponsibilityofallforthelifeofourchildreninthefuture.
Berikutadalahlaporanpertumbuhanbayikaranganda.Belowisreportonthegrowthofyourbabycoral.
Annex2.TemplateoftheMonitoringReport(providedinbilingual)
SatuFragmen”BayiKarang”untukKehidupanyangLebihBaikdiMasaDepanOneFragmentofBabyCoralforBetterLifeintheFuture
Chitra Liestyati / Indonesia Picture of Adopter20 November 2008Jl........ ..
Periode PertumbuhanPeriod of growth
Desember 2008 � Januari 2009December 2008 � January 2009
Pertumbuhan �bayi karang� secara umumGrowth in general
Cukup sehat/kurang baikRelatively Good
Penambahan polip karangGrowth of coral polyp
Ada/tidak adaExistence
Kondisi Bayi KarangCondition of baby coral
Stress/sehatStress
Figmen Karang Berwarna cerah/pucat
Lendir di Sekitar Karang Sedikit/banyakKondisi Lingkungan secara umumCondition of the Sea Environment
Baik/ Kurang baikNot Too Good
Suhu/temperaturWater Temperature
280C (ambang normal)High
SedimentasiWater visibility
Rendah/tinggiLow
Penetrasi cahaya Cukup/rendah
Picture of the baby coral on the day ofmonitoring
Kadar Garam (Normal 30 25%0)Water salinity (Normal 30 25%)
Di Bawah Normal � 29%0
Below Normal � 29%21 Januari 200921 January 2009
Catatan: silakan dilihat lampiran indikator bioekologi karang sehat. Please the attachment below.
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Semogaketerlibatandanpartisipasibapak/ibu/saudaradapatmemberikanandildalamupayapelestarianterumbukarangkhususnya,danuntukkehidupanyanglebihbaikdimasayangakandatang.
Wehopethatyourinvolvementandparticipationcancontributetocoralreefconservationinparticularandforbetterfuture.
Indikator Bio ekologi Karang Sehat / Bio Ecology Indicator for Healthy Coral
Suhu/temperatureWaterTemperature
Suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan karang adalah 250C � 300C (Sukarno et all 1983). Suhumempengaruhi tingkah laku makan karang. Kebanyakan karang kehilangan kemampuanuntuk menangkap makanan pada suhu diatas 33,50C, dibawah 160C (Mayor,1918). Pengaruhperubahan suhu mendadak sekitar 4 � 60C diatas atau dibawah ambient dapat menghambatbahkan mematikan karang.Optimum water temperature requirement for coral growth is 25�30o C (Sukarno et all., 1983).Water temperature influences the coral feeding behaviour. Most coral loss their ability incapturing their food in temperature above 33,50C, or below 160C (Mayor,1918). Suddenchange of 4 � 60C above and below threshold can cause death to coral.
SalinitasSalinity
Karang hermatifik (karang keras) adalah organisme laut sejati yang sangat sensitif terhadapperubahan salinitas. Karang tumbuh optimal pada kisaran salinitas antara 300/00 � 350/00.Perubahan salinitas disebabkan karena masuknya air tawar dari daratan atau hujan.Hard coral is very sensitive to salinity change. Optimum salinity requirement for coral growthis between 300/00 � 35
0/00. Fresh water from the river and rainfall can change the salinity.CahayaSunlight
Cahaya diperlukan untuk keperluan proses fotosintesis alga zooxanthella untuk menghasilkanoksigen yang diperlukan oleh hewan karang (Nybaken, 1992). Tanpa cahaya yang cukup, lajufotosintesis akan berkurang dan pertumbuhan karang akan terhambat.Alga zooxanthella and most coral need sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce high energysubstances, thus providing an important dietary supplement (Nybaken, 1992). Withoutenough sunlight, the process will degrade and coral growth becomes slow.
SedimentasiSedimentation
Pengaruh sedimentasi terhadap hewan karang dapat terjadi baik secara langsung naupuntidak langsung. Sedimen yang masuk ke perairan menjadi ancaman bagi karang. Pengaruhlangsung sedimen akan masuk kedalam polip karang dan mengakibatkan kematian langsung.Secara tidak langsung masuknya sedimen dapat menghambat penetrasi cahaya masukkedasar perairan yang diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis hewan karang.Sedimentation that flows from land highly affects coral reef ecosystem degradation.Sedimentation process caused by degradation of land ecosystem, such as logging that leadsto erosion. Soil is brought to sea through river flow and coats the coral reef. Clay coating coralreef will enter digestive organ of polyp and may cause death. Infiltration of sediment mayindirectly halt light penetration to the sea bed, which is required by coral reef forphotosynthesis.
PengukuranpertumbuhankarangCoral growthmeasurement
Kesehatan pertumbuhan karang dapat diukur dari pertambahan tinggi/volume dalam kurunwaktu tertentu. Beberapa referensi menyatakan pertumbuhan karang Acropora padalingkungan yang sehat dapat mencapai 3 � 5 cm pertahun. Dapat juga dilakukan denganmenghitung pertambahan polip pada koloni fragmen karang.Coral health is measured by their height and volume in certain time. Some reference said thatAcropora in healthy environment will grow 3 5 cm per year. It can also be measured byobserving the additional polyp at a colony.
Pengamatanfigmen karangCoral fragmentobservation
Karang yang sehat menunjukkan kecerahan warna yang bervariasi. Hal ini sangat tergantungterhadap alga simbiosis yang terdapat didalam karang.Healthy coral will show their bright color. It depends on symbiotic process with Algae in thecoral.
Mukus (lendir)muccusobservation
Dalam kondisi tertentu karang mengeluarkan mukus (lendir) sebagai respon terhadaptekanan lingkungan yang masih dapat ditolelir. Akan tetapi dalam kondisi yang parah, secaraperlahan karang akan mengeluarkan figmennya (pucat) dan lama kelamaan akan mati.In certain condition coral produces muccus as a response to tolerable environmental pressure.In worse situation, slowly coral will release its pigment, become pale, and may die.