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A BEAMApractical guide

CONSUMER ACCESS DEVICESAPPLICATIONS FOR DATA IN THECONSUMER HOME AREA NETWORK !C HAN"AND WIDER MARKET CONSIDERATIONS

BEAMA CAD GUIDE.qxp_BEAMA CAD guide 14/10/2014 10:01

COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THEPREPARATION OF THIS PAPER


ABOUT BEAMA

BEAMA is a trade association for the electrotechnical industry, representing over200 companies in the power, electrical and building services sectors. Our members, whorange from multinationals to SMEs manufacture the wide range of equipment requiredfor end–to-end electrical systems.

The BEAMA Consumer Access Device Working Group (CAD WG) has developed thisdocument as a guide to the basic architecture of a CAD. The members of the CAD WGhave considerable expertise in the connected homes and smart grid sector, and rangefrom smart meter, in home display, CAD, and low carbon technology manufactures,including heating and hot water systems and controls.

The CAD WG is part of BEAMA Emerging Markets where dedicated resource is applied todevelop supply chains in the UK for smart technologies and systems. Through EmergingMarkets members have oversight and input into the standards being developed in thesector and provide expertise to inform the scope and content of international andEuropean standards.

Details of other BEAMA activity can be found on the BEAMA website www.beama.org.uk

For more information about CADs and Connected Homes please [email protected]


CONTENTS

Acronyms and Definitions 5

Executive Summary 6

1. Introduction 8

1.1. Key observations from previous BEAMA studies 9

1.2. Demand Side Response 9

2. What is a Consumer Access Device? 10

3. The CAD and other methods of communication in the Connected Home 11

3.1. Current approaches to communication in the connected home 11

3.2. Auxiliary Load Control Switches 11

3.3. Smart Meter communication approaches for in-home automated appliance control 11

4. The CAD Gateway Architecture 12

4.1 Smart Energy Information Abstraction 12

4.2 Smart Energy Information Export and Use 13

4.3 CAD pairing with the SM HAN 13

5 The Connected Home 14

5.1 “Energy Management” and the Connected Home 16

6 Use Cases for CAD data 18

6.1. Smart heating controls – hot water / heat storage 18

6.2. Home appliances connected to the SM HAN 19

6.3. Cloud Services 19

7. Routes to Market 20

7.1. Application Platform Interfaces – UK market growth and compatibility 20

8. Conclusion 21

ANNEX: Data available to an authorised CAD 22

a. Gas 22

b. Electricity 22

Table of Figures

Figure 1: System diagram – SM HAN and C HAN 10

Figure 2: The CAD Gateway Architecture 12

Figure 3: Roles of the C HAN and benefits derived 14

Figure 4: The Connected Home 15

Figure 5: Connected Home decision making process 16


ACRONYMS

DEFINITIONS

CONSUMER ACCESS DEVICES # APPLICATIONS FOR DATA IN THE C HAN 05

ALCS

API

CAD

CEM

C HAN

DCC

DNO

DSR

E-meter

ESME

G-meter

HCALCS

HHIC

IHD

LCNF

RF

RHI

SE

SMETS

SM HAN

SoC

TOU

WAN

Auxiliary Load Control Switch

Application Platform Interface

Consumer Access Device

Consumer energy manager

Consumer Home Area Network

Data Communications Company

Distribution Network Operator

Demand Side Response

Electricity Meter

Electricity Smart Metering Equipment

Gas Meter

HAN Controlled Auxiliary Load Control Switch

Heating and Hot-water Industry Council

In Home Display

Low Carbon Networks Fund

Radio Frequency

Renewable Heat Incentive

Smart Energy

Smart Metering Equipment Technical Specifications

Smart Metering Home Area Network

System on Chip

Time Of Use

Wide Area Network

API

C HAN

Dynamic TOU

Microgeneration

Static TOU

Application Platform Interfaces – communication platforms for connectedhomes and energy management

The Consumer Home Area Network is the consumers world, and representsanything in the building or data stored in the cloud.

This is a time of use tari! that will change throughout the day. Not consistentday to day, with di!erent triggers. Price changes at times that are not pre-setfor the consumer. A dynamic tari! can be relatively simple or complex (e.g.limited annual critical peak response to more complex retail price o!ers whichmay be more directly linked to wholesale price, low carbon generation anddemand, and which could change many times in one day or a year).

Small scale heat and electricity generation by individuals at a smaller scale tonational generation.

This is a time of use tari! that remains constant with the same triggers.Consumers know in advance what time of day each price will change.


EXECUTIVESUMMARY

The UK smart metering rollout places astrong emphasis on consumer benefitsand the pace of market demand forconsumer engagement solutions in theUK is greater than anywhere else in theworld. BEAMA expects to seesignificant innovations in consumerenergy management systems followingthe rollout of smart meters.

The key to the development of thismarket and the more advancedfunctionality is the availability of realtime consumption and energy pricedata. It is through the Consumer AccessDevice (CAD) that this data will bemade available into the ConsumerHome Area Network (C HAN).

This paper outlines a blueprint for theCAD and use cases for the applicationof data from the Smart Meter HomeArea Network (SM HAN). We alsoconsider the routes to market for CADsand what this means for consumers andprogressive innovation in theconnected homes sector. This paperhas been developed by BEAMAmembers, manufacturing connectedhome products and systems. It is aimedat policy makers, regulators and theindustry and aims to provide clarity onthe architecture of the CAD, its likelyimplementation and, importantly, whatthis means for the consumer.

What is a Consumer AccessDevice (CAD)?

A CAD is a physical or logical device thatlinks the SM HAN and the C HAN whichis linked to a wide range of fixed andportable building service technologies.The CAD is permitted to pair with theSM HAN and extract real time data thatcan be utilised by the consumer e.g. forincreased e"ciency and cost e!ectiveuse of their heating and hot watersystems. Energy management systemsin the home can utilise data from theSM HAN, in addition to other datasources to make the best decisions forthe consumer:

• Onsite micro-generation

• Consumer needs

• Weather

• Inside and outside air temperature

From the perspective of Utilities and theGrid, the great benefit of the CAD is thatit clearly delineates between “thingsthat are the Utility’s responsibility” and“things that are the Consumer’sresponsibility”. The lifespan, rate ofevolution and potential complexity ofconsumer devices goes way beyondmost Utilities’ abilities or interests inmanaging them, so it is right thatconsumers manage these for them-selves. It is important that innovation inenergy services can evolve at the paceof consumer technology. The CAD isthe key to allowing that.

The CAD allows a user to make separatedecisions about their energy supply andtheir energy services provider. Byseparating the data via the CAD, userscan make independent supply decisionsbased on what is best for them, creatinga vibrant open market.

06 CONSUMER ACCESS DEVICES # APPLICATIONS FOR DATA IN THE C HAN

INCOMING ENERGY USE DATA

THE CONNECTED HOME


EXECUTIVESUMMARY!CONT’D"

The CAD is a consumer device withmultiple routes to market. The growthtrajectory for the CAD market isinextricably linked to the timely rolloutof smart meters and an e!ective localCAD pairing process. When CADsbecome widespread it is expected thatthe innovations in home energymanagement that follow are likely to besignificant, and will add value to theconnected homes platforms consumersare already buying into on today’smarket.

There are some major steps aheadbefore we can establish a market forCADs and extract the true value ofsome of these applications in theC HAN, these include:

• Timely Smart Meter rollout

• Local CAD Pairing

• A clear commercial framework for service providers and an understanding of the role di!erent service providers may have (DNOs, utilities, 3rd parties etc)

• Reform of existing tari! structures and the introduction of dynamic Time Of Use (TOU) tari!s

• Additional data will need to be made available through the SM HAN to allow for more advanced demand side response (DSR) functionality

• Development of International and European standards will a!ect market development and requires strong UK input

• Further behavioural research is required to establish the impact of such devices on demand side response

We should not limit the data madeavailable through the CAD as in doingso we will limit the applicationsconsumers can access for whatevertheir needs are, whether that is forenergy, assisted living or just improvedlifestyle and comfort.

Routes to Market


WE SHOULD NOTLIMIT THE DATA MADEAVAILABLE THROUGHTHE CAD AS IN DOINGSO WE WILL LIMITTHE APPLICATIONSCONSUMERS CANACCESS FOR WHATEVERTHEIR NEEDS ARE.


1INTRODUCTION

This document outlines a blueprintfor applications of data through theSmart Metering system and ConsumerAccess Device (CAD) gateway intothe Consumer Home Area Network(C HAN) (Fig 1). This is a working paperand, while the overall blueprint andprinciple of the work will remain, weappreciate that the market forsmart energy data platforms is rapidlyemerging. Therefore the use cases andapplications will develop over time andBEAMA will maintain this work to keeptrack of market developments.

There has been a lot of discussionabout the types of data that utilitiesrequire through the Smart Meter HAN(SM HAN) to support the provision ofenergy data to the householder.However, there has been less discussionabout the data consumers require toengage in more advanced demand sideservices and further increase the benefitthey can gain from energy managementin the connected home.

This paper looks at the type of data thatcould be applied through the SM HANand how:

1) CAD data will allow consumers to engage with market solutions to reduce energy waste identified in their own consumption

2) In the advent of a well-structured and open demand management utility market with signal triggers or tari! pricing, consumers will be able to tune and automate their Home Energy Management systems to optimise consumption vs cost vs lifestyle

This paper focuses on the CAD interfacebetween the GB Smart Metering systemand the consumer, as defined in SMETS,which will provide consumers withbetter access to their energy data. Wehave therefore not gone into greatdetail about third-party smart dataplatforms and Application PlatformInterfaces (APIs), but we recognise theexistence of these and their likelyinteraction with the mandated system.The BEAMA Connected Homes Group isworking on wider market developmentissues and can provide further input onthis in future papers and on requestfrom government and industry.

For the purposes of this paper wefocus on applications for domesticconsumers, but we recognise that thereis a significant market opportunity forsimilar applications for small to largecommercial premises. In most cases thetechnology and communicationarchitecture will not di!er, but this ismore likely to be from a third partyaggregator or supplier contracted toprovide Demand Side Response (DSR)services.

There is significant opportunity for theUK market to innovate in and aroundthis sector, and the market is alreadydemonstrating this. The applicationsoutlined have multiple benefits for thewhole energy system upstream of themeter as well as for the end consumer.

This paper outlines a broad roadmap forthe market development of CADs andcorresponding applications forconnected homes. This provides a basisto inform discussions on the policy andregulatory framework that will supportthe rollout of demand side services,both on the grid and in the commercialand domestic built environment.

The use cases outlined in this paper arenot exhaustive but provide an exampleof the benefits for consumers withaccess to data in the C HAN and therange of applications for this. Thepriority is to ensure that market optionsand use cases for data in the C HAN arenot blocked, so that they providebenefits to consumers managing theirenergy consumption.


THERE IS SIGNIFICANTOPPORTUNITY FORTHE UK MARKET TOINNOVATE IN ANDAROUND THIS SECTOR,AND THE MARKETIS ALREADYDEMONSTRATING THIS.


CONSUMER ACCESS TOMEANINGFUL DATA LEADS TO BEHAVIOURALCHANGE.

THE ABILITY TOPROVIDE A PRICESIGNAL REFLECTIVE OFGENERATION CAPACITYAND LOCAL PEAKDEMAND WILL BE THEKEY MARKET INCENTIVEFOR CONNECTED HOMEAPPLICATIONS.

1INTRODUCTION !CONT’D"

1.1. Key observationsfrom previous BEAMAstudies

BEAMA has over the past two yearspublished a series of industry papers1

that outline the role of CADs and InHome Displays (IHDs), more broadlyin line with the government’s smartmeter rollout. BEAMA is strongly awareof the need to develop the market forconsumer products that allowconsumers to engage with their energyconsumption and participate in thewider energy market. This marketdevelopment depends on energyproducts being interoperable, allowingfor the communication of data acrossplatform interfaces.

Previous BEAMA publications havemade the key observations that:

• A significant number of consumers want their energy information online, for example through the Smarter Phone app or the web

• When given IHDs that store data, a significant number of consumers choose to upload this data online in order to access online services

• With more dynamic TOU (Time of Use) tari!s, which require more advanced applications for data, consumers will save more on their energy bills

• Consumer access to meaningful data leads to behavioural change

1.2. Demand Side Response

We consider in this paper basic usecases for static tari!s as well as potentialapplications for data with the availabilityof dynamic TOU pricing.

There are still a number of key unmetmarket conditions to facilitate thedevelopment of a more sophisticatedDemand Side Response market forboth commercial and residential loads.These include half-hourly settlementand appropriate wholesale marketarrangements to facilitate the extractionof value from associated marketservices. Most importantly the tari!structures to allow for more dynamic(TOU) pricing, reflective of supply(renewable and fossil fuel), are not yetdeveloped. The ability to provide a pricesignal reflective of generation capacityand local peak demand will be the keymarket incentive for connected homeapplications. This will be the mechanismto empower consumers to managetheir energy use e!ectively, utilisingautomation and control systems, andultimately save on their energy bills.


1 October 2012, The Benefits of Energy Visibility, A BEAMA White Paper. 2014, BEAMA and Vasset, Assessing the Use and Value of Energy Monitors in Great Britain


2WHAT IS A CONSUMERACCESS DEVICE?

The Consumer Access Device (CAD)provides a link between a Smart Meterinstallation and the consumer's world,helping to provide for more interactivesmart homes in the future. It is a logicalor physical device that will be thebridge for real time energy and pricingdata from the SM HAN to the consumerHAN or other domains, with no loss ofdata granularity. A CAD could thereforebe an embedded device in otherequipment (e.g. heat pump control, acentralised home energy manager), orother stand-alone devices2.

CADs may securely bridge the SmartMeter messaging protocol within thehome to the home area network, or toindividual consumer devices and topossible external services by speakingmultiple protocols. This ability is definedin SMETS2 as specific to a type 2 device,with one-way communication from thesmart meter.

The CAD connects to the SM HAN inmuch the same way as the IHD does,as this is also a type 2 device. It iscomplementary to the IHD and istypically used in conjunction with it. It may even in some cases be integratedinto the IHD. It takes the same liveenergy data feed from the Smart Metersin the home and typically uses it in twoways:

1) Uses it locally to help manage appliances in the home (e.g. running appliances when energy is cheap)

2) Is connected via the consumer's broadband connection into the Cloud, where multiple online services can turn it into value to the consumer in di#erent ways, making that data available in the place where the consumer wants it


2 Market options for the CAD will be dependent on limitations on the number of type 2 devices permitted to pair with the SM HAN.

FIGURE 1: SYSTEM DIAGRAM # SM HAN AND C HAN


3THE CAD AND OTHER METHODSOF COMMUNICATION IN THECONNECTED HOME

There are currently a number ofcommunication methods in the domesticproperty identified on the market today.Obviously none of the connected homeenergy systems installed on the markettoday include a CAD linked to a smartmetering system. The mandated role outof smart meters and correspondingspecification outlines the CAD and theallowance for its connection to the SMZigBee HAN. We can therefore expect thisroute of communication to be utilised, asoutlined in this paper. But we mustconsider how this may sit alongside othermethods of communication. Thedevelopment of new API platforms ontoday’s market, with large multinationalcompanies driving their rollout, will pushthe market considerably. This paper isfocused on the use cases for the CAD, but here we outline the other likelycommunication routes into the home andthe interfaces these may have with theSM HAN3.

3.1. Current approachesto communication in theconnected home

• One way communication • Radio teleswitch

• Two-way wireless communication • ‘Point to Point’ wirelessly connected equipment or appliances, (M2M – Machine to Machine) communication via a mobile signal direct to the appliance (e.g. GPRS), or increasingly, via a broadband internet connection which thereafter communicates wirelessly in the home (e.g. Bluetooth, ZigBee or Wi-Fi) or via a wired connection (e.g. Powerline). This connection might be direct to the appliance to be

controlled, or to an in-home controller with connectivity to the appliance via compatible in-home wireless communications. The information may for instance relate to price, credit level or another trigger/ signal (system stress). The appliance or control can also transmit data back about its operation. This is a well-established form of control for communication for DSR services provided by consumers in the industrial and commercial sector. In the domestic sector the most rapidly developing market for ‘point to point’ is for heating controls / programmable thermostats

Todays automated control for electricalheating systems lack accurateconsumption and pricing data andinstead rely on data entered or updatedby the user. With the availability of smartdata the market opportunities arebroadened. The potential value aconsumer can extract from a smartsystem in their home is significantlyincreased, for example by enablingdomestic primary services (heating, hotwater, lighting etc.) to utilise the mostcost e!ective management option (lowtari!s). With the development of TOUtari! structure and dynamic TOU forDSR this value can be increased further.

3.2. Auxiliary LoadControl Switches

With the rollout of smart metering thesupplier will have access to the AuxiliaryLoad Control Switch (ALCS) and SMHAN-connected ALCS (HCALCS). Thisaccess will allow the supplier toremotely control subsections of aconsumer’s electrical supply. ALCS and

HCALCS are only accessible if aconsumer has signed a contract with thesupplier for a service. They are designedfor buildings with large demand loads,including those servicing electricvehicles and heat pumps. In this instanceconsumers would not be able to changeor configure their own switching rolesusing this method. With the additionof the CAD the gap between the twosystems can be bridged, allowingindustry to utilise already developedsystems to control a home, and alsoaugment and improve the e"cienciesby utilising the data provided by theSM HAN.

BEAMA therefore maintains that the CADis vital to enabling optimum e"ciencyfrom a home energy managementsystem, whether for an entire building orfor individual services.

3.3. Smart Metercommunication approachesfor in-home automatedappliance control

• Via Auxiliary Load control switches (ALCS)

• A variant SMETS2 smart meter – where the ALCS is integrated into the meter

• Smart Meter Home Area Network- Connected Auxiliary Load Control Switches (HCALCS)

• Via the Consumer Home Area Network & CAD


3 This is also noted in 2014 Sustainability First, Electricity Demand Project, Paper 11 – How could electricity demand-side innovations serve the electricity consumer in the longer term?.

BEAMA were sponsors of this work and it provides a comprehensive look at the longer term options for consumers.


4THE CAD GATEWAYARCHITECTURE

The Government’s Smart MeteringImplementation Programme’s technicalspecifications4 allows for three type-2devices to be connected to the SMHAN. The CAD will occupy one of theseslots, connecting to the SM HAN andproviding SM HAN data on anotherinterface. This interface may be astandard Application Platform Interface(API) or it may be proprietary (bespoke).

The following sections outline thebuilding blocks for the CAD, includinginformation abstraction from the SMHAN and information export and use inthe C HAN.

4.1 Smart EnergyInformation Abstraction –through the ZSE Stack

A CAD requires a connection to the SMHAN. This requires the CAD to contain aZigBee Smart Energy (SE)4 module (ZSEStack in Fig 2), typically realised as a'System on Chip' (SoC) device. Thismodule contains dedicated hardware tosupport the lower layers of the ZigBeeprotocol stack and a processor to handlethe higher layers of the ZigBee SEapplication.$ Combined with the RadioFrequency (RF) circuitry on the module acommunication link to the SM HAN canbe provided.

The ZigBee device will communicate withthe other parts of the SM HAN using aZigBee SE. Communication can be direct,as in the case of the Electricity meters, orindirect as in the case of Gas meters,

which are bridged and read from theCommunications Hub. The connectionis established by pairing the CAD with theCommunications Hub; this interaction ishandled by the ZigBee device in the CAD.Once paired, the ZigBee deviceestablishes what meters are used in theSM HAN by using the ZigBee SE servicediscovery process.

It is proposed that the software stackwithin the ZigBee device has a high-levelSmart Metering API that contains dataitems that are available to the CAD on theSM HAN. The ZigBee device (software)manages the collection of these items andall of the ZigBee/ZigBee SE aspects, sothat external devices that use theinformation on the SM API do not needto deal with the ZigBee SE and SM HANaspects.

This half of the CAD is always there inany CAD.


FIGURE 2: THE CAD GATEWAY ARCHITECTURE

4 2014, Communications Hub Technical Specifications (CHTS), Smart Metering Equipment Specifications (SMETS)

5 It is feasible that alternatives to ZigBee may be used for the minority of consumers who will not have access to ZigBee


4THE CAD GATEWAYARCHITECTURE!CONT’D"

4.2 Smart Energy InformationExport and Use – via the 2ndProtocol Stack

The second half of the CAD is typicallyused to enable the SE information to beused by other systems or devices. Thisinterface could be proprietary or througha standard API.

In the simplest case, data may be usedwithin the same device. For example, anappliance that connects to the SM HAN toobtain dynamic pricing information wouldbe defined as a CAD. (Note that any non-metering device that connects to thecommunications hub will use up one ofthe three available slots for CADs, sowhere many devices are connected it isnot possible for each device to get its owninformation.)

In all other cases the CAD bridges theinformation to other devices or systems.The other devices or systems may beconnected directly in the home orconnected externally via the internet orphone networks. Examples of suchconnectivity include wired Ethernet,wireless Ethernet (typically via Wi-Fi), or amobile connection (GPRS 2G, 3G or 4G).Data rate requirements are low so thisdoes not impose on the choice of Wi-Fivariant.

To support external connection, the CADimplements a second protocol stack(Fig 2). This implements the bridge to andfrom the SM API and the outside world.The hardware and software to support thebridge will depend on the type ofconnection. If for instance the connectionwere Wi-Fi then an IEEE802.11 SoC andassociated radio circuitry would berequired.

In a similar way the CAD could bridge toother domains within the home. In thiscase hardware and associated softwarewould be required to support connectionwith the other domain.

Examples of this might include: • Bluetooth • Z-Wave • Wi-Fi (internal) • ZigBee • Powerline • Thread (runs on IEEE 802.15.4) • 6 LowPAN (runs on IEEE 802.15.4)

4.3 CAD pairing with theSM HAN

BEAMA agree that the CAD pairingprocess with the SM HAN is crucial tothe market rollout of CADs. The processhas now been agreed and will beimplemented in two stages as part ofthe rollout of smart metering in GreatBritain.

The case for CADs is strong and clearlyoutlined in this paper, therefore theprocess by which a consumer pairs aCAD enabled device to the SM HANis vital. This should be made asstraightforward as possible, if it is tooarduous and complex, it could lead tomarket failure.

A consumer should have the means tocheck which devices are connected tothe SM HAN and if necessary be able toremove them. This need could arise in anumber of situations:

• Change of tenancy (including change of property owner)

• Defective Units

• End of service agreement with CAD supplier


THE CASE FOR CADS ISSTRONG AND CLEARLYOUTLINED IN THISPAPER, THEREFORETHE PROCESS BYWHICH A CONSUMERPAIRS A CAD ENABLEDDEVICE TO THE SM HANIS VITAL.


5THE CONNECTED HOME

The architecture of a C HAN in the connected home is dependent on what roles ithas been designed for. These are generally grouped into four objective categories:


COMFORT LIFESYTLE

SAFETY &SECURITY

SAVINGS

MEASUREMENT& CONTROL

FIGURE 3: ROLES OF THE C HAN AND BENEFITS DERIVED

A connected home system enablesa consumer to have full control of their primary services, through theapplication of simple controls. Thearchitecture of a connected homesystem includes devices, sensors andcontrols all linked and managedcentrally, using common commun-ication channels (wired, wireless, orover the mains) to deliver 4 key benefits(comfort, lifestyle, safety and securityand savings).

There are significant interrelationshipsbetween the necessary actions involvedto deliver each of the broad categoriesin terms of benefits, outcomes and thetechnologies involved (Fig 3). Here youcan see how the connected home canhave multiple benefits not just forenergy management, but assisted livingand security, all met through the sameor similar configurations of the system.

OBJECT CATEGORY BENEFIT DERIVED

SAVINGS

SAVE MONEY

SAVE ENERGY

ENERGY USE INFORMATION

TEMPERATURE SENSORS

HUMIDITY SENSORS

SWITCHING CONTROLS

INTELLIGENT CONTROLS

AUDIBLE ALARMS

EXTERNAL COMMS

IN-HOME COMMS

OCCUPANCY SENSORS

ACCESS CONTROL

PERIMETER SENSORS

VITAL SIGNS MONITORING

CO2 REDUCTION

SLEEP WELL

CONVENIENCE

FEELING OF WELLBEING

MY PEACE OF MIND

PEACE OF OTHER’S MIND

TECHNOLOGY USED

LIFE STYLE

COMFORT

SAFETY & SECURITY


5THE CONNECTED HOME!CONT’D"

The C HAN enables the various actions andtechnologies to be initiated together todeliver these di!erent aspirational benefits tothe consumer by linking controls, sensors,data, devices and appliances both manuallyand automatically. The modular architectureof the majority of C HAN systems that existtoday enables them to be tailored to thespecification requirements of an installationincluding that outlined below for energy.

Figure 4 outlines the overall connectedhome system and the link between the SM HAN, C HAN and the overall energymanagement of the home. The CAD is anintegral device for providing access toconsumption and tari! data for the e"cientrunning of primary services (hot water,lighting, heating and transport).


INCOMING ENERGY USE DATA

FIGURE 4: THE CONNECTED HOME

THE CAD IS ANINTEGRAL DEVICE FORPROVIDING ACCESS TOCONSUMPTION ANDTARIFF DATA FOR THEEFFICIENT RUNNING OFPRIMARY SERVICES



5.1 ‘Energy Management’and the Connected Home

Managing energy in the home becomesincreasingly key as a balance has to bemade between central and onsitegenerated power, and this is where onsite storage becomes a crucial factor.Further to this are the additionalexternal signals including tari!s andpotential weather forecasting.

If you consider the decision makingprocess for any smart appliance, orwhole house energy managementsystem (Fig 5), the input of external datais very important in order to optimisethe e"ciency of the system, whetherthat be cost, comfort or lifestyle. It istherefore important that we do not limitthe data available to the CAD andrestrict the future, currently un-tapped,functionality in the connected home.


FIGURE 5: CONNECTED HOME DECISION MAKING PROCESS

IT IS THEREFOREIMPORTANT THAT WEDO NOT LIMIT THE DATAAVAILABLE TO THE CADAND RESTRICT THEFUTURE, CURRENTLY UN$TAPPED, FUNCTIONALITYIN THE CONNECTEDHOME.



Work is taking place in standardisationorganisations across Europe toconsider how the home and itsinfrastructure interfaces with the gridand other external sources. Thestandards work covers many aspects,however, the work centres around theconcept of a consumer energymanager (CEM) and the data sets thatare needed to provide interoperability.

In the case of a C HAN where a keyfocus is on controlling energy use,a form of energy manager modulecovering the role of a CEM isincorporated. Key elements of thedesign normally includes:

• methods of measuring the primary energy input to the home (today by use of pulse and toroid type sensed meters)

• meters for the key energy using circuits (power and lighting), and sensors (zone thermostats and as required presence and lux sensors)

• controls (switches, dimmers, remote valve controls and circuit breakers)

• a programmable energy manager module within the C HAN

In addition to analysing the user’sincoming energy use (both primaryenergy from the grid and energy fromonsite such as PV) it also measuresthe consumer’s energy by use type(heating, lighting etc) and managesenergy use by:

• Using sensors: temperature, light levels, absence etc coupled to programmed rules and controls

• Using programmed rules to ensure energy use remains within consumer’s maximum load target by implementing load shedding types of measures

• Where some form of TOU tari! is being used, applying limited load shifting by maximising appropriate energy use at low tari! periods

All of the functionality mentioned herehappens outside of the SM HAN oncethe metering data is delivered across theCAD. The link to the availability of theCAD will significantly enhance the

e!ectiveness of the energy managermodule of a C HAN as:

• Real time energy use and cost will be available to the C HAN enabling consumers to monitor accurately their energy inputs with that of their energy use and cost by application in the home. This will enable them to take necessary action including making adjustments to certain programmed events

• Up to date and future TOU tari! data will be available to the C HAN to enable and provide users with cost optimised measures for their key energy uses. Potential real-time peak shifting based for major energy uses where TOU tari!s justify this

From the perspective of Utilities andthe Grid, the great benefit of the CADis that it clearly delineates between “thingsthat are the Utility’s responsibility” and“things that are the Consumer’sresponsibility”. The lifespan, rate ofevolution and potential complexity ofconsumer devices goes way beyondmost Utilities’ abilities or interests inmanaging them, so it is right thatconsumers manage these for themselves.It is important to remember that about25% of meters in UK homes today wereinstalled before the advent of the WorldWide Web, and less than 10% since thefirst iPhone. The establishment of asustainable market requires thatinnovation in energy services can evolveat the pace of consumer technology. TheCAD is the key to allowing that.

The CAD allows a user to make separatedecisions about their energy supplierand their energy services provider. Byseparating the data via the CAD, users canmake independent supply decisions basedon what is best for them, creating avibrant open market.


THE ESTABLISHMENTOF A SUSTAINABLEMARKET REQUIRESTHAT INNOVATION INENERGY SERVICES CANEVOLVE AT THE PACEOF CONSUMERTECHNOLOGY. THECAD IS THE KEY TOALLOWING THAT.


6USE CASESFOR CAD DATA

In this section we consider use casesfor the CAD and data from the ZigBeeSE SMHAN, as currently defined inSMETS2, and also considering futureapplications for DSR.

To note we do not look at what datais sent back by the appliance. The CADlink to the ZigBee SE SMHAN is oneway and therefore data cannot betransmitted back to the DCC but we doexpect some low carbon technologiesand smart appliances to send somesignal back to the connected homemanagement system. Lists of the typeof data is available, but this will alsovary by type of appliance.

6.1. Smart heatingcontrols – hot water/heatstorage

Smart heating systems that know whenthe user requires hot water and heatingcan determine when best to use energyand still meet the householder’srequirements. Smart heating controlsystems with knowledge of energytari!s, user requirements, heatingsystem and building characteristics andweather conditions could calculatewhen to take power, timing energy useappropriately and providing optimumstart.

Data required:

• Active Tari! Price

• Tari! Block Counter Matrix

• Tari! Block Price Matrix

• Tari! Switching Table

• Tari! Threshold Matrix

• Tari! TOU Price Matrix

• Tari! TOU Register Matrix

• Tari! TOU Block Register Matrix

This is required for each of the two fuels(if supplied).

Use of a twin element meter givesvisibility of the usage of a second circuitthereby enabling bills to be sub-dividedinto usage types. This second circuit istypically used for heating systems, forinstance storage heaters. In this case theheating control system will also need toknow the tari!s that apply to the secondcircuit.

To support twin electricity elementmeters the following additional data isrequired:

• Tari! switching table

• Secondary Tari! TOU Price Matrix

• Secondary Active Tari! Price

• Secondary Tari! TOU Register Matrix

In some homes heating systems are onan Auxiliary Load Control. The auxiliaryLoad control switch (ALCS) gives theutility the ability to turn o! or limit usageon a circuit and would typically be usedfor high load items. In cases wherethese are deployed then the heatingsystem would need to know of theirpresence so that it can work out howbest to operate the heating system withany restriction they may be imposing.For instance the fact that part of theheating system has been turned o!externally may alter how the remainderof the home heating system ismanaged.

To support electricity systems whereauxiliary load control is present thefollowing is required:-

• Auxiliary Load Control Switch – Calendar

• Auxiliary Load Control Switch – Description

• HAN Connected Auxiliary Load Control Switch – State

6.1.1 The evolution of heatingand hot water systems – hybridheat pumps

Combinations of renewable and fossil fuelheating systems have been around formany years. These systems are known asbivalent. Bivalent system controls aresimple and are based on an outsidetemperature to switch between appliancesof di!erent fuel types. The motivation forinstalling bivalent systems is typically thatthe householder wishes to reduce highrunning cost and reduce their dependencyon fossil fuels such as LPG and oil. Thereduction in CO2 emissions has rarelybeen considered or measured so far. Inrecent years, policy makers such as DECC,and the energy providers have shown anincreasing interest and realisation in thepotential fuel and carbon savings ofbivalent systems. During the same periodmanufacturers have developed anddelivered the next generation of bivalentsystems to market. These systems arecollectively called hybrid systems and aretari! and temperature controlled (i.e. theiroperation is informed by a balance ofelectricity, gas/ oil price, outside andinside air temperature and the needs ofthe consumer).

The additional carbon savings of hybridsystems has been widely recognised andthey received formal acceptance byDECC6 with their inclusion in the domesticRHI and LCNF program. Hybrids areformally recognised by HHIC, BEAMA andSEA as providing a solution to reducingfuel bills, reducing carbon emissions, andmost importantly as a solution tomanaging the increasing demands on theelectricity grid with its low spare capacity.


6 March 2013, DECC, Future of heating: Meeting the Challenge


6USE CASESFOR CAD DATA!CONT’D"

Hybrids can be seen as none-disruptivetechnology as they require no modifi-cation to or additional ‘in home’infrastructure, and will provide themajority of carbon emission savings in thetransition to air source and ground sourceheat pumps over the next 20-30 years.

Hybrid systems are currently available andbeing installed in the UK. With currenthybrid systems the energy tari! or staticTOU is updated during the annual service.A hybrid system is also capable ofresponding to dynamic TOU, with theavailability of data as outlined in section6.1. to smart heating controls. The systemwill then decide on the most cost e!ectiveproduct to heat the home, accounting forair temperature and consumer’s needs.While dynamic TOU is not commerciallyavailable today for domestic consumers,heating manufactures are able to provideCAD enabled controls. In the case ofhybrid technologies data on gas price isalso required and this is important in thedecision making process of the system.

6.2. Home appliancesand the SM HAN

Consumers can get best value byprogramming their appliances to operateaccording to applicable tari! rates.An appliance connected to the SM HAN,typically via a CAD and some form ofC HAN, will be able to determine theoptimum times to undertake therequested service. For instance, theconsumer can load a dishwasher and set afinish-by time, and the dishwasher willthen choose the optimum time tooperate, for example by waiting till a lowTOU tari! applies and then operating inthat period.

To determine when best to operate, theappliance would need access to thefollowing data, available to the CAD fromthe Smart Metering System:-

• Active Tari! price

• Tari! Block Counter Matrix

• Tari! Block Price Matrix

• Tari! Switching Table

• Tari! Threshold Matrix

• Tari! TOU Price Matrix

• Tari! TOU Register Matrix

• Tari! TOU Block register Matrix

Using this information then the appliancecan determine the most cost optimaloperation for the tari! set applicable inthe household; it can calculate theoptimum time to use the appliance inboth TOU and block tari! situations.

In most cases because of the potentialcomplexity involved in managing this atthe appliance level, the function will bemore likely carried out centrally in theC HAN through some form of energymanager module. The tari! and theconsumption data available through theCAD will allow a consumer and forexample, a utility, to agree and implementappropriate load shedding measureswhere desired.

It should be noted that in all of the usecases described in this document, thedata may also be shared by the appliancewith other platforms in the C HAN. Thisdata might include appliance status(on/o!/current energy usage/ currentcost of usage), alerts such as washingfinished and historical information such ascost of operation (per operation or overtime).

6.3. Cloud Services

The CAD can send data gathered from theSM HAN and the C HAN to the cloud toenable the provision of energy manage-ment applications to consumers, such as:

• ‘IHD like’ live high-time-resolution energy consumption data (eg. energy dashboard)

• Additional energy services (eg. tari! advice, energy saving advice, switching services, energy audits, appliance information, appliance disaggregation, etc)

• Energy consumption and cost comparisons with social norms or with other consumers or groups of consumers (eg. energy saving competitions and campaigns)

• Integrating with other data and platforms that may not be connected to the SM HAN or C HAN (eg. weather forecast)

This information can be delivered in manyways to suit the needs of individualconsumers, and many of these applicationare already in place today, these include:

• O%ine (email or paper)

• Online (web portal)

• SmartPhone App

• iGoogle gadget (search home page), or yahoo software (computer desktop)

• Facebook page

• Text message

• Smart TV



7ROUTESTO MARKET

The CAD is a consumer device andthere will be multiple routes to market(e.g. through the energy supplier, CAD manufactures, other servicesproviders). The CAD is complimentaryto the IHD and will exist in marketalongside IHDs and other consumerHAN devices. BEAMA expect significantmarket innovation in this sector whichis already evident today.

The key driver for the CAD is the rolloutof smart meters and arrangements forlocal CAD pairing. Any delay in thisrollout and the development of a soundlocal CAD pairing platform would holdback market developments for CADsand corresponding data applications asreferenced in this paper. Further to thisthe CAD market requires some clarityon the future role of DNOs, utilities and3rd parties in providing services toconsumers and applications for theirenergy use data.

The market will drive the developmentof common protocols on the 2ndProtocol Stack (Fig 2) and BEAMA isworking with manufacturers across theConnected Homes sector to developstandards for data gateways andestablish interoperable platforms.Manufacturers today can alreadydemonstrate various forms offunctionality from the CAD.

Only 3 Type 2 devices are permitted topair with the SM HAN, this includes themandated IHD, so the consumer islimited to 2 additional CADs. This wouldquickly be taken up if CADs areembedded in appliances directly / orseparate controls. It is ourunderstanding that the number of type2 devices are not to be increased, wetherefore anticipate that one CAD mayprovide a simple gateway into the

home, the secondary stacks provide alink to distribute data to multipleappliances or the cloud.

The CAD can have a number of physicalimplementations and this will dependon the manufacturer and the service theconsumer is signing up to. It is expectedmore options will evolve throughinnovation in the sector. These currentlyinclude:

• Standalone box connected wirelessly to the router (typically via Wi-Fi)

• Standalone box connected via Powerline

• Co-located box connected via Ethernet to the router

• Embedded with router

• Embedded within IHD

• Embedded with Home Energy Management System or Consumer HAN

7.1. Application PlatformInterfaces – UK marketgrowth and compatibility

BEAMA is aware of the multipleApplication Platform Interfaces andcloud services developing on themarket today for domestic consumesrto manage their energy use in real time.These include Nest, The Thread andHive.

Market projections for this sector varyconsiderably but expectations are thatup to 27% of UK households will have atleast one smart system, including smartthermostats and management platformsby 2020 (Strategy Analytics). Marketgrowth in this sector is significant as3.1 million homes will have smart

control, which could also be connectedto their security and assisted livingsystems. We can therefore expect theopportunity for CO2 reduction andenergy savings for individual consumersto be extensive if they can take fulladvantage of appropriate TOU tari!s.

Concern has been raised to BEAMA overthe compatibility of these systems withthe UK Smart Metering system. The2014 DCC development plan providesfor a Second General Objective that will‘support programs that will enable atransformation in the supply of energyand operation of networks for thebenefit of the consumer’ and ‘ delivervalue for money for the consumer andthe energy industry by maximising theutility DCC service’. It is thereforerealistic to expect that the DCCcommunication infrastructure willevolve to accommodate a variety ofvalue adding services, some of whichthese platforms may provide.

With multiple communication platformsemerging onto the market, and in orderto ensure compatibility in the UK, wemust focus our attention on dependablesystem integration. The design of thiswill be critical to ensuring that we canpass a standardised message betweendevices and organisations, and therebydevelop a trusted and sustainablemarket for products and services inthe UK.

Multiple 3rd party systems will evolveunder their own business drivers andwill continue to do so. The UK’s marketability to integrate and maintain multipleever-changing systems will determineits success in this sector. This work isheavily dependent on internationalstandards.



WE WILL BECONTINUING WORKON MANY OF THEAREAS RAISED INTHIS PAPER.

8CONCLUSION

In conclusion BEAMA agree that astrong uptake of CADs will empowerconsumers, and allow them access totheir real time data and therefore moreadvanced energy management. This is akey market step to ensure the adoptionof demand side response.

The UK Smart Metering rolloutplaces a strong emphasis on consumerbenefits and the potential for energye"ciency savings, evident in theirallowance for CADs, compared to theprimary focus of many other countries,on the management of supply, reducinglosses and administrative costs. As aresult, the extent and pace of themarket demand for consumerengagement solutions in other marketsis not yet as clear as the UK providing amarket edge and opportunity to take alead and develop export opportunities.

With the key step being the smart meterrollout we expect it will be some timebefore consumers have wide spreadaccess to CADs, but as soon as theydo, and real time data is then madeavailable in the C HAN, we can expectsignificant innovations in the e"ciencyand smart functionality of consumerservices, including heating and hotwater.

It is evident that there is already aconsiderable level of innovation withmany new APIs developing on today’smarket, but these lack real time data.Consumers will be able to extract morevalue from these innovations withaccess to their data and the ability tostore this.

There are some major steps to gothrough before we can establish amarket for CADs and extract the truevalue of some of these applications inthe C HAN, these include:

• Timely Smart Meter rollout

• Local CAD Pairing

• A clear commercial framework for service providers and an understanding of the role di!erent service providers may have (DNOs, utilities, 3rd parties etc)

• Reform of existing tari! structures and the introductions of dynamic TOU

• For more advanced demand side response and specifically if we consider dynamic TOU, additional data will need to be made available through the SM HAN

• International and European standards are being written today and this may a!ect how the market develops so we need strong UK input on this work

• Further behavioural research on the impact of such devices on demand side response

We are entering into an exciting timewith many consumer innovations forhome energy management, and otherservices (assisted living), and consumerswill increasingly have access to a rangeof functions and means to visualise,store and apply their data, depending ontheir needs and priorities.

BEAMA invite readers of this documentto engage with us and our members tohelp drive this market forward andimportantly empower consumers toextract value from this. We will becontinuing work on many of the areasraised in this paper.

A competitive market for the supply of smartmetering consumer products and services isemerging to support the smart meter rollout andthe CAD is an integral part of this.



B. Electricity

ANNEX Data available to an authorised CAD

Meter Variant (type of meter – e.g. single/twin element)Auxiliary Load Control Switch – Description Contact Details (of Supplier)Consumer Identification NumberDebt Recovery per PaymentDebt Recovery Rates [1 … 2] Debt Recovery Rate Cap Disablement Threshold Emergency Credit Limit Emergency Credit Threshold Low Credit Threshold Low Medium Power Threshold Meter Point Administration Numbers (MPAN) Medium High Power Threshold Non-Disablement Calendar Payment Mode Standing ChargeSupplier MessageTari! Block Price Matrix Tari! Switching TableTari! Threshold Matrix Tari! TOU Price Matrix Tari! TypeAccumulated Debt Register Active Export Register Active Import Register Active Power Import Active Tari! Price

Cost of Instantaneous Active Power ImportCumulative and Historical Value Store (consumptionand cost of consumption data)Daily Consumption Log Debt to Clear (amount consumer needs to add toget credit back to zero)Emergency Credit Balance Meter Balance Payment Debt Register Power Threshold Status Profile Data Log (13 months of half hourly active and reactiveimport and 3 months of active and reactive export data)Randomised O!set Supply State Tari! Block Counter Matrix Tari! TOU Register Matrix Tari! TOU Block Register Matrix Time Debt Registers [1 … 2]Also available where the ESME installed is Twin elementmetering equipment:Secondary Tari! TOU Price MatrixPrimary Active Power Import Primary Active Tari! Price Secondary Active Power Import Secondary Active Tari! Price Secondary Tari! TOU Register Matrix Secondary Active Import Register Profile Data Log will also include data for second element.

The following sub-sections describe what data is available toa CAD from the Smart Metering HAN. This data can then beaccessed and made available to other devices.


Accumulated Debt Register;Active Tari! Price;Calorific Value;Consumption Register;Contact Details (of supplier);Conversion Factor;Cumulative and Historical Value Store(consumption and cost of consumption data);Consumer Identification Number;Daily Gas Consumption LogDebt Recovery per Payment;Debt Recovery Rates [1 … 2];Debt Recovery Rate Cap;Debt to Clear (amount consumer needsto add to get credit back to zero);Disablement Threshold;Emergency Credit Balance;Emergency Credit Limit;Emergency Credit Threshold;

Low Credit Threshold;Meter Balance;Meter Point Reference Number (MPRN);Non-Disablement Calendar;Payment Debt Register;Payment Mode;Profile Data Log (13 months of half hourlyconsumption data);Standing Charge;Supplier Message;Supply State;Tari! Block Counter Matrix;Tari! Block Price Matrix;Tari! Switching Table;Tari! Threshold Matrix;Tari! TOU Price Matrix;Tari! TOU Register Matrix; Tari! Type; andTime Debt Registers [1 … 2].

A. Gas


Westminster Tower3 Albert EmbankmentLondon SE1 7SL

www.beama.org.uk


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