Muhammad Umar Khan

Syeda Hiba Fatima

Huda Faheem

Zia-ul-Hassan

Content analysis is "a wide and heterogeneous set

of manual or computer-assisted techniques

for contextualized interpretations of documents”.

There are three prominent features of content analysis:

1. Systematic

2. Objective

3. Quantitative

The content that is analyzed can be in any form to

begin with, but is often converted into written words

before it is analyzed.

The original source can be printed publications.

Analysis of Content is a process of inspecting,

cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the

goal of discovering useful information,

suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.

Content analysis has six main stages, each described by

one section of this chapter:

1. Selecting content for analysis

2. Units of content

3. Preparing content for coding

4. Coding the content

5. Counting and weighting

6. Drawing conclusions

1. Content Requirements

2. Content Collections

3. Content Processing

4. Content Cleaning

5. Exploratory Content analysis

6. Modeling and Logarithms

7. Content Product

1. Gender effect on media contents women page

2. Political campaign.

3. Aggression in real life situation and in media.

4. Changing style of dedication_ books/thesis

5. Group-images- black and whites, religious minorities

There are two types of Content Analysis; which

are given below

1. Conceptual Analysis

2. Relational Analysis

Conceptual analysis is one of the main traditional

methods of analysis which can be answered solely on

the basis of one's grasp of the relevant concepts.

1. Decide the level of analysis

2. Decide how many concepts to code for.

3. Decide whether to code for existence.

4. Decide how you distinguish between concepts

5. Develop rules to code your text.

6. Decide what to do with the relevant information

7. Code the text.

8. Analyze your result.

Relational analysis seeks to go beyond presence

by exploring the relationships between the

concepts identified. Relational analysis has also been

termed semantic analysis

1. Identifying concepts.

2. Defining relationship types.

3. Coding the text on the basis of 1 and 2

4. Coding the statements.

5. Graphically displaying.

6. Analyzing the resulting maps.

Directly connected with the content.

Can allow for both quantitative and qualitative

operations.

Can provides valuable historical/cultural insights

Analyzing interactions.

Extremely time consuming.

Increased error, particularly when relational

analysis is used.

Is often devoid of theoretical base, or attempts.

too liberally to draw meaningful inferences.

Tends too often to simply consist of word counts.

Can be difficult to automate or computerize.