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Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Self-Determination TheoryA theory ofmotivation that is concerned with thebeneficial effects of intrinsic motivationand the harmful effects of extrinsicmotivation.

Cognitive Evaluation TheoryAllocating extrinsic rewardsfor behavior that had been previouslyintrinsically rewarding tends todecrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling.

Job EngagementThe investment ofan employees physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into jobperformance.

Goal-Setting TheoryThe theory that specific and difficult goals lead to higher performance.

Goals tell an employee what needs to be done and how much effort will need to be expended.

Specific hard goals produce a higher level of output than does the generalized goal of "do your best. The specificity of the goal itself acts as an internal stimulus.

Self-Efficacy TheorySelf-efficacy (also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory ) refers to an individuals belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

four ways self-efficacy can be increased:1. Enactive mastery.2. Vicarious modeling.3. Verbal persuasion.4. Arousal.

Reinforcement TheoryA theory that says that behavior is a function of its consequences.

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Operant Conditioning TheoryArgues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want. Unlike reflexive or unlearned behavior, operant behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by its consequences.

Behaviorism

Social Learning TheoryThe view thatwe can learn through both observationand direct experience.

Four processes determinetheir influence on an individual:

Attentional processes.Retention processes.Motor reproduction processes.Reinforcement processes.

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