CONTEMPORARY PEACE OPERATIONS
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Transcript of CONTEMPORARY PEACE OPERATIONS
CONTEMPORARY
PEACE OPERATIONS
Ivan Velimir Starčević, M. A.Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the
Republic of Croatia
Athens , September-October 2009
About the author
Ivan Velimir Starčević
- Minister Plenipotentiary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Croatia
- B. A. from the Faculty of Law in Zagreb, M. A. from the same Faculty
- Diplomatic assignments abroad : New Delhi, Athens, Belgrade, Sarajevo
- Deputy Head for Civilian Affairs at the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Feyzabad, Badakhshan province, Afghanistan, August 2005 - December 2006
On the banks of Amu Darja, NE Afghanistan, August 2006
FACTS AND FIGURES
Current UN operations :
- peacekeeping operations - DPKO = 17 (15+2)
- political and peacebuilding operations - DPA = 10 (12-2 administered by DPKO : UNAMA and BINUB)
Since 1948 total of 63 UN peace operations, 48 accomplished, 15 ongoing
UN peace operations’ budget for 2008/2009 - 7.1 bil. USD (about 0.5 % of global military spending - estimated at 1.232 trillion USD)
In UN operations worldwide at the moment over 115.000 personnel (82.000 military, 11.000 police), in all operations including MNF-I and ISAF at the end of 2008 about 315.000 (SIPRI)
Total number of ongoing operations over 60 under various lead agencies
DEVELOPMENT OF UN PEACE OPERATIONS
Classical peacekeeping- consent of the parties involved - impartiality- non-use of force except in self-defence
Agenda for Peace,1992
Brahimi Report, 2000
Capstone doctrine, 2008- conflict prevention- peacemaking- peacekeeping- peace enforcement- peacebuilding
New Horizons, July 2009
New concepts: - sovereignty as responsibility - humanitarian intervention - responsibility to protect - R2P
PEACE OPERATIONS TODAY
Peace operations & crisis management/conflict management
Change of paradigm – mighty states no longer main threat to world security, failing/failed/rogue states instead
Peace operations after 9/11, terrorism, assymetric warfare, war on terror, COIN - exception or rule in the future?
Which level of military activities can be “tolerated” in a peace operation (eg. Iraq, Afghanistan)?
What is the source of legitimacy for a peace operation, is UN mandate required/indispensable?
Basic framework : redefining of the concept of state sovereignty - robust operations - R2P (individual vs. state sovereignty )
DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION
Differentiation
(1) Terminology : peace missions – peace operations – peace support
operations & complex body of others
(2) Intra-agency differentiation
(3) Inter-agency differentiation : different lead agencies (UN, EU, AU, NATO,
OSCE, OAS, ECOWAS, CIS etc), coalitions of the willing, individual states
(4) Paralelism : multiple operations in the same theatre
DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION
Integration
(1) macro level : comprehensive approach (integrated approach, whole of government approach, 3D approach)
(2) micro level : Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) in Afghanistan and Iraq
(3) new conceptual framework?
HOW TO START AN OPERATION?
Conducting peace operation is art rather than science, practical approach looks like a suitable starter
Going to peace operation is like packing your suitcase in a way you did for earlier trips, but - there is no panacea!
Peace operations require sensibility and sophistication, we have to act like old artisans
In 40% of post-conflict countries conflicts are repeated within 10 years (Collier)
Value of preparation, planning for departure from the outset
HOW TO CONDUCT AND END AN OPERATION?
Security, governance, R&D and social services; security is number one
Sequencing (Golden hour) and prioritization, patience and resilience
Dilemmas: how to cut circle of violence? how to build perception/reality of normalcy? how to ensure that progress is native/sustainable? how to unlock local resources and set up working economy ?
Environments - host country, NGOs & GOs, media, home front Peace operations take long time, it’s time to go home when the recipient state
is self-legitimizing
How to measure success? Question of metrics and measurements or . . . ?
HUMAN DIMENSION
Peace operations between nobility and pragmatism (Nobel Peace Prize 1988 vs. privatization of peace operations)
People vs. technology in modern peace operations
High Tech High Touch
Establish set of principles
- Modesty
- Humility
- Cultural understanding
- Common sense
- Interaction (peace operation is a two-way street)
- other
PEACE OPERATIONS IN A POSTMODERN ERA
Differentiation and integration
Decentralization
Multidimensionality
Globalization
Cultural sensibilization
Ethical dimension
Pluralism of actors
Relativism
New challenges (R2P, gender dimension, peace operations & children, peace operations & environment)
Terrorism and peace operations (postmodern war, assymetric war, virtual war, simulation, performance etc.)
END The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or positions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of
the Republic of Croatia