EditorNaina Shah

editor@watertoday.org

Head Offices:

WATER TODAY Pvt. Ltd. 3d, III Floor Bhagheeratha Residency,

124, Marshall’s Road, Egmore, Chennai - 600 008, TN, IndiaTel : +91 - 44 - 42916900

Email : info@watertoday.org Web: www.watertoday.org

Resident EditorHemlatha Govindaraj

editor@watertoday.org

Senior DesignerN. Sirajudeen

siraj@watertoday.org

Submissions

We inspire and encourage perspective authors to write

articles, case studies, technical papers and application stories on water

and wastewater industry and follow Water Today’s Author’s guidelines

before submitting manuscripts. Write to us at editor@watertoday.org

to obtain Author’s Guideline.

Regional Offices:

C - Wing 201, 2nd Floor, Kohinoor Apartments, Ranade

Road, Dadar WestMumbai - 400028, Maharashtra, India

Circulation subscribe@watertoday.org

Advertisement & Salesinfo@watertoday.org

Corporate offices and academic institutions looking

to order for bulk subscriptions,please contact us on

+91 44 4291 6900 or write to us at subscribe@watertoday.org

Reprint & Permissions

All rights reserved. Without the written permission of the publisher, reproduction /

republishing / reprinting of this magazine, in whole or in part, are strictly prohibited. To acquire permission write to info@watertoday.org

The Publishers and the Editors do not necessarily, individually or collectively, identify themselves with the views expressed in this magazine. The views expressedare those of the authors only. The Magazine also does not claim any responsibility for information contained

in the advertisements. The magazine assumes no liability or accountability of any kind in connection with the information thereof.

Masthead

UNITING THE VIBRANT WORLD OF WATER - TO PROVIDE A PROACTIVE PLATFORM FOR THE WATER INDUSTRY TO CONVERGE AND WORK TOGETHER IN ACHIEVING SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL WATER PROBLEMS.

Printed & Published by S. Shanmugam on behalf of WATER TODAY PVT. LTD.

Printed at Dawood Graphics, No. 63, Muthu Street, Royapettah, Chennai – 600014, Tamil Nadu, India.

Published at 3D, IIIrd Floor Bhagheeratha Residency, 124, Marshall’s Road, Egmore, Chennai - 600 008

Tamil Nadu, India

8 Water Today January 2016

C O N T E N T S

The Separation Method for Removing of Colloidal Particles

from Raw Water........26The article discusses a treatment system that can effectively

reduce the concentration of colloidal particles in raw water that can greatly reduce the cost of treatment and

sludge generation thereby improve the subsequent steps of treatment.

By V Ramanathan

Trends in Water Treatment Chemical.............42

Before a treatment policy is fixed up for a particular industry, the scope of recycling and reclamation of the

wastes must be considered, for a better management of industrial wastewater.By Sanjay Singh Kushwaha

Wastewater Treatment Trends.....34

Treating wastewater has the aim to produce an effluent that will do as little harm as possible when discharged

to the surrounding environment, thereby preventing pollution compared to releasing untreated wastewater

into the environment.By Gyan Vardhan

Eco-friendly, Low Cost, Water Treatment Chemicals..........50This article discusses a new trend of using natural chemicals, instead of synthetic. Read on…By Uday Bhawalkar

Lewabrane® – The Chemistry Makes the Difference.......54Anyone who has tried out various RO manufacturers knows that, although the membrane chemistry andthe design of the elements are similar, there are differences when it comes to permeate performance andrejection. Membrane crosslinking influences rejection and stability, which means it plays a key role.By Dr. Jens Lipnizki

Optimal Nutrient Ratios for Wastewater Treatment...................60Continuously operating process measurement devices have demonstrated that they are indispensable aids toachieving greater transparency and reliability in wastewater treatment. The article describes the causes andeffects of unfavourable nutrient ratios, & measures to be taken to deal with them.By Michael Winkler

10 Water Today January 2016

Masthead ....................................8

Water Wire.................................14

Launch Pad................................18

Event Zone.................................20

Product Zone.............................24

Editorial Calendar .....................96

Classifieds.................................98

Subscription Form......................99

Ad. Index..................................101

Editor’s Note.............................102

RE

GU

LA

RS

Trends in Water Treatment Chemicals: We Can

Do Without Synthetic Chemicals...........70

By Er Dr S Saktheeswaran and Er Dr S Sundaramoorthy

Reuse of Septic Tank Effluent by Treating it With

Ozone.......74By Jainam Shah, Madhura Taskar,

Priyanka Singh & Soham Vaishampayan

Water Treatment Chemical - Trends Uses to Reduce

Sludge Production! ......66This article intended to discuss Trends in Water Treatment

Chemicals used to Reduce Sludge Production.By Daniel L. Theobald

A Farewell to Sand Filters..............82By Tommy Charles Olsen

C O N T E N T S

UV Disinfection for Municipal Wastewater A Growing Trend..............92By Wayne Lem and Jennifer Muller

Requirements for Discharge of Trade Effluent into the Public Sewers..............86By Cyrus Rice

12 Water Today January 2016

Water Treatment Chemical - TrendsUses to Reduce Sludge Production!

This article intended to discuss Trends in Water Treatment Chemicals used to Reduce Sludge Production.By Daniel L. Theobald

In this series of Back to Fundamentals

on water and wastewater, the article discusses Trends in Water

Treatment Chemicals used to Reduce

Sludge Production.

This is another in a series of educational articles on water/wastewater. This document is intended to discuss Trends in Water Treatment Chemicals used to Reduce Sludge Production.

This generic presentation utilizes my extended number of years of experience using chemicals treatingwastewater based on information below:

Presentation Details:

• Conventional use of Wastewater chemicals

• Explain these Trends to Reduce Sludge Production

• Conclusion

Conventional Use Of Wastewater Chemicals:

Common conventionally used wastewater treatment chemicals are used to adjust pH up and down and to coagulate solids. These three more common wastewater treatment processes are achieved with chemicals such as Sodium Hydroxide to raise up the pH, Sulfuric Acid toadjust down the pH and a an example of a coagulant chemical used for treating wastewater is Ferric Chloride. A technical explanation of each chemical is below:

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound. It is a white solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt which is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.Sodium hydroxide forms an approximately 50% (by weight) saturated solution with water.

Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water, ethanol, and methanol. This alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide in air. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, wastewater treatment, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner.

66 Water Today l January 2016

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4), is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4 and molecular weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid which is soluble in water at all concentrations.Sometimes, it is dyed dark brown during production to alert people to its hazards.The historical name of this acid is oil of vitriol.

Sulfuric acid is a diprotic acid and shows different properties depending upon its concentration. Its corrosiveness on other materials, like metals, living tissues or even stones, can be mainly ascribed to its strong acidic nature and, if concentrated, strong dehydrating and oxidizing properties. Sulfuric acid at a high concentration can cause very serious damage upon contact, since not only does it cause chemical burns via hydrolysis, but also secondary thermal burns through dehydration.It can lead to permanent blindness if splashed onto eyes and irreversible damage if swallowed.Accordingly, safety precautions should be strictly observed when handling it. Moreover, it is hygroscopic, readily absorbing water vapor from the air.

Sulfuric acid has a wide range of applications including domestic acidic drain cleaner,electrolyte in lead-acid batteries and various cleaning agents. It is also a central substance in the chemical industry. Principal uses include mineral processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater treatment/processing, and chemical synthesis. It is widely produced with different methods, such as contact process, wet sulfuric acid process and some other methods.

Ferric Chloride(FeCl3), is an industrial scale commodity chemical compound, with iron in the +3 oxidation state. The color of ironchloride crystals depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light they appear purple-red. Anhydrous ironchloride is deliquescent, forming hydrated hydrogen chloride mists in moist air. It is rarely observed in its natural form, known mainly from some fumaroles.

When dissolved in water, ironchloride undergoes hydrolysis and gives off heat in an exothermic reaction. The resulting brown, acidic, and corrosive solution is used as a coagulant in wastewater treatment and drinking water production, and as an etchant for copper-based metals in printed circuit boards. Anhydrous ironchloride is a fairly strong acid, and it is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis.

Advantages of these wastewater treatment chemicals are cost effective and efficient treatment chemicals.

However disadvantages of these wastewater treatment chemicals include potentially excessive sludge production carrying excessive disposal cost and potential negative environmental impact to receiving landfills.

Explain these Trends to Reduce Sludge Production:

Industries

Synthetic coagulants sometimes referred as polyamines.

Polyamines are a combination of inorganic salts with synthetic coagulants.

The fine particles or colloids in natural waters are generally negatively charged and in wastewater happens often the same. This is why they are used trivalent iron salts or aluminum, and electric charges which give the water and break the electrostatic equilibrium.

However these coagulants due to hydrolysis in water suffering modify the physical-chemical characteristics thereof, since it is a highly acidic substances, which therefore alter the pH and increasing the conductivity salts incorporated. Therefore the pH correction is performed in the same reaction vessel to the coagulation process, thus establishing the necessary corrections.

Synthetic coagulants are based on the incorporation of organic components in their formulation, presenting many advantages with virtually no disadvantages.

Highly effective in its dosage form polymeric species due to stable, non-hydrolyzed, high cationic density can work with broader ranges of pH with an inorganic coagulant which does not affect it classic or alkalinity or temperature.High rate of coagulation virtually instant; therefore need not be a pre-dilution.

Smaller volume of sludge produced, because the dosage is reduced greatly, leaving the more compressed and compact sludge.

Certain synthetic coagulants serve as primary flocculants for water/wastewater treatment residuals are free from sulfate products and processes designed primarily for physical separation

Water Today l January 2016 67

by decantation certain industries. These products are used in waste streams with high solids content and high turbidity.

Synthetic coagulants serve as primary flocculants for wastewater treatment, are chloride-free products, and designed for chemical processes physical separation by settling or flotation in industries.

Other synthetic coagulants are used for specific applications.

Natural Plant Coagulants/span>

Natural plant coagulants are natural organic products. Because of its salt-free formulation, they present numerous advantages and virtually no inconvenience. Natural coagulants serve as primary coagulants for wastewater treatment.

Conclusion:

Synthetic wastewater treatment chemicals reduce sludge production and often more environmentally friendly. There are also cost advantages using these synthetic wastewater treatment chemicals,

So hopefully you are ready to begin now to Implement Use of Chemicals to Reduce Sludge Production. However; beforehand or in the process, feel free to reach out to me with your Treatment Chemicals useor any other Wastewater questions.

Daniel L. Theobald is “Wastewater Dan,” proprietor of Environmental Services. He is a professional wastewater and safety consultant/trainer with more than 24 years

of hands-on industry experience operating many variants of wastewater treatment processing units and is eager to share with others his knowledge about water conservation. Wastewater Dan can be reached at TheWastewaterWiz01@gmail.com or www.Conserve-On-Water.com

About the Author

68 Water Today l January 2016