Contemporary issues in Contemporary issues in Korean immigrationKorean immigration

Ann H. Kim, Department of Sociology, York UniversityAnn H. Kim, Department of Sociology, York UniversityMetropolis Brown Bag Series * Citizenship and Immigration CanadaMetropolis Brown Bag Series * Citizenship and Immigration Canada16 December 2008 * Ottawa16 December 2008 * Ottawa

Advancing a research agendaAdvancing a research agenda

A frameworkA frameworkSending country- Politics- Economics- Culture- Social welfare

Individual/family traits

Bilateral linkages between states

Transnational ties

Modes of incorporation- Governmental- Societal- Co-ethnic community- Institutional determinants

Receiving country- Politics- Economics- Culture- Social welfare

Dimensions of integration- Spatial- Economic- Social- Cultural

Today’s presentationToday’s presentation• History of immigrationHistory of immigration

• Settlement patterns and emerging gatewaysSettlement patterns and emerging gateways

• Current community profile and Current community profile and transnationalismtransnationalism

• Economic integration and entrepreneurshipEconomic integration and entrepreneurship

• Additional areas for investigation:Additional areas for investigation:• The second generationThe second generation• Immigrant seniorsImmigrant seniors• Religious organizationsReligious organizations

• Data needsData needs

• Summary of research prioritiesSummary of research priorities

A 45-year history?A 45-year history?

• Diplomatic relations began in 1963Diplomatic relations began in 1963

• First Canadian embassy in Korea in 1973First Canadian embassy in Korea in 1973

• Canada’s military presence during the Canada’s military presence during the Korean war, 1950-1953Korean war, 1950-1953

• Official Canadian involvement in Korea in Official Canadian involvement in Korea in 19471947

• Christian missionaries, late 19Christian missionaries, late 19thth century century

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

Korea Total

Migration flows – 1973-2006Migration flows – 1973-2006Pre-1963: Pre-1963: Missionary Missionary studentsstudents

1987-1996: The 1987-1996: The business classbusiness class

1963-1986: 1963-1986: Permanent settlersPermanent settlers

1997-2003: 1997-2003: Asian Asian financial financial crisiscrisis

Sources: Landed Immigrants, CLPR, Immigration Statistics Years 1973 to 1996 (Employment and Immigration Canada), 2006 Facts and Figures (CIC)

2004-:2004-:Emerging Emerging gatewaysgateways

Recent destinations, CMAsRecent destinations, CMAs

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Toronto Vancouver Montreal Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg

Source: Intended Destination, 2006 Facts and Figures (CIC)

Immigrant Pre-1991 1991-2000 2001-2006

Canada 98,395 26,500 36,450 35,445Toronto 40.5 51.5 37.2 35.6Vancouver 31.5 22.2 36.8 32.9Calgary 4.9 3.1 4.2 6.9Montréal 3.1 3.6 3.2 2.7Edmonton 2.3 3.2 2.0 2.0

Korean immigrants in Canada, CMAs (%)Korean immigrants in Canada, CMAs (%)

Source: Landed Immigrants, 2006 Census (Statistics Canada)

Recent arrivalsRecent arrivals

• Gradual dispersion to emerging gateways:Gradual dispersion to emerging gateways:• Calgary, Winnipeg, Edmonton, Hamilton, Calgary, Winnipeg, Edmonton, Hamilton,

Abbotsford, Atlantic CanadaAbbotsford, Atlantic Canada• PNP PNP Winnipeg Winnipeg

• Research questions:Research questions:• Impact of PNPImpact of PNP• Adjustment for both immigrants and Adjustment for both immigrants and

local communitieslocal communities• Attraction and retentionAttraction and retention

Ethnic Koreans by regionEthnic Koreans by region

Prairies11%

BC35%

Central53%

North0%

Atlantic1%

Source: Ethnic Origins, 2006 Census (Statistics Canada)

Ethnic Koreans, temporary residentsEthnic Koreans, temporary residents

Ethnic Immigrant Temporary

Canada 146,545 98,395 20,840Toronto 39.1 40.5 26.4Vancouver 31.4 31.5 41.1Calgary 4.8 4.9 5.3Montréal 3.3 3.1 3.7Edmonton 2.6 2.3 4.1

Source: Ethnic Origins, Immigrant Status, 2006 Census (Statistics Canada)

+

Foreign student flowsForeign student flows

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Korea China France Japan

Source: Annual Flow, 2006 Facts and Figures (CIC)

Foreign studentsForeign students

• Growth facilitated by:Growth facilitated by:• Access to moneyAccess to money• Governmental/non-governmental Governmental/non-governmental

interventions:interventions:

1.1. Student visa exemption in 1994Student visa exemption in 1994

2.2. Canadian Experience Class in 2008Canadian Experience Class in 2008

3.3. Increasing contact between educational Increasing contact between educational systemssystems

4.4. Export education industryExport education industry

Foreign students, transnational familiesForeign students, transnational families• Transnationalism and the global economyTransnationalism and the global economy• Two types: Two types: kirogikirogi families, ‘parachute’ children families, ‘parachute’ children

• Research questions:Research questions:• Quality of care under legal guardiansQuality of care under legal guardians• Access to programs and supportAccess to programs and support• Settlement, adaptation, health, reluctance Settlement, adaptation, health, reluctance

to returnto return• Temporary versus permanent streamsTemporary versus permanent streams• Integration in existing Korean communitiesIntegration in existing Korean communities

Education and incomeEducation and income

Source: Ethnic Origins, Completed Education, 25+ yrs, Mean Income, Full Time/Year, 2001 Census (Statistics Canada)

Univ degree Income (45-64)1 Egyptian 61.8 $64,1372 Bangladeshi 48.2 $33,7983 Algerian 47.9 $46,4454 Korean 47.2 $32,0855 Bulgarian 46.4 $48,1287 Jewish 44.9 $78,8899 Taiwanese 43.1 $34,919

Canada 17.4 $48,287

Ethnic entrepreneurshipEthnic entrepreneurship

Source: Ethnic Origins, 25+ yrs, 2001 Census (Statistics Canada)

Self-employed1 Korean 37.42 Taiwanese 28.53 Jewish 25.94 Swiss 23.25 Armenian 22.2

Canada 13.8

Unpaid family1 Korean 2.22 Taiwanese 1.53 Swiss 1.0

Canada 0.4

Korean entrepreneursKorean entrepreneurs

• Earliest immigrants worked in factories then Earliest immigrants worked in factories then turned to self-employmentturned to self-employment

• Ethnic niche for recent immigrantsEthnic niche for recent immigrants

• Research questions:Research questions:• Determinants of self-employmentDeterminants of self-employment• Consequences of self-employment – status Consequences of self-employment – status

loss, work-stress, family life, social loss, work-stress, family life, social engagementengagement

• Impact of policy changes: Sunday shopping Impact of policy changes: Sunday shopping legislation, tax policies, trade and the big legislation, tax policies, trade and the big box stores, Business Class Programbox stores, Business Class Program

The 2The 2ndnd generation generation• ~19% of ethnic Koreans~19% of ethnic Koreans• High levels of education (60% university High levels of education (60% university

degree)degree)• Low levels of self-employment (<10%)Low levels of self-employment (<10%)

• Research questions:Research questions:• Intergenerational mobility - upwardly Intergenerational mobility - upwardly

mobile or expectedly mobile given mobile or expectedly mobile given parents education?parents education?

• Determinants of mobility of the second Determinants of mobility of the second generationgeneration

Korean seniorsKorean seniors

• Two groups:Two groups:• Immigrants who become seniorsImmigrants who become seniors• Seniors who become immigrantsSeniors who become immigrants

• Research questions:Research questions:• How the age at arrival affects the aging How the age at arrival affects the aging

experienceexperience• Implications of sponsorship provisionsImplications of sponsorship provisions• Access to culturally- and linguistically-Access to culturally- and linguistically-

relevant servicesrelevant services

Religion and religious organizationsReligion and religious organizations• 70% Protestant or Catholic70% Protestant or Catholic• 80% members of religious organizations80% members of religious organizations• 300 churches, 10 temples300 churches, 10 temples

• Research questions:Research questions:• Under what conditions do Korean Under what conditions do Korean

religious organizations facilitate the religious organizations facilitate the settlement and integration process of settlement and integration process of immigrants?immigrants?

• Role of religious organizations in Role of religious organizations in community developmentcommunity development

Data needsData needs

• Landed data, prior to 1973Landed data, prior to 1973• PRDS data, prior to 1980PRDS data, prior to 1980• Temporary resident data, disaggregatedTemporary resident data, disaggregated• Foreign student data by level of schoolForeign student data by level of school• Temporary to permanent statusTemporary to permanent status• Oversampling of smaller immigrant groups Oversampling of smaller immigrant groups

in national surveysin national surveys

List of research priority areasList of research priority areas

1.1. Recent arrivals and emerging gatewaysRecent arrivals and emerging gateways

2.2. Foreign students and transnational Foreign students and transnational familiesfamilies

3.3. Economic integration and self-Economic integration and self-employmentemployment

4.4. The second generationThe second generation

5.5. Immigrant seniorsImmigrant seniors

6.6. Religious organizationsReligious organizations