Contents
-
Upload
jerry-mccormick -
Category
Documents
-
view
27 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Contents
![Page 1: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Remote Sensing I
Summer 2007
Björn-Martin SinnhuberRoom NW1 - U3215Tel. [email protected]/~bms
![Page 2: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Lecture 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing
Lecture 2 Electromagnetic Radiation
Lecture 3 Interaction of Radiation with Gases and Matter: Spectroscopy
Lecture 4 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer
Lecture 5 Retrieval Techniques / Inverse Methods
Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere:
Lecture 6 Passive Microwave Remote Sensing
Lecture 7 Infra-Red Techniques
Lecture 8 Optical (UV / Visible) Remote Sensing
Lecture 9 Active Remote Sensing: Radar and Lidar
Remote Sensing of the Earth Surface:
Lecture 10 Sea Ice Remote Sensing
Lecture 11 Remote Sensing of the Ocean with Satellite Altimeters
Lecture 12 Summary
Contents
![Page 3: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Lecture 1 Introduction
• General Introduction
• Examples of Remote Sensing Applications
• Introduction to Satellite Orbits
![Page 4: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Photo taken
by crew of
Apollo 17
7 Dec 1972
![Page 5: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
from maps.google.com
![Page 6: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
A Note on Spatial Resolution
The maximum achievable resolution with an optical systemis given by
with α: opening angle, D: diameter of the optical aperture,λ: wavelength.
Because
with x: object size and h: sensor height we get
D
sin
h
xsin
D
hx
α
x
h
(Rayleigh criterion)
![Page 7: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Resolution: An example
D
hx
Assume some typical values: h: 800 km, D: 4m (huge!),λ: 500 nm:
cm10m1.0m4
m10500m10800 93
![Page 8: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
ENVISAT: Launched 1 March 2002
![Page 9: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
MERIS/ENVISAT
![Page 10: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
SeaWIFS, 26. Feb. 2000
![Page 11: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007MERIS/ENVISAT, Cloud Top Pressure
![Page 12: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, 443 nm
![Page 13: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, 560 nm
![Page 14: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, Chlorophyll
![Page 15: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Absorption windows of atmospheric constituents
![Page 16: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Observing the Ozone Layer
http://ww
w.iu
p.physik.uni-b
reme
n.de/g
ome
nrt/
Global measurements of total ozone columns
Measurement type: Satellite-based passive remote sensing
Instrument: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) / ERS-2
Measured quantity: Total ozone columns(from backscattered solar radiation)
Antarctic Ozone Hole
![Page 17: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
The Arctic Ozone Layer
Ten years of GOME observtions
![Page 18: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
100 m 10-4 cm-1
10 MHz
10 m 10-3 cm-1 Radio
100 MHz
1 m 10-2 cm-1
1 GHz
10 cm 0.1 cm-1
10 GHz Microwave 1 cm 1 cm-1
100 GHz
1 mm 10 cm-1
1 THz sub-mm – Far IR 0.1 mm 100 cm-1
10 THz
10 μm 1000 cm-1 Thermal IR
al IR 100 THz
Near IR 1 μm 104 cm-1
1000 THz Ultraviolet
100 nm 105 cm-1
Wavelength Frequency Wave number
Visible 400-700 nm
![Page 19: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Solar Spectrum and Terrestrial Spectrum
Sun Earth
Short Wave Long Wave
![Page 20: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
MODIS / Terra, Gulfstream Temperature
![Page 21: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
![Page 22: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
AMSU-B Data (183 ±1 GHz)
Dry areas in the UT
(NOAA 16, Channel 18,
15.6.2004.
Figure: Oliver Lemke)
Microwave Remote Sensing
![Page 23: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Satellite Limb Sounding
(Figure: Oliver Lemke)
![Page 24: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Microwave Limb Sonder (MLS) onboard UARS
![Page 25: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Airborne Microwave Remote Sensing
![Page 26: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
ASUR frequency range and primary species
![Page 27: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
A picture from the SOLVE campaignin Kiruna, Sweden, January 2000
![Page 28: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Validation of satellite data is important ...
![Page 29: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Ground-based Radiometer for Atmospheric Measurements (RAM)
![Page 30: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Measured Microwave Spectrum by the RAM
![Page 31: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines
50km / 0.5 hPa
20km / 50 hPa
10km / 200 hPa
![Page 32: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
A Note on Profile Retrieval
Often we can describe the relation between the (unknown)atmospheric profile x and the measured spectrum y by alinear equation: Axy
The matrix A is also called as the weighting function matrix.Finding x from measured y would require inversion of A:
yAx 1
yAx g
However, this is generally not possible (inverse of A does not exist).Therefore one has to find some „generallized“ inverse of A:
![Page 33: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE)
on Discovery in September 1994 as part of the STS-64 mission
http://www-lite.larc.nasa.gov/index.html
![Page 34: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Radar Image
ENVISAT ASAR
15 April 2005
![Page 35: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Sea ice concentration fromAMSR-E 89 GHz
15 April 2007
www.seaice.de
courtesy of Lars Kaleschke
![Page 36: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Sea ice concentration fromAMSR-E 89 GHz
15 April 2007
www.seaice.de
False colour image
courtesy of Lars Kaleschke
![Page 37: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Example: SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO2
biomass burningpollution
Courtesy of Andreas Richter
![Page 38: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
• NO2 reductions in Europe and parts of the US
• strong increase over China
• consistent with significant NOx emission changes
• 7 years of GOME data
• DOAS retrieval + CTM-stratospheric correction
• seasonal and local AMF based on 1997 MOART-2 run
• cloud screening
1996 - 2002
GOME annual changes in tropospheric NO2
GOME NO2: Temporal Evolution
A. Richter et al., Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437 2005
![Page 39: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Lightning Flashes, Optical Transient Detector (OTD)
![Page 40: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Lecture 1 Introduction
• General Introduction
• Examples of Remote Seinsing Applications
• Introduction to Satellite Orbits
![Page 41: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
Satellite Orbits
21 ea
a
satellite
r
Earth
apogee
perigee
a: major axis
e: excentricity
cos1
)1( 2
e
ear
![Page 42: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
For a circular satellite orbit around a spherically homogenous planet the gravitational force Fg and the centrifugal force Fc are in balance:
2
r
RmgFg
rmr
mvFc
22
For the Earth g=9.81 m/s2 and R=6380 km.
![Page 43: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
r
v
r
RgFF cg
22
r
gRv
2
22
2
gR
rr
v
rT
Orbital period given by:
![Page 44: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007 From Elachi
Rrh
![Page 45: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007 From Elachi
![Page 46: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007
2/73
2
cos
2
3
r
IgRJ
dt
d
The orbital node changes due to precession, primarily due to theoblateness of the Earth. The rate of change for the orbital nodeis approximately given by:
Here J2=0.00108 is the second harmonic of the Earth geopotential.I is the inclination angle.
![Page 47: Contents](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/568134cf550346895d9bf62e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
B.-M. Sinnhuber, Remote Sensing I, University of Bremen, Summer 2007 From Elachi