Consultation on sustainable sanitation

9th September 2009

Bangalore

Water and Sanitation Program – South Asia (WSP-SA)New Delhi, Indiamkullappa@worldbank.org

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1%9%

22%31%

38%44%

53%

0%10%

20%30%

40%50%

60%

1981 1991 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008

Increasing Coverage in toilet construction…..

But is usage also increasing?

4

NGP Awards 2005: a slow beginning

13

13

11

1

1

1

0 5 10 15

MAHARASHTRA

TAMIL NADU

WEST BENGAL

GUJARAT

KERALA

TRIPURA

Source: Govt. of India, Dept. of Drinking Water Supply <http://ddws.nic.in/TSC/crsp/TSCPhy_st.asp?Form=ALL> Accessed 6 May 2007.

Note: Does not include institutional households.

5

7

Evidence shows that…..

Decrease in Diarrhea due to ODF

29

95 10038

26

7

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Open DefecationVillages

Almost ODF ODF

% o

f toi

let u

se

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

% o

f hou

seho

lds

with

dia

rrhe

a re

call

8

Performance vs toilet Subsidy

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Andhra Pradesh

LPP

Rajarhat

NGO Forum

Gramalaya TSC

Ahmednagar TSC

West Bengal TSC

Plan Bangladesh

Hardware subsidy (US$ per household)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Performance (scored: 0-20)

Performance

Subsidy

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So, What to focus?

Focus on OUTCOME which is ‘stopping open defecation ’ and educating the entire

community of safe and hygienic sanitation behavior

Construction of toilets

ODF Community

X√

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Challenges

– Slippage

– Focus on hard ware/ Out puts

– Weak institutions

– Weak M&E

– Lack of capacities

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Focus on Outcomes for the Entire Community

– Focus on outcomes and not on hardware inputs,

– Mobilise the community rather than establishing household contacts alone

– Empower and strengthen the PRIs

– Reward the collective community action & outcomes

– Strengthen the M&E systems

– Technology options to sit local situation

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Incentives/reward for achievement – creative use of subsidy

Village becomes Open Defecation Free

Village becomes Nirmal (ODF + Solid/Liquid WM)

Village strives for Nirmal ++

Subsidy given as incentive to

Community / Individuals

Nirmal Gram Puraskar

State Reward Scheme

State Sanitation Rewards Program: A Tool to Scale-up and Sustain Sanitation

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What is a state sanitation rewards program? Annual competition between different PRI levels –

Gram Panchayat, block, district – to be recognized as the ‘cleanest’

Motivates PRIs to go beyond ODF and address total sanitation

Rewards achievement of collective outcomes Government is a facilitator and monitor at all levels

but community plays the main role

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How does a State Rewards Program differ from NGP? Both NGP and state rewards program are an incentive to accelerate TSC

by motivating Gram Panchayats However, there are some differences:

NGP is given by Govt. of India but state rewards are given by respective state governments

NGP is one-time reward but state rewards program is an annual competition

NGP monitoring is by external third-party organizations. State rewards program teams are constituted from within the state at different levels but each block/district is verified by another block/district

NGP incentive amount is population based but state sanitation rewards program incentive is based on level of competition

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What are the advantages of a state sanitation rewards program? Annual competition motivates PRIs to sustain and

improve sanitation outcomes Tremendous IEC success, raises the profile of both

sanitation and winners Generates stiff competition at all levels Creates peer pressure on neighboring Panchayats,

blocks, districts within a state Strengthens the capacity of local institutions

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Which states have introduced such a rewards program?State Year of

LaunchName of Rewards Program

Maharashtra 2001 Sant Gadge Baba Gram Swachata Abhiyaan

Himachal Pradesh

2005 Maharishi Valmiki Sampoorna Swachata Puraskar

Andhra Pradesh

2007 Shubhram

Madhya Pradesh

2008 Ujwal Puraskar

Karnataka 2009 Nairmalaya

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What are the main elements of a state rewards program? Competition is held at different levels – block, district, division,

state Winners at each level are eligible to participate in next higher

level e.g. block winners participate in district competition, district winners at state level

Verification is based on same criteria at all levels Verification at each level is undertaken by a team from outside

the area i.e. each block/district is assessed by a team from another block/district on non-reciprocal basis

Winners are recognized by senior dignitaries and receive a cash prize

Thank you for your attention

mkullappa@worldbank.org

Contact: 0 9848159046