Contemporary Issues Involving Diversity in the Classroom Professor: Dr. Ruby M. Jones

The Flat World and EducationThe Flat World and EducationHow America’s Commitment to Equity Will How America’s Commitment to Equity Will Determine our FutureDetermine our Future

Linda Darling-HammondLinda Darling-Hammond

Contemporary Issues Involving Diversity in the ClassroomContemporary Issues Involving Diversity in the ClassroomProfessor: Dr. Ruby M. JonesProfessor: Dr. Ruby M. Jones

Student: Valeria ScherfStudent: Valeria ScherfMontreat CollegeMontreat College

20102010

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Linda Darling-HammondLinda Darling-Hammond

Linda Darling-HammondLinda Darling-Hammond is a Professor of Education at is a Professor of Education at Stanford UniversityStanford University, where she launched the School , where she launched the School Redesign Network, the Stanford Educational Leadership Redesign Network, the Stanford Educational Leadership Institute, and the Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Institute, and the Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education. Darling-Hammond is author or editor of more than Education. Darling-Hammond is author or editor of more than a dozen books and more than 300 articles on education policy a dozen books and more than 300 articles on education policy and practice. Her work focuses on school restructuring, and practice. Her work focuses on school restructuring, teacher education, and educational equity. She was education teacher education, and educational equity. She was education advisor to Barak Obama’s presidential campaign and was advisor to Barak Obama’s presidential campaign and was reportedly among candidates for Secretary of Education in the reportedly among candidates for Secretary of Education in the Obama administration. Obama administration.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Darling-Hammond)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Darling-Hammond)

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The Flat World, Educational The Flat World, Educational Inequality and America’s Future Inequality and America’s Future

The 21The 21stst century is characterized by the availability of century is characterized by the availability of abundant information, advanced technology, a rapidly abundant information, advanced technology, a rapidly changing society, greater convenience in daily lives, changing society, greater convenience in daily lives, and keener international competition and keener international competition Education Education ReformReform

At least 70% of U.S. jobs now require specialized At least 70% of U.S. jobs now require specialized knowledge and skills, as compared to only 5% at the knowledge and skills, as compared to only 5% at the beginning of last century.beginning of last century.

(Darling-Hammond, 2010)(Darling-Hammond, 2010)

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Some Facts…Some Facts…

Knowledge is expanding at a breathtaking pace. Knowledge is expanding at a breathtaking pace.

Five exabytes of new information (500.000 times the volume of Five exabytes of new information (500.000 times the volume of the Library of Congress print collection) was generated in the Library of Congress print collection) was generated in 2002, more than three times as much as in 1999.2002, more than three times as much as in 1999.

In three years from 1999 to 2002, the amount of new information In three years from 1999 to 2002, the amount of new information produced nearly equaled the amount produced in the entire produced nearly equaled the amount produced in the entire history of the world previously.history of the world previously.

The amount of new technical information is doubling every 2 The amount of new technical information is doubling every 2 years and it is predicted to double every 72 hours by 2010.years and it is predicted to double every 72 hours by 2010.


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The Flat World, EducationalThe Flat World, Educational Inequality and America’s Future Inequality and America’s Future

New skills include:New skills include: Design, evaluate, and manage one’s own work so Design, evaluate, and manage one’s own work so

that it continually improvesthat it continually improves Collaborate strategically with othersCollaborate strategically with others Communicate effectively in many formsCommunicate effectively in many forms Find, analyze, and use information for many Find, analyze, and use information for many

purposespurposes Develop new products and ideasDevelop new products and ideas


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Finland Finland

Finland dismantled the rigid tracking system that had Finland dismantled the rigid tracking system that had allocated differential access to knowledge to its allocated differential access to knowledge to its young people and eliminated the state-mandated young people and eliminated the state-mandated testing systems that was used for this purpose, testing systems that was used for this purpose, replacing them with highly trained teachers and replacing them with highly trained teachers and curriculum and assessments focused on curriculum and assessments focused on problemproblem solvingsolving, , creativitycreativity, , independent learningindependent learning, and , and student reflectionstudent reflection propelled achievement to the top propelled achievement to the top of the international rankings and closed an intractable of the international rankings and closed an intractable gap.gap.


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South KoreaSouth Korea

In one generation, South Korea moved from a nation In one generation, South Korea moved from a nation that educated that educated less than a quarterless than a quarter of its citizens of its citizens through high school to one that now ranks third in through high school to one that now ranks third in college-educated adults, with most young people now college-educated adults, with most young people now completing postsecondary education.completing postsecondary education.

(See chart on page 174)(See chart on page 174)(Darling-Hammond, 2010)(Darling-Hammond, 2010)

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SingaporeSingapore

Starting in the 1970s, Singapore began to Starting in the 1970s, Singapore began to transform itself from a collection of swampy transform itself from a collection of swampy fishing villages into an economic powerhouse fishing villages into an economic powerhouse by building an education system that would by building an education system that would ensure every student access to ensure every student access to strong strong teachingteaching, an , an inquiry curriculuminquiry curriculum, and , and cutting-edge technology.cutting-edge technology.


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SingaporeSingapore In Singapore, for example, In Singapore, for example, 80%80% of families live in public of families live in public

housing, yet its housing, yet its 44thth and and 88thth grade students scored grade students scored first first in the in the world in both mathematics and science on the TIMSS (Trends world in both mathematics and science on the TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) assessments in International Mathematics and Science Study) assessments in 2003.in 2003.

With few natural resources, Singapore recognizes that its With few natural resources, Singapore recognizes that its human capital will determine its future.human capital will determine its future.

In 1997, it adopted a system-wide reform called “In 1997, it adopted a system-wide reform called “ThinkingThinking Schools, Learning NationSchools, Learning Nation.” To empower pupils to take .” To empower pupils to take ownershipownership of their learning so they may grow into of their learning so they may grow into independent, inquisitive, life-long learners, confident of independent, inquisitive, life-long learners, confident of managing changes in the future.managing changes in the future.


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The United StatesThe United States

The United States has failed to maintain focused The United States has failed to maintain focused investments in a investments in a stable, well-prepared teaching stable, well-prepared teaching forceforce; has allowed the direction of learning to be ; has allowed the direction of learning to be whipsawed by unproductive “whipsawed by unproductive “curriculum warscurriculum wars,” and ,” and has spent millions creating innovative schools that, has spent millions creating innovative schools that, although promising, remain at the margins of a although promising, remain at the margins of a system that has not redesigned to support a 21system that has not redesigned to support a 21stst century schooling enterprise.century schooling enterprise.


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The United States is standing still while more focused The United States is standing still while more focused nations move rapidly ahead.nations move rapidly ahead.

In 2006, the United States ranked In 2006, the United States ranked 2121stst of 30 countries of 30 countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (IECD) in Development (IECD) in sciencescience, and , and 2525thth of 30 in of 30 in mathematics mathematics (See graph page 9).(See graph page 9).

The PISA assessments (Program in International The PISA assessments (Program in International Student Assessment) require more advanced analysis Student Assessment) require more advanced analysis and knowledge use than most U.S. tests. and knowledge use than most U.S. tests.


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Inequality has an enormous influence on U.S. Inequality has an enormous influence on U.S. performance (see graphs on p. 11, 58 and 59).performance (see graphs on p. 11, 58 and 59).

In contrast to European and Asian nations that fund In contrast to European and Asian nations that fund schools centrally and equally, the wealthiest school schools centrally and equally, the wealthiest school districts in the U.S. spend nearly 10 times more than districts in the U.S. spend nearly 10 times more than the poorest the poorest the greatest resources being spent on the greatest resources being spent on children from the wealthiest communities and the children from the wealthiest communities and the fewest on the children of the poor, especially in high-fewest on the children of the poor, especially in high-minority communities. minority communities.


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High-achieving nations teach about half as many topics each High-achieving nations teach about half as many topics each year as American schools do, treating them more deeply, with year as American schools do, treating them more deeply, with greater opportunity to work on a range of solution strategies greater opportunity to work on a range of solution strategies and to engage students in applying what they are learning.and to engage students in applying what they are learning.

Local, state and sometimes federal policies frequently force Local, state and sometimes federal policies frequently force schools to change course based on political considerations schools to change course based on political considerations rather than strong research about effective practice rather than strong research about effective practice the U.S. the U.S. makes less headway on students learning that it could and makes less headway on students learning that it could and should, and the students most harmed are the most vulnerable should, and the students most harmed are the most vulnerable students in urban and poor rural schools. students in urban and poor rural schools.


The Flat World The Flat World and Education and Education

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Other countries have been pouring resources into education, Other countries have been pouring resources into education, both their achievement and graduation rates have been both their achievement and graduation rates have been climbing for all their students, including recent immigrants climbing for all their students, including recent immigrants and historical minorities and historical minorities the current generation of young the current generation of young Americans may be the first to be less well educated than the Americans may be the first to be less well educated than the one before.one before.

Many of the top-scoring nations - including nations that were Many of the top-scoring nations - including nations that were previously low-achieving – now graduate more than 90% of previously low-achieving – now graduate more than 90% of their students from high school their students from high school U.S. graduation rates have U.S. graduation rates have been virtually stagnant, and now fall significantly below those been virtually stagnant, and now fall significantly below those of many other countries.of many other countries.


The Flat World The Flat World and Educationand Education

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Although about Although about 60%60% of U.S. high school graduates go off to of U.S. high school graduates go off to college, only about half of these are well enough prepared college, only about half of these are well enough prepared educationally and well enough supported financially to educationally and well enough supported financially to graduate with a degree graduate with a degree about about 35%35% students in the U.S. gains students in the U.S. gains a college degree, as compared to about a college degree, as compared to about 50%50% in European in European countries, and over countries, and over 60%60% in Korea. in Korea.

Only about Only about 17%17% of African American young people between of African American young people between the ages of 25 and 29 –and only the ages of 25 and 29 –and only 11%11% of Hispanic youth – had of Hispanic youth – had earned a college degree in 2005, as compared to earned a college degree in 2005, as compared to 34%34% of of White youth in the same age bracket.White youth in the same age bracket.


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American great university system is increasing the American great university system is increasing the training ground for students from other countries training ground for students from other countries who, unlike American students, are fully subsidized who, unlike American students, are fully subsidized by their governments.by their governments.

Two Chinese universities – Tsinghua and Beijing – Two Chinese universities – Tsinghua and Beijing – nearly quadrupled the number of students they sent to nearly quadrupled the number of students they sent to U.S. doctoral programs over the course of a decade. U.S. doctoral programs over the course of a decade. Of all U.S. doctoral recipients in Of all U.S. doctoral recipients in sciencescience and and engineeringengineering, more than , more than one-thirdone-third come from other come from other countries.countries.


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Following Following Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education (1954), when desegregation and (1954), when desegregation and school finance reform efforts were launched, and when the Great Society’s school finance reform efforts were launched, and when the Great Society’s War on Poverty increased investment in urban and poor rural schools, War on Poverty increased investment in urban and poor rural schools, substantial gains were made in equalizing both educational inputs and substantial gains were made in equalizing both educational inputs and outcomes.outcomes.

The investments in the education of students of color that characterized the The investments in the education of students of color that characterized the school desegregation and finance reforms of the school desegregation and finance reforms of the 1960s1960s and and 1970s1970s have have never been re-established in the years since never been re-established in the years since had the rate of progress had the rate of progress achieved in the 1970s and 1980s been continued, the achievement gap achieved in the 1970s and 1980s been continued, the achievement gap would have been fully closed by the beginning of the 21would have been fully closed by the beginning of the 21stst century. century.

The U.S. undid much of the progress in the Reagan years. Conservatives The U.S. undid much of the progress in the Reagan years. Conservatives introduced a new theory of reform focused on introduced a new theory of reform focused on outcomesoutcomes rather than inputs rather than inputs – i.e., high-stakes testing without investing.– i.e., high-stakes testing without investing.


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Higher-spending districts also have smaller classes, more Higher-spending districts also have smaller classes, more specialists, and greater instructional resources, as well as specialists, and greater instructional resources, as well as better facilities; more up-to date texts, libraries, computers and better facilities; more up-to date texts, libraries, computers and equipment; and a wider range of high-quality course offerings.equipment; and a wider range of high-quality course offerings.

From qualified teachers and class sizes to textbooks, From qualified teachers and class sizes to textbooks, computers, facilities, and curriculum offerings – school computers, facilities, and curriculum offerings – school serving large number of students of color have significantly serving large number of students of color have significantly fewer resources than schools serving more affluent, white fewer resources than schools serving more affluent, white students. Many such schools are so severely overcrowded that students. Many such schools are so severely overcrowded that they run a multi-track schedule offering a shortened school they run a multi-track schedule offering a shortened school day and school year, lack basic textbooks and materials, do not day and school year, lack basic textbooks and materials, do not offer the courses students would need to be eligible for offer the courses students would need to be eligible for college, and are staffed by a parade of untrained, college, and are staffed by a parade of untrained, inexperienced, and temporary teachers. inexperienced, and temporary teachers.



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The result of these trends is that while the United States must The result of these trends is that while the United States must fill many of its high-tech jobs with individuals educated fill many of its high-tech jobs with individuals educated overseas, more and more of its own citizens are unemployable overseas, more and more of its own citizens are unemployable and relegated to the and relegated to the welfarewelfare or or prison systemsprison systems, representing , representing enormous personal tragedy, as well as a drain on the nation’s enormous personal tragedy, as well as a drain on the nation’s economy and social well-being, rather than a contribution to economy and social well-being, rather than a contribution to the American national welfare. the American national welfare.

Nearly one-fourth of high school graduates not in college were Nearly one-fourth of high school graduates not in college were not employed at all. Those who do not succeed in school are not employed at all. Those who do not succeed in school are increasingly becoming part of a growing underclass, cut off increasingly becoming part of a growing underclass, cut off from productive engagement in society.from productive engagement in society.

Lack of education is increasingly linked to crime and welfare Lack of education is increasingly linked to crime and welfare dependency.dependency.


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Most inmates are high school dropouts, and more than half of Most inmates are high school dropouts, and more than half of the adult prison population is functionally illiterate.the adult prison population is functionally illiterate.

Some states are said to predict the number of prison beds they Some states are said to predict the number of prison beds they will need in a decade based on will need in a decade based on 33rdrd grade reading scores grade reading scores..

Since the 1980s, national investments have tipped heavily Since the 1980s, national investments have tipped heavily toward incarceration rather education. During the 1980s, toward incarceration rather education. During the 1980s, incarceration rates doubled, and by 1993, there were more incarceration rates doubled, and by 1993, there were more African American citizens on probation, in jail, in prison, or African American citizens on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole (1,985,000) than were in college (1,412.000).on parole (1,985,000) than were in college (1,412.000).

Now the United States imprisons far more people than any Now the United States imprisons far more people than any country in the world, including China. Representing only 5% country in the world, including China. Representing only 5% of the world’s population, America has of the world’s population, America has 25%25% of the world’s of the world’s inmates.inmates.


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States now spend about $44 billion annually on corrections. States now spend about $44 billion annually on corrections. As the number of prisoners has quadrupled since 1980, state As the number of prisoners has quadrupled since 1980, state budgets for corrections grew by over 900%, three times faster budgets for corrections grew by over 900%, three times faster than funds for education. These rising costs increasingly cut than funds for education. These rising costs increasingly cut into resources for books. Between 1987 and 2007, state into resources for books. Between 1987 and 2007, state spending on higher education increased only 21% while spending on higher education increased only 21% while spending on corrections grew by 127%.spending on corrections grew by 127%.

Ironically, many states also find prison costs eating into the Ironically, many states also find prison costs eating into the funds they want to spend on early childhood education, an funds they want to spend on early childhood education, an investment that has been found to dramatically increase investment that has been found to dramatically increase graduation rates and reduce participation in juvenile and adult graduation rates and reduce participation in juvenile and adult crime.crime.


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What are the Highest-Achieving What are the Highest-Achieving Nations doing?Nations doing?

Access to health careAccess to health care A lean curriculum focused on higher order thinking and A lean curriculum focused on higher order thinking and

performance skillsperformance skills Equitable funding of schoolsEquitable funding of schools Early learning Early learning Massive investments in teacher education and school level Massive investments in teacher education and school level

support support Elimination of trackingElimination of tracking


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The Flat World and EducationThe Flat World and Education

High performing school systems around the world High performing school systems around the world focus on:focus on:

Getting the right people to become teachersGetting the right people to become teachers

Developing them into effective instructorsDeveloping them into effective instructors

Ensuring that the system is able to deliver high-quality Ensuring that the system is able to deliver high-quality instruction for every childinstruction for every child


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The achievement gap has grown in the United StatesThe achievement gap has grown in the United States

The racial achievement gap has widened since 1988.The racial achievement gap has widened since 1988.

Graduation rates have declined since 1995, especially for Graduation rates have declined since 1995, especially for minorities.minorities.

Students in states like Students in states like MassachusettsMassachusetts, , ConnecticutConnecticut, , VermontVermont, , New HampshireNew Hampshire, , New JerseyNew Jersey and in affluent districts do as well and in affluent districts do as well as those in as those in SingaporeSingapore, , FinlandFinland, and other high-achieving , and other high-achieving nations.nations.

Students in Students in AlabamaAlabama, , CaliforniaCalifornia and poor districts achieve on a and poor districts achieve on a par with those in par with those in JordanJordan, , NigeriaNigeria and and SwazilandSwaziland. .


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The consequences of under education:The consequences of under education: Each year of additional education nets a Each year of additional education nets a 4%4% gain in gain in

long term economic growth.long term economic growth. A new high school dropout in 2010 had less than a A new high school dropout in 2010 had less than a

50% chance of getting a job.50% chance of getting a job. Lack of education is ever more strongly correlated Lack of education is ever more strongly correlated

with incarceration.with incarceration. Prison costs now compete with education Prison costs now compete with education

expenditures in many states. expenditures in many states. (Darling-Hammond, 2010)(Darling-Hammond, 2010)

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How did the United States get here?How did the United States get here? Growing inequality in income and educational Growing inequality in income and educational

resourcesresources

Failure to maintain investments in an expert teaching Failure to maintain investments in an expert teaching and leadership forceand leadership force

Zigzag policy and popcorn reformsZigzag policy and popcorn reforms

Teachers earn 25% less than other professionsTeachers earn 25% less than other professions(Darling-Hammond, 2010)(Darling-Hammond, 2010)

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Sanctions without support for developmentSanctions without support for development

Merit pay without competitive, equitable salaries and Merit pay without competitive, equitable salaries and working conditionsworking conditions

Closing schools without creating productive long-Closing schools without creating productive long-term alternativesterm alternatives

Firing teachers without investing in a stable supply of Firing teachers without investing in a stable supply of well-prepared teacherswell-prepared teachers


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What should the United States do to improve its education?What should the United States do to improve its education?

A) Create a level playing fieldA) Create a level playing field Redesign school funding systems to create equal access to stable Redesign school funding systems to create equal access to stable

educational resourceseducational resources

B) Ensure well prepared teachers and leadersB) Ensure well prepared teachers and leaders Teacher quality matters and should be a major focus of efforts to Teacher quality matters and should be a major focus of efforts to

upgrade the quality of schoolingupgrade the quality of schooling The United States invests less in teaching than other countriesThe United States invests less in teaching than other countries Preparation is uneven and under-fundedPreparation is uneven and under-funded Salaries are unequal and non competitiveSalaries are unequal and non competitive Well prepared teachers are unequally distributedWell prepared teachers are unequally distributed Professional development is “hit & run”Professional development is “hit & run” Learning and collaboration is scarceLearning and collaboration is scarce


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What should the United States do to improve its education?What should the United States do to improve its education?

C) Provide quality pre-schoolC) Provide quality pre-school

D) Focus on the right kind of learningD) Focus on the right kind of learning Redirect tests to support thoughtful curriculum and teachingRedirect tests to support thoughtful curriculum and teaching Because of the pressure for passing high-stakes’ scores more Because of the pressure for passing high-stakes’ scores more

and more time is spent practicing the test and putting and more time is spent practicing the test and putting everything in the test formateverything in the test format

E) Scale up successful school models to become part of the E) Scale up successful school models to become part of the system and to become available to every childsystem and to become available to every child


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Example of a test in the United States:Example of a test in the United States:

NAEP, 8NAEP, 8thth and 12 and 12thth Grade Science Grade Science

1. What two gases make up most of the Earth’s atmosphere?1. What two gases make up most of the Earth’s atmosphere?A)A) Hydrogen and oxygenHydrogen and oxygenB)B) Hydrogen and nitrogenHydrogen and nitrogenC)C) Oxygen and carbon dioxideOxygen and carbon dioxideD)D) Oxygen and nitrogenOxygen and nitrogen

2. Is a hamburger an example of stored energy? Explain why or 2. Is a hamburger an example of stored energy? Explain why or why notwhy not


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Example of a High School Biology Exam in Victoria, AustraliaExample of a High School Biology Exam in Victoria, Australia

3. When scientists design drugs against infectious agents, the term “designed 3. When scientists design drugs against infectious agents, the term “designed drug” is often used.drug” is often used.

A) Explain what is meant by this term.A) Explain what is meant by this term.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Analysis and Application of KnowledgeAnalysis and Application of KnowledgeB) Design a drug that will be against the virus. In your answer outline the B) Design a drug that will be against the virus. In your answer outline the

important aspects you would need to consider. Outline how your drug important aspects you would need to consider. Outline how your drug would prevent continuation of the cycle of reproduction of the virus would prevent continuation of the cycle of reproduction of the virus particle. Use diagrams in your answer. Space for diagram is provided on particle. Use diagrams in your answer. Space for diagram is provided on the next page.the next page.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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Design and Scientific InquiryDesign and Scientific Inquiry

Before a drug is used on humans, it is usually tested on animals. Before a drug is used on humans, it is usually tested on animals. In this case, the virus under investigation also infects mice.In this case, the virus under investigation also infects mice.

C) Design an experiment, using mice, to test the effectiveness of C) Design an experiment, using mice, to test the effectiveness of the drug you have designed.the drug you have designed.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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The Flat World and EducationThe Flat World and EducationWhat did New Jersey do?What did New Jersey do?

Parity funding for high-minority, low-wealth districtsParity funding for high-minority, low-wealth districts

Investment in high quality preschoolInvestment in high quality preschool

Whole school reform based on a model supporting child Whole school reform based on a model supporting child development and parent involvementdevelopment and parent involvement

Teacher education and professional development focused on Teacher education and professional development focused on urban teaching in literacy and mathematicsurban teaching in literacy and mathematics

Curriculum and assessment focused on higher order thinking Curriculum and assessment focused on higher order thinking and performanceand performance


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ReferenceReference

Darling- Hammond, L. (2010). Darling- Hammond, L. (2010). The flat world and education. The flat world and education.

How America’s commitment to equity will determine our How America’s commitment to equity will determine our

future. future. New York: Teachers College Press.New York: Teachers College Press.

Contemporary Issues Involving Diversity in the Classroom Professor: Dr. Ruby M. Jones

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