CONTENTSlib3.dss.go.th/fulltext/c_book/674-677/676cas3dedv3ref.pdf · CONTENTS e IMPORTANCE AND USE...
Transcript of CONTENTSlib3.dss.go.th/fulltext/c_book/674-677/676cas3dedv3ref.pdf · CONTENTS e IMPORTANCE AND USE...
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CONTENTS
e IMPORTANCE AND USE OF DRY-STRENGTH RESINS 1448
ACRYLAMIDE-BASED DRY STRENGTH RESINS
Preparation of Acrylamide Resins Anionic Acrylamide Resins
; Application of Anionic Dry-Strength Resins ? Amount o f Resin I Pulp Furnish
Alum and Stock pH I. Point o f Resin Addition
Surface Application 6 Couse with Other Chemical Additives
Clay Filler Wet-Strength Resins Gums and Cationic Starch Miscellaneous Additives Polyamide-Amine Wet-Strength Resins
Anionic Acrylamide Resins Used with Cationic Resins Cationic Acrylamide Resins
. Types of Cationic Acrylamide Resin Commercial Cationic Acrylamide Dry-Strength Resins
Dry-Strength Performance Method o f Application
OTHER SYNTHETIC DRY-STRENGTH RESINS I
I CHAPTER 14-NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR WET-END ADDITION
STARCH FOR WET-END ADDITION
Properties of Starch Chemical and Physical Properties of Starch
xvii
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xviii CONTENTS
History of Starch in Wet-End Addition Starch Modifications and Methods o f Application Starch Dispersion Properties
Factors That Influence Starch Effectiveness in Wet-End Addition Effect of Starch Dispersion Effect of Starch Film Strength and Adhesion Effect of Starch Adsorption Use of Uncooked or Partially Cooked Starches Use of Pregelatinized Starch
Use of Starch Derivatives for Wet-End Addition Cationic Starches Anionic Starches Ampholytic Starches Miscellaneous Starch Derivatives
Effect of Starch on Mill Effluent Cooking of Starch for Wet-End Addition Grades of Paper Using Starch
VEGETABLE GUMS FOR WET-END ADDITION
Properties of Gums Application of Gums
WATER-SOLUBLE CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES FOR WET-END ADDITION
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS FOR WET-END ADDITION
CHAPTER 15-FILLING AND LOADING
TYPES OF FILLER
Clay Titanium Dioxide Calcium Carbonate Talc Other Pigments
AMOUNT OF FILLER USED
PREPARATION OF FILLERS
EFFECTS O F FILLERS
Effect of Fillers on the Optical Properties Effect-of Fillers on Brightness
Effect of Fillers on Properties
Effect of Fillers on Effect of Fillers on Other Effects of F
RETENTION OF FI MEASUREMENT RETENTION
THEORIES OF FIL
CONDITIONS TH
ADDITION OF R
EFFECTOFRET
DISTRIBUTION 0
HAPTER 16-INTERN
FACTORS THAT
METHODS OF ME
Carson Curl Test . Dry Indicator Tes Fluorescence-Dye Stockigt Test Conductivity Meth Ink ~lotatioh Ink Penetration Penescope Wet-Break Test Cobb Test Immersion Tests Edge-Wick Tests Con tact Angle Drop Test Feathering Tests for Absorbe
SIZING WITH R O S ~
Types of Rosin Si Amount of Rosin
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CONTENTS X ~ X
Effect of Fillers on Surface Smoothness and Printing Properties 1527
Effect of Fillers on Strength 1528 Effect of Fillers on Bulk and Stiffness 1530 Other Effects of Fillers 1532
RETENTION OF FILLERS 1532
MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF FILLER RETENTION
THEORIES OF FILLER RETENTION
CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT FILLER RETENTION
ADDITION OF RETENTION AIDS
EFFECT OF RETENTION AID ON PAPER PROPERTIES
DISTRIBUTION OF FILLERS IN THE SHEET
CHAPTER 16-INTERNAL SIZING
FACTORS THAT AFFECT SIZING
METHODS OF MEASURING SIZING
Carson Curl Test Dry Indicator Test Fluorescence-Dye Method Stockigt Test Conductivity Methods Ink Flotation Ink Penetration Penescope Wet-Break Test Cobb Test Immersion Tests Edge-Wick Tests Contact Angle Drop Test Feathering Tests for Absorbency
SIZING WITH ROSIN
Types of Rosin Size Amount of Rosin Size Required
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CONTENTS
Precipitation of Rosin Size with Alum Wet-End Factors That Influence Rosin Size Performance Dry-End Factors That Influence Rosin Size Performance Other Effects of Rosin Size Rosin Size Fundamentals
SIZING WITH REACTIVE OR SYNTHETIC SIZES
Differences Between Rosin Size and Synthetic Size Applications for Synthetic Sizes Conditions for Use of Synthetic Size Types of Synthetic Size
Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Stearic Anhydride Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA)
SIZING WITH WAX EMULSIONS AND ROSIN WAX EMULSIONS
MISCELLANEOUS SIZING AGENTS
Sodium Stearate Bituminous (Asphalt) Emulsions Petroleum Resins Fluorocarb ons
PITCH DEPOSITS
Effect of Type of Pulp on Pitch Effect of Cooking, Bleaching, and Washing on Pitch Effect of Machine Conditions on Pitch Control of Pitch on the Paper Machine
IAPTER 17-RETENTION CHEMISTRY
TYPES OF ADDITIVE
RETENTION OF THE FINES FRACTION
COLLOIDAL MECHANISMS
Microelectrophoresis Streaming Potential Electrophoretic Mass- Transport Analysis (EM TA)
FLOCCULATION AND COAGULATION
Coagulation Flocculation
APPLICATION OF ZETA-POTENTIAL MEASUREMEN
EFFECT OF RET
ZHAPTER 1 &WET S
CHAPTER 19-DYEIN
Visible Light
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CONTENTS xxi
RETENTION MEASUREMENT 1599
Overall Retention 1600 One-Pass Solids 1600 One-Pass Fines 1600 Retention Calculations 1600 Fines Determination 1600 Laboratory Retention Tests 1601 On-Machine Retention Measurement 1601
RETENTION ADDITIVES 1602
Inorganic Salts 1602 Nonionic Polyelectrolytes 1603 Anionic Polyelectrolytes 1603 Cationic Poly electroly tes 1603 Amphoteric Polyelectrolytes 1604
EFFECT OF RETENTION ON PAPER PROPERTIES 1604
I CHAPTER 18-WET STRENGTH 1609
Definition of Wet-Strength Paper Wet-Strength Processes
Urea-Formaldehy de Resins Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins Poly amide-Poly am ine-Epichlorohydrin (PPE) Resins
Wet-Strength Mechanisms Water-Insoluble Adhesives
1 Vegetable Gums Increased Interatomic Attraction Dialdehyde Starch
I Polyethy leneimine (PEI)
I Covalent Chemical Bonding I Heat Treatment I Summary of Wet-Strength Methods
Testing of Wet-Strength Paper i Testing of Wet-Strength Additives
Application and Control of Wet-Strength Resins Uses for Wet-Strength Paper
CHAPTER 19-DYEING 1627
1 NATURE OF COLOR AND LIGHT 1627
Visible Light
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xxii CONTENTS
Ultraviolet Light 1628 DYE RETENTION Infrared Light 1628 MATCHING SHAD Colored Materials 1629
COLOR MEASUREMENT Equilibration
1631
Color Difference Meters COMMON DYEING
1633 Brightness 1636 1 TWO-Sidedness
COLOR TERMINOLOGY Artificial Light
1636 t Granite Fibers Color Strength Brightness Hue (Shade)
COMPARISON O F COLORS
Tinting White Papers The Color Circle (Color Orientation) Color Perception and Metamerism
COLORING MATERIALS
White Pigments Colored Pigments Basic Dyes Acid Dyes Direct Dyes Fluorescent Brightening Agents Other Classes of Dyes
MANUFACTURE O F DYES
CLASSIFICATION O F DYES
Color Index Nomenclature Liquid Dyes
VARIABLES IN DYEING
Effect of Fiber Furnish Effect of Fillers Effect of Refining and Stock Preparation
METHODS FOR DYEING
Internal Coloring Continuous Coloring Stock Dyeing Plus Continuous Coloring Size-Press Coloring Judgment of Shades
1
COATED PAPER
AUTOMATED DY
CHAPTER 20-SURFA
EFFECT OF SURF OF PAPER
Effect of Surface Effect of Surface Effect of Surface
SURFACE-SIZING 4 Surface Sizing with 1
Size-Press Types Factors in Size-&
Surface Sizing with Surface Sizing off tl Spray Application a Size Application at Ga te-Roll Size-PrW
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I DYE RETENTION 1655
I MATCHING SHADES IN THE DYEING OPERATION 1656
Equilibration 1657
I COMMON DYEING PROBLEMS 1658
Two-Sidedness Artificial Light Change Granite Fibers Lightfastness Water Bleed Fastness Alkali Fastness Acid Fastness Chlorine Fastness Standard Sample Environmental Protection Chemical Composition o f Dyes Food- Wrap Papers
COATED PAPER
AUTOMATED DYEING
CHAPTER 20-SURFACE SIZING
EFFECT OF SURFACE SIZING ON THE PROPERTIES OF PAPER
Types of Surface-Sizing Agent Used Effect of Surface Sizing on Water Resistance as Measured
by Internal Sizing Effect of Surface Sizing on Penetration of Oils Effect of Surface Sizing on Writing Qualities Effect of Surface Sizing on Erasability Effect of Surface Sizing on Physical Properties
SURFACE-SIZING PROCESSES
Surface Sizing with Size Press Size-Press Types Factors in Size-Press Operation
Surface Sizing with Size Tub Surface Sizing off the Machine Spray Application of Sizing Size Application at Smoothing Press Gate-Roll Size-Press Application
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X X ~ V CONTENTS
Special Equipment for Surface Sizing Calender Sizing
FACTORS THAT AFFECT SURFACE SIZING
Effect of Sheet Moisture Content Effect of Internal Sizing Effect of Basis Weight Effect of Sheet Density and Smoothness Effect of Viscosity, Solids Content, and Temperature
of the Size Effect of Drying and Calendering
SURFACE SIZING WITH STARCH
General Properties of Starch for Surface Sizing Chemically Modified Starches Enzy me-Converted Starch Thermal-Converted Starches
Sizing with Starch in Size Press or Size Tub Calender Sizing with Starch
SURFACE SIZING WITH ANIMAL GLUE
SURFACE SIZING WITH OTHER FILM-FORMING MATERIALS
Use of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Use of Methyl Cellulose Use of Polyvinyl Alcohol Use of Alginate
SURFACE SIZING WITH WAX EMULSIONS
SURFACE TREATMENT WITH OTHER MATERIALS
Sizing with Stearato Chromic Chloride Complex Sizing with Chromium-Fluor Compounds Sizing with Ketene Dimers Sizing with Silicone Resin Surface Sizing with Styrene-Copolymer Resins Other Surface Applications
CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT O F SURFACE SIZE PICK-UP FOR MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
CHAPTER 2 1 -PROPERTIES OF PAPER
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER TESTING
Tests Made on Paper
t
I
I
THE STRUCTURE OF
Functional Properties Wire and Felt Sides
I
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CONTENTS XXV
Fundamental Measurements Subjective Tests Use Tests Empirical Tests Indirect Measurements On-Line Testing
Sources of Test Methods Standardization and Maintenance of Test Instruments Sampling and Conditioning Paper Reliability of Test Results
Calculation of Precision TAPPI Precision Statements Repeatability Reproducibility Comparability
Automated Testing Systems The SI System for Reporting Test Results
SI Units for Paper
THE STRUCTURE OF PAPER
Functional Properties Wire and Felt Sides of Paper
Identification of Wire Side Two-Sidedness
Machine and Cross Direction in Paper Determination of Machine Direction Degree of Fiber Orientation
Formation
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER 1739
Grammage (Basis Weight) Conversion to the Metric System IS0 Standard Sizes Instruments for Measuring Basis Weight Effect of Moisture on Basis Weight Importance o f Grammage Factors That Affect Grammage On-Line Measurement
Thickness Importance o f Thickness
Density Measurement of Density Factors That Affect Density Relation Between Density and Other Sheet Properties
Porosity
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xxvi CONTENTS
Measurement of Porosity Relation o f Porosity to Other Paper Properties
Smoothness Measurement o f Smoothness
Optical Contact Methods The Diamond National Print Smoothness Tester Air-Leak Instruments
Factors That Affect Smoothness Importance o f Smoothness
Softness, Hardness, and Compressibility Softness Hardness and Compressibility
Testers for Hardness and Compressibility Scuff Resistarzce Relation of Hardness to Other Properties
Dimensional Stability Instruments for Measuring Dimensional Change Factors That Affect Expansion
Release o f Strains Hysteresis Effect True Expansion and Contraction
Papers That Require Dimensional Stability Fiber and Sheet Characteristics That Affect Dimensional
Instability Anistropy in Dimensional Stability Effect of Humidity Cycling on Dimensional Stability Treatment of Paper to Reduce Dimensional Change
Curl Types of Curl Factors That Affect Curl Wavy Edges Cockling Curl in Multi-Ply Cylinder Board Grades Where Curl is a Problem Tests for Measuring Curl
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF PAPER
Stress-Strain Relationship Instruments for Measuring Stress-Strain Factors That Affect Stress-Strain
Tensile Strength Factors That Affect Tensile Strength Importance of Tensile Strength Wet Tensile 2-Direction Tensile
Crush Properties of
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Zero-Span Tensile Strength Stretch Tensile Energy Absorption
Bursting Strength Variables in Bursting-Strength Method Reporting Bursting-Strength Results Factors That Affect Bursting-Strength General Use of Bursting-Strength Test
Tearing Resistance Internal Tearing Resistance Reporting Test Results Interpretation o f Test Results Sources of Error Single-Sheet Tearing Resistance Factors That Affect Tearing Resistance Edge Tearing Resistance In-plane Tearing Resistance
Folding Endurance Instruments for Measuring Folding Endurance
Sclzopp er Fo Id MIT Fold Brecht- Wesp Fold
Reporting Results Sources o f Error Factors That Affect Fold Test Usefulness o f Fold Test Variation in Folding Endurance
Folding Qualities of Boxboard Tests for Foldability
Stiffness Principles o f Stiffness Measurements Tuber Stiffness Gurley Stiffness Clark Stiffness Lhomargy Stiffness Tinius Olsen Stiffness Other Stiffness Tests Factors That Affect Stiffness
Impact Strength Internal Bonding Strength
Surface Bonding Strength Dusting
Crush Properties of Paperboard Flat Crush Ring Crush
CONTENTS xxvii
1789 1791 1792 1792 I 792 1794 1 794 1795 1796 I 796 I 796 1797 1797 1799 1799 1801 1802 1802 1802 1802 1803 1803 1803 1804 1805 1806 1806 1807 1808 1808 1809 1810 1810 1811 1811 1811 1812 1812 1814 1815 1816 1816 I81 7 I81 7 I818
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xxviii CONTENTS
Edge wise Compressive Strength
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER
Nature o f Light Index of Refraction Angle o f Incidence Specular Reflection o f Light Refraction o f Light Optical Contact Scattering Specular Transmission Diffuse Transmission Diffusely Reflected Light Absorption of Light Measurement o f Reflectance
Gloss of Paper Specular Gloss Sheen Contrast Gloss Measurement o f Gloss Importance o f Gloss Mottle Finish
Brightness of Paper Measurement o f Brightness Calibration o f Instruments Importance o f Brightness Measurement of Whiteness Effect of Dyes on Brightness Effect of Pigments on Brightness Brightness o f Pulp
Color of Paper Methods of Measuring Color Measurement o f Color by Eye Expressing Color in the Munsell System Measurement of Color by the L,a,b System Physical Measurement of Color
The Recording Spectroplzotometer Abridged Spectrophotometry
Color Specification by the ICI System Tristimulus System Standard Observer Chromaticity Diagram om in ant Wavelength and Purity Visual Efficiency
RESISTANCE PRO
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Three-Filter Colorimetry 1851 Measurement of Fluorescence 1852
Transmittance of Light by Paper (Opacity) I853 Transparency of Paper I853 Opacity of Paper I854
Methods o f Measuring Opacity I854 Measurement o f TAPPI Opacity I855 Measurement o f Opacity with Paper Backing (Printing
Opacity) I855 Measurement of Prin ted Opacity I856 Measurement o f Opacity by Transmittance I856
Kubelka-Munk Theory 1858 Kubelka-Munk Equation I858 Calculation o f Values for sand k I859 Additive Powers o f s and k Values I865 Determination o f s Values o f Pigments I872 Calculation of Scattering Power o f Pigment Coatings 1872 Factors That Affect the Scattering Power 1873 Factors That Aifect Absorption Power I874 Uses o f the Kubelka-Munk Theory I874
Factors That Affect Opacity o f Paper I876 Effect o f Reflectivity on Opacity I877 Effect o f Wavelength o f Light on Opacity Measurement I877 Effect o f Dyes on Opacity I877 Effect o f Sheet Weight on Opacity I879 Effect o f Beating and Wet Pressing on Opacity I879 Effect o f Apparent Density on Opacity I880 Effect o f Fillers on Opacity 1881 Effect o f Waxing on Opacity I883 Effect o f Different Pulps on Opacity I884
Relationship Between Paper Reflectance and Morphologv I885
RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF PAPER 1886
Oil and Grease Resistance Water and Writing-Ink Resistance Water-Vapor Permeability
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER 1890
Grades of Paper That Require Special Chemical Properties 1890 Direct-Process Papers 1890 Antitarnish Papers 1890 Safety Papers 1891
Alpha Cellulose, Viscosity, and Copper Number of Paper I892 Alpha Cellulose 1893
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xxx CONTENTS
Viscosity Copper Number
Amount of Sizing Agents in Paper Rosin Size Content Starch Content Casein Content
Moisture Content of Paper Measurement of Paper Moisture Content Indirect Measurement o f Moisture
Hart Moisture Meter Moisture Register Hygrochamp Sword Hygrometers
Effect of Relative Humidity and Temperature on Equilibrium Moisture Content
Effect of Composition on Equilibrium Moisture Content Effect of Variables on Rate o f Moisture Change Effect of Moisture on Paper Properties
Ash Content of Paper Identification o f Ash Filler Analysis by Microscopic Methods Quantitative Determination o f Pigment Content
Acidity and pH of Paper Permanence of Paper
Tests for Permanence Effect o f Pulp on Permanence Effect o f Light on Permanence Effect of Heat on Permanence Effect of Humidity on Permanence Effect o f pH on Permanence Other Factors That Affect Permanence
Odor and Taste
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER
Types of Electrical Paper Condenser (Capacitor) Paper Coil Paper Cable Paper Pressboard Conductive Paper
Specific Inductive Capacity (Dielectric Constant) Dielectric Strength Dielectric Loss (Power Factor) Properties of Electrical Insulating Papers '
ON-LINE M E A S U ~
Characteristics Net Properties Tested
Moisture Measu~ Grammage Coating Weig Thickness Color Opacity Gloss Ash Porosity Strength
MICROSCOPY OF P
Types of Microscop Optical Microscq Ultramicroscope Electron Microsc X-Ray Phorognyl
Fiber Analysis ; Importance of fi ~ri~arat ion Preparation Examinatio Use of Weight k Iodine Stains a
Sutermeister ". Wilson Stain a Modified Sellel
Dye-Base Stains Bright Stain Kantrowitz-Si
Other Stains I
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ON-LINE MEASUREMENT OF PAPER PROPERTIES 1924
Characteristics Needed in On-Line Instruments Properties Tested On Line
Moisture Measurement Grammage Coating Weight Thickness Color Opacity Gloss Ash Porosity Strength
MICROSCOPY OF PAPER 1929
Types of Microscope Optical Microscope Ultramicroscope Electron Microscope X-Ray Photographs
Fiber Analysis Importance o f Fiber Analysis Preparation o f Specimen Preparation of Slide Examination o f Slide Use of Weight Factors Iodine Stains
Herzberg Stain Graff '%"Stain Sutermeister "A 'T ta in Wilson Stain Modified Selleger Reagent Laughlin Stain Alexander's Stain
Dye-Base Stains Brigh t Stain Kantrowitz-Simmons Stain Lo fton-Merrit t Stain Congo Red-Malachite Green Stain Cyanine-Glycerine Reagent Green- Yorston Stain DuPont Stains NCR Stain Other Stains
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xxxii CONTENTS
Groundwood Stains Stains for Special Fibers
Cross Section of Paper Fiber Length
Measurement with a Microscope Measurement by Classification Projection Method Coarseness of Fibers
Fiber Structure Evaluation of Fillers and Pigments Examination of Paper Surfaces Other Uses of Microscopy
PAPER DEFECTS
Dirt in Paper Definition of Dirt Measurement o f Dirt Dirt in Pulp Source of Dirt
Speck Analysis Shives Coal Specks Iron Specks Bronze Specks Resin and Pitch Spots Alum Spots Bark Specks Color Specks Foam Spots Slime Spots Decayed Wood Calcium Carbonate and Bleach Scale Sand Wax and Grease Spots Rubber Other Specks
Pigment Coating Defects
References
Appendix
INDEX
PULP AND Third Edition, a Volume Ill