Contents Page - Wilnecote High Schoolthewilnecoteschool.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/... · Grid...

AQA GCSE Geographical Skills Booklet- 2017

Name ………………………………………………………………….

Teacher…………………………………………………………….

Contents Page

Page 3-26 Section1- Ordnance Survey (OS) Map and Cartographic Skills

Page 27-36 Section 2 – Basic Skills

Page 36-47 Section 3- Graphical Skills

Page 47-51 Section 4- Geographical Enquiry Skills and ICT Skills

Page 51-56 Section 5- Geographical Information System (GIS) skills

Useful websites for independent study

http://mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/geographical_skills/

Top tips for exams!

Look carefully at the number of marks available and remember a point per mark. Use explaining phrases to develop answers to score extra marks. When describing graphs think PEA (pattern, example, anomaly) When describing a source e.g. graph or map make sure you quote data directly from it. When quoting data from graphs include units referred to on the axis,

identify trends and patterns, identify changes over time.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/geographical_skills/

http://www.virtuescience.com/globe.jpg


Section 1- Ordnance Survey (OS) Map and Cartographic Skills

How are you doing? :-> : -| :-< How to read 4 figure grid references

How to read 6 figure grid references

How to read and follow directions

How to draw cross sections using OS maps

How to annotate cross sections showing

height and degree of slope and simple

contours.

How to recognise and describe distributions

of vegetation, land use and communications.

Describe and identify site, situation and

shape of settlements.

Understand types of human activity from OS

maps e.g. tourism

Use maps in association with photographs,

sketches and written directions.


Ordnance Survey (OS) Maps

The table below shows a number of things that can be read off an OS map.

Map Information

Source Can you put a number on it?

Comment

Altitude Contours and spot heights

Yes- contour lines and spot heights.

Avoid terms such as mountain unless you are sure. Use comparative comments.

Relief Contours and distances

Yes- measure the gradient

Often confused with altitude. Use terms like flat, steeply sloping and undulating.

Aspect- direction that a slope faces

Contours and compass points

Yes- use the compass point e.g. a south west slope facing.

Scale might obscure detail of local variation.

Surface drainage

Rivers, lakes, drainage ditches

Yes- work out the length of streams in a given area.

Not all rivers are marked on maps.

Land use Use of map symbols- marsh, moor, bare rock, woodland etc. Can only infer usage of white areas. Same in urban areas- some uses are obvious (tourist information) but others are not.

Yes partially- Work out the percentage coverage of a particular land use.

Deduction possible but conclusions will always be tentative. Beware of reading too much into place names.

Geology and soils

Can only infer these using other categories

No As above- land use may be a key indicator here.

Settlement size Area of settlement only, not their population

Yes. Measure the area occupied by a town or city, or even the percentage of an area occupied by housing.

No clues about density because the height of buildings or how many occupy them is unknown.

Settlement form Shape from map No Settlement distribution

From map Yes. You can measure distances between settlements

Use distances for measurements- one grid square = one square kilometre

Settlement function

A few guesses possible using other information

No Use tourist information, location, route ways as clues.

Transport and communication systems

Roads, tracks waterways and railways.

Partially you can describe the shape of a network.

No clues about usage of these transport systems. Many forms of communication are not shown e.g. the internet and telecommunications.


Map Symbols It is possible to read certain things from the map. A key is always included in exam questions so recognising symbols should not be a problem (one has also been included for you at the back of this booklet). However, it is important to at least learn some of the basic symbols so that map reading becomes easier.

• Green bits mean woodland (various types) • Blue areas are either water, tourist information or motorways • Roads are colour coded. Blue= motorways, red= A roads, orange/ brown = B roads,

yellow= local roads and white=tracks • Contours are thin brown lines that join areas of equal height at 10 metre intervals e.g. 10m,

20 m and 30 m above sea level. • To help with height area post heights on a map. Little black dots with figures next to them.

In each box, draw the correct symbol, which is used to represent the word on an ordnance survey map. Use the key in the back of your booklet to help you.

Church or chapel Cemetery

Quarry

Main Road

Marsh

Rivers

Motorway

Coniferous Wood Windmill

Footpath

Camp Site Mixed Woodland

Parking

Radio/ TV Mast Deciduous woodland

Information Centre Buildings

Public convenience


Grid references Quick reference guide This sheet is a quick guide to grid references. It should help you when you are asked to find something on a map, such as a town, or even an individual building.

The grid lines on an Ordnance Survey map are called eastings (along the corridor) and northings (up the stairs).

Four-figure grid references Each square has a grid reference which you get by putting together the numbers of the easting and northing that cross in its bottom left hand corner.

4 Figure Grid References.

Grid references are very useful in helping us to find places on maps. A four-figure reference on an Ordnance Survey map equals an area on the ground of one square kilometre.

Using the grid above write down the four – figure grid references for the following:-

1.Picnic Site………….

2. Church with a tower……………

3. Youth Hostel…………..

4. Camping Site……………

5. Castle…………….

6. Car Park………………

7.Bridge over the widest part of the river……………..

/7

A four figure grid reference helps to identify a...


Use the OS map extract of Kingsbridge in the resource booklet to complete the table.

Feature 4 figure grid reference West Charlton

Recreation centre in Kingsbridge

Museum in Salcombe

Post Office in Aveton Gifford

Camp site in Strete

Select an OS map extract from the pack and create your own questions.

Feature 4 figure grid reference


Six-figure grid references

In your head, you should be able to divide all sides of the square into ten equal sections. By doing this, you can pinpoint locations within the square – these are called six-figure grid references.

A six figure grid reference helps to identify a...


6 Figure Grid References.

Grid references are very useful in helping us to find places on maps. A four-figure reference on an Ordnance Survey map equals an area on the ground of one square kilometre.

One kilometre is quite a large area. To be more accurate we need to use a six-figure grid reference. This pinpoints a

place exactly to within 100 metres.

Using the grid above write down the six – figure grid references for the following:-

1. Picnic Site…………. 2. Church with a tower……………

3. Youth Hostel………….. 4. Camping Site……………

5. Castle……………. 6. Car Park………………

7.Bridge over the widest part of the river……………..

/7


Use the OS map extract of Kingsbridge in the resource booklet to answer these questions.

Feature 6 figure grid reference Public house in Chillington

Camp site in Slapton

Park and ride in Salcombe

Telephone in East Portlemouth

Church in West Alvington

And now it’s your turn.

Choose one other OS map extract from the resource booklet and write your own questions. You might like to make a note of the answers in the notes section at the back of this booklet.

OS map extract of …………………………………………..

Feature 6 figure grid reference


More grid references and map symbols!

Use the OS map extract of Ross on Wye to answer these questions.

Feature Grid reference Symbol

Car park 5923 Telephone 9219

Church with spire 5528 Camp site 5624

Coniferous woodland 6222 Picnic site 5719 Museum 5923

Wind turbine 6129 Post office 5932

Public house 5429


Choose one OS map extract from the resource booklet and write your own questions. You might like to make a note of the answers in the notes section at the back of this booklet.

Feature Grid reference Symbol


6FGR Homework

Cut out a map you have found online and annotate it with 6 figure grid references, symbols and other information


Compass Directions

Figure 1 shows an 8 point compass rose.

Compass directions

From the black star draw:

1. A green circle 3 squares north 2. A blue square 1 squares south

3. A yellow triangle 3 squares south east 4. A pink heart 1 square north west

5. A brown circle 3 squares east 6. An orange square 5 squares west

7. A purple heart 3 squares south west 8. A blue triangle 2 squares north

Figure 1


Measuring Distances

How long is a piece of string? It's usually not possible to travel in a straight line between two points on a map. If you're following a road or footpath, it can change direction many times to avoid things like woods and rivers. However, there are still simple ways of measuring the actual distance you will need to travel between two points. One of them is to use a piece of string.

Step 1 Take a length of string – it's best to take one longer than you think you'll

need – and place one end on your starting point.

Step 2

Now carefully lay the string along the road or path you know you're going to use,

following the curves as closely as you can. When you reach your finishing point,

mark it on your string with a pen.

Step 3

Now that you have your distance from the map, you can straighten out your

string and place it against the scale bar to find out how far you will actually be

travelling.

On the paper's edge Another method of measuring distance is to take a sheet of paper and place the corner of a straight edge on your starting point. Now pivot the paper until the edge follows the route that you want to take.

Step 1 Every time the route disappears or moves away from the straight edge of your paper, make a small mark on the edge and pivot the paper so the edge is back on course.


Step 2 Repeat this process until you reach your destination.

Step 3 You should be left with a series of marks along the edge of your paper. You can

now place the sheet against the scale bar on your map. The last mark you made

will tell you the real distance you need to travel.

Using Scale

A simple scale has been printed underneath. This kind of scale is called a line scale. Sometimes it is called a linear scale.

This line is 10cm long. Each centimetre represents 1 kilometre. The whole line represents 10km.

See how the island is exactly the same width as the line scale. This shows us that the island is really 10 km across. There are two dots on the map. These represent towns on the island. Measure between the two dots with a ruler. They are 7 cm apart. Now use your ruler to measure 7 cm along the line scale. Start measuring at ‘0’ on the scale. This will show you that the towns really are 7 km apart on the map. Question How far is it across the island at its narrowest point? Write your answer in km. ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................


Work out the approximate distance- via the roads and tracks- between the places below:

a) The entrance gate to Covy Park to the art gallery car park .................................................................. b) The sports centre to Wattle beach via the access track........................................................................ c) From the intersection of Parma Road and the gold course access lane to the start of Buxner

Bridge..................................... d) You and a friend have 24 hours to spend in the area marked on the map. Plan a round trip itinerary

of no more than 15 km as you are walking. Detail your itinerary, listing the distance between the places you will visit. ...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................


Use the OS map extracts in the resource booklet to answer the following questions.

Use the OS map extract of the River Wye to find the length of the River Wye from grid square 5819 to 5632.

Distance…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Use the OS map extract of Durham to find the length of the A1(M) from grid square 3040 to grid square 3048 .

Distance…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Use the OS map extract Kingsbridge to find the length of the ferry route from South Sands in grid square 7337 to Kingsbridge in grid square 7343.

Distance…………………………………………………………………………………………………….


Using the OS map extracts from the resource booklet and write your own questions. You might like to make a note of the answers in the notes section at the back of this booklet.

Question 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Distance………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 2……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Distance………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Distance………………………………………………………………………………………………………


How do we show height on maps? Contour lines are a map’s way of showing you how high the land is. They join together places of the same height and form patterns that help us to imagine what the land actually looks like. Contour lines are shown in 10 metre intervals.

Lines that are close together show a steep slope.

Lines that are far apart show slopes that are gentle.


Cross Sections A cross section shows the topography (variations in relief) of the land. In other words what the land will look like if you take a slice through it. Cross sections show several aspects of the landscape and they can be annotated to show variations in slope angle, height and any other features that are of interest e.g. locations of settlements, roads and rivers.

Heights can be read off contours, but take care as contours are shown in 10 metre intervals. Spot heights can help you out here, for example a hill top might be 109 metres.

1. Take a strip of paper and lay between the two points (A to B)

2. Each time a contour line crosses the edge of the paper put a mark and write down the height.

3. Write down any other features that you cross.

4. Draw a line (horizontal axis X) on a fresh piece of paper that is the same length as A to B

5. Decide on your vertical scale (Y) and draw the vertical line.

6. Place the strip of paper below the graph and draw pencil lines from each contour mark to the correct height on the graph. Mark it with a small dot.

7. Join all the dots without using a ruler… so the slopes are curved realistically – like the natural slopes.

8. Add names of features to the cross section (steep slope, river, gentle slope, flat land, V shaped valley).


Sketch maps can be valuable to students completing a geographical investigation. They simplify what is shown on published maps (such as Ordnance Survey) by only showing the features that are of interest. As such unnecessary detail is ignored and the map is easier to interpret.

The key to a sketch map is to know exactly what it is for.

• Is it to show how to get to a location? • Is it to show how key features of a location may impact upon field work? • Is it to show a particular event or aspect of an area?

Accurate sketch maps can be useful to locate the study area, summarize results, and serve as important base maps. It isn’t important to keep to an exact scale, but some idea of distance will be helpful.

Method for drawing sketch maps:

(1) draw a box the same shape as the map area you are using; (2) sketch in the main relief features, main rivers, woodland areas, and main routeways; (3) mark and label (or add a clear key) the main features you want your map to show; (4) add a title, north direction, and use colour.

Figure 13 A sketch map

Figure 14. A more detailed and annotated sketch map with a key showing an event.

Figure 13

Figure 14


Exam Question Study the Ordnance Survey (OS) map extract for Kingsbridge. A family who are staying at Torcross (8242) wish to drive to Salcombe (7338). Plan their route using only settlement names, road numbers and directions. You may use a sketch map in your answer.


Mark Scheme

Road(s) clearly identified (1) Settlement clearly identified (1) Directions used (1) Directions used –as in ‘take the first exit’ (1) WWW EBI RWC and numeracy


(ii) The road network on the sketch map is incomplete. Complete the road network by adding the A road. (1) (iii) Describe the section of the River Browney and its valley which is shown on the sketch map. Use map evidence in your answer. (4) ............................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Figure 15


Describing OS maps

You may be asked to describe:

Site Situation Shape Land use

What is it and what should your description refer to?

Site: the physical characteristics of the land upon which a settlement lies.

Include references to relief, drainage, vegetation.

Situation: where a settlement lies in relation to other features or settlements.

Include references to human and physical features. Locate the settlement in terms of distance and direction from these features. Does a river, road etc run through it?

Shape: the shape of a settlement (not the land upon which the settlement lies).

Describe the shape of settlement (see diagram overleaf). Does it follow any particular features e.g. roads, rivers, valley floors etc?

Land use: how the land is being used.

Describe how the land is being used. Refer to the main land use in the OS map. Land uses could include residential, industrial, agricultural etc.

For each description refer clearly to map evidence e.g. name features, identify features with the use of grid references and refer to the area of the map you are focusing upon by direction.

Site and situation

OS maps can be used to read huge amounts of information about a place. Both human and physical features can be revealed using an OS map.

Site- This refers to the physical characteristics on which a particular settlement or feature lies e.g. relief, drainage, vegetation etc

Situation-This refers to where a particular settlement lies in relations to other features e.g. other settlements, roads, rivers etc.


Describing settlement shape and pattern.

A nucleated settlement pattern is where a lot of buildings are grouped together and is often found in lowland areas.

A dispersed settlement pattern is where the buildings are spread out and is often found in upland areas.

A linear settlement pattern is where the buildings are built in lines and is often found on steep hillsides.

A river runs through Keswick.

Coniferous woodland in south west.

Mixed woodland in south east.

Situated on a meander.

High land to the north east.

Roads to the north and south.

Lake to the south west.


Use the table to annotate the OS map extract of Keswick.

Describing road layouts.

Describe the shape of

Shirenewton. (3) Describe the land use in the OS map extract. (3)

Describe the site of Shirenewton. Describe the situation of Shirenewton.

Narrow parallel road lay out in a grid iron pattern.

Typical of high density Victorian terraced housing.

Typical layout associated with the inner city.

On street parking and no gardens.

http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?q=os+map+suburban+road+layout&safe=active&sa=X&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=863&tbm=isch&tbnid=X_omyzkWV48WqM:&imgrefurl=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/b/blyth_second/index.shtml&docid=e5nt9-H90oSkFM&imgurl=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/b/blyth_second/blyth1897.gif&w=598&h=413&ei=hPCtUYS8Fc_n7AaP0IHwDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=165&vpy=538&dur=2250&hovh=186&hovw=270&tx=174&ty=113&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=197&start=34&ndsp=38&ved=1t:429,r:67,s:0,i:286


Look carefully at the map extract below. Label the inner city and the suburbs and include evidence for your choice in your label.

Wider road layout. Roads are largely residential leading to residential areas and no where else

Typically lower housing density with detached and semi detached housing with driveways and gardens.

Typical layout associated with the suburbs.


Section 2 Basic skills You need to be able to

• label and annotate diagrams, maps, graphs and sketches • draw sketches from photographs and in the field • use and interpret aerial, oblique and satellite photographs for different landscapes • write coherently, showing the importance of good literacy skills in expressing geographical

points.

How are you doing? :-> : -| :-< How to label and annotate diagrams, maps,

graphs and sketches

How to draw sketches and annotate them

How to interpret different types of

photographs

How to write clearly

How to describe the distributions and patterns

from atlas maps and OS maps

How to describe direction using compass

points

How to recognise and describe patterns of

vegetation, land use and communications

How to describe the site, situation and shape

of settlements

What can be inferred from maps about the

human activity in an area, including tourism

How to use maps with photographs, sketches

and written directions


Labelling and annotating diagrams, maps, graphs and sketches

Labelling is simply indicating a feature.

Annotation involves adding some notes to explain something such as the processes that brought about that feature.

Practical advice for these questions!

Pin point on the map the focus area. Mark this onto the map. Either draw around the grid square or mark the point onto your map. In an exam the map is yours to write on, so please do so! Don’t write on the school map packs

though! Keep referring back to the resources you are guided to.

Field sketches (drawn in the field) or sketches drawn from photos are useful to identify particular features. They are useful as they simplify an area. They do not need to be perfect works of art (phew!). Remember you are geographers and as such you can add detail to your sketch through labels and annotations.

Figure 3

Figure 4


Use the OS map extract of Kingsbridge in the Resource Booklet for this question.

Photo 6

Study the OS map extract and Figure 6 (photograph) of Slapton Ley . Photograph 6 was taken in grid square 8241. Figure 7 is an incomplete sketch of the photograph.

Use the OS map extract to identify the grid square and mark it onto the extract of the

extract. It is really good practice to do this in the exam so that you can flip between the resources with ease.


Use the OS map of Warkworth and Amble in the resources booklet to answer this question.

Pinpoint your location on the map using the 6 figure grid reference.

Figure 7


How to describe graphs and maps well.

Labelling and annotating graphs and maps requires you to be able to

i) describe distributions ii) describe trends

Think…

Look at figure 5 and describe the pattern of the dots.

Think DIY guide!

Clear, concise and logical

In other words describe the pattern in a in such a way that someone not seeing them can picture them.

1. Trend Give an overview. Is the pattern even or uneven? You must also consider how even using words such as very, fairly or quite.

2. Examples State where things are that support your pattern are.

3. Anomalies Are there any oddities or gaps? These are anomalies and you need to identify where they are.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

This is a very important skill. Use this acronym to help you write a quality

description.


Now go back and make those changes to your work.

The importance of clear writing

If you are to make yourself understood in exams it is vital that you write clearly and use geographical terms to support your answers.

Question: Describe the distribution of tropical rainforests (figure 9).

Look at the 2 answers below and compare them.

Answer A

There are lots of bitsof forest in the middle. There are some big blobs too in various places. Altogether it

looks like a really complicated pattern.

Answer B

The rainforest is distributed to the north and south of the equator. Overall the distribution is uneven

and the larget regions of forest are found in South America and south east Asia.

Now you mark their work.

The best answer was answer… This is because…

Things to consider in your descriptions.

Are there coastal or inland patterns? Is there an MEDC/ LEDC pattern? Is there an increase or decrease in the data shown? Is the increase or decrease fast or slow? How does the rate change over time? If there is more than one piece of data shown is there a correlation (relationship) between

the 2 data sets? What is the

pattern? What happens overall? Compare the start with the end, is it higher, lower or the same?

Figure 9

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/rainforest/Activities.shtml


Describe the distribution of earthquakes shown in figure 4

Describe the pattern of rainfall for Plymouth.


Study Figures 5. They show the average annual rainfall and the relief of Great Britain. Describe the distribution of rainfall shown in Figure 5. Use data in your answer (5)

............................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Aerial and satellite photographs are used to show an area or a landscape. Such photographs hold huge amounts of information, some of which is not obvious and therefore labels and annotations are needed to identify key features and to make a point.

Look at the satellite images of Las Vegas.

If you were asked to describe the characteristics of the city what would you note?

Figure 5


Characteristics could mean the shape, the form and the distribution of key features.

The aerial photograph of the golf course helps us to interpret what we are looking at and to conclude

1. There isn’t much grass or vegetation either within it or around it. 2. In fact the surrounding area has no vegetation at all. 3. The few areas of vegetation in the city and on its margins include a number of

rather strange squiggly lines. 4. The city is laid out on a grid pattern with large square blocks of buildings. 5. The city has grown very rapidly between 1972 and 2000. 6. There are very few routes in or out of the city- in fact there is no obvious route

west.

Describe the pattern of the city landscape shown in figure 8.

Section 3 Graphical Skills In Geography there are many ways that data can be displayed.

How are you doing? :-> : -| :-< How to complete a range of graphs and charts How to interpret a range of graphs and charts Know the advantages and disadvantages of

using different geographical techniques.

Read through each technique to present data

Highlight key points for each technique Highlight the advantages Highlight the disadvantages


Graphical Skills

Know your graphs! Pie Charts The area of the circle is divided into segments according to the share of the total value represented by that segment. 1% = 360°. Use the formula X total x 360 Tips • Start from 12 O’clock position • Draw smallest segment first

Bar Charts

A bar chart is made up of columns all of the same width. The height of the bar is proportional to the quantity represented. The vertical scale should be used for % or absolute data. The horizontal axis should be used for discrete or categorical data. All bar charts should begin at zero on the vertical axis.


Line Graphs A simple line graph shows how one variable changes against another. The variables must have something to do with each other. Arithmetic graphs are used with linear scales where divisions on the axes represent equal amounts of the data. These graphs are appropriate when you want to show absolute changes in data.

Advantages of line graphs Disadvantages of line graphs Line graphs can: • clarify patterns and trends over time better

than most other graphs • be visually simpler than bar graphs or

histograms • summarize a large data set in visual form • become more smooth as data points and

categories are added • be easily understood due to widespread

use in business and the media • require minimal additional written or verbal

explanation

Line graphs can: • be inadequate to describe the attribute,

behaviour, or condition of interest • fail to reveal key assumptions, norms, or

causes in the data • be easily manipulated to yield false

impressions • reveal little about key descriptive statistics,

skew, or kurtosis • fail to provide a check of the accuracy or

reasonableness of calculations


Choropleth Maps

A choropleth map uses density shading to represent data. The greater the value the heavier the shading.

Advantages of choropleth maps Disadvantages of choropleth maps •they have a good visual impact •they help compare values •they identify patterns easily •easy to complete once the key is decided •effective when describing spatial distributions.

•shading gives a very generalized picture •Local patterns are not clear in large areas as it shows the average for an area. •Care must be taken in shading to match the key •Sudden changes at boundaries are not so sudden in reality.

Tasks

(a) Study Figure 16. It shows the population densities of some parishes in South Devon.

(i) Complete Figure16. Use the data in the table below. (2)

Figure 16


(ii) Describe the pattern of population density shown on Figure 16. Use population density data in your answer. (4)

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

(iii) Figure 16 is a choropleth map. State one advantage and one disadvantage of using a choropleth map to display data. (2) Advantage..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Disadvantage...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(a) Study Figure 17 It shows population data for Warkworth and England.

Figure 17


i) Complete the population graph for Warkworth and England (Figure 17). Use the data in the table below. (2)

(ii)Comment on the age structure of Warkworth compared to England. Use population data in your answer. (4)

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

Peer assessment WWW

EBI

RWC and

numeracy



Rose diagrams

A polar graph or rose diagram is used to show direction as well as magnitude. For example, the diagram below shows that most corries in the Lake District face northwards and eastwards, and by reading off the scale (located between the south and south-west points) it can be seen that 40 corries face in a north-easterly direction, 20 in an easterly direction and 15 in a northerly direction

Polar graphs are easy to construct. • Using a compass and protractor, draw in lines that correspond to north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-west, west and north-west. • Draw a scale. The scale relates to the radius of the diagram, e.g. in the above diagram 1 cm represents 10 corries. Circles are drawn at I cm intervals. • Mark the scale on the vertical axis (north axis). In the diagram above, the scale has been marked between south and south-west. • Plot the data for each directional sector.

Advantages of rose diagrams Disadvantages of rose diagrams • Gives a good visual represention of the

data • Shows trends in terms of direction and

number/ volume

• They do not show the exact route taken • Care is needed when deciding upon a

scale where there is a large range of values.

Study Figure 2a. It is an incomplete rose diagram showing some of the results of a questionnaire carried out in the car park in grid square 7640. The bars show the direction from which people had travelled to visit the Malvern Hills.


(i) In which direction would you travel from Ross-on-Wye to the car park? (1) ............................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Complete Figure 2a with the information below drawn in approximately the correct direction. Use the OS map extract to help you. (3)

(iii) Suggest one reason why a rose diagram is the best way to present this type of data. (1)

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Scatter graphs

A scatter graph shows the relationship between two variables by the distribution of dots. It is usual that the dependent variable is placed on the y-axis (Vertical), and the independent variable on the x-axis. Dots are plotted on the graph using the two sets of data as coordinates. The arrangement of dots can then be examined to see if there is a positive relationship (as one variable increases so does the other), a negative relationship (as one variable increases the other decreases) or no relationship (there is no recognisable pattern to the distribution of dots). A best fit line is drawn that comes close to as many points on the graph as possible.

There are three possible relationships

Positive Negative No relationship


Advantages of scatter graphs Disadvantages of scatter graphs. • Shows a trend in the data relationship • Retains exact data values and sample

size • Shows minimum/maximum and outliers

• Hard to visualize results in large data sets

• Flat trend line gives inconclusive results • Data on both axes should be

continuous • Positioning the line of best fit is

subjective

(a) The figures in the table show river data collected by a field study group. The figures are for 10 sites on the River Browney between Lanchester and Durham.

Figure 18


(i) Complete the scatter graph (Figure 18) for sites 7 and 8. Use the data in the table below. (2)

(ii) Give one reason why a scatter graph is a good way of displaying this type of data. (2) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


(iii) Describe how the width and depth of the River Browney change as it flows from site 1 to site 10. Use data in your answer. (4) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................



Section 4 Geographical enquiry skills

and ICT skills In this section you will be looking to use your knowledge of geographical enquiry based upon your controlled assessment and the field work you carried out in Lyndhurst.. In the exam questions about the enquiry and ICT skills will ask you only about how you would do something and not about any actual work that you have done. It is therefore important that you use your experiences of the CA to help you remember techniques.

How are you doing? :-> : -| :-< How to identify and evaluate geographical

questions and hypotheses

The appropriate sequence of an investigation

How to extract information from a range of

sources

How to identify and interpret evidence

gathered for an investigation

How to draw conclusions

How to evaluate the methods of data

collection, their presentation and the analysis

How to use ICT skills to gather data such as

photographs and satellite images

What databases are and how to use them

How to use the internet to investigate case

studies

How to extract information from television and

video

How to represent data using ICT

How to use spread sheets using ICT


ICT skills Remember that in the exam questions about ICT skills will ask you only about how you would do something and not about any actual work that you have done. The following are ICT skills that you will be expected to know

• Collecting and annotating photographs, satellite images and maps • Using databases such as census and population data • Using the internet • Video and television programmes • Data presentation and analysis techniques • Using spreadsheets and data handling software • Researching and presenting investigative work

Collecting and annotating photographs, satellite images and maps

There is a wide variety of internet sources available for students to find a wide range of information to aid geographical enquiries. For example in your controlled assessment you were asked to find 3 maps at a variety of different scales to show the location of your study area. Describe the sequence of steps that you would take to download a map to help show the location of your study area. (4 marks) ..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

Basic (0-1marks) Identify a source for maps e.g. Google maps.

Good (2 marks) Include that maps can be saved as a picture or by using Microsoft

publisher.

Excellent (3-4

marks)

Images can be inserted into the text in appropriate places with the

use of a text box. Annotations can be added to maps to describe

the location of the study area.


Describe one way that ICT can be used to prepare for fieldwork or to collect fieldwork data. (3)

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

Data presentation and analysis techniques

Remember the work you completed on the computer to construct graphs for you controlled assessment?

How to draw graphs using Excel 2007

1. Select the data you want to show e.g. mode of transport.

2. Using excel put the data into a table

3. Highlight the data and click on insert on the top tool bar.

4. Select the graph type. Choose a straight forward pie chart or bar graph, avoid the weird and wonderful ones!!!!! They are just confusing and add nothing to the work.


5. Your graph will then appear, but as you can see without titles or labelled axis.

6. Select design and chart layout from the tool bar.

7. Then select the chart layout that enables you to add titles and labelled axis.

8. Choose appropriate labels for the axis and titles.

9. Copy and paste the chart into a word document. If your document were being word processed you would be able to insert or integrate the chart into the text in an appropriate place for annotation and analysis. The exam paper can only ask you how you would carry out using ICT to collect data. The following is a typical question:

0123456

0

2

4

6

work familyout

schoolgroup

day out walking other

Axis

Titl

e

Axis Title

Chart Title


Complete the table and then explain how you would use ICT to construct a graph or diagram to show the information. 4 marks

Percentage of workers in different employment categories

Country A Country B Primary 3 12 Secondary 14 24 Tertiary 83

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

Describe one way that ICT can be used to prepare for fieldwork or to collect fieldwork data. (3)

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................


Section 5 Geographical Information

System (GIS) skills How are you doing? :-> : -| :-<

Know what is meant by the term GIS. Know what is meant by layering information. Identify the different users of GIS maps. How to capture and show geographical

information using Aegis or similar systems

How to use Google and other mapping sites

Geographical Information System (GIS) skills • As with ICT skills you need to be able to explain how you would carry out this

technique and why you would do it. • GIS is useful in showing data in many different ways. It does not make the data any more

or less reliable than if it were presented in a different form.

What is GIS?

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are systems that store analyse, edit and display geographical data. These data usually relate to a particular location.

GIS brings together remote sensing, digital photography, GPS and Internet technology. A common use of GIS is to develop detailed and sometimes interactive maps. Maps are created by adding layers of information to a base map. An example of simple GIS is Google Maps or Google Earth. Both these systems allow

users to construct maps which display information. Photographs or text cam be added and satellite images displayed.


Define the term GIS 2 marks

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Introduction

Paper maps only tell us where a place is. GIS uses digital map and information to help us make decisions and solve problems.

Hardware

GIS runs on mainframe computers, PCs, small PDAs or even mobile phones to organise information and map thse results of investigations.

Software

GIS software is a set of computer ‘tools’ for collecting, storing, processing and displaying sets of information linked to places on maps. There are different types of GIS ‘tools’: for instance, a GIS that analyses land use is different from a GIS that maps the quickest route to a fire.

This map shows layering. Layers can be switched on or off to pick out particular features in an area. It can also be used to make links between features within an area.


Who uses GIS? Who would use a map like this? How would they use it?

Map


What is meant by the term GIS? (2)

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

If were planning a holiday you may want to look at the weather and transport options to find the best weather location and the best way to get there.

The drop down menu allows you to decide the information you would like to show on your map e.g. terrain, transport, weather, cycle routes etc. You can also include labels to show place names. For example if you were a cyclist you might like to include cycle routes and terrain to determine the best route for you.


............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Suggest one group of people who might use the information shown in Figure 2b. (1) ............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

Contents Page - Wilnecote High Schoolthewilnecoteschool.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/... · Grid...

Documents

Transcript of Contents Page - Wilnecote High Schoolthewilnecoteschool.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/... · Grid...