CHEMICAL WEAPONS WRIT LARGE SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Charles P. Blair

Draft only. Last updated 08/2013.

Contents

......................................................................................................................................................... 2

WORKSHEET: TEMPLATE OF CW AGENTS........................................................................... 2

http://blogs.fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/CW-

Agents_Typology_Specifics_Black_Template.pdf ........................................................................ 2

GO TO ON-LINE TEXTS .............................................................................................................. 2

CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................. 3

EXPLORATION OF AGENT HANDLING .................................................................................. 3

FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS COLLECTION OF CRS REPORTS ................ 3

EARLY CLASSIFICATIONS [TYPOLOGIES] ........................................................................... 4

SPECIFIC AGENT OVERVIEWS ................................................................................................ 4

CHOKING AGENTS ....................................................................................................................... 4

Chlorine (CI) 1915 ............................................................................................................... 4

Phosgene (CG) 1915 ............................................................................................................ 4

Diphosgene 1916 ................................................................................................................. 4

Chloropicrin (PS) 1916 ........................................................................................................ 4

BLISTER AGENTS .......................................................................................................................... 4

MUSTARD: ......................................................................................................................... 4

Sulfur Mustard ..................................................................................................................... 4

Nitrogen Mustard (synthesized late 1930s) ......................................................................... 4

Lewisite (L) .......................................................................................................................... 4

Phosgene Oxime 1915 ......................................................................................................... 4

BLOOD AGENTS............................................................................................................................ 5

Hydrogen Cyanide ............................................................................................................... 5

NERVE AGENTS ............................................................................................................................ 5

Tabun (GA) .......................................................................................................................... 5

Sarin (GB) ............................................................................................................................ 5

Soman (GD) ......................................................................................................................... 5

RIOT CONTROL AGENTS (RCAs) ............................................................................................. 6

BINARY CHEMICAL MUNITIONS THAT DELIVER SARIN ................................................. 6

CW Stockpile Disposal ................................................................................................................... 6

United States ........................................................................................................................ 6

IRAQ .................................................................................................................................... 6

PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, AND PROHIBITIONS: CW NONPROLIFERATION

REGIME ESSENTIALS ................................................................................................................. 6

Geneva Protocol .......................................................................................................................... 7

CWC ........................................................................................................................................... 7

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Monterey’s James Martin Center for Nonproliferation

Studies CNS), Overview, Text and Membership........................................................................ 7

OPCW ......................................................................................................................................... 7

More Regime Resources ................................................................................................................. 7

Organizations – CW and CBRN writ large ................................................................................. 7

Nonproliferation Export Control Regimes – CW and CBRN writ large .................................... 7

Regional Organizations and Regimes – CW and CBRN writ large ........................................... 7

Treaties – CW and CBRN writ large .......................................................................................... 8

WORKSHEET: TEMPLATE OF CW AGENTS

http://blogs.fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/CW-

Agents_Typology_Specifics_Black_Template.pdf

HANDY AND SEMINAL ON-LINE TEXTS

Textbook of Military Medicine on: Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army, 2008). http://www.cs.amedd.army.mil/borden/Portlet.aspx?id=d3d11f5a-f2ef-4b4e-b75b-6ba4b64e4fb2

Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compound [ (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, Department of the Air Force, January 2005). https://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-11-9.pdf

NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations, Part III: Chemical (Washington, D.C.: Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, February 1, 1996).

http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/3toc.htm

The Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL) Part II: Weapons of Mass Destruction Technologies (ADA 330102), U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, February 1998. http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/mctl98-2/

Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, DC: OTA, 1993). http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ota/9344.pdf

CASE STUDIES

Jonathan B. Tucker, editor, Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press, 2000).

Marc Sageman, Terrance Leighton, Lloyd Hough, Hidemi Yuki, Rui Kotani

and Zachary M. Hosfor, “Aum Shinrikyo Insights Into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons,” Centers for a New American Security, July 2011, pp. 29-34 and 46-50. Available at: http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AumShinrikyo_SecondEdition_English.pdf

Amy Smithson and Leslie-Anne Levy, “Ataxia: The Chemical and

Biological Terrorism Threat and The US Response,” Stimson Report 35.

October 09, 2000. See especially Chapter Three, “The Lesson of Tokyo

[Aum’s Attack]. Available At: http://www.stimson.org/books-

reports/ataxia-the-chemical-and-biological-terrorism-threat-and-the-us-

response/

EXPLORATION OF AGENT HANDLING

Uncle Fester, Silent Death (Port Townsend, Washington: Loompanics Unlimited, 1997). (Available from instructor.)

FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS COLLECTION OF CRS REPORTS http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/index.html

EARLY CLASSIFICATIONS [TYPOLOGIES]

SPECIFIC AGENT OVERVIEWS

CHOKING AGENTS

Chlorine (CI) 1915 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750024.html

Phosgene (CG) 1915 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750023.html

Diphosgene 1916 [NERVE AGENTS} Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army), page 20. https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfare/

CHAP2_Pg_09-76.pdf

Chloropicrin (PS) 1916 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750034.html

BLISTER AGENTS

MUSTARD:

Sulfur Mustard1 (HD – Distilled Sulfur Mustard) 1915 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750008.html

Nitrogen Mustard (synthesized late 1930s)

Lewisite (L) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750006.html

Phosgene Oxime 19152

1 Impure sulfur mustard (H). See Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare,

(Borden Institute, Office of the Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army), page 260. Available at: https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfare/CH8_Pgs259-310.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750009.html

See also:

[VESICANTS / BLISTER AGENTS] Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army), chapter 8.

https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfar

e/CH8_Pgs259-310.pdf

BLOOD AGENTS

Hydrogen Cyanide [BLOOD AGENTS] NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations, Part III: Chemical (Washington, D.C.: Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, February 1, 1996). http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/3ch5.htm

NERVE AGENTS

Tabun (GA) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750004.html

Sarin (GB) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750001.html

Soman (GD) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750003.html

See also:

[NERVE AGENTS] Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army), chapter 5.

2 Not known to have ever been used on the battlefield.

https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfare/Ch5_

pg155-220.pdf

[NERVE AGENTS] NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC

Defensive Operations, Part III: Chemical (Washington, D.C.: Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, February 1, 1996). http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/3ch2.htm

RIOT CONTROL AGENTS (RCAs)

Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army.All available at https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfare/Ch13_Pg441_484.p

df

CS

CN

DN

BINARY CHEMICAL MUNITIONS THAT DELIVER SARIN http://blogs.fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/The-four-likely-Binary-CW-agents.pdf

CW STOCKPILE DISPOSAL

United States The U.S. Chemical Materials Activity (CMA): agency responsible for

disposing of the U.S.’ CW stockpile extant from former offensive program.

http://www.cma.army.mil/bluegrass.aspx;

http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/demil/closing_facilities.htm#status

IRAQ Jonathan B. Tucker, “Iraq Faces Major Challenges in Destroying Its Legacy Chemical Weapons,” March 4, 2010. Available at: http://cns.miis.edu/stories/100304_iraq_cw_legacy.htm

PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, AND PROHIBITIONS: CW NONPROLIFERATION REGIME ESSENTIALS Graphic Overview

http://blogs.fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Maljor-Treaties-CW.pdf

Geneva Protocol

Monterey’s James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies CNS), Text

and Overview of the Geneva Protocol. Available at:

http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/genev.pdf

See also, Nuclear Threat Initiative

1925, Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating,

Poisonous, or Other Gasses, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare

(Geneva Protocol). Summary and Text Available at:

http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/protocol-prohibition-use-war-

asphyxiating-poisonous-or-other-gasses-and-bacteriological-methods-

warfare-geneva-protocol/.

CWC

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)3 Monterey’s James Martin Center

for Nonproliferation Studies CNS), Overview, Text and Membership.

OPCW

Overview of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Organization for the

Prohibition of Chemical Weapon (OPCW). Available at:

http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/about-the-

convention/

More Regime Resources

Organizations – CW and CBRN writ large http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/CNS_IONP_Inventory_2009_Edition.pdf

PP. 7-139.

Nonproliferation Export Control Regimes – CW and CBRN writ large http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/CNS_IONP_Inventory_2009_Edition.pdf

PP. 142 - 289

Regional Organizations and Regimes – CW and CBRN writ large http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/CNS_IONP_Inventory_2009_Edition.pdf

3 Full title: Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical

Weapons and on their Destruction (CWC).

PP. 166-288

Treaties – CW and CBRN writ large http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/CNS_IONP_Inventory_2009_Edition.pdf

PP. 290-241