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ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Advanced Legal Studies InstituteP.O.Box, Islamabad


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Contents

Introduction

. The Problem With the Meaning of Jurisprudence

. A Format of the General Theory of Law . . . . . . A Model for the Study of the General Theory of

Islamic Law orUs. ul al-Fiqh. . . . . . . . . . . . . The Subject-matter ofUs. ul al-Fiqh . . . . . . . . . The Scope of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Meaning ofUs. ul al-Fiqhand Basic Terms . The Literal Meaning ofFiqh . . . . . . . . . . . . Earlier General Meaning ofFiqh . . . . . . . . . . Later Shafiite Definition ofFiqh . . . . . . . . . . Analysis of the Definition ofFiqh . . . . . . . .

. Distinctions Based on the Definition . . . . . . . .. Distinction betweensharahandfiqh . . .. Distinction betweenmujtahidandfaqh . .. Distinction betweenijtihadandtaqld . . .. Distinction between a muqallidand a

faqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Wider Definition ofFiqh: Criticising the Nar-

row Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. What in reality is thedall tafs. l? . . . . .. The legal structure of the evidences (adil-

lah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Identifying the defects of the narrow

d e fi n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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.. Redefiningfiqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Rejection of the Narrow Definition ofFiqhandits Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Meaning ofAs.l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Nature of theQawaid Us.uliyyah: the Basis

of the Schools of Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The Meaning of a School of Law . . . . .

. Us.ul al-FiqhDefined: Combining the MeaningofFiqhandUs. ul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. The Nature of theQawaid Fiqhiyyah: Are TheseEvidences too? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. A Wider Definition ofUs.ul al-Fiqh . . . . . . . .

I TheH.ukm Shar

TheH.ukm:What is Islamic Law? . The Three Elements of theH.ukm Shar . . . . . . The Meaning of theH.ukm Sharor the Mean-

ing of Islamic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TheH.ukm TaklfObligations and Duties . . .

.. The h.ukm taklf from the perspective oftheus. ul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. The h.ukm taklf from the perspective ofthefaqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Theh.ukm taklfaccording to the H.anafs . TheH.ukm Wad.Declaratory Rules . . . . . . . The Distinction Between theH.ukm Taklfand

theH.ukm Wad.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Classification of Rules in Islamic Law . The Meaning ofWajib(Obligatory Act) and its

Different Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Theh.ukmor rule for thewajib. . . . . .

. The Classifications of theWajib(Obligatory Act) .. Classification based on the time avail-

able for performance: mut.laq and muqayyad

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee Advanced Legal Studies Institute


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.. Classification based on the extent of the

required act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Classification based on the subjects whoare required to perform . . . . . . . . .

.. Classification based on the identifica-tion of the object of the required act . . .

. The Meaning ofMandub (Recommended Act)and its Different Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Types ofMandub . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. The Meaning ofH.aram(Prohibited Act) and itsDifferent Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The types ofh.aram. . . . . . . . . . . .

. The Meaning ofMakruh(Disapproved Act) andits Different Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. The Meaning ofMubah. (Permitted Act) and itsDifferent Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. TheH.ukm Wad.or the Declaratory Rule . . . . .. Sabab, shart.and mani . . . . . . . . . . .. S. ih.h.ah, fasadand but. lan(validity, viti-

tation and nullity) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Azmah and rukhs. ah (initial rules and

exemptions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Purpose of the Classification . . . . . . . . .

The Lawgiver (H.akim) . Allah is the True Source of all Laws . . . . . . . . . The Fundamental Norm of the Legal System . . . The Law and the Interest of Man . . . . . . . . .

.. Is Man the sole purpose of creation? . . . .. Can we employmas. lah.ah(interest) for

new laws? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Are theSharahand Natural Law Compatible? .

The Act (Mah. kum Fh)

. Defining theMah.kum Fh . . . . . . . . . . . .

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C Islamic Jurisprudence v

Causes of Defective Legal Capacity

. Natural Causes of Defective Capacity . . . . . . .. Minority (s. ighar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Insanity (junun) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Idiocy (atah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Sleep and fits of fainting (nawm, ighma) .. Forgetfulness (nisyan) . . . . . . . . . . .. Death-illness (marad. al-mawt) . . . . .

. Acquired Causes of Defective Capacity . . . . . . .. Intoxication (sukr) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Jest (hazl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Indiscretion (safah) . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Coercion and duress (ikrah) . . . . . . . .. Mistake and ignorance (khat.a, shub-

hah,andjahl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II The Primary Sources of Islamic Law

The Meaning of Primary and Secondary Sources

. The Meaning of Source in Islamic Law . . . . . . The Classification of the Sources . . . . . . . . .

.. Agreed upon and disputed sources . . .

.. Transmitted and rational sources . . . . .. Definitive and probable sources . . . . . .. Primary and secondary sources . . . . .

. Grades of the Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Quran

. The Quran as the Primary Source of Law . . . . .. Justification of the Quran as a source . . .. The recording and revelation of the Quran

. Legal strength and indication ofah.kam in theQuran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. The kinds ofah.kamin the Quran . . . . . . . . . Can one text of the Quran abrogate another? . .



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TheSunnah

. TheSunnah as a Primary Source . . . . . . . . . .. Definition of theSunnah . . . . . . . . . .. Kinds ofSunnah . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Justification of theSunnah as a source

of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Justification of the different types of

Sunnah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Status of the Sunnah With Respect to the Quran

.. The manner in which theSunnah laysdown theah.kam . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Modern views about the relationship

between the Quran and theSunnah . . .

Consensus of Legal Opinion (Ijma) . The Meaning ofIjma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Technical or legal meaning . . . . . . . . .. Conditions for the validity ofijma . . . .. Types ofijma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The legal force ofijmaas a source . . . . .. Thesanadofijma . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Likelihood of the occurrence ofijma . . .. Cases ofijmatransmitted in books offiqh

.. Role ofijmain the modern world . . . .

III The Secondary Sources of Islamic Law

Mas. lah. ahand theMaqas. id al-Sharah . The Meaning of Mas. lah.ah (Interest) and the

Doctrine of Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The Meaning of Utility and Bentham . . .. Mas. lah.ah in Islamic Law . . . . . . . . .

. The Classification ofMas. lah.ah . . . . . . . . . .

.. First classification:mas. lah.ah acknowl-edged or rejected by thesharah . . . . .



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.. Second classification:mas. lah.ahaccord-

ing to its inner strength . . . . . . . . . .. Third classification: definitive and prob-able interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Fourth classification: public and privateinterests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. The Doctrine ofMas. lah.ahand Maslah.ah Mur-salah:Distinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Maqas. id al-Sharahor the Purposes of IslamicLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. What is beyond the purposes? . . . . . . .. Maqas. id al-sharahand the texts . . . .

. The Nature and Structure of the Purposes of theSharah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Primary purposes in the service of the

H e r e a f t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The two faces of themaqas. id. . . . . . . .. Primary and secondary purposes . . . . .. Priorities within themaqas.id . . . . . . .. Mas. lah.ah, Public Interest and Human

Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Qiyas(Analogy)

. Definition ofQiyas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elements ofQiyas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examples ofQiyas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditions Pertaining to the Elements . . . . . .

.. Conditions of theas. lor the case in thetexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Conditions pertaining to the h.ukm oftheas. l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Conditions pertaining to thefaror newcase needing ah. ukm . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Conditions pertaining to theillah and

meaning ofillah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Analogy (Qiyas) . . . . . . . . . . . . .



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.. The first type: probable and definitive

orqat. andz. ann. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The second type: classification accord-ing to the strength of the h.ukm estab-lished in thefar . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Qiyas jal and qiyas khaf or manifestand concealed analogy . . . . . . . . . .

. Justification ofqiyasas a source of Islamic law . . .. Arguments of those who upholdqiyas. . .. Arguments of those who rejectqiyas. . .

Istih. san(Juristic Preference)

. The Meaning ofIstih. san . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Istih.san is a method for looking at the

consequences of a decision . . . . . . . . . Examples ofistih. san . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types ofIstih. san . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Distinction between the various types . . . Justification ofIstih. san . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Istis. h.ab(Presumption of Continuity) . The Meaning ofIstis.h.ab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Principles That Form the Basis ofIstis.h.ab . .

.. Types ofIstis.h.aband Their Legal Validity . Istis.h.ab al-H. alCannot Establish a New Rule . . . . Istis.h.ab al-H. aland the Islamisation of Laws . . .

Mas. lah. ah Mursalah(Extended Analogy) . The Meaning ofMas. lah.ah Mursalah . . . . . . . . The Conditions for the Validity of Mas. lah.ah

Mursalah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrations ofMas. lah.ah Mursalah . . . . . . . . The Process of UsingMas. lah.ah Mursalah . . . . . IdentifyingMas. lah.ahThat isGharb . . . . . . .

. IdentifyingMas. lah.ahThat is Rejected (Mulgha) . . Justification ofMas. lah.ah Mursalah . . . . . . . .



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. TheH.ukm ofIjtihad and its Types . . . . . . . .

. The Qualifications of theMujtahid . . . . . . . . .. Who is amujtahidtoday? . . . . . . . . .Ijtihada Legislative Function: The Need for an

Islamic Theory of Legislation . . . . . . . . . . .

The First Mode ofIjtihad:Interpreting the Texts . The Concept ofBayan (Elaboration) . . . . . . .

.. Bayan taqrr (complementary expres-sion or elaboration) . . . . . . . . . . .

.. Bayan tafsr (enabling expression) . . . . .. Bayan taghyr(elaboration by exception)

.. Bayan tabdl(conditional expression) . . .. Bayan d. arurah(elaboration by necessity)

. Literal Interpretation of the Texts . . . . . . . . .. The structure of interpretation . . . . . .. The four general literal methods of es-

tablishing theah.kam (dalalat) . . . . . . .. The literal methods of establishing the

ah.kampractised by the Shafis . . . . . .. Amr (command) and nahy (proscrip-

tion): the nature and type ofh.ukmes-tablished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. The number or categories affected bytheh. ukm: amm; khas. s.; mushtarak;andmuawwal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. The clarity or ambiguity with which theh.ukm is established . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. The effect of the use of words in the ac-tual or metaphorical meanings . . . . .

The Second Mode ofIjtihad:Reasoning by Analogy . Moving From the First Mode ofIjtihadto the

Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. The Methods of Discovering the UnderlyingCause (Masalik al-Illah) . . . . . . . . . . . . .



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.. Discovering the cause in the new case:

tah.qq al-manat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analogy and the Modern Jurist . . . . . . . . . .

The Third Mode ofIjtihad:Employing theMaqas. id al-Sharah . Moving From the Second Mode ofIjtihadto the

Third: theIllahand theH.ikmah . . . . . . . . . . The Interplay Between General Principles and

theMaqas. id al-Sharah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Value Oriented Jurisprudence . . . . . . . . .

.. Distinction between the value system in

Islamic law and Western jurisprudence . . Mas. lah.ah and the Modern Jurist . . . . . . . . .

Abrogation (Naskh) and Preference (Tarjh. ) . The Doctrine of Abrogation (Naskh) . . . . . . .

.. Examples of repealing and overriding laws.. The wisdom behind the doctrine of ab-

rogation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Distinction between naskh (abrogation)

andtakhs. s. (restriction) . . . . . . . . . .. Types of abrogation . . . . . . . . . . .

.. The attributes of the abrogating and ab-rogated evidences . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Justification for the Doctrine of Abrogation . . . .. Comparing the Impact of Abrogation

and Restriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Rules of Preference (Tarjh. ) . . . . . . . . .

.. Reconciliation (jam) . . . . . . . . . . .

V TheFaqhand His Methodology

Taqldas a Methodology . Taqldas a Basis for the Islamic Theory of Adju-

d i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



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. The Literal Meaning ofTaqld . . . . . . . . . .

. The Technical Meanings ofTaqld . . . . . . . . . TheH.ukm ofTaqldandIjtihad . . . . . . . . . . Taqldin Law is an Exemption from the General

Rule of Prohibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taqldin the Pakistani Legal System . . . . . . . . Taqldand the Islamic Legal System . . . . . . .

.. The grades of the jurists . . . . . . . . . .. Themujtahidand thefaqh . . . . . . .

. The Layman Moving From One School to Another

The Sources of Islamic Law for theFaqh

. The Task of theFaqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Output/Result ofIjtihadis a Source for the

Faqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Established Principles of Islamic Law are a

Source for theFaqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Principles stated explicitly or impliedly

in the texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Principles derived by the jurist from a

number of existing cases in the law . . . .. Examples of principles from al-Dabbus .

. Al-Dabbus on the Methodology of theFaqh . .

. TheFaqhMay Formulate a New Principle if itMeets the Prescribed Conditions . . . . . . . . .

. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Select Bibliography

Detailed Bibliography

Glossary


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