Contents of Aircraft Manual

7/27/2019 Contents of Aircraft Manual

1/8

xiii

Volume Contents ................................................... iii

Preface.....................................................................v

Acknowledgments ................................................vii

Table of Contents ................................................xiii

Chapter 10

Aircraft Instrument Systems ............................10-1

Introduction ..................................................................10-1

Classifying Instruments ...............................................10-3

Flight Instruments ....................................................10-3

Engine Instruments ...................................................10-3

Navigation Instruments ............................................10-4

Pressure Measuring Instruments ..................................10-5

Types of Pressure .....................................................10-7

Pressure Instruments.................................................10-8

Engine Oil Pressure ..............................................10-8

Manifold Pressure .................................................10-9

Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR) ................................10-9Fuel Pressure .......................................................10-10

Hydraulic Pressure ..............................................10-10

Vacuum Pressure ................................................10-11

Pressure Switches ...............................................10-11

Pitot-Static Systems ...............................................10-12

Pitot Tubes and Static Vents ...............................10-12

Air Data Computers (ADC) and Digital Air

Data Computers (DADC) ...................................10-14

Pitot-Static Pressure-Sensing Flight Instruments ...10-16

Altimeters and Altitude.......................................10-16

Vertical Speed Indicator .....................................10-22

Airspeed Indicators .............................................10-24

Remote Sensing and Indication .................................10-26

Synchro-Type Remote-Indicating Instruments .....10-26

DC Selsyn Systems .............................................10-26

AC Synchro Systems ..........................................10-28

Remote Indicating Fuel and Oil Pressure

Gauges ................................................................10-28

Mechanical Movement Indicators ..............................10-29

Tachometers ...........................................................10-29

Mechanical Tachometers ....................................10-29

Electric Tachometers ..........................................10-30

Synchroscope..........................................................10-32

Accelerometers .......................................................10-32

Stall Warning and Angle of Attack (AOA)

Indicators ................................................................10-34

Temperature Measuring Instruments .........................10-35

Non-Electric Temperature Indicators .....................10-36

Electrical Temperature Measuring Indication ........10-36

Electrical Resistance Thermometer ....................10-36

Ratiometer Electrical Resistance

Thermometers .....................................................10-38

Thermocouple Temperature Indicators ..................10-38

Turbine Gas Temperature Indicating Systems ...10-39

Total Air Temperature Measurement .....................10-42

Direction Indicating Instruments ...............................10-43

Magnetic Compass .................................................10-43

Vertical Magnetic Compass ...................................10-45

Remote Indicating Compass ...................................10-45

Remote Indicating Slaved Gyro Compass (Flux

Gate Compass) .......................................................10-45

Solid State Magnetometers .....................................10-46

Sources of Power for Gyroscopic Instruments ..........10-46

Vacuum Systems ....................................................10-48

Venturi Tube Systems.........................................10-48

Engine-Driven Vacuum Pump ............................10-48

Typical Pump-Driven System .............................10-49

Twin-Engine Aircraft Vacuum System

Operation ............................................................10-50

Pressure-Driven Gyroscopic Instrument Systems ..10-51

Electrically-Driven Gyroscopic Instrument

Systems ...................................................................10-51

Principles of Gyroscopic Instruments ........................10-52

Mechanical Gyros...................................................10-52

Solid State Gyros and Related Systems .................10-54

Ring Laser Gyros (RLG) ....................................10-54

Table of Contents


2/8

xiv

Microelectromechanical Based Attitude and

Directional Systems ............................................10-55

Other Attitude and Directional Systems .............10-55

Common Gyroscopic Instruments .............................10-56

Vacuum-Driven Attitude Gyros .............................10-56

Electric Attitude Indicators ....................................10-57

Gyroscopic Direction Indicator or Directional

Gyro (DG) ..............................................................10-58

Turn Coordinators ..................................................10-58

Turn-and-Slip Indicator .........................................10-58

Autopilot Systems ......................................................10-60

Basis for Autopilot Operation ................................10-60

Autopilot Components ...............................................10-61

Sensing Elements ...................................................10-61

Computer and Amplier .........................................10-61

Output Elements .....................................................10-61

Command Elements ...............................................10-63

Feedback or Follow-up Element ............................10-63

Autopilot Functions ................................................10-64

Yaw Dampening .....................................................10-65Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) ................10-65

Flight Director Systems .............................................10-65

Electronic Instruments ...............................................10-67

Electronic Attitude Director Indicator (EADI) ......10-67

Electronic Horizontal Situation

Indicators (EHSI) ...................................................10-68

Electronic Flight Information Systems ......................10-68

Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) ..........10-70

Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor

(ECAM) ..................................................................10-71

Engine Indicating and Crew AlertingSystem (EICAS) .....................................................10-72

Flight Management System (FMS) ............................10-73

Warnings and Cautions ..............................................10-74

Annunciator Systems ..............................................10-74

Aural Warning Systems..........................................10-75

Clocks ........................................................................10-76

Instrument Housings and Handling ...........................10-77

Instrument Installations and Markings.......................10-78

Instrument Panels ...................................................10-78

Instrument Mounting ..............................................10-80

Instrument Power Requirements ............................10-81

Instrument Range Markings ...................................10-81

Maintenance of Instruments and Instrument

Systems ......................................................................10-81

Altimeter Tests .......................................................10-82

Pitot-Static System Maintenance and Tests ...........10-83

Tachometer Maintenance .......................................10-84

Magnetic Compass Maintenance and

Compensation .........................................................10-84

Vacuum System Maintenance ................................10-85

Autopilot System Maintenance ..............................10-85

LCD Display Screens .............................................10-86

Chapter 11

Communication and Navigation .......................11-1

Introduction ..................................................................11-1

Avionics in Aviation Maintenance ...........................11-2

History of Avionics ..................................................11-2

Fundamentals of Electronics ....................................11-3

Analog Versus Digital Electronics .......................11-3

Analog Electronics ................................................11-4

Digital Electronics .............................................11-26

Radio Communication ...............................................11-30

Radio Waves...........................................................11-31

Types of Radio Waves ........................................11-32

Loading Information onto a Radio Wave ...............11-32

Amplitude Modulation (AM) .............................11-34

Frequency Modulation (FM) ..............................11-35

Single Side Band (SSB) .....................................11-36

Radio Transmitters and Receivers ..........................11-37

Transmitters ........................................................11-37

Receivers .............................................................11-37

Transceivers ........................................................11-38

Antennas .................................................................11-38

Length .................................................................11-38

Polarization, Directivity, and Field Pattern ........11-39

Types...................................................................11-40

Transmission Lines .............................................11-41

Radio Navigation .......................................................11-41

VOR Navigation System ........................................11-42

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) ........................11-46

Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) ............................11-48

Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) ........................11-49

Localizer .............................................................11-49

Glideslope ..........................................................11-49

Compass Locators ...............................................11-51

Marker Beacons ..................................................11-52

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) .................11-52

Area Navigation (RNAV) ......................................11-54

Radar Beacon Transponder ....................................11-54

Transponder Tests and Inspections .....................11-58

Altitude Encoders ...............................................11-58

Collision Avoidance Systems .................................11-58

Trafc Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS) ..11-59

ADS-B ................................................................11-60

Radio Altimeter ......................................................11-62

Weather Radar ........................................................11-64

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) ..................11-66


3/8

xv

Long Range Aid to Navigation System

(LORAN) ...............................................................11-69

Global Positioning System (GPS) ..........................11-69

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) .......11-71

Inertial Navigation System (INS)/Inertial Reference

System (IRS) ..............................................................11-71

Installation of Communication and Navigation

Equipment ..................................................................11-72

Approval of New Avionics Equipment

Installations ............................................................11-72

Considerations ........................................................11-72

Cooling and Moisture ............................................11-73

Vibration Isolation ..................................................11-73

Reducing Radio Interference .....................................11-74

Shielding ................................................................11-74

Isolation ..................................................................11-74

Bonding .................................................................11-74

Static Discharge Wicks ..........................................11-75

Installation of Aircraft Antenna Systems ...................11-75

Transmission Lines ................................................11-76Maintenance Procedure ..........................................11-76

Chapter 12

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems ......12-1

Aircraft Hydraulic Systems..........................................12-1

Hydraulic Fluid ............................................................12-2

Viscosity ...................................................................12-2

Chemical Stability ....................................................12-2

Flash Point ................................................................12-3

Fire Point ..................................................................12-3

Types of Hydraulic Fluids ...........................................12-3

Mineral-Based Fluids ...............................................12-3

Polyalphaolen-Based Fluids ...................................12-3

Phosphate Ester-Based Fluid (Skydrol) .................12-3

Intermixing of Fluids ................................................12-3

Compatibility with Aircraft Materials ......................12-3

Hydraulic Fluid Contamination ................................12-4

Contamination Check ..........................................12-4

Contamination Control .........................................12-5

Hydraulic System Flushing ......................................12-5

Health and Handling .................................................12-5

Basic Hydraulic Systems ............................................12-6

Open Center Hydraulic Systems ..............................12-6

Closed-Center Hydraulic Systems............................12-7

Hydraulic Power Systems ............................................12-7

Evolution of Hydraulic Systems...............................12-7

Hydraulic Power Pack System .................................12-7

Hydraulic System Components ................................12-8

Reservoirs .............................................................12-8

Filters ......................................................................12-12

Micron-Type Filters ............................................12-14

Maintenance of Filters ........................................12-14

Filter Bypass Valve ............................................12-14

Filter Differential Pressure Indicators ...............12-14

Pumps .....................................................................12-15

Hand Pumps ..........................................................12-15

Power-Driven Pumps .............................................12-16

Classication of Pumps ......................................12-16

Constant-Displacement Pumps ...........................12-17Gear-Type Power Pump .....................................12-17

Gerotor Pump......................................................12-17

Piston Pump ........................................................12-18

Vane Pump..........................................................12-19

Variable-Displacement Pump ............................12-20

Valves ....................................................................12-23

Flow Control Valves ...........................................12-23

Pressure Control Valves .....................................12-27

Shuttle Valves .....................................................12-29

Accumulators..........................................................12-30

Types of Accumulators .......................................12-30Heat Exchangers .....................................................12-32

Actuators ................................................................12-32

Linear Actuators .................................................12-32

Rotary Actuators .................................................12-33

Hydraulic Motor ................................................12-34

Ram Air Turbine (RAT) ........................................12-35

Power Transfer Unit (PTU) ....................................12-35

Hydraulic Motor-Driven Generator (HMDG) ........12-35

Seals .......................................................................12-35

V-Ring Packings .................................................12-35

U-Ring ...............................................................12-35O-Rings ...............................................................12-35

Backup Rings ......................................................12-37

Gaskets ................................................................12-37

Seal Materials .....................................................12-37

O-Ring Installation ............................................12-38

Wipers ................................................................12-38

Large Aircraft Hydraulic Systems .............................12-38

Boeing 737 Next Generation Hydraulic System ....12-38

Reservoirs ...........................................................12-38

Pumps .................................................................12-38

Filter Units ..........................................................12-40

Power Transfer Unit (PTU) ................................12-40

Landing Gear Transfer Unit ................................12-41

Standby Hydraulic System .................................12-42

Indications...........................................................12-42

Boeing 777 Hydraulic System ................................12-42

Left and Right System Description .....................12-43

Center Hydraulic System ....................................12-45


4/8

xvi

Aircraft Pneumatic Systems .......................................12-47

High-Pressure Systems ...........................................12-48

Pneumatic System Components .........................12-48

Emergency Backup Systems ...............................12-51

Medium-Pressure Systems .....................................12-52

Low-Pressure Systems ..........................................12-52

Pneumatic Power System Maintenance .................12-52

Chapter 13

Aircraft Landing Gear Systems ........................13-1

Landing Gear Types .....................................................13-1

Landing Gear Arrangement ......................................13-2

Tail Wheel-Type Landing Gear ...........................13-3

Tandem Landing Gear ..........................................13-3

Tricycle-Type Landing Gear ................................13-3

Fixed and Retractable Landing Gear ........................13-5

Shock Absorbing and Non-Shock Absorbing

Landing Gear ...........................................................13-5

Leaf-Type Spring Gear .........................................13-6

Rigid ....................................................................13-6

Bungee Cord .........................................................13-7

Shock Struts .........................................................13-7

Shock Strut Operation ............................................13-11

Servicing Shock Struts ...........................................13-12

Bleeding Shock Struts ............................................13-13

Landing Gear Alignment, Support, and Retraction ...13-14

Alignment ...............................................................13-14

Support ...................................................................13-15

Small Aircraft Retraction Systems .........................13-16

Large Aircraft Retraction Systems ........................13-20

Emergency Extension Systems ..............................13-22Landing Gear Safety Devices .................................13-22

Safety Switch ......................................................13-22

Ground Locks .....................................................13-23

Landing Gear Position Indicators .......................13-24

Nose Wheel Centering ........................................13-24

Landing Gear System Maintenance ...........................13-25

Landing Gear Rigging and Adjustment..................13-26

Gear Door Clearances .........................................13-28

Drag and Side Brace Adjustment ......................13-28

Landing Gear Retraction Test ............................13-29

Nose Wheel Steering Systems ...................................13-30

Small Aircraft ........................................................13-30

Large Aircraft .........................................................13-30

Shimmy Dampers ...................................................13-32

Steering Damper .................................................13-33

Piston-Type .........................................................13-33

Vane-Type ..........................................................13-33

Non-Hydraulic Shimmy Damper ........................13-34

Aircraft Wheels ..........................................................13-34

Wheel Construction ................................................13-34

Inboard Wheel Half ............................................13-35

Outboard Wheel Half ..........................................13-35

Wheel Inspection ....................................................13-35

On Aircraft Inspection ........................................13-35

Proper Installation ...............................................13-35

Off Aircraft Wheel Inspection ...........................13-37Aircraft Brakes ...........................................................13-42

Types and Construction of Aircraft Brakes ...........13-43

Single Disc Brakes ..............................................13-43

Dual-Disc Brakes ................................................13-45

Multiple-Disc Brakes ..........................................13-46

Segmented Rotor-Disc Brakes ...........................13-47

Carbon Brakes ....................................................13-50

Expander Tube Brakes ........................................13-50

Brake Actuating Systems .......................................13-52

Independent Master Cylinders ...........................13-52

Boosted Brakes ...................................................13-55Power Brakes .....................................................13-56

Emergency Brake Systems ....................................13-59

Parking Brake .....................................................13-61

Brake Deboosters ................................................13-61

Anti-Skid ................................................................13-61

System Operation ................................................13-61

Wheel Speed Sensors ..........................................13-62

Control Units ......................................................13-63

Anti-Skid Control Valves ...................................13-64

Touchdown and Lock Wheel Protection ............13-66

Auto Brakes ........................................................13-66

Anti-Skid System Tests ......................................13-66

Anti-Skid System Maintenance ..........................13-68

Brake Inspection and Service .................................13-68

On Aircraft Servicing .........................................13-68

Lining Wear ........................................................13-68

Air in the Brake System ......................................13-69

Bleeding Master Cylinder Brake Systems ..........13-69

Bleeding Power Brake Systems ..........................13-71

Off Aircraft Brake Servicing and Maintenance ..13-72

Replacement of Brake Linings ...........................13-73

Brake Malfunctions and Damage ..........................13-74

Overheating ........................................................13-74

Dragging ............................................................13-75

Chattering or Squealing .....................................13-76

Aircraft Tires and Tubes ............................................13-76

Tire Classication...................................................13-76

Types ...................................................................13-76

Ply Rating ...........................................................13-77


5/8

xvii

Tube-Type or Tubeless .......................................13-77

Bias Ply or Radial ...............................................13-78

Tire Construction ....................................................13-78

Bead ...................................................................13-78

Carcass Plies .......................................................13-79

Tread ...................................................................13-79

Sidewall ..............................................................13-80

Tire Inspection on the Aircraft ...............................13-80Ination ...............................................................13-80

Tread Condition ..................................................13-82

Sidewall Condition .............................................13-86

Tire Removal ..........................................................13-86

Tire Inspection Off of the Aircraft .........................13-88

Tire Repair and Retreading ....................................13-88

Tire Storage ...........................................................13-89

Aircraft Tubes.........................................................13-89

Tube Construction and Selection ........................13-89

Tube Storage and Inspection ..............................13-90

Tire Inspection ...................................................13-90Tire Mounting ........................................................13-90

Tubeless Tires .....................................................13-90

Tube-Type Tires .................................................13-91

Tire Balancing .......................................................13-93

Operation and Handling Tips .....................................13-93

Taxiing ..................................................................13-94

Braking and Pivoting ..............................................13-94

Landing Field and Hangar Floor Condition ..........13-94

Takeoffs and Landings ...........................................13-94

Hydroplaning ..........................................................13-94

Chapter 14

Aircraft Fuel System..........................................14-1

Basic Fuel System Requirements.................................14-1

Fuel System Independence .......................................14-2

Fuel System Lightning Protection ............................14-2

Fuel Flow ..................................................................14-3

Flow Between Interconnected Tanks .......................14-3

Unusable Fuel Supply ..............................................14-3

Fuel System Hot Weather Operation........................14-3

Fuel Tanks ....................................................................14-3

Fuel Tank Tests ........................................................14-3

Fuel Tank Installation ...............................................14-4Fuel Tank Expansion Space .....................................14-4

Fuel Tank Sump .......................................................14-4

Fuel Tank Filler Connection.....................................14-4

Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor Vents .........14-4

Fuel Tank Outlet .......................................................14-5

Pressure Fueling Systems .........................................14-5

Fuel Pumps ..............................................................14-5

Fuel System Lines and Fittings ...............................14-5

Fuel System Components .........................................14-5

Fuel Valves and Controls .........................................14-5

Fuel Strainer or Filter ...............................................14-6

Fuel System Drains ..................................................14-6

Fuel Jettisoning System ............................................14-6

Types of Aviation Fuel ................................................14-7

Reciprocating Engine FuelAVGAS .....................14-7

Volatility ...............................................................14-7

Vapor Lock ...........................................................14-7

Carburetor Icing ....................................................14-7

Aromatic Fuels ......................................................14-8

Detonation.............................................................14-8

Surface Ignition and Preignition ...........................14-9

Octane and Performance Number Rating .............14-9

Fuel Identication ...............................................14-10

Purity...................................................................14-10

Turbine Engine Fuels .............................................14-11

Turbine Fuel Volatility .......................................14-12

Turbine Engine Fuel Types ................................14-13

Turbine Engine Fuel Issues ................................14-13Aircraft Fuel Systems ................................................14-13

Small Single-Engine Aircraft Fuel Systems ...........14-13

Gravity Feed Systems .........................................14-13

Pump Feed Systems ............................................14-14

High-Wing Aircraft With Fuel Injection

System.................................................................14-14

Small Multiengine (Reciprocating) Aircraft

Fuel Systems ..........................................................14-15

Low-Wing Twin .................................................14-15

High-Wing Twin .................................................14-16

Large Reciprocating-Engine Aircraft FuelSystems ...................................................................14-16

Jet Transport Aircraft Fuel Systems .......................14-17

Helicopter Fuel Systems .........................................14-22

Fuel System Components ..........................................14-22

Fuel Tanks ..............................................................14-22

Rigid Removable Fuel Tanks .............................14-23

Bladder Fuel Tanks .............................................14-25

Integral Fuel Tanks .............................................14-25

Fuel Lines and Fittings ...........................................14-26

Fuel Valves ............................................................14-26

Hand-Operated Valves ........................................14-28Cone Valves ........................................................14-28

Poppet Valves .....................................................14-29

Manually-Operated Gate Valves ........................14-29

Motor-Operated Valves ......................................14-30

Solenoid-Operated Valves ..................................14-31

Fuel Pumps .............................................................14-31

Hand-Operated Fuel Pumps ................................14-31

Ejector Pumps .....................................................14-32


6/8

xviii

Pulsating Electric Pumps ....................................14-34

Vane-Type Fuel Pumps ......................................14-35

Fuel Filters ..............................................................14-36

Fuel Heaters and Ice Prevention .............................14-39

Fuel System Indicators ...........................................14-40

Fuel Quantity Indicating Systems .......................14-40

Fuel Flowmeters .................................................14-44

Fuel Temperature Gauges ...................................14-46Fuel Pressure Gauges ..........................................14-47

Pressure Warning Signal .....................................14-48

Valve-In-Transit Indicator Lights ......................14-48

Fuel System Repair ...................................................14-49

Troubleshooting the Fuel System ...........................14-49

Location of Leaks and Defects ...........................14-49

Fuel Leak Classication .....................................14-50

Replacement of Gaskets, Seals, and Packings ....14-50

Fuel Tank Repair ....................................................14-50

Welded Tanks .....................................................14-51

Riveted Tanks .....................................................14-51Soldered Tanks ...................................................14-51

Bladder Tanks .....................................................14-51

Integral Tanks .....................................................14-52

Fire Safety ...........................................................14-52

Fuel System Servicing ...............................................14-54

Checking for Fuel System Contaminants ...............14-54

Water ...................................................................14-54

Solid Particle Contaminants ...............................14-55

Surfactants ..........................................................14-55

Microorganisms ..................................................14-55

Foreign Fuel Contamination ...............................14-56

Detection of Contaminants .................................14-56

Fuel Contamination Control ...............................14-58

Fueling and Defueling Procedures .............................14-59

Fueling ....................................................................14-59

Defueling ................................................................14-61

Fire Hazards When Fueling or Defueling ..............14-61

Chapter 15

Ice and Rain Protection.....................................15-1

Ice Control Systems .....................................................15-1

Icing Effects .............................................................15-2Ice Detector System .....................................................15-3

Ice Prevention ...........................................................15-3

Wing and Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizer

Anti-Icing Systems.......................................................15-4

Thermal Pneumatic Anti-icing .................................15-4

Wing Anti-Ice (WAI) System ...............................15-4

Leading Edge Slat Anti-Ice System ......................15-6

Thermal Electric Anti-Icing ...................................15-10

Chemical Anti-Icing ...............................................15-10

Wing and Stabilizer Deicing Systems........................15-12

Sources of Operating Air ........................................15-12

Turbine Engine Bleed Air ...................................15-12

Pneumatic Deice Boot System for GA Aircraft .....15-12

GA System Operation .........................................15-13

Deice System for Turboprop Aircraft ....................15-14

Deicing System Components .................................15-14

Wet-Type Engine-Driven Air Pump ...................15-14

Dry-Type Engine-Driven Air Pump ...................15-16

Oil Separator .......................................................15-17

Control Valve ......................................................15-17

Deate Valve ......................................................15-18

Distributor Valve ................................................15-18

Timer/Control Unit .............................................15-18

Regulators and Relief Valves .............................15-18

Manifold Assembly ............................................15-19

Inlet Filter ...........................................................15-19

Construction and Installation of Deice Boots.........15-19

Inspection, Maintenance, and Troubleshootingof Rubber Deicer Boot Systems .............................15-19

Operational Checks .............................................15-19

Adjustments ........................................................15-21

Troubleshooting ..................................................15-21

Inspection ............................................................15-21

Deice Boot Maintenance ........................................15-21

Electric Deice Boots ...............................................15-22

Propeller Deice System ..............................................15-23

Electrothermal Propeller Device System ..............15-23

Chemical Propeller Deice .......................................15-23

Ground Deicing of Aircraft ........................................15-23Frost Removal ........................................................15-25

Deicing and Anti-icing of Transport Type

Aircraft ................................................................15-25

Ice and Snow Removal ...........................................15-27

Rain Control Systems ................................................15-27

Windshield Wiper Systems ...................................15-27

Chemical Rain Repellant ........................................15-27

Windshield Surface Seal Coating .......................15-28

Pneumatic Rain Removal Systems .........................15-28

Windshield Frost, Fog, and Ice Control Systems ......15-28

Electric....................................................................15-28

Pneumatic ...............................................................15-30

Chemical .................................................................15-31

Portable Water Tank Ice Prevention ..........................15-32

Chapter 16

Cabin Environmental Control Systems ...........16-1

Physiology of Flight .....................................................16-1

Composition of the Atmosphere...............................16-1

Human Respiration and Circulation .........................16-2


7/8

xix

Oxygen and Hypoxia ............................................16-2

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ................................16-3

Aircraft Oxygen Systems .............................................16-3

Forms of Oxygen and Characteristics ......................16-4

Gaseous Oxygen ...................................................16-4

Liquid Oxygen ......................................................16-4

Chemical or Solid Oxygen ...................................16-5

Onboard Oxygen Generating Systems(OBOGS) ..............................................................16-5

Oxygen Systems and Components ...........................16-6

Gaseous Oxygen Systems .....................................16-6

Chemical Oxygen Systems .................................16-16

LOX Systems ......................................................16-16

Oxygen System Servicing ......................................16-16

Servicing Gaseous Oxygen .................................16-16

Filling LOX Systems ..........................................16-19

Inspection of Masks and Hoses ..........................16-19

Replacing Tubing, Valves, and Fittings .............16-20

Prevention of Oxygen Fires or Explosions.............16-20Oxygen System Inspection and Maintenance .....16-20

Aircraft Pressurization Systems .................................16-21

Pressure of the Atmosphere ....................................16-21

Temperature and Altitude .......................................16-22

Pressurization Terms ..............................................16-23

Pressurization Issues...............................................16-23

Sources of Pressurized Air .....................................16-24

Reciprocating Engine Aircraft ...........................16-25

Turbine Engine Aircraft .....................................16-26

Control of Cabin Pressure .....................................16-27

Pressurization Modes ..........................................16-27Cabin Pressure Controller ...................................16-28

Cabin Air Pressure Regulator and Outow

Valve ...................................................................16-30

Cabin Air Pressure Safety Valve Operation .......16-31

Pressurization Gauges .........................................16-32

Pressurization Operation ....................................16-32

Air Distribution ...................................................16-34

Cabin Pressurization Troubleshooting ................16-34

Air Conditioning Systems ..........................................16-34

Air Cycle Air Conditioning ....................................16-35

System Operation................................................16-36

Pneumatic System Supply ..................................16-36

Component Operation .........................................16-36

Water Separator ..................................................16-39

Cabin Temperature Control System ...................16-39

Vapor Cycle Air Conditioning ...............................16-40

Theory of Refrigeration ......................................16-41

Vapor Cycle Air Conditioning System

Components ........................................................16-46

Vapor Cycle Air Conditioning Servicing

Equipment ...........................................................16-51

System Servicing ................................................16-55

Technician Certication ......................................16-58

Aircraft Heaters ..........................................................16-58

Bleed Air Systems ..................................................16-58

Electric Heating Systems........................................16-58

Exhaust Shroud Heaters .........................................16-58Combustion Heaters ...............................................16-60

Combustion Air System ......................................16-60

Ventilating Air System ......................................16-60

Fuel System ........................................................16-61

Ignition System ...................................................16-61

Controls...............................................................16-61

Safety Features ...................................................16-62

Maintenance and Inspection ...............................16-62

Chapter 17

Fire Protection Systems ...................................17-1Introduction ..................................................................17-1

Classes of Fires .........................................................17-2

Requirements for Overheat and Fire Protection

Systems .....................................................................17-2

Fire Detection/Overheat Systems ................................17-2

Thermal Switch System............................................17-2

Thermocouple System ..............................................17-3

Continuous-Loop Systems .......................................17-4

Fenwal System ......................................................17-4

Kidde System ........................................................17-4

Pressure Type Sensor Responder Systems ...............17-6

Pneumatic Continuous-Loop Systems ..................17-6

Fire Zones .................................................................17-8

Smoke, Flame, and Carbon Monoxide Detection

Systems ........................................................................17-8

Smoke Detectors.......................................................17-8

Light Refraction Type ...........................................17-8

Ionization Type .....................................................17-8

Flame Detectors ........................................................17-9

Carbon Monoxide Detectors ....................................17-9

Extinguishing Agents and Portable Fire

Extinguishers..............................................................17-10

Halogenated Hydrocarbons ....................................17-10

Inert Cold Gases .....................................................17-10

Dry Powders ...........................................................17-10

Water ......................................................................17-11

Cockpit and Cabin Interiors ...................................17-11

Extinguisher Types .............................................17-11

Installed Fire Extinguishing Systems.........................17-11

CO2Fire Extinguishing Systems ............................17-11


8/8

xx

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Fire Extinguishing

Systems ...................................................................17-11

Containers ..............................................................17-12

Discharge Valves ....................................................17-13

Pressure Indication .................................................17-13

Two-Way Check Valve ..........................................17-13

Discharge Indicators ...............................................17-13

Thermal Discharge Indicator (Red Disk) ...........17-13

Yellow Disk Discharge Indicator .......................17-14

Fire Switch .............................................................17-14

Cargo Fire Detection ..................................................17-14

Cargo Compartment Classication ........................17-15

Class A ................................................................17-15

Class B ................................................................17-15

Class C ................................................................17-15

Class E ................................................................17-15

Cargo and Baggage Compartment Fire

Detection and Extinguisher System .......................17-15

Smoke Detector System ......................................17-16

Cargo Compartment Extinguishing System .......17-16

Lavatory Smoke Detectors .........................................17-17

Lavatory Smoke Detector System .........................17-17

Lavatory Fire Extinguisher System ........................17-18

Fire Detection System Maintenance ..........................17-18

Fire Detection System Troubleshooting ....................17-19

Fire Extinguisher System Maintenance .....................17-20

Container Pressure Check ......................................17-20

Discharge Cartridges ..............................................17-20

Agent Containers ....................................................17-20

Fire Prevention ...........................................................17-21

Glossary ..............................................................G-1

Index ......................................................................I-1

Contents of Aircraft Manual

Documents

Transcript of Contents of Aircraft Manual