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ECOLOGY

SPEAKING

A. Discuss this questions: What is Ecology? Which responsibilities does it imply? What should be known about it? Is Global Warming related to Ecology? Explain. Mention some keywords related to Ecology.

READING

B. Guess the answers of the following quiz. Ecology is the study of

environmental systems the economy of nature both

The area of ecology that focuses on attempting to understand how natural selection developthe structure and function of the organism and ecosystems is

Ecosystems ecology Evolutionary ecology Physiological ecology

Ecology includes the analysis and study ofliving parts of the world non-living parts of the world both

The discipline that has as objective to follow the energy and material used throughout theprocess of fabrication in order to improve the efficiency of manufacturing is

Manufacturing Ecology Industrial Ecology Processes

Which is the principal objective of most ecologists______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

C. Read and check your previous answers. How well did you do?ECOLOGY

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Ecology is the study ofenvironmental systems, or as it is sometimes called, the economy of

nature. "Environmental" usually means relating to the natural, versus human-made world; the

"systems" means that ecology is, by its very nature, not interested in just the components of nature

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individually but especially in how the parts interact. The subject matter of ecology is normally

divided onto four broad categories or levels: Physiological Ecology, having to do with the response

of single species to environmental conditions such as temperature or light; Population Ecology,

usually focusing on the abundance and distribution of individual species and the factors that cause

such distribution; Community Ecology, having to do with the number of species found at given

location and their interactions; and Ecosystems Ecology, having to do with the structure and

function of the entire suite ofmicrobes, plants, and animals, and theirabiotic environment, andhow the parts interact to generate the whole. It often focuses on the energy and nutrient flows

of ecosystems, and when this approach is combined with computer analysis and simulation we often

call itsystems ecology. Evolutionary ecology, which may operate at any of these levels but most

commonly at the physiological or population level, is a rich and dynamic area of ecology focusing on

attempting to understand how natural selection developed the structure and function of the

organisms and ecosystems at any of these levels.

Ecology is usually considered from the perspective of the specific geographic environment

that is being studied at the moment: tropical rain forest, temperate grassland, arctic

tundra, benthic marine, the entire biosphere, and so on. The subject matter of ecology is the entirenatural world, including both the living and the non living parts. Biogeography focuses on the

observed distribution of plants and animals and the reasons behind it. More recently ecology has

included increasingly the human-dominated world of agriculture, grazing lands for domestic

animals, cities, and even industrial parks. Industrial ecology is a discipline that has recently been

developed, especially in Europe, where the objective is to follow the energy and material use

throughout the process of, e.g., making an automobile with the objective of attempting to improve

the material and energy efficiency of manufacturing. For any of these levels or approaches there are

some scientists that focus on theoretical ecology, which attempts to derive or apply theoretical or

sometimes mathematical reasons and generalities for what is observed in nature, and empirical

ecology,which

is concerned principally with measurement. Applied ecology takes what is foundfrom one or both ofthese approaches and uses it to protect or manage nature in some way. Related

to this discipline is conservation biology. Plant ecology, animal ecology, and microbial ecology have

obvious foci.

Ecology should be more than just a set of ideas and principles that one might learn in a

classroom or book but rather more a way of looking at the world which emphasizes the assessment

and understanding of how the pieces fit together, how each influences and is influenced by the other

pieces and how the whole operates in ways not really predictable from them. When we are lucky we

are able to capture these relations in conceptual, mathematical or, increasingly, computer models that

allow us some sense of truly understanding the great complexity of nature, including as it is impacted

by human activity. This is the goal of most ecologists.

D. From the previous text identify what the words italicized refer to.LINE WORD REFERS TO LINE WORD REFERS TO

1 it 21 it

3 its 27 which

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8 such 29 which

9 their 30 these

10 their 30 it

11 It 31 this

13 it 36 them

13 these 38 it

E. Read the text.

POLLUTIONThere are 6 (six) types of pollution that are

going to be discussed in this site, namely air, water,noise, land, radioactive, and thermal pollution.

AIRPOLLUTIONAir pollution isthe introductionof particles thatcontaminates thecomposition ofcompounds inthe atmosphere,this situation canbe created by:

Excess emission of gases/vapors intoatmosphere Saturation of chemical

compounds/particulates

Rate of dissipation < (smaller than) rate ofabsorption through various cycles (i.e.Carbon and nitrogen cycle)

Emergence of new chemical reactions ofreactive and non-biodegradablecompounds.

Global warming, acid rain, smog, ozonedepletion are some effects of air pollution. Themajor sources that lead to air pollution are thefollowing:

Motor vehicle exhaust Heat and power generation facilities Industrial processes Auto manufacturing

Fertilizers plants Building demolition Solid waste disposal Solvent evaporation Volcanic eruption Fuel production Roadway construction Electrical components manufacturing Extraction of metals Forest fires

WATER POLLUTIONWater pollution is contamination of water by

foreign matter that deteriorates the quality of thewater. Water pollution covers pollutions in liquidforms like ocean pollution and river pollution. Asthe term applies, liquid pollution occurs in theoceans, lakes, streams, rivers, underground waterand bays, in short liquid-containing areas. Itinvolves the release of toxic substances, pathogenicgerms, substances that require much oxygen todecompose, easy-soluble substances, radioactivity,etc. that become deposited upon the bottom andtheir accumulations will interfere with the conditionof aquatic ecosystems. For example, the

eutrophication: lack of oxygen in a water bodycaused by excessive algae growths because ofenrichment of pollutants.

Water Cycle and PollutionWater cycle is, simply saying, the circulation of

water in earth. In fact, the water in the earth'sbiosphere is used and reused again and again. This

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is called water cycle or continuous movement ofwater between the earth and the atmosphere. Itinvolves the following mechanisms:

Evaporation: changing of water from liquidto gas

Transpiration: Release of water vapor fromplant leaves

Condensation: Changing of vapor to liquid(cooled down)

Precipitation: Water that returns to theearth (water droplets in clouds becomelarge enough and there comes the rain).

What's the relation of water cycle andpollution?According to the water cycle, naturally, water

around us will be absorbed to the land (soil) andrivers will stream from the upstream to thedownstream and released to the sea. In normalsituation organic pollutants are biodegraded by

microbes and converted to a form that bringsbenefits to the aquatic life. And for the inorganicpollutants, in the same situation, don't bring tomuch hazards because they are widely dispersedand have almost no effect to the environmentwhich they are released to.

In a small scale, both inorganic and organicpollutants safely decompose throughout the stream,their concentration decrease in the sea, and theydon't harm the sea ecosystem and its distribution.But in an excessive scale, communities in beach and

estuary will be affected by the pollutants, and canheavily harm them.

Sources and MethodsWe can classify major sources that lead to water

pollution to the following categories:

Petroleum products Synthetic agricultural chemicals Heavy metals Hazardous wastes Excess organic matter

Sediment Infectious organisms Air pollution Thermal pollution Soil pollution

SOIL POLLUTIONRevered to as soil pollution, land pollution

involves the following mechanism:

Deposition of solid waste Accumulation of non-biodegradable

materials

Toxification of chemicals into poisons Alteration of soil chemical composition

(imbalance of chemical equilibrium tosoil medium)

CausesThe causes for such devastation are generally

due to 2 (two) forms of malpractices:

Unhealthy soil management methods;Non-maintenance of a proper supply of organicmatter in the soil from the imbalancecomposition of the reserves of organic matterespecially nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfurunplenished supply after cultivation ofvegetation, living the soil prone to soilinfertility, unable to stabilize the soil physicalitywhich ultimately let to desertification

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Irregular maintenance of a proper nutrientsupply of trace elements gives rise to the use ofexcessive synthetic fertilizers, which are nonbiodegradable and accumulate in the soil systemwhich eventually destroys useful organismssuch as bacteria, fungi and other organismsImproper maintenance of the correct soil

acidity which ultimately disrupt the adaptationof various crops and native vegetation ofdifferent soils as the solubility of mineralspresent will be affected. In a more acidic soil,minerals tend to be more soluble and washedaway during rainfall while alkaline soil, mineralsare more insoluble which form complexminerals unable to be absorbed into the florasystem physiological usage.

Improper irrigation practices;Poorly drained soil result in salt depositsleading to high soil salinity that inhibitplant growth and may lead to crop failureUnirrigated land giving rise to stagnation ofagriculture waste products whichaccumulatesand increases land toxicity and also decreasingIrregular irrigation leads to decreasingmoisturization of land for soil medium andreplenishments of solvents for minerals

Sources and MethodsWe can classify major sources that lead to landpollution to the following categories:

Agriculture Mining and quarrying Sewage sludge Dredged spoils Household Demolitions and constructions Industrial

NOISEPOLLUTIONThis particular pollution is ever increasing with

due to the rise in the utilization of heavy dutymachineries of industrial facilities and vehicles,synonymous to the increase in the standard ofliving in most countries. We make soundspractically every seconds of our day, but to theextend it has reached an unfavorable high intensitywhich had cause many disturbances and irritation toothers emotionally that has adverse effects on ourdaily activities.

Noise levels can be measured by decibelmethod:Decibel - one tenth of a bel whereone bel represents a difference in level betweentwo intensities I1, I0 where one is ten times greaterthan the other.Thus, the intensity level is the comparison of oneintensity to another and may be expressed:

Intensity level = 10 log10 (I1/I0) (dB)

For instance, the difference between intensitiesof 10-8watts/m2 and 10-4 watts/m2, an actual

difference of 10,000 units, can be expressed as adifference of 4 bels or 40 decibels.

These are the few examples of thresholddecibels of noises made:

Threshold of hearing 0 dB

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Rustling leaves 20 dB

Quiet whisper (3 feet) 30 dB

Quiet home 40 dB

Quiet street 50 dB

Normal conversation 60 dB

Inside car 70 dB

Loud singing (3 feet) 75 dB

Automobile (25 feet) 80 dB

Motorcycle (30 feet 88 dB

Food blender (3 feet) 90 dB

Subway (inside) 94 dB

Diesel truck (30 feet) 100 dB

Power mower (3 feet) 107 dB

Pneumatic riveter (3 feet) 115 dB

Chainsaw (3 feet) 117 dB

Amplified Rock and Roll (6 feet) 120 dB

Jet plane (100 feet) 130 dB

Sources and MethodsWe can classify major sources that lead to noise

pollution to the following categories:

Road traffic noise Air traffic Rail traffic Neighborhood and domestic noise Incompatible land use Industrial noises

RADIOACTIVEPOLLUTIONThe 40's was the era where the first nuclear

bomb is being developed, and that's why it's called

the nuclear era. However, nuclear energy hasalready researched back since 1900. Nuclear erareached its greatest peak in the world war, byshowing its massive ability of destroying things.

Nuclear energy is a form of energy thatsreleased by the splitting of atoms. Since scientistshave found a way to make use of the energy, it hasalso been used to generate electricity. Nuclear

energy has been recognized as a clean energybecause it doesnt release pollutants such as CO2 tothe atmosphere after its reaction that could damageour environment. It's also known that nuclearenergy has reduced the amount of greenhouse gasemission, reducing emissions of CO2 for about 500million metric tons of carbon.

Despite the advantage of nuclear as a cleanenergy, the big concern is the waste resulted fromnuclear reaction, which is a form of pollution,called radioactivity. Radioactivity is a form ofradiation (a form of energy that travels throughspace). Some elements in this world are naturallyradioactive while some others are made to be.Radioactivity is emitted when a radioactive elementbecome unstable and begin to decay in the attemptto regain their molecular stability. When an elementdecays, it emits energy and small particles. If its stillradioactive, it will repeat the process, until it finally

regains its molecular stability and stopdecaying. The time that it takes for half way ofdecaying process is called half-life, and this differsfor each radioactive element. It possibly takes up to4.5 billion years (Uranium 238) and as short as 8days (Iodine 131). This process constantly remains,not considering external factors such as pressure ortemperature. This process is expressed in unitscalled becquerels. One becquerel is equal to onedisintegration of nuclei per second.

There are commonly three types of radiation,

namely: Alpha particles, can be blocked by a

piece of paper and human skin.

Beta particles can penetrate throughskin, while can be blocked by somepieces of glass and metal.

Gamma rays can penetrate easily tohuman skin and damage cells on its waythrough, reaching far, and can only be

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blocked by a very thick, strong, massivepiece of concrete.

Sources and MethodsWe can classify major sources that lead to

radioactive pollution to the following categories:

Nuclear power plants Nuclear weapon Transportation Disposal of nuclear waste Uranium mining

THERMAL POLLUTIONThis has become an increasing and the most

current pollution, owing to the increasing call ofglobalization everywhere. Heat produced fromindustries is a major contribution to the pollution,

much to the operation of the heavy industrieswhich produces high amount of heat energy.

Measurements of atmospheric temperature aredone by meteorological center of the weatherforecast annually, and the graph to detect thetemperature trend from a period of 10 years will be

compared with the previous batch of period. Thuswe may be able to know the rate of temperatureincrease overall and make reference to the standardlevel of heat that should be maintain in theatmosphere to avoid large deviation of heat in thesystem.

Sources and MethodsWe can classify major sources that lead to

thermal pollution to the following categories:

Power plants creating electricity fromfossil fuel

Water as a cooling agent in industrialfacilities

Deforestation of the shoreline Soil erosion

F. Match the methods of contamination of water with their sources

Sourcesa. Excess Organic Matterb. Hazardous wastesc. Heavy metalsd. Infectious Organismse. Petroleum Productsf. Sedimentsg. Synthetic Agricultural Chemicals

Methods

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__________Accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, pipelinesand leaky underground storage tanks.

__________Accumulation of chemicals in plants and animals whendie.

__________Emission of oxides of lead from tractors and machineriesused during mining or in industries which dissolves in

water__________

Improper refinery processes with the production of toxicbyproducts

__________ Improper storage of heavy metals in storage containers

__________Improper treatment of waste which are still toxic uponrelease

Leak pipelines

__________Old and faulty machineries in industrial factories whichare inefficient

__________Stimulate algae growth and during decomposition of

algae__________ Unfiltered industrial discharge which flows into watersources

G. Read the text.

GLOBAL WARMING

There is little doubt that the planet is warming. Over the last century, the planets temperature has risen

by around 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.6 of a degree Celsius). The warmest since the mid 1800s was the 1990s. Thehottest years recorded were 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003. The United Nations panel on climate changeprojects that the global temperatures will rise 3-10 degrees Fahrenheit by the centurys end, enough to have thepolar caps melted. If the ice caps melt, a vast majority of our countries borders will be under water. Monumentsand great buildings, as well as homes and lives will be under water, including New York City.

How can we do to help save the planet? The answer is simpler than you may think. You dont have togo miles away from home to protest, or spend masses of money. If you try to follow the few simple steps that Ishall now give you, you will have started to help us all. Firstly, plant a tree; this could be easier than it sounds.Trees, when fully grown, will help keep the planet cooler. Something as simple as walking instead of taking thecar will help reduce pollution. As well as stopping pollution, you are giving yourself exercise, somethingimportant for our bodies. So the next time you get into your car, or your motorbike, thinkdo I have to make

this journey by vehicle or can I walk?- When you are at home, and your getting a little cold, only put a jumperon and do not adjust the heating. The extra heat produced by our homes also affects the planet. So try wearingan extra layer in winter. If possible use solar energy, after all it is free; all you need to buy is the equipment. Youcan get much of your hot water and heating from the sun and even generate electricity. Reduce, reuse andrecycle; only buy what you need; reuse whatever you can, like containers and paper, and recycle what youcannot reuse. It really is as simple as that. Finally turning off unused sources of power such as televisions andheaters will help the environment, as well as save you money. If everybody stuck to these rules, we would be

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doing a great thing by protecting the earth. So please take into consideration what I have written and try to doyour part. After all, it will be our next generation that will feel the effects.

H. Answer the following questions: Is the passage describing the Global Warming? _______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Which is the principal objective of the passage? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

VOCABULARY

I. Look up the following words: Abiotic ________________________________________________________________ Benthic ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Grazing lands ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Microbe ________________________________________________________________ Pollution ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Projects ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sewage ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Temperate ________________________________________________________________J. Read the following sentences. Complete each sentence with one of the words in

the box.

_________________ is the environmental science sub-discipline that melds the fieldsof ecology and toxicology.

_________________ is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microscopicorganisms into the atmosphere; in particular, when concentrations of those substances cause

adverse metabolic change to humans or other species.

The most common and widespread air _________________ include carbon monoxide, sulfurdioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.

biodiversity sewage habitat Ecotoxicology

pollutants deforestation species tillage

contamination reservoirs Air Pollution sedimentation

morbidity streams temperature

http://www.eoearth.org/topics/article/Ecologyhttp://www.eoearth.org/topics/article/Ecology

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Indoor air pollution is a significant source of human death and disease mortality and_________________ through indoor burning of wood and charcoal (especially in

developing countries), tobacco smoking, radon trapping and a host of chemical substances

found in paints, printing supplies and cleaning products.

Thermal pollution is the act of altering the _________________ of a natural water body, whichmay be a river, lake or ocean environment.

The concept is most frequently discussed in the context of elevating natural watertemperature, but may also be caused by the release of cooler water from the base of

_________________ into warmer rivers.

Elevated river temperatures can also arise from _________________ or urbanization that canreduce _________________.

There can be significant environmental consequences of thermal pollution with respect tosurface receiving waters such as rivers and lakes; in particular, decrease

in _________________ and creation of an environment hospitable to alien aquatic

species may occur.

An alien species is an organism that finds itself in a new geographic locationor _________________. Many of these species arrive in the new location due to inadvertent

human activities such as shipping or agriculture, although many are purposefully introduced

for food cultivation or for attempts (usually misguided) at ecological intervention.

Water pollution is the _________________ of natural water bodies by chemical, physical,radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances.

Widespread consequences of water pollution upon ecosystems include _________________mortality, biodiversity reduction and loss of ecosystem services.

Some water pollution may occur from natural causes such as _________________ fromsevere rainfall events; however, natural causes, including volcanic eruptions and algae blooms

from natural causes constitute a minute amount of the instances of worldwide waterpollution.

The most problematic of water pollutants are microbes that induce disease, since theirsources may be construed as natural, but a preponderance of these instances result from

human intervention in the environment (such as discharge of raw _________________) or

human overpopulation phenomena.

One of the chief causes of water pollution is agricultural activity where _________________practices, fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use create massive amounts of sedimentation and

chemical discharge to natural waters.

EXTENDING SKILLS

K. Activity 1 Are you concern about global warming? How do you help the planet? Do you and your family classify garbage at home?

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L. Activity 1 Study the following reading

WASTING WATER

Water is one of the earths most valuable resources, and conservation of wateris necessary. By saving water you can help protect wildlife that live in rivers andwetlands as the more water that is used in our homes, the less there is available in rivers,lakes and wetlands. For example, when water levels in rivers fall, food sources for birdscan be lost, and oxygen levels can fall dangerously low for fish. In 2005, groundwaterlevels were lower than they have been for 20 years. The energy impact with the use ofwater is also high as heating water accounts for a lot of the energy used in homes, sothe more water used, the more energy that is needed.

Saving water at home does not require any significant cost outlay; in fact yousave money when you and your family save water. For saving water inside the house

you can check your faucets, pipes and toilet for leaks; these leaks can waste about 20 gallons of water per day.Take shorter showers and turn off the water when soaping and after that turn it back on to rinse. It is notnecessary to keep the water running while brushing your teeth, Just wet your brush and fill a glass for mouthrinsing. Use your dishwasher and clothes washer for only full loads. Water conservation at home is one of theeasiest measures to put in place, and saving water should become part of everyday family practice. It comesnaturally when everyone in the family is aware of its importance, take the time to teach children these simplewater-saving methods around the home and you will make a big difference.

What is the main purpose of these paragraphs?______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

How many sentences are there in the first paragraph? _________________________________ How many sentences are there in the second paragraph? ______________________________ How many sentences or clauses are in imperative form? _______________________________ Underline the subject of each sentence. Highlight each verb in the paragraphs. How many modal verbs are there? ________________ In the 2nd sentence of paragraph 1, which is the principal verb? _________________________ How many gerunds are there in the paragraphs? _____________________________________ How many of these gerunds are being used as subjects? _______________________________

What tense is the passage mainly written in? _________________________________________ What type of reading is it? ______ _________________________________________________

GLOSSARY

Abiotic

Air pollution

Air Pollution

Alien species

Applied ecology

Benthic

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Biogeography

Community ecology

Ecology

Ecosystem ecology

Ecosystems

Ecotoxicology

Enviroment

Evolutionary ecology

Global Warming

Grazing lands

Industrial ecology

Microbe

Morbidity

Noise Pollution

Physiological ecology

Pollutants

Pollution

Population ecology

Projects

Projects

Radioactive Pollution

Sewage

Soil Pollution

Temperate

Thermal Pollution

Tillage

Water pollution

MATERIALSSCIENCEThe properties of any material depend not only on what it's made of, but also how the

atoms and molecules within it are arranged.SPEAKING

A. Discuss this questions: What are materials? Where do we obtain materials? What is Material Science? Which are the forms of the matter? What is an atom? Which is the difference between metals and ceramics?

VOCABULARY

Match the following words with its definition.

1. Atomic Structure Anything that has weight and that takes up space.2. Molecule Solid, Liquid, Gas3. Atom It is the smallest particle of matter that retains the same properties

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of that matter.

4. Element This substance can be broken down into two or more simplersubstances.

5. Matter It is the smallest part of a substance that retains the same propertiesof that substance and cannot be broken down any further.

6. Forms of Matter It is the smallest particle of an element which retains the distinctstructure characteristic of an element.

7. Compound Substance The free atom is composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

READING

B. Read the following passage.WHATIS MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?

Materials have been central to the growth, prosperity, security, and quality of life of humans sincethe beginning of history. Only in the last 25 years, and especially in the last decade, has the intellectualfoundation of the field that we call materials science and engineering begun to take shape and to achieverecognition. This has occurred just as the field itself is expanding greatly and contributing significantly tosociety. Without new materials and their efficient production, our world of modern devices, machines,computers, automobiles, aircraft, communication equipment, and structural products could not exist.

Materials scientists and engineers will continue to be at the forefront of these and other areas of scienceand engineering in the service of society as they achieve new levels of understanding and control of thebasic building blocks of materials: atoms, molecules, crystals, and noncrystalline arrays.

WHAT ARE MATERIALS, EXACTLY?That's a big question - because materials are the basic substances that make up, well, you name it!

Materials can be natural - like wood, or human-made - like plastic. There are now about 300,000 differentknown materials (if you named one every second, it would take you more than three whole days and nightsjust to get through the list!). And as materials scientists create and combine materials in new ways, thenumber's almost infinite. Most materials fit into a few big, general categories:

MetalsWhole periods of human civilization - such as the Bronze and Iron ages - are named formetals. These were the first materials to be "engineered," that is, people changed them to fitwhat they needed to do, rather than just letting their natural properties determine what theycould be used for. These days, materials scientists are using metals in ways no one couldhave pictured even a few years ago - for example, shaping copper into tiny wires a thousandtimes skinnier than a strand of your hair!

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CeramicsThink about a china teapot - that's one type of ceramic. But ceramics can also be usedto create bone and tooth replacements, super-strong cutting tools, or to conductelectricity. With the addition of oxygen or nitrogen, metals become ceramics, too.

SemiconductorsOne of these materials - silicon - is making it possible for you to read these words rightnow! That's because silicon is the essential material in an electronic computer chip."Semiconductor" means a material can conduct electricity with a bit of help in the formof added "impurities." Your CD, DVD player, and telephone - all depend onsemiconductors.

PolymersPolymers are just very big molecules made of smaller molecules linked together into long,repeating chains. You may not know it, but you're in touch with polymers every day morethan any other kind of material. Rubber bands are made of polymers, so are paints and every

kind of plastic. And by the way, most of the food you eat is made of natural polymers!CompositesComposites are combinations of materials, which can be as simple as concretereinforced with steel bars or as leading edge as an ultralight, carbon-fiber bicycle. Theplaces where different materials meet - the "interfaces" - often produce newproperties that are radically different, and better, than those in any single material.

BiomaterialsEvery part of your body is a material! Bone, muscles, fingernails, hair, andskin are all examples of different types of materials found in your body withremarkable properties that help you survive - from keeping you upright, and

protecting you from heat or cold, to cutting and grinding your food. Somescientists try to mimic nature's designs to create materials for other uses, such as using thefoam structure of bone as an inspiration for designing materials that are lightweight andstrong.

Exotic and Strange MaterialsMaterials scientists are discovering and creating entirely new types of materials - suchas buckyballs and nanotubes, which are very tiny spheres or cylinders made ofcarbon atoms. Then there are aerogels, which are extremely lightweight porousmaterials made almost entirely of air! Nanotechnology is taking materials scienceinto a new dimension, as scientists create new materials atom-by-atom and molecule-

by-molecule - leading to properties and performance never before imagined.

C. Answer the following questions, investigate if it is necessary.1. When did the materials science started to be recognize?

_______________________________________________________________________________

2. Why is important to study materials science in your career?

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_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

3. Are new materials helping to the development of technology? Explain your answer._______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Mention at least 5 types of metals_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

5. According to your experience, which is the principal characteristic of ceramics?______________________________________________________________________________

6. Additionally to the silicon, which other semiconductor is used to fabricate electronic devices._______________________________________________________________________________

7. Mention five everyday products made with polymers._____________________________________________________________________________

8. Why biomaterials are important nowadays?_____________________________________________________________________________

LISTENING

D. Watch the videos in these links and answer the questionshttp://www.strangematterexhibit.com/popup.html?asset=whatis_panel&page=videospecial

http://www.strangematterexhibit.com/popup.html?asset=whatis_panel&page=videowhatis

http://www.strangematterexhibit.com/popup.html?asset=whatis_panel&page=videoeveryone

1. What is materials science according to Dr. Ross?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are boats made of? _______________________________________________________3. What do materials scientists do? _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

READING

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E. Read the following topicMATERIAL STRUCTURE

All matter is considered to be composedof unit substances known as chemical elements.

These are the smallest units that aredistinguishable on the basis of their chemicalactivity and physical properties. The elements arecomposed of atoms which have distinct structurecharacteristic of each element. An atom consistsof a minute positively charged nucleussurrounded by a sufficient number of electrons(negative charges) to keep the atom as a wholeneutral. The electron and proton have equal butopposite electrical charge, so the neutral atommust contain an equal number of electrons andprotons.

ATOMICBONDS

There are two types of bonds:

Primary Bonds:Primary bonds are the strongest bonds whichhold atoms together. The three types of primarybonds are:

Metallic Bonds: In a metal, the outerelectrons are shared among all the atomsin the solid. Each atom gives up its outerelectrons and becomes slightly positivelycharged. The negatively charged electronshold the metal atoms together. Since theelectrons are free to move, they lead togood thermal and electrical conductivity.

Covalent Bonds: Some atoms like toshare electrons to complete their outershells. Each pair of shared atoms is calleda covalent bond.

Ionic Bonds: Atoms like to have a filledouter shell of electrons. Sometimes, bytransferring electrons from one atom toanother, electron shells are filled. Thedonor atom will take a positive charge,and the acceptor will have a negative

charge. The charged atoms or ions will beattracted to each other, and form bonds.

Secondary Bonds:Secondary bonds are much weaker than primarybonds. They often provide a "weak link" fordeformation or fracture. Examples for secondarybonds are:

Hydrogen Bonds: Hydrogen bonds arecommon in covalently bonded moleculeswhich contain hydrogen, such as water(H2O).

Van der Waals Bonds: Van der Waalsbonds are very weak compared to othertypes of bonds. These bonds areespecially important in noble gases whichare cooled to very low temperatures.

PROPERTIES OF

MATERIALS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIESDescribe how the material supports appliedforces, including forces of tension, compression,impact, cyclic fatigue, or forces at hightemperatures. Then you mention are definedbelow: Toughness: The property of certain

materials to withstand, withoutdeforming or breaking sudden effortsthat apply to them.

Flexibility: It consists in the ability ofsome materials to recover their shapeand size of primitive when it ceases theeffort that had given deformation.

Hardness: The resistance a materialopposes the penetration.

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Fragility: A material is brittle whenbroken easily by the action of a shock.

Plasticity: Ability of some solid materialto acquire permanent deformationunder the action of an external force orpressure without rupture.

The above mechanical properties are measuredaccurately by mechanical tests:

Test drive: Provides a rough idea of thetenacity and elasticity of a material.

Hardness Testing: allows knowing thehardness of the material.

Testing Shock: The practice allows us toknow the fragility and tenacity of a

material. Testing technology: They show the

features of plasticity that has a material tocarry out his forge, bending, stamping,etc.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIESRely on the structure and material

processing. Describe features such as color,

electrical or thermal conductivity, magnetic andoptical behavior, usually not altered by forceacting on the material. They can be divided intoelectrical, magnetic and optical. Physicalproperties of matter are categorized as eitherIntensive or Extensive:

Intensive - Properties that do not depend onthe amount of the matter present. Color Odor Luster - How shiny a substance is. Malleability - The ability of a substance

to be beaten into thin sheets.

Ductility - The ability of a substance tobe drawn into thin wires.

Conductivity - The ability of asubstance to allow the flow of energy orelectricity.

Hardness - How easily a substance canbe scratched.

Melting/Freezing Point - Thetemperature at which the solid andliquid phases of a substance are inequilibrium at atmospheric pressure.

Boiling Point - The temperature atwhich the vapor pressure of a liquid isequal to the pressure on the liquid

(generally atmospheric pressure).

Density - The mass of a substancedivided by its volume

Extensive - Properties that do depend on theamount of matter present. Mass - A measurement of the amount

of matter in a object (grams).

Weight - A measurement of thegravitational force of attraction of the

earth acting on an object. Volume - A measurement of the

amount of space a substance occupies.

Length

CHEMICAL PROPERTIESThese describe the substances and their

abiolity to change into a new substance withdifferent properties.

Flammability: Ability to burn. Reactivity: It is when two substances

cause any reaction together, when areaction happen you can see bubbling,fizzing, color change; but it can createsound, light, color or heat.

Reactivity can be created mixing aelement with oxygen, water or acid.

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F. Prepare a summary of the previous reading.G. Write the name of 2 materials that present the following properties.

Toughness __________________________________________________________ Flexibility: __________________________________________________________ Hardness: __________________________________________________________ Fragility: __________________________________________________________ Plasticity: __________________________________________________________ Ductility: __________________________________________________________ Malleability: __________________________________________________________ Flammability: __________________________________________________________

H. Select a material and describe their physical properties. Material __________________________________________________________ Color __________________________________________________________ Odor __________________________________________________________ Luster __________________________________________________________ Malleability __________________________________________________________ Ductility __________________________________________________________ Conductivity __________________________________________________________ Hardness __________________________________________________________ Melting/Freezing Point ___________________________________________________ Boiling Point __________________________________________________________ Density __________________________________________________________

GLOSSARY

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Atom

Atomic Bond

Atomic Structure

Biomaterial

Boiling Point

Bond

Ceramics

Composite

Compound Substance

Conductivity

Covalent Bond

Density

Ductility

Element

Flammability

Flexibility

Fragility

Hardness

Hydrogen Bond

Ionic Bond

Length

Malleability

Mass

Matter

Melting Point

Metallic Bond

Metals

Molecule

Plasticity

Polymer

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Reactivity

Semiconductor

Toughness

Van der Waals Bond

Volume

Weight