CONSULTANCY SERVICES ON FEASIBILITY STUDY ......$11 $662&,$7(6 /7' 3 2 %2; 1$,52%, 7(/ +254 722 878...

+254 722 878 029

www.agenn.co.ke

CONSULTANCY SERVICES ON FEASIBILITY STUDY, DESIGN AND SUPERVISION OF NDIRITI AGUTHI IRRIGATION SCHEME IN KIENI EAST DIVISION, NYERI COUNTY.

TENDER NUMBER: MOALF/SIVAP/T002/2017-2018

, LIVESTOCK,FISHERIES AND IRRIGATION

DECEMBER 2018

FINAL DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT FOR:

The Principal Secretary, State Department for Crop Development,Ministry Of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

Kilimo House, Cathedral Road,P.O. Box 30028 00100

Nairobi KENYA

P. O. Box 30197 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.

Tel.:+254-722878029, Email:[email protected], Or [email protected]

10th December, 2018

The Project Coordinator, State Department for Crop Development, Small-Scale Irrigation and Value Addition Project (SIVAP) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation P.O. Box 30028 00100 Nairobi Kenya

Dear Sir/Madam,

Re: SUBMISSION OF FINAL DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT FOR: CONSULTANCY ON FEASIBILITY STUDY,

DESIGN, TENDER DOCUMENT PREPARATION AND SUPERVISION OF

NDIRITI AGUTHI IRRIGATION SCHEME IN KIENI EAST DIVISION, NYERI

COUNTY. CONTRACT NO.: MOALF/SIVAP/T002/2017-2018

Please receive the Final Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report for Consulting services for Feasibility Study, Design, Tender Document Preparation and Supervision of Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Scheme in Kieni East Division, Nyeri County. The comments received from the County and sub county staff and zone leaders in the during the dissemination workshop on 28th September 2018 have been incorporated.

We have enclosed as per the Terms of Reference, 2 hard copies and 1 soft copy.

Please find attached the response to comments raised by the client during the dissemination workshop on 23rd November 2018 and the modalities used to address them

We remain, Yours sincerely,

Eng. Ayub N. Gitau, Director, AGENN Associates Limited P.O. Box 30197 - 00100 [email protected],[email protected], Nairobi, Kenya

Encl (2)

mailto:[email protected]




Final Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Scheme in Kieni East Sub-County, Nyeri County

Dec. 2018

AGENN Associates Limited i Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

FACT SHEET

Project Name Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Scheme in Nyeri County

Assignment Name Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

Location The irrigation scheme is situated in Kieni East division, Nyeri County

Coverage Project has a command area of 225Ha with 1000 beneficiaries.

Main water source The scheme will abstract water from River Naromoru sampling points

located at 37N 0283384 and UTM 9980718 with elevation asl of 2042 m,

and Existing Kabunda Reservoirs located at (coordinates 37N

0285427and UTM 9981196 with elevation asl of 2074 m).

Proponent The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation,

State Department for Crop Development

Address of the Proponent State Department for Crop Development,

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

P.O. Box 30028 00100

Nairobi Kenya

Project cost The estimate project cost is Kshs. 217,548,440.48

Funding Agency Government of Kenya

Consultant AGENN Associates Limited (C/o Eng. Ayub N. Gitau)

P. O. Box 30197 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.

Tel.: +254 - 722 878 029

Email: [email protected], Or [email protected]

Start Date 16th April 2018

Completion Date 16th January 2019

LEAD EXPERT Eng. Ayub N. Gitau

NEMA Registration No. 1773




Dec. 2018

AGENN Associates Limited ii Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

DECLARATION

This EIA report was prepared by a team of experts in accordance with the Environmental Management

and Coordination Act, 1999 and the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003.

We the undersigned, do hereby certify that this report was prepared based on the information provided

by the proponent as well as that collected from other primary and secondary sources and on the best

understanding and interpretation of the facts by the environment experts.

We are pleased to herewith submit the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Study

Report for the Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Scheme.

LEAD EXPERT:

NAME: Eng. Ayub N. Gitau NEMA Reg. No.: 1773

Sign: Date:

PROPONENT:

State Department for Crop Development,

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

P.O. Box 30028 00100

Nairobi Kenya

On behalf of the proponent

Name: ……………………………………….. Title: ……………………………………

…………………………………………………. ……………………………………

Signature Date

Disclaimer This Environmental Impact Assessment Report is being submitted in accordance with the terms and conditions of contract in respect of provision of consultancy services. It has been carried out in full observance of the EIA regulations and in compliance with the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 and subject to terms and conditions of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA).


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AGENN Associates Limited iii Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................. vii

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ viii

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. x

LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................................................ xi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. xii

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Preface .............................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Project Description ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) ............................................ 1

1.4 Scope of work .................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.5 Methodology of ESIA Study ......................................................................................................................... 6

1.5.1 The Approach of ESIA Study .................................................................................................................. 6

1.5.2 Mobilization and Planning ........................................................................................................................ 6

1.5.3 Desk Review of Documents ........................................................................................................................ 6

1.5.4 Field Data Collection ................................................................................................................................ 7

1.5.5 Project Data Synthesis ............................................................................................................................... 7

1.5.6 Public Consultation ................................................................................................................................... 7

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Project Location, Area and Beneficiaries .................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Administration ................................................................................................................................................. 8

2.3 Population ........................................................................................................................................................ 8

2.4 Social-Economic Activities ............................................................................................................................ 9

2.5 Transport and Communication .................................................................................................................... 9

2.6 Irrigation System Layout and Development Options ............................................................................... 9

2.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 9

2.6.2 Delineation of the Irrigation Areas ............................................................................................................ 9

2.6.3 Irrigation Development Options ............................................................................................................... 10

2.7 Irrigation Method .......................................................................................................................................... 12

2.7.1 Recommended Irrigation Methods ............................................................................................................. 12

2.7.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern & Calendar .................................................................................................. 13

2.8 Irrigation Requirement ................................................................................................................................. 14

2.8.1 Net Irrigation Requirement ...................................................................................................................... 14

2.8.2 Gross Irrigation Requirement ................................................................................................................... 15

3 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................ 18

3.1 Policy Framework ......................................................................................................................................... 18

3.1.1 Constitution of Kenya, 2010 .................................................................................................................... 18

3.1.2 Kenya Vision 2030................................................................................................................................. 19

3.1.3 National Environment Policy, 2013........................................................................................................ 19

3.1.4 National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development (1999) ............................................ 19

3.1.5 National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) 1994 (revised 2007) ....................................................... 20

3.1.6 The National Land Policy, 2009 ............................................................................................................ 20

3.1.7 Gender Policy, 2011 ................................................................................................................................ 20

3.2 Legal Framework .......................................................................................................................................... 20

3.2.1 Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (Amended 2015) .......................................... 21


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3.2.2 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013 ............................................................................. 21

3.2.3 Water Act, 2016 .................................................................................................................................... 21

3.2.4 Public Health Act, 1986 (Revised 2012)................................................................................................ 22

3.2.5 The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act; 2013 .......................................................................... 22

3.2.6 Pest Control Products Act, (Revised 2012) .............................................................................................. 22

3.2.7 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2009 ............................................................................................. 22

3.2.8 Irrigation Act, (Rev 2012) ...................................................................................................................... 23

3.3 Institutional Framework .............................................................................................................................. 25

3.3.1 Institutions under EMCA, 1999............................................................................................................ 25

3.3.2 Water Resources Authority ...................................................................................................................... 27

3.4 African Development Bank Guidelines .................................................................................................... 27

3.4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 27

3.4.2 AfDB Environmental Policies ................................................................................................................. 28

3.4.3 Bank Group Policy on the Environment (2004) ...................................................................................... 29

3.4.4 Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (IESIA) Guidelines (2003) ............................ 29

3.4.5 Bank Group's Handbook on Stakeholder Consultation and Participation (2001) ................................... 29

3.4.6 Bank Group's Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures for Public Sector Operations (2001) .... 29

3.5 International Laws and Guidelines/ Multilateral Environmental Agreements................................... 30

3.5.1 Ramsar convention on wetlands ................................................................................................................ 30

3.5.2 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ............. 30

3.5.3 Convention on biological diversity ............................................................................................................. 30

4 BASELINE INFORMATION ............................................................................................... 32

4.1 Climate ............................................................................................................................................................ 32

4.2 Hydrology ....................................................................................................................................................... 32

4.2.1 Geographical location of River Naromuru ................................................................................................ 32

4.2.2 Data acquisition and hydrological modelling ............................................................................................. 34

4.2.3 Short description of the AWBM .............................................................................................................. 35

4.2.4 Model Calibration and Simulation .......................................................................................................... 36

4.2.5 Permitted abstractions and correction of flow data ..................................................................................... 37

4.2.6 Analysis of rainfall data .......................................................................................................................... 39

4.2.7 Results of statistical analysis of flow data ................................................................................................. 40

4.2.8 Cropping Seasons and irrigation water demand ........................................................................................ 43

4.2.9 Water balance ......................................................................................................................................... 43

4.2.10 Impacts to downstream users .................................................................................................................... 45

4.3 Topography .................................................................................................................................................... 45

4.4 Geology .......................................................................................................................................................... 45

4.5 Agriculture and Agronomy .......................................................................................................................... 45

4.5.1 Collaborators in Horticulture Industry ..................................................................................................... 48

4.5.2 Seasonal calendar ..................................................................................................................................... 48

4.5.3 Marketing. .............................................................................................................................................. 48

4.6 Soils and Land suitability ............................................................................................................................. 49

4.6.1 Project Site Soil Characterization ............................................................................................................. 49

4.6.2 Map of Zones Within the Project Area .................................................................................................... 50

4.6.3 Soil Map and Characterization ............................................................................................................... 51

4.6.4 Current land use ...................................................................................................................................... 51

4.6.5 Results of the Soil Study .......................................................................................................................... 52

4.6.6 Recommendations of the Soil Study .......................................................................................................... 52

4.7 Water Quality Study ...................................................................................................................................... 53

4.7.1 Physical Properties ................................................................................................................................... 54

4.7.2 Chemical Properties ................................................................................................................................. 54

4.7.3 Microbial contamination .......................................................................................................................... 54


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AGENN Associates Limited v Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

5 Socio-Economics Report ......................................................................................................... 56

5.1 Respondents Characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 56

5.1.1 Baseline and Demographic Characteristics ................................................................................................ 56

5.1.2 Migration Trends..................................................................................................................................... 59

5.1.3 Land Tenure and Housing Characteristics ............................................................................................... 60

5.1.4 Land Tenure ........................................................................................................................................... 60

5.1.5 Land Ownership Types............................................................................................................................ 61

5.1.6 Housing Types and Assets ....................................................................................................................... 62

5.1.7 Housing Materials ................................................................................................................................... 62

5.1.8 Assets...................................................................................................................................................... 62

5.2 Economic Activities ..................................................................................................................................... 63

5.2.1 Household Economic Status ..................................................................................................................... 63

5.2.2 Three-year Agricultural Crop Farming Patterns ...................................................................................... 65

5.2.3 Challenges in Crop Production ................................................................................................................. 65

5.2.4 Current Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................... 67

5.3 Challenges in Livestock Farming................................................................................................................ 69

5.4 Current and Proposed Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................. 70

5.5 Access to Credit ............................................................................................................................................ 72

5.6 Infrastructure and Utilities .......................................................................................................................... 73

5.6.1 Accessible Facilities ................................................................................................................................. 73

5.6.2 Water Sources and Use ........................................................................................................................... 73

5.6.3 Proximity to Utilities ............................................................................................................................... 76

5.6.4 Utility Providers and Condition ............................................................................................................... 77

5.7 Development of Irrigation Project ............................................................................................................. 78

5.7.1 Main development Projects in the Area .................................................................................................... 78

5.7.2 Awareness of the Irrigation Project ........................................................................................................... 78

5.7.3 Benefits of Irrigation Project and Willingness to Pay for Irrigation Water ................................................. 79

5.7.4 Potential Negative Impacts of the Project .................................................................................................. 80

5.8 Priority Development Projects ................................................................................................................... 82

5.9 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 84

5.10 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................ 84

6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ........................................................ 86

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 86

6.2 Stakeholders ................................................................................................................................................... 86

6.2.1 Directly Affected People ........................................................................................................................... 86

6.2.2 Indirectly Affected Persons ....................................................................................................................... 86

6.2.3 Government Agencies and other organizations .......................................................................................... 86

6.3 Key Issues Arising from Public Participation Meetings ......................................................................... 92

6.3.1 Perceived Benefits ..................................................................................................................................... 92

6.3.2 Issues and Concerns ................................................................................................................................. 92

7 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................. 94

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 94

7.2 The proposed alternative. ............................................................................................................................ 94

7.3 Project Alternatives ...................................................................................................................................... 94

7.3.1 Alternatives to Site .................................................................................................................................. 94

7.3.2 Alternative to Technology ......................................................................................................................... 94

7.3.3 No project Alternatives ............................................................................................................................ 95

8 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ........................................... 96

8.1 Preamble ......................................................................................................................................................... 96

8.2 Impacts during Construction Phase ........................................................................................................... 96


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8.2.1 Positive Impacts ....................................................................................................................................... 96

8.2.2 Negative impacts ...................................................................................................................................... 96

8.3 Impacts during Operational Phase ............................................................................................................. 99

8.3.1 Positive Impacts ....................................................................................................................................... 99

8.3.2 Negative Impacts ................................................................................................................................... 100

8.4 Impacts during Decommissioning ........................................................................................................... 102

8.4.1 Negative Impacts ................................................................................................................................... 102

9 IMPACT ENHANCEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...................................... 104

9.1 Preamble ....................................................................................................................................................... 104

9.2 Enhancement Measures for Positive Impacts ........................................................................................ 104

9.3 Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts ............................................................................................. 104

9.3.1 Construction Phase ................................................................................................................................ 104

9.3.2 Operation Phase .................................................................................................................................... 107

9.3.3 Decommissioning Phase ......................................................................................................................... 109

10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN .... 112

10.1 Preamble ....................................................................................................................................................... 112

10.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan ........................................................................................ 113

11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 125

11.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 125

11.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 125

12 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 127

13 APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 129

Appendix A: Results of The Laboratory Water Analysis ..................................................................................... 129

Courtesy Call at the CEC’s Office Nyeri County ................................................................................................. 132

Courtesy Call at the Sub-County Office, Naromoru ............................................................................................ 133

Meeting with the farmers at Upper Kabendera ..................................................................................................... 134

Sample Household Questionnaire ........................................................................................................................... 136

Sample Filled Key Informant Questionnaire ......................................................................................................... 153


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AGENN Associates Limited vii Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AfDB African Development Bank AWBM Australian Water Balance Model EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act ESIA Environmental snd Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDC Flow Duration Curve GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Green House Gases GIR Gross Irrigation Requirement GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System Ha Hectare HIV Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards Kg Kilogramme KIPPRA Kenya Institute of Policy and Public Research Km Kilometer KMS Kenya Meteorological Service M asl Meters Above Sea Level m Metre Mm millimeter NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NEAP National Environment Action Plan NECC National Environmental Complaints Committee NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIR Net Irrigation Requirement NPV Net Present Value OC Organic Carbon PCPB Pest Control Products Board PET Potential Evapotranspiration pF Soil Moisture Retention Potential pH Degree of Acidity or Alkalinity ppm Parts per Million RAM Readily Available Soil Moisture RGS River Gauging Station RRL Rainfall Runoff Library SERC Standards and Enforcement Review Committee SIVAP Small-scale Irrigation and Value Addition Project TOR Terms of Reference TRAM Total Readily Available Moisture UTM Universal Transverse Mercator WHO World Health Organization WRA Water Resources Authority WUA Water User Associations


Dec. 2018

AGENN Associates Limited viii Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: General Project Layout map on topographic Map ...................................................... 3

Figure 1.2: General Project Layout map on Satellite Map .............................................................. 4

Figure 1.3: Ndiriti Aguthi Master Plan Project Layout Map ......................................................... 5

Figure 4.1: Mean monthly temperatures in the area around the intake point .......................... 32

Figure 4.2: Mean monthly rainfall (red) and potential evapotranspiration (green) in the area around the intake point ..................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 4.3: The Naromoru river catchment upstream of RGS 5BC02. ........................................ 33

Figure 4.4: Schematic representation of the AWBM hydrological model .................................. 36

Figure 4.5: Observed and simulated flow at RGS 5BC02 from 2000 to 2015. ............................ 37

Figure 4.6: Model calibration using the flow duration curve and the parameter set that was obtained after calibration .................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 4.7: Proportion of water abstracted from Naromoru river for various uses ................. 38

Figure 4.8: Mean monthly flow data at Naromoru Met Station .................................................. 40

Figure 4.9: Long term average monthly flow at Aguthi intake ................................................... 41

Figure 4.10: Long term average monthly flow at Kabunda dam site ......................................... 41

Figure 4.11: Cropping seasons in the area targeted for irrigation. .............................................. 43

Figure 4.12:: Division of Study Area into Zones ............................................................................ 50

Figure 4.13: Site soils Suitability Map ............................................................................................. 51

Figure 4.14: Current land use asrepresented by Google-Earth image ........................................ 52

Figure 5.1 Composition and distribution of household family size across the age categories of house heads. ................................................................................................................................... 56

Figure 5.2 Segregation of household heads by dominant age-groups ....................................... 57

Figure 5.3 Level of education with the age differences of the household heads ...................... 57

Figure 5.4: Family size distribution in each zone .......................................................................... 58

Figure 5.5: Distribution of Education Level of Household Heads across the six zones .......... 58

Figure 5.6 Main reasons for immigration of respondents to Kieni East ..................................... 59

Figure 5.7: Main reasons for immigration of respondents in the different zones in Kieni East .............................................................................................................................................................. 60

Figure 5.8 Description of the various land acquisition methods ................................................. 60

Figure 5.9: Characterization of ways of acquiring land in the different zones of Kieni East .. 61

Figure 5.10 Forms of land ownership among the respondents ................................................... 61

Figure 5.11: Evidence of land ownership in the different zones ................................................. 62

Figure 5.12 Primary source of livelihood per household ............................................................. 64

Figure 5.13 Distribution of farming as primary economic activity of household head across the six zones in Kieni ......................................................................................................................... 65

Figure 5.14 Challenges in crop farming .......................................................................................... 66

Figure 5.15: Challenges in Crop Farming by Zone ........................................................................ 67

Figure 5.16 Current mitigation measures executed to solve crop farming challenges ............ 68

Figure 5.17: Proposed mitigations to improve crop farming for increased food production . 69

Figure 5.18 Challenges experienced by livestock farmers in Kieni East .................................... 69

Figure 5.19: Current challenges to livestock production across the six zones .......................... 70

Figure 5.20 Current mitigation measures against challenges in livestock production ............ 71

Figure 5.21: Proposed measures to mitigate challenges in livestock production in different zones .................................................................................................................................................... 71


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AGENN Associates Limited ix Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

Figure 5.22: Main reasons for lack of access to financing in the different zones ...................... 73

Figure 5.23: Sources of water for domestic consumption............................................................. 74

Figure 5.24: Sources of water for livestock watering .................................................................... 75

Figure 5.25: Water sources for irrigation ........................................................................................ 76

Figure 5.26 Proximity of utilities to residents ................................................................................ 77

Figure 5.27 Perception of the condition of utility services ........................................................... 78

Figure 5.28: Proportion of respondents who were aware of the proposed water project ....... 79

Figure 5.29: Main potential benefits of proposed water project .................................................. 80

Figure 5.30 Predicted potential project negative impacts ............................................................ 81

Figure 5.31: Potential negative impacts of the proposed water project in Kieni East .............. 82

Figure 5.32 Priority community development options................................................................. 83

Figure 5.33: Priority issues to be considered in the development plan of the different zones 84

Figure 10.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan ........................................................ 113


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AGENN Associates Limited x Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1:Area and Population of the Project Area ......................................................................... 8

Table 2-2 Monthly Water Requirements for Development Option-1 .................................... 10

Table 2-3 Water Balance for irrigating 225 ha (Irrigation Development Option-2) ............. 11

Table 2-4 Seasonal Water Deficit for irrigating 225Ha ............................................................. 11

Table 2-5 Water Balance for Irrigation Development Option No.3 ........................................ 12

Table 2-6: Water Balance for Irrigation Development Option No.4 ........................................... 12

Table 2-7: Irrigation Method Selection Criteria ..................................................................... 13

Table 2.8: Proposed cropping pattern and Calendar ................................................................ 14

Table 2.9: Climatic Data for project area ..................................................................................... 15

Table 2.10: Monthly Crop Water Need ..................................................................................... 17

Table 3.1 : Legislation Summary ...................................................................................................... 23

Table 4.1 :: Sub Catchment Areas ..................................................................................................... 33

Table 4.2: Data used for hydrologic modelling .............................................................................. 35

Table 4.3: Abstractions from river Naromoru ................................................................................ 39

Table 4.4: Values of Q95, Q80 and Q50 and available water at the Aguthi Intake and Kabunda dam based on analysis of daily flows ............................................................................ 40

Table 4.5: Flow duration analysis of mean monthly flow data at 5BC02 ................................... 42

Table 4.6: Flow duration analysis of mean monthly flow data at Aguthi Intake Site .............. 42

Table 4.7: Flow duration analysis of mean monthly flow data at Kabunda Dam .................... 43

Table 4.8: Water balance at proposed Aguthi Intake (m3/day) ................................................... 44

Table 4.9: Water balance at Aguthi intake ...................................................................................... 45

Table 4.10: Ranking of crops in terms of contribution to food and income ............................... 47

Table 4.11: Collaborators in Horticulture Industry ...................................................................... 48

Table 4.12: Project Site Soil Characterization ................................................................................ 49

Table 4.13: Water Sampling Points .................................................................................................. 54

Table 4.14: Comparison of water analysis results to the standards ............................................ 55

Table 5-1 Distribution of respondents by Zone based on Gender .............................................. 56

Table 5.2 Statistics showing housing materials.............................................................................. 63

Table 5.3 Reasons of lack of Credit Facilities ................................................................................. 72

Table 5.4 Different sources of water and their use ........................................................................ 73


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AGENN Associates Limited xi Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 6.1 :Consultant team and the scheme members during a baraza ..................................... 87

Plate 6.2: Focused group discussions ............................................................................................. 87

Plate 6.3: Consultative Meeting with the Scheme Officials and Sub-County Officers ............ 88

Plate 6.4: Training of Enumerators. ................................................................................................ 89

Plate 6.5: Discussions with the County and sub-County staff. ................................................... 89

Plate 6.6: Consultant de-briefing meeting ..................................................................................... 90

Plate 6.7: Meetings with sub-County staff ..................................................................................... 90

Plate 6.8Meeting with County water and irrigation officers ...................................................... 91

Plate 6.9: Consultant Team Presentation as Members follow the Proceedings ........................ 91

Plate 6.10: Members are Enlightened on the Project Developments and Outputs .................. 91

Plate 6.11: Administering the questionnaire ................................................................................. 92


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AGENN Associates Limited xii Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. Purpose

The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation, contracted the consultants to undertake

the Environmental Impact assessment for the proposed rehabilitation and expansion of Ndiriti Aguthi

Irrigation Scheme.

II. Background

Ndiriti Aguthi irrigation scheme is situated in Kieni East division, Nyeri County. The scheme will abstract

water from river Naromoru and Kabunda dam have a command area of 225Ha with 1000 beneficiaries.

The crops grown are mainly vegetables (kales, tomatoes, onions, carrots cabbage) and beans. The

proposed areas of intervention include detailed feasibility study of irrigation infrastructure that include

command area layout, abstraction infrastructure, water conveyance and supply pipeline networks. The

Ndiriti Aguthi irrigation scheme has its catchment within the Naromoru/ Kiamathaga Ward which has an

estimated population of 33,476 persons from 9976 households. The ward covers an area of 243 square

kilometers. On itself, the Ndiriti Irrigation scheme is found within Ndiriti Location which has a

population of 3833 persons from an estimated 1094 households. The Ndiriti Location covers an area of

16.8 square kilometers.

III. Project components

The proposed irrigation system is composed of the following main infrastructure components:

a) Head-works/Water source: The existing Kabunda Dam and Ndiriti Aguthii fixed weir Intake on Naromoru River.

b) Inland Reservoirs/Water Pan: This will provide temporary storage for irrigation water during low flows at the existing water sources especially during the dry seasons.

c) Conveyance Pipeline: This will convey water from the dam sites to the head of the irrigation scheme area located downstream of the existing water sources.

d) Main Pipelines: These will convey water to major irrigation areas as delineated and shown in the plan.

e) Distribution system: These will convey water from the main pipelines to the small irrigation units/blocks (Tertiary Pipelines) from which the Feeder Pipelines will supply irrigation water to the plots/to the sprinklers for irrigation.

f) Infield System: This consists of the hydrants and sprinklers which conveys water to the crops directly from the distribution system

IV. Environmental Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

In response to the legal requirements that demand that an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

(ESIA) be carried out on projects that are likely to have negative impacts on the environment, the

consultant carried out ESIA study. The assessment was carried out to determine the likely environmental

impacts anticipated from implementation of the proposed project and the mitigation measures that can be

implemented to address the anticipated negative impacts. The assessment was done in accordance with

the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999 and Environmental (Impact

Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003, among other national legislations, standards and international

protocols. This was done in order to comply with environmental and quality standards, and meet

requirements as per the applicable laws and regulations in Kenya.

V. Objectives

The objective of the study was to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of

the project areas in accordance with the Environmental Impact and Audit Regulations 2003 and the

international guidelines for ESIA and submit report to NEMA for approval. On the social impact


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AGENN Associates Limited xiii Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

assessment, it includes; carrying out a socio-economic and environmental status analysis through a

baseline survey and preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

VI. Scope of work

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study included:

(a) Analysis of the socio-economic and socio-environmental status of the areas during pre and post

construction- and thus justify development of the affected irrigation project.

(a) Assessment of the Community's capacity to implement the proposed mitigation measures, and make

appropriate recommendations, including potential capacity building and training needs and their costs.

(b) Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) based on the Environmental

baseline survey. The ESMP outlines:

(c) Evaluation of the Social Impact and how the Communities in the area will benefit or lose upon

implementation of the project.

(d) Based on the information collected from the Social Economic Baseline Survey, in the report the

consultant has shown how the identified adverse effects will be mitigated.

(e) The consultant also consulted key stakeholders through interviews, focus group discussions, and

public barazas. Records of public consultations are provided in the appendices.

VII. Approach and Methodology

To meet the objectives of the study, we adopted systematic, integrated, participatory and collaborative

approaches. We gathered information through document reviews, field investigations, focus group

discussions and key informant interviews. We consulted Key Informants, administrators, scheme leaders,

community leaders among others.

The EIA experts examined all legal and regulatory frameworks, socio-economic profiles in the project

area, identified environmental impacts and proposed relevant mitigation measures. The report also

provides environmental management framework, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.

Some of the key components in the ESIA include:

i) Public Consultations: Consultations was conducted with the affected

persons/communities where issues that may arise during the project life cycle were

discussed.

ii) Project Impacts: The project traversed a long stretch of land with considerable levels of

immitigable impacts to the flora and fauna. Some impacts were socio-economic in nature

especially during the construction phase. This would be addressed by interventions suggested

in the ESMP section.

iii) Monitoring and Evaluation: There will be need for continued monitoring and evaluation.

This will ensure that issues that may arise before and after project implementation are

properly addressed.

iv) Community expectations: All the community expectations and concerns as obtained

during the public participation were documented and addressed.


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VIII. Legal Framework of the ESIA

Relevant Kenya laws considered include:-

- EMCA 1999

- Water Act, 2012

- Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Cap 376

- Lake and Rivers Act Cap 409

- Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007

- Irrigation Act 2012

- Land Act, 2012

- Valuers’ Act

- The Constitution of Kenya

- Agriculture, fisheries and food Authority Act, No.13, 2013

IX. Social Economic Profile

A household survey for the proposed water project in Kieni East was conducted based on different

parameters on socioeconomic and environmental considerations. Demographically, there were 173 female

(53%) and 153 (47%) male household heads who respondent during the survey as summarized in Table i.

Table i: Distribution of respondents by Zone based on Gender

Cross Tabulation of Respondents per Zone

Central Kabendera Kahuho Lenana Murua Rongai TOTAL

Female 34 24 43 27 24 21 173

Male 19 29 13 31 27 34 153

Total 53 53 56 58 51 55 326

Majority of households (51%) comprised 4-6 family members. It was also noted that most of the

respondents (57%) had immigrated to this area in search for farming land as shown in Figure I here in.

Figure i). : Primary economic activities in Kieni East with mixed-crop farming being

most prominent in the area

57.1

21.5

10.7 7.1 3.6 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PurchasedLand

Inheritance Business Farming Relocation

%

Main Reasons for Immigration


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The main economic activity in Kieni east is mixed farming where approximately 85.5% of farmers grow

maize, beans or potatoes as single or mixed crop. The farmers have experienced a number of challenges

in crop farming, predominantly crop pests and diseases (63%) and extreme weather conditions of floods

and drought (16%). Livestock farmers have faced high costs of veterinary and other extension services

(46%) and animal feeds (39%) This is illustrated in Figure ii.

Figure ii). : Primary economic activities in Kieni East with mixed-crop farming being

most prominent in the area


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Figure iii). Challenges facing farmers in Kieni East; (a) Crop farming and (b)

Livestock keeping

It is noteworthy that the level of farm mechanization among the farmers in Kieni East is moderate at

46%. Most farmers employ manual family (40%) or hired labour (46%) to prepare land during planting

and crop husbandry activities (Figure iii). This is a potential determining factor in terms of agricultural

productivity in the area and should be prioritized during the design and implementation of development

plans for the region.

Figure iv). : Level of farm mechanisation during land preparation in Kieni East

The transport network in Kieni East needs improvement since 45% of existing roads are in a very

deplorable condition. In addition, nearly 87% of residents in the area move from place to place on foot

and mainly for farming activities (Figure v).

(b)


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AGENN Associates Limited xvii Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

Figure v). : Modes of transport to work/farms.

Figure vi). : Modes of transport to the markets

The main source of energy for a variety of uses, such as cooking and heating for most residents is

firewood (59%) and charcoal (20%) both of which exert pressure on the forest resources within Kieni

and adjacent environments (Figure vii). No wonder in Figure ix, deforestation is the most quoted

environmental challenge in Kieni East (58%) followed by pollution of air, water and noise (44%).

However, electricity forms the main supply of energy used for lighting in this area with about 64%

utilizing this source.

(a)

(b)


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Figure vii). Sources of energy for cooking

Figure viii). Sources of energy for heating in Kieni East

(a)


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Figure ix). Environmental challenges facing Kieni East community

Given the rising demand for domestic and irrigation water in Kieni, 64% of residents have opted for

storage of water in tanks when it is supplied or available while 22% of farmers use modern smart farming

technologies such as drip or micro-irrigation, or sub-surface irrigation methods to conserve water.

Figure x). : Measures adopted by residents of Kieni East to conserve water

On the same note, 58% of the residents are informed of the proposed water project and 99% also concur

that the project would be key in ensuring sufficient supply of irrigation water and therefore to improve

crop production. In fact, majority (97.5%) of residents have expressed Willingness To Pay (WTP) for the

provision of water supply to the area. However, given this fact, 36% feel that the project will further

increase water shortage particularly during the dry season (due to irrigation) while another 30% cited cases

of mismanagement of the water project, for instance misuse of funds or unfair allocation of water

between or within the zones.


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Figure xi). : Level of awareness of the proposed water project (a) and willingness of

the residents to pay for water supply services (b)

Among the priority development issues for the Kieni East community, three key areas for development

include; water supply for irrigation (33%), lower costs of energy (22%) and improvement of road network

(20%).

Figure xii). : Priority issues that should be considered in the development plan

for Kieni East

Therefore, there is need to develop key infrastructure and utilities, including adequate water supply that

will enhance agricultural productivity, socioeconomic development and improved livelihoods in Kieni

East. An integrated water resources management approach is also necessary to mitigate the foreseen

conflicts and/ or competing interests from utilization of water resources in the region.

X. Environmental and social impacts

The environmental and social impacts are discussed in three phases namely: construction, operational and

decommissioning phases. The summary of the positive impacts of the proposed rehabilitation and

expansion of irrigation project are as follows:


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AGENN Associates Limited xxi Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

a) Creation of direct and indirect employment opportunities during the construction and operation phases;

b) Increased agricultural productivity, through the provision of capacity for intensive land use by irrigation;

c) Increase in on-farm revenue; d) Improved food security; e) Increased women involvement in irrigation will provide impetus for sustainable development.


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AGENN Associates Limited xxii Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

XI. Summary of the negative impacts and mitigation measures

Table ii: Summary of the negative impacts and mitigation measures

Potential Impact Mitigation/ Enhancement Measures

Construction Phase

Interference with the physical

setting

Adequate survey should be done on the water pipeline route

Anyone, whose property is affected to be compensated for disturbance

Engagement shall be do to assess whether there is grievances.

Noise pollution and vibration Noise maintained in accordance to the manufacturer’s specification

Operators to put on ear masks to prevent direct noise from the machinery

Machines that are less vibrating to be used

When high vibration needed, to be done during the day

Slope Instability Use of manual labour for trenching and backfilling

Avoid utilisation of heavy machinery near steep landscapes

Construction activities to be conducted during dry season

Air Quality Degradation/

Dust Emissions

Supply and construction vehicles will only use the designated transport routes. The drivers will also be advised to stick to prescribed speed limits

The contractor will ensure proper repair and maintenance of vehicles and equipment to minimize exhaust gases

The contractor shall ensure the appropriate speed limits are observed at along all road sections that will be used by construction vehicles on a needs basis to eliminate the creation of dusts

Construction workers will be provided with dust masks to mitigate

Workers Accidents and

Hazards during Construction

Contractors to adhere to Occupational Health and Safety rules and regulations as stipulated in the Occupational Safety Act of Kenya of 2007 and revised in 2010

Employers must provide and maintain clothing and appliance that are adequate, effective and suitably protective, including where necessary, suitable gloves, footwear, goggles and head coverings

In case of accidents, injured persons should be given first aid and immediately taken to the hospital

Investigation on the cause of accidents done and adequate conclusion to be arrived at

Extraction and use of

Construction Materials

The construction extraction site should be backfilled to help retain the value of the land resource

Fencing to be done before backfilling to prevent accidents of humans and livestock

Generation of Liquid and

Solid Waste

Provision of solid waste collection facilities (waste bins)

Contracting licensed solid waste handlers

Sensitization of construction workers on proper disposal of solid wastes

The contractor will maintain all site vehicles and equipment is a serviceable state

Temporary latrines will be provided on site to be used by construction workers

Oils and greases emanating from repair and maintenance activities will be collected in containers to avoid entry into local drainage channels

Water from cleaning of equipment will be utilised within the project site and will not be discharged into watercourses.


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Loss of Flora and Fauna The proponent shall ensure that clearing of vegetation clearing is limited to the pipeline trench area (i.e. 0.5 meters width) within the road reserve

Transportation of construction materials to be done through the existing local roads

Avoidance of vegetation clearing along riparian land

Sensitization of construction work-force on environmental conservation and ecological protection

Re-vegetation of completed pipeline route with fibrous rooted indigenous vegetation species

Increased Vehicular and

Human Traffic

Transportation of construction material to specific sites will be done through the existing local roads

The contractor will rehabilitate the local roads that will be damaged during construction activities

Consultation with the local communities on planned road diversions if any

Restriction of Vehicular and Human Traffic to the road reserve where possible

Sensitization of drivers to comply with prescribed speed limits

Occupation Health and Safety Continuous supervision of occupational, health and safety management to ensure compliance

Occupational Safety and Health Training for contractor’s staff

Conduct orientation talks and visits

Conduct toolbox talks

Operation Phase

Increase in Waterborne

Diseases

Choice of irrigation system that is efficient in water use

Removal of any stagnant water

Use of nets at homes

Use of gumboots in the irrigation field

Slope-instability Repair and maintenance staff shall drain the pipeline sections to be worked on to avoid spillage of water

Pipeline leakages or bursts shall be swiftly attended to

Water use conflicts Water abstraction laws followed

Farmers training on water use

Installation of water meters

Enforcement of water Act, 2016

Establishment of an Irrigation Water User Committee

Pollution of Water Machines used during operation maintained in good condition


All polluted water treated before discharging to water bodies

Soil erosion and Siltation of

Surface water resources

Use excavated earth materials for backfilling

Sprinkling of backfilled trenches with water

Compaction of backfilled trenches

Re-vegetation of excavated areas

Channelling of surface water runoff away from irrigation channels and pipelines

Health and Safety Hazards Train all workers on Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) with an aim of improving awareness

The proponent will erect appropriate safety signage during repair and maintenance activities


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The proponent shall provide first-aid facilities for R&M staff

Proponent’s staff will be required to use PPEs during R&M work

Decommissioning Phase

Reduced availability of

irrigation water to users

The proponent shall provide an alternative source of irrigation water to the users of the project

Slope Instability Use of manual labour for excavation and backfilling


Decommissioning activities to be conducted during dry season

Soil erosion and Siltation of

Surface water resources





Channelling of surface water runoff away from the pipeline route

Air Quality Degradation/

Dust Emissions

Evacuation vehicles will only use the designated transport routes. The drivers will also be advised to stick to prescribed speed limits


The contractor shall ensure recommended speeds on road sections that will be used by construction vehicles are adhered to on a needs basis to reduce the creation of dusts


Interruption of Existing

Infrastructure and Socio-

Economic Activities

The proponent will liaise with KURA and KeRRA for authorisation to cut through main roads and feeder roads that fall under their jurisdiction.

The contractor will immediately restore the damaged sections of roads and water supply networks to pre-construction conditions

Impact on Socio-Economic

Activities

Notification to local community members whose farms have encroached on the reserve will be notified of pending decommissioning activities

Loss of Flora and Fauna The proponent shall ensure minimal clearing of vegetation

Transportation of decommissioning wastes to be done through the existing local roads

Sensitization of decommissioning work-force on environmental conservation and ecological protection

Re-vegetation of cleared areas with indigenous vegetation species


Human Traffic

Transportation of decommissioning wastes to specific sites will be done through the existing local roads

The contractor will rehabilitate the local roads that will be damaged during decommissioning activities

Consultation with the local communities on planned road diversions



Generation of solid and liquid

waste




The contractor will maintain all site vehicles and equipment to a serviceable state.

Oils and greases emanating from repair and maintenance activities


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AGENN Associates Limited xxv Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation


will be collected in containers to avoid entry into local drainage channels

Water from cleaning of equipment will be utilised within the project site and will not be discharged into water courses.

Health and Safety Continuous supervision of occupational, health and safety management

to ensure compliance


Orientation talks and visits

Toolbox talks

XII. Conclusion

Based on the findings, it is evident that rehabilitation, construction and operation of the proposed

irrigation project will result in overall economic growth and development as a result of improvement in

the availability of water for agricultural use within the project area. As it is indicated in chapter 9, the

potential negative impacts can be easily mitigated without any major effect to the environment. However,

some important resources may be affected negatively such as flora, fauna and water resources within the

project area. These impacts vary from temporary to short term impacts. These impacts can however be

mitigated as indicated in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) discussed in chapter 10

of this report.


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface

The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation, State Department for Crop Development,

engaged the services of the consultant to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

(ESIA) for Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Scheme.

1.2 Project Description

Ndiriti Aguthi irrigation scheme is situated in Kieni East division, Nyeri County. The scheme will abstract

water from river Naromoru and Kabunda dam have a command area of 225Ha with 1000 beneficiaries.

The crops grown are mainly vegetables (kales, tomatoes, onions, carrots cabbage) and beans. The

proposed areas of intervention include detailed feasibility study of irrigation infrastructure that include

command area layout, abstraction infrastructure, water conveyance and supply pipeline networks. The

Ndiriti Aguthi irrigation scheme has its catchment within the Naromoru/ Kiamathaga Ward which has an

estimated population of 33,476 persons from 9976 households. The ward covers an area of 243 square

kilometers. On itself, the Ndiriti Irrigation scheme is found within Ndiriti Location which has a

population of 3833 persons from an estimated 1094 households. The Ndiriti Location covers an area of

16.8 square kilometers.

1.3 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

The objective of the study was to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of

the project areas in accordance with the Environmental Impact and Audit Regulations 2003 and the

international guidelines for ESIA and submit report to NEMA for approval. On the social impact

assessment, it includes; carrying out a socio-economic and environmental status analysis through a

baseline survey and preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

1.4 Scope of work

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study included:

(a) Analysis of the socio-economic and socio-environmental status of the areas during pre and post

construction- and thus justify development of the affected irrigation project.

(b) Assessment of the Community's capacity to implement the proposed mitigation measures, and make

appropriate recommendations, including potential capacity building and training needs and their costs.

(c) Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) based on the Environmental

baseline survey. The ESMP outlines:

i) Institutional arrangements, training requirement and responsibilities for monitoring

implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring indicators;

ii) Proposed work program, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and other necessary support

services to implement the mitigation measures;

iii) Assessing compensation to affected parties for impacts that cannot be mitigated;

iv) Preparation of emergency response measures to accidents as appropriate e.g., flood

damages etc.

v) The proposed concerned parties should agree on the time horizons and mitigation measures

for implementing the recommendations in the ESMP.

vi) Potential environmental and social impacts resulting from the activity;

vii) Proposed mitigation measures.


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(d) Evaluation of the Social Impact and how the Communities in the area will benefit or lose upon

implementation of the project.

(e) Based on the information collected from the Social Economic Baseline Survey, in the report the

consultant has shown how the identified adverse effects will be mitigated.

(f) The consultant also consulted key stakeholders through interviews, focus group discussions, and

public barazas. Records of public consultations are provided in the appendices.

The consultant also evaluated the social impact and showed how the communities in the area will benefit

or lose upon implementation of the project. Based on the information collected from the socio-economic

baseline survey, the consultant proposed mitigation measures.

The consultant consulted with stakeholders and the public on the environmental and social aspects of the

proposed project. The consultant recorded all public consultations and the issues raised e.g. views of

affected stakeholders; date and location of consultation meetings; a list of attendees, their affiliation,

contact addresses and a summary.


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Figure 1.1: General Project Layout map on topographic Map


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Figure 1.2: General Project Layout map on Satellite Map


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Figure 1.3: Ndiriti Aguthi Master Plan Project Layout Map


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1.5 Methodology of ESIA Study

1.5.1 The Approach of ESIA Study

This EIA study was based on the available baseline information and reports on the irrigation project. An

irrigation scheme exists and the aim was to rehabilitate and upscale it. Among the sectoral issues addressed

by the study were: irrigation systems design, technologies and water management; socio-economic, gender

and socio-cultural issues; environmental conservation, bio-diversity, wildlife and resource use and

occupational health and safety. The latter aspect was considered as cross cutting and therefore was captured

in pertinent sectoral issues. This ESIA Study Report was prepared in accordance with “The Environmental

(Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003” for submission to the National Environmental Management

Authority (NEMA).

Preparatory meetings were held with key stakeholders at various stages of the assignment. The ESIA

Consultancy Team was expected to review existing related legislation and regulations in Kenya and all

documents on the proposed Irrigation Project. Review of literature was to compliment field survey data.

During the site visits, comprehensive field survey data on the Irrigation Project and its environs was

collected. The field survey was based on pre-determined parameters and acceptable methodologies used in

environmental and social impact assessment. Field surveys methods included observations, focus group

discussions and interviews with key informants, assessment of extent of environmental degradation and

conservation in Kieni Sub County. The data collected was processed to establish the existing and expected

environmental impacts.

The socio-economic, gender and socio-cultural component of this study was designed to assess the impact of

the proposed Irrigation Project on the socio-economic, gender and cultural environment of the people who

will be affected by the project. The assessment involved an investigation of the current living conditions in

sampled households in order to determine the nature and extent of poverty.

The overall objective of the assessment was to get the views of local community members on the positive

and negative impacts of the project as well as giving them a chance to suggest possible mitigation measures.

The key issues addressed in the assessment include; changing social networks, economic opportunities,

cultural beliefs and practices, irrigation infrastructural development, emerging scenarios with project and

community consultation and participation.

Socio-economic, gender and socio-cultural impacts on the people who will be affected by the proposed

Irrigation Project were assessed through carrying out key informant interviews, focus group discussions,

direct observation and public meetings with the local community.

The consultant was accompanied for the interviews by the representative of the Department of Agriculture

who introduced them to the project members.

1.5.2 Mobilization and Planning

At the commencement of the study, the consultants met with personnel from the State Department for Crop

Development, to discuss and agree on the scope of work, confirm the consultancy team understanding of

the TOR and agree on the proposed methodology. During this meeting, the consultancy team were briefed

by the client on their policy and philosophical viewpoint of the project as a whole. The consultancy team

presented their detailed program of work in order to agree on specific timing for various inputs, progress

meetings and reporting dates. The consultancy team also discussed and finalized the modalities of the

logistics and staff who the client provided to the team during the assignment period.

1.5.3 Desk Review of Documents

The consultancy team reviewed all the relevant available documents on project activities and components

from the client. The team also reviewed all the available and relevant internal environmental guidelines put in

place by the proposed project and recognized guidelines and standards on ESIA.


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1.5.4 Field Data Collection

The consultancy team conducted field visits to the proposed project site and consulted the stakeholders to

obtain further information. The team established the nature of the surroundings including: existing

infrastructure, economic and social set up of the local communities whose normal daily activities will be

and/or likely to be affected by the implementation of the proposed irrigation project.

During the field study, the consultancy team collected existing information and administered interviews with

a view to predicting the potential environmental impacts on the day to day activities of the community due

to the implementation of the proposed irrigation project.

1.5.5 Project Data Synthesis

The consultancy team thereafter interpreted and used the data collected to prepare a comprehensive

environmental and social management plan (ESMP) encompassing the potential negative environmental

impacts, mitigation measures and monitoring indicators. The ESMP is incorporated in the ESIA report.

1.5.6 Public Consultation

The consultancy team organized and convened public consultation meetings for all stakeholders. The team

used the local administration leaders and scheme leadership to convey the consultation theme and

appropriate public consultation venues. During these forums, the consultancy team in close consultation

with the client shared the project information in terms of its implementation and predicted impacts.


Dec. 2018


2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Project Location, Area and Beneficiaries

The proposed Irrigation Project area is located 4km downstream of the Kabunda Dam Site and is bounded

by coordinates Latt -0.170372°,37.043135°; Long -0.223659°,36.999826°; Latt -0.235268° Long 37.029851°

and Latt -0.182167° Long 37.071022°. The area is accessible from Naromoru Town located along the

Nairobi-Nyeri Road and all-weather road to Mount Kenya National Park-Naromoru Gate as shown in

Fig.7.1 below. Administratively the irrigation area is located in Ndiriti Location, Naromoru/ Kiamathaga

Ward in Nyeri County.

2.2 Administration

The sub-location is administered by the Assistant Chief whose office is in Naromoru town. The Naromoru

Location Chief is also in Naromoru town.

Plate 2-1: The scheme offices in two locations

2.3 Population

Table 2.1 shows the area, population and number of households in Kieni Sub County,

Naromoru/Kiamathaga Ward and Ndiriti location.

Table 2.1:Area and Population of the Project Area

Parameters Kieni Sub County Naromoru / Kiamathaga Ward Ndiriti Location

Area in Km2 817.1 243.3 16.8

Population 96,500 33476 3833

Households 29012 9976 1094

(Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2009 Census Study)


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2.4 Social-Economic Activities

The main economic activity in Kieni east is mixed farming where approximately 85.5% of farmers grow

maize, beans or potatoes as single or mixed crop The farmers have experienced a number of challenges in

crop farming, predominantly crop pests and diseases (63%) and extreme weather conditions of floods and

drought (16%). Livestock farmers have faced high costs of veterinary and other extension services (46%) and

animal feeds (39%)

2.5 Transport and Communication

Access to the area is through the Naromoru - Munyu road sections that have been tarmacked. The feeder

roads connecting the interior of the region are mainly earth roads, though motorable. During the rainy

season the roads are almost impassable.

2.6 Irrigation System Layout and Development Options

2.6.1 Introduction

The proposed irrigation system is composed of the following main infrastructure components:

a) Head-works/Water source: The existing Kabunda Dam and Ndiriti Aguthi fixed weir Intake on

Naromoru River.

b) Inland Reservoirs/Water Pan: This will provide temporary storage for irrigation water during low flows

at the existing water sources especially during the dry seasons.

c) Conveyance Pipeline: This will convey water from the dam sites to the head of the irrigation scheme

area located downstream of the existing water sources.

d) Main Pipelines: These will convey water to major irrigation areas as delineated and shown in the plan.

e) Distribution system: These will convey water from the main pipelines to the small irrigation

units/blocks (Tertiary Pipelines) from which the Feeder Pipelines will supply irrigation water to the

plots/to the sprinklers for irrigation.

f) Infield System: This consists of the hydrants and sprinklers which conveys water to the crops directly

from the distribution system

2.6.2 Delineation of the Irrigation Areas

The general layouts for the potential irrigation areas have been prepared taking into consideration the

following factors:

a) Available water for irrigation development

b) Minimum Potential head to operate the selected sprinklers (15m) at the head of scheme from the

existing intake sites.

c) Topography – blocking of areas with similar topographical features such as same ridge and slope

class.

d) Existing drainage system (natural waterways/depressions) – used to form boundary between tertiary

blocks.

e) Soil types – stony / rocky areas left out;

f) Minimum interference on the Existing infrastructure in the project area e.g Schools, market centres,

settlement, and cattle holding grounds, roads, power lines etc;

g) Existing farm/plot boundaries and access roads in the project area.

h) Existing layout for water supply of the project area.

Based on the above considerations, and using the topographical maps from the Survey of Kenya, Contour


Dec. 2018


maps from the topographic surveys of the project area, high resolution satellite image, detailed layout has

been prepared and presented in the sections here-in.

2.6.3 Irrigation Development Options

Three irrigation development options have been proposed for consideration, taking into consideration the

following factors among others;

a) Water source location with respect to the irrigation area

b) Quality and Quantity of the water sources to meet the irrigation water demand

c) Cropping pattern and calendar (seasons)

d) Hydrological data for the project area

e) Views/Local knowledge of the existing water users in the project area

The main water source for irrigation is from the existing Kabunda Dam with current capacity of 244,675m3.

With dam improvement works on the embankment as illustrated in the above chapters, the new storage will

be 294,675m3 while available storage is 270,000m3 by allowing 10% for dead storage. The project water

requirement for 225 Ha required in the ToR is 1.42mmc. This implies that water from the dam

improvement works can irrigate 32.4% of the targeted area i.e. 181 acres (73ha) and for only one season

annually. This has been considered as Irrigation Development Option No.1. Table 2-2 shows the Monthly

Water requirements for this development Option.

Table 2-2 Monthly Water Requirements for Development Option-1

Month Option-1 Dam

Jan 67,511

Feb 60,977

Mar 67,511

Apr 0

May 0

Jun 0

Jul 67,511

Aug 67,511

Sep 65,333

Oct 67,511

Nov 0

Dec 0

NB: Only Season two will be irrigated by water from the Dam for the months of July to October

In order to irrigate 225Ha for two seasons, Irrigation Development Option-2 has been formulated and it has

been proposed to utilize the flood flows of the Naromoru River for irrigation development by method of

abstraction from the existing Aguthi Fixed weir intake located 6km above the head of the scheme. The

excess flood flows will be conveyed and stored in a water pan/on-farm reservoir for use during the dry

seasons. Table 2-3 shows the monthly irrigation water demand compared to the river flood flows.


Dec. 2018


Table 2-3 Water Balance for irrigating 225 ha (Irrigation Development Option-2)

Month Available Flood Flows at Aguthi Intake Irrigation

water

demand, m3

Monthly

Deficit/Surplus

(M3) m3/day m3/s Lit/s

Monthly

(m3)

Jan 3,882 0.044931 44.93056 120,342 207287.5 -86,945

Feb 1,910 0.022106 22.10648 53,480 187227.4 -133,747

Mar 4,980 0.057639 57.63889 154,380 207287.5 -52,907

Apr 15,700 0.181713 181.71300 471,000 0.0 471,000

May 11,197 0.129595 129.59490 347,107 0.0 347,107

Jun 4,212 0.048750 48.75000 126,360 0.0 126,360

Jul 2,415 0.027951 27.95139 74,865 207287.5 -132,422

Aug 4,815 0.055729 55.72917 149,265 207287.5 -58,022

Sep 8,640 0.100000 100.00000 259,200 200600.8 58,599

Oct 9,827 0.113738 113.73840 304,637 207287.5 97,350

Nov 12,636 0.146250 146.25000 379,080 0.0 379,080

Dec 12,120 0.140278 140.27780 375,720 0.0 375,720

From Table 2-3, it is evident that there is insufficient flood water to irrigate the proposed 225 ha for the

months of January, February March and July and August spreading across the two seasons. Table 2-4

summarizes the volume of water-deficit per season.

Table 2-4 Seasonal Water Deficit for irrigating 225Ha

Season Deficit (m3)

Season-1 (Jan, Feb Mar) 273,599

Season-2 (Jul, Aug) 190,444

From Table 2-4 above, Onfarm storage/Water pan of 275,000m3 was proposed as shown in the drawings.

Maximum daily flow rate for this option is = 0.391*3600*5 = 7,038m3/day

Irrigation development Option No.3 will consist of irrigation of the infrastructure in Development Option

No.1 and an additional abstraction of flood waters from the Existing Aguthi Intake to irrigate the lower part

of the scheme comprising of 67.6%. On-Farm reservoir has been proposed and storage capacity determined

as shown in Table 2-5.


Dec. 2018


Table 2-5 Water Balance for Irrigation Development Option No.3

Month AIW (Q50-Q80), (m3)

Option-1 WRQ (m3)

225ha-ToR (m3)

Option-3 Lower Part (m3)

Deficit-Option-3 Lower Part, (m3)

Jan 120,342 0 207,287 0 0

Feb 53,480 0 187,227 0 0

Mar 154,380 0 207,287 0 0

Apr 471,000 0 0 0 0

May 347,107 0 0 0 0

Jun 126,360 0 0 0 0

Jul 74,865 67,511 207,287 139,776 -64,911

Aug 149,265 67,511 207,287 139,776 9,489

Sep 259,200 65,333 200,601 135,268 123,932

Oct 304,637 67,511 207,287 139,776 164,861

Nov 379,080 0 0 0 0

Dec 375,720 0 0 0 0

From Table 2-5, monthly water deficit of 64,911m3 occurs in the month of July. On-farm storage has been

proposed with a max capacity of 68,000m3.

Table 2-6: Water Balance for Irrigation Development Option No.4

Month AIW (Q50-Q80), (m3)

Option-1 WRQ (m3)

225ha-ToR (m3)

Option-4 Lower Part (m3)

Deficit-Option-4 Lower Part, (m3)

Jan 120,342 67,511 207,287 139,776 -19,434

Feb 53,480 67,511 187,227 119,716 -66,236

Mar 154,380 65,333 207,287 141,954 12,426

Apr 471,000 0 0 0 0

May 347,107 0 0 0 0

Jun 126,360 0 0 0 0

Jul 74,865 67,511 207,287 139,776 -64,911

Aug 149,265 67,511 207,287 139,776 9,489

Sep 259,200 65,333 200,601 135,268 123,932

Oct 304,637 67,511 207,287 139,776 164,861

Nov 379,080 0 0 0 0

Dec 375,720 0 0 0 0

From Table 2-6, In-field storage/Water ponds of 90,000m3 capacity is proposed in individual farms.

2.7 Irrigation Method

2.7.1 Recommended Irrigation Methods

Based on the availability of potential head, soil conditions and the ease of operation for the proposed system,

sprinkler and drip Irrigation systems are feasible. Due to the high technical know-how in operation and

maintenance of the drip system, it is recommended that the Sprinkler system be considered at the first


Dec. 2018


implementation of the project and after the farmers have obtained adequate training and knowledge on

irrigation, the drip system can be introduced to replace the sprinkler system and subsequently will result in

increased irrigation area and efficient use of irrigation water

Table 2-7: Irrigation Method Selection Criteria

Decision Criteria

Irrigation Method Suitability Criteria

Surface Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation

1 Natural Conditions

Slope (%) 0 – 2 % 0 – 8 % 0 – 16 %

Soil type Clay loam Most soil types

Soil infiltration rate medium to low(<30 mm/hour)

Higher infiltration rate (Higher than water application rate)

Climate - Low wind speed(< 5m/s ) -

Water quality Free from sediments and dissolved salts

Water availability and supply method

Sufficient supply at low head (Gravity open)

Sufficient supply at a higher head (15-50 m) (piped)

Scarce supply (piped)

2 Social Aspects

Experience required Limited experience Moderate experienced Experienced

Labour requirements High – (O&M, land levelling)

Moderate (sprinkler moving)

Low (filters replacement)

3 Type of Crops All crops Crops with no effect of wetting foliage leaves

High Value crops and crops with wide spacing

4 Level of technology Less sophisticated Moderate sophistication (O&M)

Highly sophisticated (O&M)

5 Cost and benefits in water use efficiency

Low investment cost per Ha but limited in water use efficiency (50%)

Relatively high investment cost per Ha but more benefits in water use efficiency (70%)

Highest investment cost per Ha but most benefits in water use efficiency (90%)

From Table 2-7 above, the suitable irrigation method for the project area is mainly the sprinkler system.

Surface system has not been considered as suitable due to the undulating terrain and limited water

availability. Drip system has also not been recommended as a result of high operation and maintenance costs

as well as high technical know-how which is not with the intended beneficiaries.

The irrigation water requirements have been determined for the sprinkler irrigation system.

2.7.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern & Calendar

The cropping pattern for the proposed crops is as shown in Table 2.8.The annual cropped areas will

gradually increase from the current 100% until a cropping intensity of 200% is achieved in the third year.

Cropping intensities in the first year are estimated at 140%, 170% in the second year and 200% from the

third year


Dec. 2018


Table 2.8: Proposed cropping pattern and Calendar

Area

(%)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No

v

Dec

Season 1

Snow Peas 40

Carrots 55

Capsicum 5

Total 100

Season 2

Irish Potatoes 50

Cabbage 30

Cauliflower 10

Brocolli 10

Total 100

Total Monthly

Crop Areas, %

100 100 100 10 30 0 100 100 100 100 5 100 100

From Table 2.8 above the maximum irrigation area for season 1 occurs in the months of July to October and

December to April in Season 2.

2.8 Irrigation Requirement

2.8.1 Net Irrigation Requirement

The Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) has been determined as follows

NIR = ET crop - P e- Ge – Wb (mm/day)

Where, Pe - Effective rainfall (mm)

Ge - Ground water contribution (mm)

Wb - Stored water contribution (mm)

Since, Ge and Wb are assumed to be negligible,

Therefore,

NIR = ETcrop - Pe

NIR at various months were calculated and presented in Table 7-10 below.

Irrigation Efficiencies

The project irrigation efficiency (Ep) has been estimated using the following criteria:-

Ep = Ec x Ea x Ed

Where;

Ec is conveyance efficiency, 95% for piped system


Dec. 2018


Ea is application efficiency, assumed 80% for sprinkler irrigation, 90% for drip

system and 50% for surface system

Ed Distribution efficiency, assumed 95% for piped system

The overall irrigation efficiency is therefore:

Sprinkler: 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.83 =0.75 (75%);

Drip: 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.89 =0.82(82%);

Surface: 0.95 x0.95 x0.5=0.45(45%);

Since the proposed system for the irrigation method for the project area is by Sprinkler method, the overall

efficiency of 75% has been adopted as shown in table 2.9 below.

Table 2.9: Climatic Data for project area

Irrigation Efficiencies

Conveyance 95%

Distribution 95%

Application 83%

Overall 75%

2.8.2 Gross Irrigation Requirement

The Gross Irrigation Requirement is determined by,

GIR = NIR /Ep

Where;

GIR: Gross Irrigation Requirement

NIR: Net Irrigation Requirement

Ep: Overall Irrigation efficiency

GIR for different months are therefore then calculated as shown in Table 8-12 below.

NB: Minimum net irrigation area of 225ha has been considered for the calculation of irrigation water requirements.

Readily Available Soil Moisture, (RAM)


Dec. 2018


Available soil moisture content in the root zone is the total amount of water that the crop can use for plant

growth and is the difference between the water content at field capacity and the water content at permanent

wilting point. It is also a factor of the plant root zone depth and is expressed as:

RAM = (Fc – Wp) x Zr x p

Where;

Fc = water content at field capacity;

Wp = water content at permanent wilting point

Zr = rooting depth

P =average fraction that can be depleted by the crop and varies from crop to crop

According to the information obtained from the review of various reports coupled with reconnaissance field

visits in the proposed irrigation area, the soils are predominantly Clay Loam soils. From the soils

investigations, the minimum readily available soil moisture (RAM) is 35mm/m depth of soil. (Soil Study

Report, 2018).The selected crops have rooting depths ranging from 300mm to 1000mm. For purpose of

irrigation scheduling, shallow rooting depth is normally used.

Total Readily Available Moisture, (TRAM)

The total readily available moisture, TRAM = Average Rooting Depth x RAM x P

The fraction p varies from one crop to another, ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 depending on the ETc rates. For

most crops 0.5 is commonly used. (FAO 1998). Therefore 0.5 was adapted for purpose of water

requirements estimation

Therefore,

TRAM = RAM * DRZ * P

For shallow rooted Crops, TRAM = 35 x 0.3 x 0.5

= 5.2 mm.

For deep rooted crop, TRAM = 35 x 1.0 x 0.5

= 17.5 mm

Thus

TRAM Lies between 5.2mm to 17.5mm

Maximum Irrigation Interval, IImax

II Max is determined using the equation below,

Where ETcrop = ETo * Kc

The table 2.10 below shows the resultant ETcrop based on the cropping pattern.

ETcrop

TRAMII max


Dec. 2018


Table 2.10: Monthly Crop Water Need

No.

Design Parameters Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1 ETo (mm/day) 3.07 3.33 3.13 2.72 2.52 2.51 2.41 2.37 2.73 2.68 2.42 2.55

2 Days in month 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31

4 Kc per month, Snowpeas 0.44 0.62 0.70 0.99

5 Kc per month, Carrots 0.89 0.54 0.89 0.38

6 Kc per month, Capsicum 0.61 0.43 0.42 0.99 0.54

7 Kc per month, Irish potatoes 0.48 0.43 0.68 0.23 0.59

8 Kc per month, Cabbages 0.37 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.89 0.54

9 Kc per month, Cauliflower 0.40 0.33 0.36 1.00 0.62

10 Kc per month, Broccoli 0.41 0.35 0.38 1.00 0.62

11 Max Crop water need (ETo*Kc) mm/day 1.46 1.43 2.12 2.72 2.23 0.00 2.15 1.47 2.41 2.66 1.31 1.58

From the table above, the maximum ETcrop occurs in April where Maximum ETo = 2.72mm/day and Max

Kc = 1 and is used for the proposed crops.

Therefore, ETcrop=2.72*1 = 2.72

From the TRAM calculated above, for shallow rooted crops;

IImax = TRAM / ETcrop = 5.2/2.72 = 2 Days

And for deep rooted crops,

IImax = TRAM / ETcrop = 17.5/2.72 = 6.4 Days

For shallow and deep-rooted crops, the field capacity can be filled within 2 and 6.4days respectively. The

adopted irrigation interval is 4 days and has been used in the determination crop/project water requirements.


Dec. 2018


3 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Policy Framework

The Kenya Government’s environmental policy seeks to achieve sound environmental management through

sustainable development that ensures that the needs of the future generations are not compromised as a

result of current use. This subsection details the various policy provisions pertinent to environmental

management:

3.1.1 Constitution of Kenya, 2010

The constitution of Kenya spells out the fundamental rights of every Kenyan citizen. Article 42 of the bill of

rights of the Constitution provides that ‘every Kenyan has the right to a clean and healthy environment,

which includes the right to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations

through legislative and other measures’ The Constitution goes further ahead and stipulates under article 69

of part II, chapter 5 (environmental and Natural Resources) that the State shall;

a) Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits;

b) Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya; c) Protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of, biodiversity and the

genetic resources of the communities; d) Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment;

protect genetic resources and biological diversity; e) Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the

environment; f) Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and Moreover, every

person has been mandated to cooperate with the State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources.

In addition to the environmental and natural resources provision, part 1 of the same chapter emphasizes the

following;

Land use and management shall by law, benefit local communities;

Community land is protected from encroachment by State;

Law shall protect Rivers, forests and water bodies;

Equitable access to land;

All lawful land rights are secured; only someone who has stolen land needs to worry;

County governments will manage land in trust of the people in accordance with the constitution.

In addition to these provisions, article 70 provides that if a person alleges that their right to a clean and

healthy environment recognized and protected under article 42, is being or is likely to be, denied, violated,

infringed or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress.

The Constitution of Kenya stipulates for sustainable and sound management of the environment in relation

to development projects. Article 69, the project proponent is mandated to cooperate with State organs and

other persons to protect and conserve the environment. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and

Irrigation, State Department for Crop Development, through Small-scale Irrigation and Value Addition

Project (SIVAP) should therefore ensure compliance with the constitution in so far as ensuring sustainable

development. Moreover, the project should aim at ensuring sustainability of the livelihoods and biological

resources within the project area while taking cognizance to the powers given under the constitution to

communities and individuals to enforce their rights through legal redress.


Dec. 2018


3.1.2 Kenya Vision 2030

The Kenya Vision 2030 provides the National development blueprint for the period 2008 to 2030 emanating

from the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation. Following the post-election

violence in 2007/2008, the GDP growth rate that had rose to 7% in 2007 dipped to 1.7% in 2008. The

Visions objective is to transform the Country into a middle-income economy with a consistent annual

growth of 10% by year 2030.

The Vision outlines the 2030 goal for urban areas as to achieve a “well housed population living in an

environmentally-secure urban development” The vision envisages to achieve this by bringing basic

infrastructure and services including roads, street lights, water and sanitation facilities, storm water drains,

footpaths and others to the people. In achieving these, the vision emphasizes on the need to promoting

environmental conservation to better support the economic pillar.

The proposed project intends to improve water supply and service delivery in Ndiriti Aguthi (Nyeri County)

through the designs and rehabilitation of the irrigation scheme. This initiative is part of the process in

achieving the goals of Vision 2030 for residents within these locations. The proponent should also endeavor

to protect the environment in supporting the economic pillar of the vision.

3.1.3 National Environment Policy, 2013

This Policy sets out important provisions relating to the management of ecosystems and the sustainable use

of natural resources. The policy further acknowledges that natural resources are under immense pressure

from human activities particularly for critical ecosystems including forest, grasslands and arid and semi-arid

lands.

The policy seeks to develop an integrated approach to environmental management, strengthening the legal

and institutional framework for effective coordination, promoting environmental management tools.

This ESIA study will develop an environmental and social management and monitoring plan to mitigate the

impacts that may result during the construction and operation phases of the project. This tool is aimed at

promoting coordination of environmental management of the project such that sensitive ecosystems are not

destabilized by the subsequent project activities

3.1.4 National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development (1999)

The Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1999 was established with the objective of preserving, conserving and

protecting available water resources and to ensure that water is allocated in a sustainable, rational and

economic way. The policy further desires to provide water of good quality and in sufficient quantities that

meets the various water needs while ensuring safe disposal of waste water and environmental protection. To

achieve these goals, water provision through increased household connections and developing other

resources and improved sanitation is required.

While the National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development (1999) enhances a systematic

development of water facilities in all sectors of socio-economic progress, it recognizes the by-products of

this process as waste water. The proposed project is towards providing sufficient and good quality water

supply to the residents of Ndiriti Aguthi (Nyeri County). As an ongoing process, it is important for the

proponent to put in place strategies and plans for waste water management having in mind that the project

area lacks a sewerage system


Dec. 2018


3.1.5 National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) 1994 (revised 2007)

This plan indicates that the Government recognized the negative impacts on ecosystems that come about as

a result of economic and social development programmes that disregard environmental sustainability. In

addressing this, establishment of appropriate policies and legal guidelines as well as harmonization of the

existing ones have been accomplished or are in the process of development.

The ESIA process came about as part of the NEAP process and among the important participants identified

were the then District Development Committees. This implies that a multi-sectoral approach is desired in

identifying and solving environmental problems. The proponent should therefore strive to engage partners

and stakeholders in identifying and solving environmental issues.

3.1.6 The National Land Policy, 2009

In chapter 4 of the land policy under Environmental Management Principles, the policy provides actions for

addressing the environmental problems such as the degradation of natural resources, soil erosion and

pollution. The policy also recommends for appropriate waste management systems and procedures,

including waste and waste water treatment, reuse and recycling.

The policy goes further to advocate for environmental assessment and audit as a land management tool to

ensure environmental impact assessments and audits are carried out on all land developments that may

degrade the environment and take appropriate actions to correct the situation. Public participation has been

indicated as key in the monitoring and protection of the environment.

Chapter 4 further advocates for the implementation of the ‘polluter pays principle’ which ensures that

polluters meet the cost of cleaning up the pollution they cause, and encourage industries to use cleaner

production technologies.

During water abstraction for the scheme, the project shall pass through the existing public road reserves and

private land and as such, the proponent is required to ensure environmental protection of the subject land.

Moreover, this study is what is advocated for in the policy on top of the public consultations conducted.

3.1.7 Gender Policy, 2011

This Policy Framework aims at mainstreaming gender concerns in the National development process in

order to improve the social, legal/civic, economic and cultural conditions of women, men, girls and boys in

Kenya. The policy provides direction for setting priorities to ensure that all ministerial strategies and their

performance frameworks integrate gender equality objectives and indicators and identify actions for tackling

inequality. In addition, each program will develop integrated gender equality strategies at the initiative level in

priority areas. Within selected interventions, the policy will also scale-up specific initiatives to advance gender

equality.

This policy will be referred to during project implementation especially during hiring of staff to be involved

in the implementation of the project. Moreover, the project will be of benefit to women and girls by

providing opportunities to reduce poverty and food insecurity among the rural poor households by

improving the performance of irrigation and marketing infrastructure, as well as enhanced methods of post-

harvest management of the produce.

3.2 Legal Framework

Applications of National statutes and regulations on environmental conservation suggest that the proposed

project management institutions will have a legal and social responsibilities to ensure the proposed

development is carried out without compromising the status of the natural resources, health and safety in the

area. The key National laws that have a direct relevance to the proposed project are briefly discussed here in.


Dec. 2018


3.2.1 Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (Amended 2015)

The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 coupled with the Environmental

Management and Coordination (Amendment) Act, 2015 provide legal and institutional framework for

environment management in Kenya. EMCA as such supersedes all environmental regulations that may be

contrary to the provisions therein owing to its comprehensive coverage of environment management and

judicial enforcement Part II of the Act confers to every person the right to clean and healthy environment

and to its judicial enforcement. Every citizen is also charged with the duty to safeguard and enhance the

environment. In achieving this provision, part VI of the Act directs that any new programme, activity or

operation should undergo environmental impact assessment and a report prepared for submission to the

National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), who in turn may issue a license as appropriate. As

per Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999, Legal Notice 150 (2016) - Replacement of the

Second Schedule - Water resources infrastructure is listed as one of the activities that must undergo

environmental impact assessment. Section 42 of the Act deals specifically with the protection of rivers, lakes

and wetlands. The Act forbids interference with water bodies without the express permission from the

Director General of NEMA. The permission can be granted subject to the findings of an Environmental and

Social Impact Assessment. The Act also empowers the Minister of Environment to declare a lakeshore,

wetland, coastal zone or riverbank as protected area and impose such restrictions, as it considers necessary to

protect the lakeshore, wetland, coastal zone and riverbank from environmental degradation. The

Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) regulations, 2003, provide the basis and procedure of

carrying out EIAs and EAs.

The Second Schedule to the Act specifies the projects for which an EIA or environmental audit must be carried

out. According to the Act, Section 58, all projects listed in the Second Schedule of the Act must submit a

study report to NEMA. The proposed Irrigation Project is classified under Item 8 (e) Irrigation, in the

Second Schedule of EMCA 1999.

EMCA and the other National laws that govern environmental, health and safety issues, in relation to

agricultural and irrigation activities, are briefly discussed in the following sections. Wherever any of these

laws contradict each other, the Act should prevail.

3.2.2 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013

Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act (No.13, 2013) is an Act of Parliament to provide for the

consolidation of the laws on the regulation and promotion of agriculture generally, to provide for the

establishment of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority. The Act tend to protect Agriculture and

fisheries excluding livestock for the purpose of food security in the country.

The Act addresses the following activities:

a) Administer the crops Act and the fisheries Act in accordance with provision of these Act. b) Promote best practices and regulate, the production, procesing and marketing of agricultural and

acquatic products. c) Collect, collate data and maintain a database on agricultural and acquatic products. d) Deteremines the research priorities in agriculture and acquaculture.

3.2.3 Water Act, 2016

The Water Act of 2016 was assented to on 20th September 2016 and repealed the water Act 2002. The

enactment of this law aimed at aligning National water management and water services provision with the

requirements of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 particularly on the clauses devolving water and sanitation

services to the County governments.


Dec. 2018


The Act provides for National monitoring and information systems on water resources. The Act regulates

abstraction and storage of water from water courses depressions or channels. Section 36 on water rights and

works and Section 37 permit not required for certain activities. To formalize the project, the proponent

should notify the sub County water officer on the project and its components.

Part IX section 105 of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause nuisance or condition liable to be

injurious or dangerous to human health. Section 106 requires Local Authorities to take all lawful, necessary

and reasonably practicable measures to maintain their jurisdiction clean and sanitary to prevent occurrence of

nuisance or condition liable for injurious or dangerous to human health. The key areas of the Act related to

irrigation activities include:

a) Obtaining water permits for irrigation (application and issuance procedures and attached conditions);

b) Provision of sufficient drainage works for delivery of used or unused water to a water course or body from irrigated lands;

c) Revision or variation and cancellation of water permits; d) Penalty for waste; e) Penalty for polluting water used for human consumption.

3.2.4 Public Health Act, 1986 (Revised 2012)

The Public Health Act (Cap. 242), in Part IX Section 8 & 9 states that no person/institution shall cause

nuisance or condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Any noxious matter or waste

water flowing or discharged into a water course is deemed as a nuisance. Part Xll Section 136 states that all

collections of water, sewage, rubbish, refuse and other fluids which permits or facilitates the breeding or

multiplication of pests shall be deemed nuisances The Act addresses matters of sanitation, hygiene and

general environmental health and safety. Whereas the contractor must comply with the Act during

construction, the proposed project will be required to comply with the provisions of this Act during the

operation phase.

3.2.5 The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act; 2013

This is an Act that provides for the protection, conservation, sustainable use and management of wildlife in

Kenya and for related purposes.

Section 39 provides for the establishment of conservancy or sanctuary, whereby any person or community

who own land on which wildlife inhibits may individually or collectively establish a wildlife conservancy or

sanctuary in accordance with the provision of the Act. Also section 40 which talks of the community wildlife

association and wildlife manager. Its states that anyone in the community who owns wildlife in their

community can register to the relevant authorities. The objective of this is to prevent conflicts in the use of

land and also cooperative wildlife conservation. This also helps in mapping out the wildlife land and any use

of land around it can be sustainably conserved and managed.

3.2.6 Pest Control Products Act, (Revised 2012)

This Act (Cap. 346, 2012) requires all chemicals used in any agricultural undertaking to be registered by the

Pest Control Products Board (PCPB). All pest control products sold in Kenya must bear a label showing a

PCPB registration number. Under this Act, there are a number of pesticides whose use is banned in Kenya

while training in the use of pesticides must be carried out by PCPB accredited institutions and persons. All

pesticide storage and handling arrangements must be inspected and licensed under this Act. The proposed

Irrigation Project will procure various agricultural biocides for its members and also organize trainings on the

use of the same. It will be prudent for the management to familiarize themselves with provisions of this Act.

3.2.7 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2009

This is an Act of Parliament that provide for the safety, health and welfare of all workers and all persons

lawfully present at workplaces, to provide for the establishment of the Directorate of Occupational Safety


Dec. 2018


and Health Services and its purposes. It applies to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether

temporarily or permanently. During the construction phase of the irrigation project, the works contractor

must adhere to the requirements of this Act.

3.2.8 Irrigation Act, (Rev 2012)

Irrigation Act (Cap 347) applies only to public irrigation schemes managed by the National Irrigation Board.

It is widely recognized that lack of a comprehensive irrigation policy and legal framework has constrained

irrigation development in Kenya. Under the proposed new irrigation policy, organizations of public irrigation

scheme will be required to operate under a legally recognized Irrigation Water User Associations whose

duties will involve management of irrigation water, collection of operation and maintenance fees and conflict

resolution.

Summary of the National laws that are likely to be triggered by the proposed project include those indicated

in Table 3.1:

Table 3.1 : Legislation Summary

Legislation Description

Environmental

Management and

Coordination Act, 1999

(Amended 2015)

This Act governs EIA studies in Kenya and requires that EIAs for Irrigation and

drainage projects are carried out as per the second schedule of the Act. The Act also

set-ups the NEMA.

Environment Impact

Assessment and Audit

Regulations, 2003

Under this Act submission of environmental reports became mandatory, and no

proponent shall implement a project likely to have a negative environmental impact or

one for which an EIA has been concluded and approved in accordance with these

regulations.

EMCA (Noise and

Excessive Vibration

Pollution Control), 2009

These regulations prohibit excessive noise and vibration.

Waste Management

Regulations, 2006 (Legal

Notice No.121)

These regulations are meant to streamline the handling, transportation and disposal of

various types of waste in order to protect human health and the environment.

EMCA (Wetlands, River,

Lake and Sea)

Regulations, 2009

This Act provides for the conservation and sustainable use of all wetlands and their

resources whether occurring in private or public land in Kenya. It ensures the

conservation of water catchments and the control of floods and sustainable use of

wetlands for ecological and aesthetic purposes. Furthermore, the Act makes provision

for the protection of wetlands as habitats for species of fauna and flora and provision

of a framework for public participation in the management of wetlands.

EMCA (Biological

Diversity and Resources,

Access) Regulations,

2006

The Act does not permit any person to engage in any activity that may have an adverse

impact on any ecosystem; may lead to the introduction of any exotic species or to

unsustainable use of natural resources, without an Environmental Impact Assessment

License issued by the Authority under the Act.

The Land Act, 2012 This law “gives effect to Article 68 of the Constitution, to revise, consolidate and

rationalize land laws; to provide for the sustainable administration and management of

land and land based resources, and for connected purposes”. Section 143 and 144 of

the Act provides for the establishment of Right of Way for public projects. The Act

also provides for the rights and responsibilities of persons occupying the land for


Dec. 2018


which the right of way is sought or has been provided.

The Forest Act 2005 This Act provides for the establishment, development and sustainable management,

including conservation and rational utilization of forest resources for the socio -

economic development of the country.

The Water Act of 2016 This Act provides for the management, conservation, use and control of water

resources and for the acquisition and regulation of rights to use water; to provide for

the regulation and management of water supply and sewerage services; to repeal the

Water Act (Chapter. 372 of the Laws of Kenya) and certain provisions of the Local

Government Act and for related purposes.

Occupational Safety and

Health Act, 2009

This Act secures the safety, health and welfare of persons at work; and protects

persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health arising out of, or

in connection with, the activities of persons at work.

Public Health Act, 1986

(Revised 2012)

This Act of Parliament makes provisions for securing and maintaining health. There

are provisions within the Act to deal, in a general way, with water, air and noise quality

as they pertain to human health. An environmental nuisance is defined and includes the

emission from premises of wastewaters, gases and smoke which could be regarded as

injurious to health.

Agriculture, Fisheries

And Food Authority

Act (No. 13, 2013)

This Act seeks to provide for the consolidation of the laws on the regulation and

promotion of agriculture generally, to provide for the establishment of the Agriculture,

Fisheries and Food Authority.

Wildlife (Conservation

and Management) Cap

376 Laws of Kenya

This Act provides that where it is desirable that the present powers relating to the

management and conservation of wildlife in Kenya should be amalgamated and placed

in a consolidated Service of the Government.

The Valuers Act Cap 532 The revised edition 1985 of the valuers act cap 532 makes provisions for the relevant

charges and conducts of valuers in relation to valuation of assets. This act help protect

those people affected by the proposed project by providing the relevant regulations and

guidelines in undertaking land valuation.

The Penal Code (Cap.

63)

The chapter on “Offences Against Health and Conveniences” contained in the Penal

Code enacted in 1930 strictly prohibits the release of foul air into the environment,

which affects the health of other persons.

The Employment Act,

2007

An Act of Parliament to repeal the Employment Act, declare and define the

fundamental rights of employees, to provide basic conditions of employment of

employees, to regulate employment of children and to provide for matters connected

with the foregoing.

The Lake and Rivers Act

Cap 409

The Act makes provision for regulating the use of lake or river for the transport of

floating timber; regulating the traffic on a lake or river; for protecting the bird or

animal life on or in a lake or river.


Dec. 2018


3.3 Institutional Framework

3.3.1 Institutions under EMCA, 1999

The Government established the following institutions to implement the EMCA 1999.

a) Ministry of Environment and Forestry

The Ministry is charged with the responsibility to protect, conserve and manage the environment and natural

resources for socio-economic development through sustainable exploitation for socio-economic

development aimed at eradication of poverty, improving living standards and ensuring that a clean

environment is sustained. The ministry’s mission statement and key objective is to facilitate good governance

in the protection, restoration, conservation, development and management of the environment and natural

resources for equitable and sustainable development.

b) National Environmental Council

The body was established under section 4(3) of EMCA 1999 and it consists of the line Ministry’s Cabinet

Secretary as the chairman, the principal secretary, representatives from public universities, research

institutions, NGOs, the Director General to NEMA and such number of members as may from time to time

be determined by the line Ministry’s Cabinet Secretary.

The National Environmental Council (NEC) is responsible for policy formulation and directions for the

purposes of the Act. The NEC also sets National goals and objectives and determines policies and priorities

for the protection of the environment.

c) National Environmental Action Plan Committee

The committee was established under Section 37 of the Act. The committee is responsible inter alia, for the

development of a five-year national environment action plan. The National environment action plan

contains among other aspects analysis of the natural resources of Kenya and their distribution, quantity and

various uses.

The committee is also responsible for recommending legal and fiscal incentives for business that incorporate

environmental requirements into their planning and operational processes as well set out guidelines for the

planning and management of the environment and natural resources. Upon adoption by Parliament, the

National environment action plan becomes binding on all organs of government.

d) Standards and Enforcement Review Committee (SERC)

The SERC operates under NEMA as established under Section 70 of EMCA 1999. It serves as a technical

committee mandated with the task of formulation of environmental standards, methods of analysis,

inspection, monitoring and technical advice on necessary mitigation measures. The Principal Secretary under

the Cabinet Secretary is the Chairman of the SERC. The members of the SERC are set out in the third

schedule of EMCA 1999.


Dec. 2018


e) National Environmental Complaints Committee

The National Environmental Complaints Committee (NECC) is the body charged with the task of

investigating complaints or allegations regarding the condition of the environment in Kenya and suspected

cases of environmental degradation. The NECC also undertakes public interest litigation on behalf of the

citizens in environmental matters. It is composed of seven members appointed by the Cabinet Secretary for

Environment and Natural Resources headed by a chairman who is a person qualified to be appointed as a

judge of the High Court of Kenya and members nominated by the Attorney-General, the Council of County

Governors (Secretary), the Law Society of Kenya and the business community.

f) County Environment Committees

Section 29 (1) of EMCA 1999 provides that the Cabinet Secretary shall by notice in the gazette appoint

County Environment Committees of NEMA in respect of every County. These committees assist NEMA in

effectively carrying out its function of proper management of the environment at this level. It is instructive

to note that the membership of these committees includes inter alia representatives of farmers or

pastoralists, business community, women and youth.

g) National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)

NEMA is the administrative body that is responsible for the coordination of the various environmental

management activities in Kenya. NEMA is also the principal government authority for implementing all

environmental policies. NEMA is also responsible for granting EIA approvals and for monitoring and

assessing activities in order to ensure that the environment is not degraded by such project activities.

The authority’s core functions are:

i) Advise the Government on legislative and other measures for the management of the environment or the implementation of relevant international conventions, treaties and agreements.

ii) Undertake and coordinate research, investigation and surveys, collect, collate and disseminate information on the findings of such research, investigations or surveys.

iii) Promote the integration of environmental considerations into development policies, plans, programmes and projects, with a view to ensuring the proper management and rational utilization of environmental resources, on sustainable yield basis, for the improvement of the quality of human life in Kenya.

iv) Coordinating the various environmental management activities being undertaken by the lead agencies

v) To take stock of the natural resources in Kenya and their utilization and conservation. vi) Initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents, which may cause

environmental degradation and evolve remedial measures where accidents occur e.g. floods, landslides and oil spills. Carry out surveys, which will assist in the proper management and conservation of the environment.

vii) Mobilize and monitor the use of financial and human resources for environmental management. viii) Identify projects and programmes for which environmental audit or environmental monitoring must

be conducted under this Act and ix) Monitor and assess activities, including activities being carried out by relevant lead agencies, in order

to ensure that the environment is not degraded by such activities. Management objectives must be adhered to and adequate early warning on impending environmental emergencies is given.

h) Public Complaints Committee

The Act also established a Public Complaints Committee, which provides the administrative mechanism for

addressing environmental harm. The committee has the mandate to investigate complaints relating to

environmental damage and degradation. Its members include representatives from the Law Society of Kenya,

NGOs and the business community.

i) Standards and enforcement Committee


Dec. 2018


Part VIII of the Act deals with environmental quality standards. It establishes a Standards and Enforcement

Review Committee (SERC) whose functions include the establishment of standards for all environmental

media.

Standards have been established as regulations to the Act as presented here-in. Standards for the following

are still scheduled for release:

i) Air quality; ii) Chemicals; iii) Land use and iv) Economic instruments.

3.3.2 Water Resources Authority

The Water Resources Authority (WRA) is of particular relevance to the project. Its mandate covers some

sectoral issues which are applicable to environmental management, such as use of water resources, human

settlement and administration of activities in the scheme.

Part III of the Water Act 2016 defines the powers and functions of WRA which include:

a) Developing principles, guidelines and procedures for the allocation of water resources; b) Monitoring the national water resources management strategy; c) Receiving and determining applications for permits for water use; d) Monitoring and enforcing conditions attached to permits for water use; e) Regulating and protecting water resources quality from adverse impacts; f) Managing and protecting water catchments.

WRA may prosecute any offences arising under the Water Act and also provides the basis for the following:

a) Formulation of a National Water Resources Management Strategy; b) Classification of water resources and resource quality objectives; c) Determination of water reserves; d) Designation of catchment areas; e) Formulation of a catchment management strategy; f) Declaration of protected catchment areas National monitoring of and information on water

resource management and g) Definition of state schemes and community projects.

3.4 African Development Bank Guidelines

3.4.1 Overview

African Development Bank has strong development-oriented Environmental and Social Assessment

Procedures (ESAP) aimed at improving decision-making and project results in order to ensure that Bank-

financed projects, plans and programmes are environmentally and socially sustainable, and in line with the

Bank’s policies and guidelines.

At the project identification phase, the screening exercise focuses on the environmental and social

dimensions of a project to categorise it, in one of four categories listed in Table 4.1.


Dec. 2018


Table 4.1: AfDB categories for Environmental Assessments

Category Requirement

Category 1 Projects that are likely to have the most severe environmental and social impacts and require

a full ESIA.

Category 2 Projects likely to have detrimental and site-specific environmental and social impacts that

can be minimised by the application of mitigation measures included in an ESMP.

Category 3 Projects that shall not induce any adverse environmental and social impacts and do not need

further ESIA action.

Category 4 Projects involve investment of Bank’s funds through Financial Intermediaries (FIs) in

subprojects that may result in adverse environmental or social impacts. Specific

requirements for this type of project include an assessment of FI capacities to handle

environmental and social considerations.

The water supply project covers a fairly wider area. The impacts during operational phases are bound to be

minimal on lives of the people, wildlife and plants within and in surrounding areas. According to

Environmental Assessment classification of projects by the Bank, such a project falls into category 2.

Thus, there will be need for continued assessment of the impacts and the extent and scope of the identified

impacts in line with the provisions in the Guidelines.

3.4.2 AfDB Environmental Policies

In January 2004 the Boards approved the new Bank Group Policy on the Environment, which incorporates

and redefines the former policy on environmentally sustainable development in Africa. The new policy

acknowledges that to sustain economic growth in Africa, there is an urgent need to preserve and enhance the

ecological capital that enriches such growth. The main goals of the new policy are to:

a) Promote a long-term view and perspective of economic and social development; b) Reverse where possible and halt the impoverishment process in Africa by enhancing the access of

the poor to environmental resources; c) Help Regional Member Countries (RMCs) to build their environmental management capacity and

sensitize policymakers on environmental issues and bring about institutional changes to achieve sustainable development and

d) Reinforce the existing partnerships with international institutions and network also with regional and sub-regional organizations to coordinate interventions in environmental sustainable development.

Two guidelines relevant to the new Policy on the Environment were completed and disseminated in 2004,

namely the Strategic Impact Assessment Guidelines (SIA) and the Integrated Environmental and Social

Assessment Guidelines (IESA). The IESA Guidelines are designed to ensure that both environmental and

social issues are mainstreamed in Bank projects throughout the project cycle.

In 2004 the Bank developed an Implementation Plan to execute its new Policy on the Environment.


Dec. 2018


3.4.3 Bank Group Policy on the Environment (2004)

The Environmental Policy sets out the broad strategic and policy framework under which all Bank Group

lending and non-lending operations will be made to promote environmentally sustainable development in

Africa. Its overall goals are two-fold: firstly, to help improve the quality of life of the people of Africa; and

secondly, to help preserve and enhance the ecological capital and life-support systems across the continent of

Africa. The development of the policy has been driven by a number of factors, including the recognition and

acceptance of sustainable development as the dominant development paradigm for the 21st century; need for

a greater focus on pro-poor growth policies and programmes to counter unacceptable impoverishment rates;

rapid progress in the inevitable integration of Africa in the globalization process; and the need for an

improved governance with a clearer commitment of the majority of African governments to provide the

necessary leadership for sustainable development. They use a set of approaches and

developing/strengthening procedures and guidelines, with particular focus on the full enforcement of the

Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures for all lending operations of the Bank.

3.4.4 Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (IESIA) Guidelines (2003)

The IESIA Guidelines’ are tools used in the implementation of the Bank’s Environmental and Social

Assessment Procedures. The major objective of the IESIA Guidelines’ is to provide guidance to the staff of

the Bank and RMCs on how to adequately consider crosscutting themes while assessing the environmental

and social impacts of a project. These guidelines present the most frequent potential impacts and

enhancement / mitigation measures for the considered sub-sector. They also provide a brief summary of

external factors and the main hazards that can influence sectoral projects. The guidelines also outline

indicators that could be useful for monitoring the considered project as well as series of references for

further readings.

3.4.5 Bank Group's Handbook on Stakeholder Consultation and Participation (2001)

It provides guidelines and outlines specific actions that Bank staff should take to promote participation at

every stage of the Bank’s project cycle, including the preparation of Country Strategy Papers (CSPs), and

Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRS’). The Handbook explains the concept of stakeholder participation,

including a description of different levels of participation, its benefits and risks, and underlying principles. It

provides an overview of some of the most frequently used participatory methods, tools, and techniques and

also explores some key institutional and resource implications related to mainstreaming participatory

approaches in the Bank's work. It also identifies current constraints and recommends specific steps that can

be taken in order to translate the Bank’s policy commitment to participation into action. Finally, the Annexes

provide advice on where staff can go for further information on participation, including references for

written materials, relevant web-sites and a variety of African and international institutions with such

expertise.

3.4.6 Bank Group's Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures for Public Sector Operations (2001)

The main purpose of the Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAPs) is to improve decision-

making and project results by ensuring that Bank-financed projects, plans and programs are environmentally

and socially sustainable, and fully in line with Bank’s policies and guidelines. The ESAPs describe the various

steps that shall be followed to mainstream crosscutting issues along the project cycle, from Country

programming to post-evaluation. The ESAPs present to Bank staff and clients various instruments for

assessing projects to ensure the mainstreaming of environmental and social sustainability issues. These tools

include the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA), which can be used to assess, from the

environmental and social point of view, the plans and programs to be financed by the Bank. The ESAPs also

formalise the use of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), Environmental and Social

Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental and Social Audits as instruments to enhance project benefits


Dec. 2018


and (in order of priority) to prevent, minimise, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental and social

impacts.

3.5 International Laws and Guidelines/ Multilateral Environmental Agreements

In addition, the following guidelines/international laws/multilateral environmental agreements were also

reviewed:

3.5.1 Ramsar convention on wetlands

This is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for National action and international

cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The Ramsar Convention is

the only global environmental treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem. The treaty was adopted in the

Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971 and the Convention's member Countries cover all geographic regions of the

planet.

Unlike the other global environmental conventions, Ramsar is not affiliated with the United Nations system

of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA), but it works very closely with the other MEAs and is a

full partner among the "biodiversity-related cluster" of treaties and agreements.

3.5.2 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.

Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG

emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a

heavier burden on developed Nations under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities."

The Convention on Climate Change sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the

challenge posed by climate change. It recognizes that the climate system is a shared resource whose stability

can be affected by industrial and other emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The

Convention enjoys near universal membership.

Under the Convention, Governments:

Gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies and best practices

Launch national strategies for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to expected impacts, including the provision of financial and technological support to developing countries

Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change

The Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994.

3.5.3 Convention on biological diversity

In response to the growing threat posed by human activity to biodiversity and inspired by the world

community's growing commitment to sustainable development, during the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de

Janeiro world leaders adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It is the most important

Convention dealing with biodiversity conservation.

The Convention has three main objectives, to:

a) Conserve biological diversity b) Use biological diversity in a sustainable manner and c) To share the benefits of biological diversity fairly and equitably.


Dec. 2018


IUCN has been involved in the CBD since its drafting and through its further development. Its policy work

has helped to ensure that decisions taken by the Parties to the Convention are as effective as possible to

achieve the CBD objectives.


Dec. 2018


4 BASELINE INFORMATION

4.1 Climate

The nearest rain gauge is at the Mt. Kenya Naromoru Park Gate Station operated by Kenya Meteorological

Department (Station No. 9037149) at an elevation of 2362. Its coordinates are Longitude 37.207314° E and

Latitude 0.165349° S. Here the mean annual rainfall is 993 mm. The rainfall decreases to the west as one

descends from the mountain and at the intake site, the mean annual rainfall is estimated to be 860 mm and

the mean annual potential evapotranspiration is 1160 mm giving an aridity index (ratio of annual potential

evapotranspiration to annual precipitation) of 1.34. According to the Agroclimatic zone map of Kenya (KSS,

1980), the area is a transitional one lying between semi-humid zone III to semi-humid to semi-arid zone IV.

The monthly distribution of rainfall, potential evaporation and temperature is shown in Figure 4.1 and 4.2

Figure 4.1: Mean monthly temperatures in the area around the intake point

Figure 4.2: Mean monthly rainfall (red) and potential evapotranspiration (green) in the area around

the intake point

4.2 Hydrology

4.2.1 Geographical location of River Naromuru

River Naromoru is a tributary of River Ewaso Ng’iro. Naromoru river flows westwards from the western

side of Mount Kenya. The river gauging station RGS 5BC02 (coordinates 37.020275° E and 0.160631° S) is

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Tem

per

atu

re [

°C]

T_Max [°C] T_Min [°C] T_Mean [°C]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Rai

n/

PET

(m

m)

Prec [mm] PET [mm] 0.5PET


Dec. 2018


located just downstream of the tarmac road from Naromoru town to Nanyuki (see Figure 1). The catchment

boundaries upstream of RGS 5BC02 are within Longitude 37.017697° E and 37.317723° E and Latitude

0.156960° S and 0.193912° S. The elevation ranges from 4560 m to 1985 m above sea level. The coordinates

of the proposed intake is 7km upstream of the RGS 5BC02 just downstream of the confluence of Northern

Naromoru and Southern Naromoru at coordinates 37.079983° E and 0.178719° S.

Figure 4.3: The Naromoru river catchment upstream of RGS 5BC02.

The catchment area size of the point of abstraction for Ndirit Aguthi project is approximately 75 km2 while

the catchment area of Kabunda dam is approximately 3 km2. Table 1 below shows the catchment areas of

other sites of interest.

Table 4.1 Sub Catchment areas represented by the Naromoru river upstream of RGS 5BC02, the Northern

and Southern Naromoru and the dam site

Table 4.1 :: Sub Catchment Areas

Sub Catchment Area (km2)

Naromoru river North & South (intake site) 74.865

North Naromoru 44.548

South Naromoru 30.317

Kabunda dam 2.68


Dec. 2018


Plate 4-1: River Naromuru

4.2.2 Data acquisition and hydrological modelling

A reconnaissance survey of the area was carried out on 10th June 2018 to get an appreciation of the available

water and land resources, the current land uses and water abstractions and the irrigation water demand.

Rainfall, potential evaporation and river flow data (Table 4.2) was used to fit a continuous, lumped rainfall

runoff model called Australian Water Balance Model (AWBM) within the rainfall runoff library (RRL).


Dec. 2018


Table 4.2: Data used for hydrologic modelling

Data Source Station /Area Period Missing Remarks

Daily River

flow WRA 5BC02

1/1/1947 to

31/10/2015

50% for period 1947 to

2015

25% for period 1981-2015

Daily Rainfall KMD 9037149

01/01/1978

to

30/11/2016

1% Very good data

Temperature /

Wind speed /

Humidity /

Solar radiation

NASA

Power

website

Centroid of

5BC02

catchment

1983 -2016 0% None

4.2.3 Short description of the AWBM

The AWBM is a catchment water balance model that can relate runoff to rainfall with daily or hourly data

and calculates losses from rainfall for flood hydrograph modelling. AWBM requires evapotranspiration as an

input whereas most models will take PET as input. The model uses 3 surface stores to simulate partial areas

of runoff. The water balance of each surface store is calculated independently of the others (Figure 4.4). The

model calculates the moisture balance of each partial area at either daily or hourly time steps. At each time

step, rainfall is added to each of the 3 surface moisture stores and evapotranspiration is subtracted from each

store. The water balance equation is:

storen = storen + rain - evap (n = 1 to 3)

If the value of moisture in the store becomes negative, it is reset to zero, as the evpotranspiration demand is

superior to the available moisture. If the value of moisture in the store exceeds the capacity of the store, the

moisture in excess of the capacity becomes runoff and the store is reset to the capacity. The three

parameters A1, A2 and A3 representing the proportions of the areas of the catchment are constrained; thus

only A1 and A2 can be set. The default pattern is A1=0.134, A2= 0.433, A3= 0. 433 and this pattern is fixed

(i.e. calibration tools will not modify it). When A1 and/or A2 are changed, A3 will be adjusted to respect the

constraint. If the user increases A1, and A3 cannot compensate, then A1 is reduced to still respect the

constraint.

When runoff occurs from any store, part of the runoff becomes recharge of the base flow store if there is

base flow in the stream flow. The fraction of the runoff used to recharge the base flow store is BFI*runoff,

where BFI is the base flow index, i.e. the ratio of base flow to total flow in the stream flow. The remainder

of the runoff, i.e. (1.0 - BFI)*runoff, is surface runoff. The base flow store is depleted at the rate of (1.0 -

K)*BS where BS is the current

moisture in the base flow store and K is the base flow recession constant of the time step being used (daily

or hourly).

The surface runoff can be routed through a store if required to simulate the delay of surface runoff reaching

the outlet of a medium to large catchment. The surface store acts in the same way as the base flow store, and

is depleted at the rate of (1.0 - KS)*SS, where SS is the current moisture in the surface runoff store and KS is

the surface runoff recession constant of the time step being used.


Dec. 2018


Figure 4.4: Schematic representation of the AWBM hydrological model

The major inputs to the model are as follows:

Rainfall – a continuous time series of rainfall data that represents the rainfall across the catchment

Potential evapotranspiration – a continuous time series of potential evapotranspiration or evapotranspiration

data that represents the evapotranspiration across the catchment.

Flow gaugings – daily runoff values for the gauging station that is to be modelled. This data are used for

model calibration and checking.

Catchment area – this is used to convert inputs and outputs between flow and depth of runoff.

4.2.4 Model Calibration and Simulation

The AWBM model was calibrated with flow data from RGS 5BC02 for the period from 01/01/2000 to

31/12/2015. The warm up period was three years (1/1/2000 to 1/1/2004). The model has eight parameters

which were calibrated manually until the flow duration curve of the observed river flow data matched that of

the simulated data (Figure 4.5). Goodness of fit was judged by visual assessment of the FDC (Figure 4.6), by

the agreement between the mean observed and simulated runoff and by the coefficient of determination R2

between the observed and simulated daily flows. The coefficient of determination R2 of daily flow data was

0.534. The observed runoff was 2057 mm against simulated runoff of 2368 mm. This is considered

satisfactory. The slight under-estimation of simulated flow can be explained by the high peaks in the

observed data which could be a result of errors in measurement of the peak flows. On the basis of this

calibration result, the simulation was extended to cover the period from 1985 to 2015 (31 years). One year of

flow data was discarded for model warm and this left 30 years of data which is sufficient for statistical

analysis. Having calibrated the model at the RGS 5BC02 (area 83 km2), the flow for the small catchments

(74.865 km2 and 2.68 km2) was simulated by keeping the rainfall and other weather data and parameters

constant and changing the area of the catchment.


Dec. 2018


Figure 4.5: Observed and simulated flow at RGS 5BC02 from 2000 to 2015.

Figure 4.6: Model calibration using the flow duration curve and the parameter set that was obtained

after calibration

4.2.5 Permitted abstractions and correction of flow data

Permit data obtained from Water Resources Authority showed permits and authorizations from 1978 to

2016 (Table 3). There are a total of 18 abstractors (permits or authorizations) on Naromoru river. During

the field visit, some 15 abstractors on Northern and Southern Naromoru were identified, these are;

a) Northern Naromoru b) Kihoto c) Gitwe d) Naromoru Scheme e) Southern Naromoru f) Njoguini g) Kigama

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1/1/00 10/27/00 8/23/01 6/19/02 4/15/03 2/9/04 12/5/04 10/1/05 7/28/06 5/24/07 3/19/08 1/13/09 11/9/09 9/5/10 7/2/11 4/27/12 2/21/13 12/18/13 10/14/14 8/10/15

Ru

no

ff (

m3 /

s)

Date

Calculated Flow

Observed Flow

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Ru

no

ff, (

m3 /

s)

Probability of Exceedence (P)

Calculated Flow Observed Flow Log. (Calculated Flow) Log. (Observed Flow)


Dec. 2018


h) Gitero / Kaduri i) Kebendera j) Kabunda k) Ndiriti Aguthi l) Downstream of confluence m) Naruwasco (Gatuni) n) Naruwasco o) Kihato

The total quantity of water (Q.O.W.) represented by these permits and authorizations is 0.17 m3/s (14,642

m3/day). About 75% of the water is abstracted for irrigation (Figure 4.7). Since we do not have adequate

information, we can assume that half of the amount of water permitted for abstraction is for the Northern

and Southern Naromoru.

Figure 4.7: Proportion of water abstracted from Naromoru river for various uses

It is well known that abstractions from this river have been going on for much longer than the permit

database shows. Just how much is abstracted for the period of the simulation is not clear. We opted to

calibrate the AWBM model with the flow data as given and assumed that the existing abstractions have

already been factored in the flow data and therefore we only need to confirm that the extra proposed

abstraction would be available and that it would provide for the downstream releases required to meet

environmental flows and other water demands downstream.


Dec. 2018


Table 4.3: Abstractions from river Naromoru

# Applicant Name Categor

y

Application

Date Status

System

Entry Date

Approval

Date Expiry Date

Quantity

(m3/day)

1 Athony L Frere A 03/12/2010 Authorization Issued 14/11/2011 03/12/2015 03/02/2016 4.7

2 Elisabeth Brenda Woods A 03/12/2010 Authorization Issued 14/11/2011 09/04/2015 09/06/2015 4.5

3 Naromoru Scheme Water

Project B 08/12/2010 Permit Issued 24/01/2011 24/01/2011 24/01/2016 292.1

4 Naromoru Water &

Sanitation Co. Ltd B 08/02/2016 Authorization Issued 12/02/2016 14/04/2016 14/05/2017 343.0

5 Aaa Growers

Limited(Nanyuki) B 28/12/2010

Posted Old Permit

application 09/12/2015 94.5

6 Kabunda Water Project B 08/12/2010 Permit Issued 18/01/2011 24/08/2017 18/01/2021 180.4

7 Kihoto Water Project B 17/09/2012 Permit Issued 17/09/2012 09/11/2017 09/11/2022 360.0

8 Mwea B Water Project B 23/01/2013 Permit Issued 23/01/2013 15/02/2016 15/02/2021 155.7

9 Mwiremia Water Project B 20/09/1978 Permit Issued 03/12/2014 01/01/2012 01/01/2017 176.0

10 Aaa Growers

Limited(Nanyuki) B 17/08/2010 Permit Issued 19/08/2015 18/11/2016 18/08/2021 94.5

11 Matanya Weru-Ini-Water

Project B 08/10/2013 Authorization Issued 08/10/2013 16/10/2013 16/11/2014 300.0

12 Cinnabar Green Limited B 27/02/2015 Authorization Issued 11/03/2015 08/06/2015 08/08/2015 138.0

13 Ndiriti Aguthi Water

Project C 08/12/2010 Permit Issued 19/01/2011 25/01/2016 25/01/2021 940.3

14 Mwichuiri Gitero Water


15 Kabendera Self Help Water


16 Aaa Growers

Limited(Nanyuki) C 21/12/2010

Posted Old Permit

application 21/12/2015 - - 94.5

17 Aaa Growers

Limited(Nanyuki) C 28/12/2010 Permit Issued 21/09/2016 18/11/2016 28/12/2020 0.0

18 Ndiriti Aguthi Water


19 Gitwe Irrigation Water

Projects D 01/12/2010 Permit Issued 06/01/2011 07/01/2011 07/01/2016 1360.2

20

Thome Water Project D 15/02/2012

Extension of Time

Issued 15/02/2012 28/01/2015 28/01/2016 6088.5

TOTAL QUANTITY OF WATER m3/day 14,642.7

m3/s 0.169

4.2.6 Analysis of rainfall data

The rainfall for Naromoru Met Station from 1/1/1985 to 30/11/2016 was used for the hydrological

modelling. The mean monthly rainfall for this period is presented in Figure 4.8. The mean annual total was

obtained as 1522 mm. Since this rainfall station is located within the catchment, it was assumed that the

rainfall is representative of the northern and southern Naromoru tributaries. No corrections of the rainfall

were made.


Dec. 2018


Figure 4.8: Mean monthly flow data at Naromoru Met Station

4.2.7 Results of statistical analysis of flow data

The 30 years of flow data at Aguthi intake and Kabunda dam site obtained from the hydrological modelling

was subjected to statistical analysis using the statistical package Instat. From the Flow Duration Curve (FDC)

analysis flow data at the Aguthi intake (~75km2) and at the Kabunda dam (~3 km2), the values of Q95, Q80

and Q50 are shown in Table 4.4. The mean monthly flows at Aguthi intake site and Kabunda dam site are

shown in Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10. The results of FDC analysis of monthly flow data is presented in Table

4.5 –4.7.

Table 4.4: Values of Q95, Q80 and Q50 and available water at the Aguthi Intake and Kabunda dam

based on analysis of daily flows

Aguthi Intake

(m3/day) Kabunda Dam (m3/day)

Q95 369 33

Q80 2,716 242

Q50 11,119 991

Water available for domestic use (Q80-Q95) 2,347 209

Water available for irrigation (Q50-Q80) 8,403 749

75

42

110

222

188

108

87 99

108

174

206

110

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rai

nfa

ll (m

m)

Month


Dec. 2018


Figure 4.9: Long term average monthly flow at Aguthi intake

Figure 4.10: Long term average monthly flow at Kabunda dam site

Flow duration analysis of mean monthly flow data at 5BC02 (Table 4.5), Aguthi intake site (Table 4.6) and

Kabunda dam (Table 4.7) site showing available domestic water (ADW) and available irrigation water (AIW)

in m3/day.

11,157

6,533

10,403

29,013 28,970

13,402

7,446

11,881

19,005

21,757

30,783

17,516

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000


Flo

w (

m3/s

)

Months

Aguthi Intake

994

582

927

2,585 2,581

1,194

663

1,059

1,693

1,939

2,743

1,561

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000


Flo

w (

m3 /

s)

Month

Kabunda dam


Dec. 2018


Table 4.5: Flow duration analysis of mean monthly flow data at 5BC02

Month Reference

Station Q95 Q80 Q50

ADW(Q80-

Q95)

AIW(Q50-

Q80)

Jan 5BC02 2,412 4,194 14,830 1,783 10,635

Feb 5BC02 362 2,174 7,407 1,812 5,233

Mar 5BC02 703 7,153 20,793 6,450 13,641

Apr 5BC02 13,802 36,512 79,520 22,710 43,008

May 5BC02 26,139 39,128 69,798 12,989 30,670

Jun 5BC02 5,417 13,144 24,683 7,727 11,539

Jul 5BC02 2,871 9,288 15,903 6,417 6,614

Aug 5BC02 8,839 16,253 29,442 7,414 13,189

Sep 5BC02 4,375 23,695 47,363 19,320 23,668

Oct 5BC02 22,513 28,084 55,002 5,571 26,918

Nov 5BC02 23,805 50,947 85,561 27,142 34,613

Dec 5BC02 5,625 15,468 48,669 9,842 33,201

Table 4.6: Flow duration analysis of mean monthly flow data at Aguthi Intake Site

Month Reference

Station Q95 Q80 Q50

ADW(Q80-

Q95)

AIW(Q50-

Q80)

Jan Aguthi Intake 880 1,531 5,414 651 3,882

Feb Aguthi Intake 132 793 2,704 661 1,910

Mar Aguthi Intake 257 2,611 7,591 2,355 4,980

Apr Aguthi Intake 5,039 13,329 29,029 8,290 15,700

May Aguthi Intake 9,542 14,284 25,481 4,742 11,197

Jun Aguthi Intake 1,978 4,798 9,011 2,821 4,212

Jul Aguthi Intake 1,048 3,391 5,805 2,343 2,415

Aug Aguthi Intake 3,227 5,933 10,748 2,707 4,815

Sep Aguthi Intake 1,597 8,650 17,290 7,053 8,640

Oct Aguthi Intake 8,219 10,252 20,079 2,034 9,827

Nov Aguthi Intake 8,690 18,599 31,235 9,909 12,636

Dec Aguthi Intake 2,054 5,647 17,767 3,593 12,120


Dec. 2018


Table 4.7: Flow duration analysis of mean monthly flow data at Kabunda Dam

Month Reference

Station Q95 Q80 Q50

ADW(Q80-

Q95)

AIW(Q50-

Q80)

Jan Kabunda Dam 78 136 482 58 346

Feb Kabunda Dam 12 71 241 59 170

Mar Kabunda Dam 23 233 676 210 444

Apr Kabunda Dam 449 1,188 2,587 739 1,399

May Kabunda Dam 850 1,273 2,271 423 998

Jun Kabunda Dam 176 428 803 251 375

Jul Kabunda Dam 93 302 517 209 215

Aug Kabunda Dam 288 529 958 241 429

Sep Kabunda Dam 142 771 1,541 628 770

Oct Kabunda Dam 732 914 1,789 181 876

Nov Kabunda Dam 774 1,657 2,783 883 1,126

Dec Kabunda Dam 183 503 1,583 320 1,080

4.2.8 Cropping Seasons and irrigation water demand

The area has two growing seasons in Mar-Apr-May (MAM) and Oct-Nov-Dec (OND) season with two dry

periods in between. On average the MAM season begins on 6th March and ends on 3rd June lasting 90 days.

The OND season begins 23rd September and ends on 10th January lasting 110 days. On average irrigation will

be required in the months of June to September and January and February.

Figure 4.11: Cropping seasons in the area targeted for irrigation.

4.2.9 Water balance

The water balance of the river section upstream of the proposed intake is given in Table 4.8. This is depicted

on a monthly time step as it is the most conservative way to assess the environmental water requirements,

Q95. The results show that the available domestic and irrigation water is higher than the permitted


Dec. 2018


abstraction at this site meaning there is still room for additional permit to abstract more, however, the

volume varies significantly from month to month with the months of April and May depicting a significant

volume available.

The total amount of water permitted for abstraction by the 18 water users is 0.170 m3/s or 14,688 m3/day.

There were 12 abstractors identified during the field visit and we can assume that half of the water is

allocated to these: that is 0.085 m3/s or 7,344 m3/day. 75% of the water is for irrigation and is expected to

come from flood flows. Since the demand for irrigation depends on the irrigation water requirements, it is

not clear how this abstracted water is distributed over the year. However, we expect very little abstraction

during the months of rain and peak demand during the dry months.

Table 4.8: Water balance at proposed Aguthi Intake (m3/day)

Mont

h

Q95

(m3/day)

Q80

(m3/day)

Q50

(m3/day)

ADW(Q80-Q95)

(m3/day)

AIW(Q50-Q80)

(m3/day)

Jan 880 1,531 5,414 651 3,882

Feb 132 793 2,704 661 1,910

Mar 257 2,611 7,591 2,355 4,980

Apr 5,039 13,329 29,029 8,290 15,700

May 9,542 14,284 25,481 4,742 11,197

Jun 1,978 4,798 9,011 2,821 4,212

Jul 1,048 3,391 5,805 2,343 2,415

Aug 3,227 5,933 10,748 2,707 4,815

Sep 1,597 8,650 17,290 7,053 8,640

Oct 8,219 10,252 20,079 2,034 9,827

Nov 8,690 18,599 31,235 9,909 12,636

Dec 2,054 5,647 17,767 3,593 12,120

The flow data obtained from Water Resources Authority was not naturalized. Although the permit data was

obtained, it was difficult to know the actual water abstraction for the purpose of naturalizing the flow. Table

4.9 gives the net available domestic water (ADW) and available irrigation water (AIW) after abstraction has

taken place.

Assuming there were no abstractions taking place the total available water would be ~4,200 m3/day for

normal flows and ~14,000 m3/day for flood flows. We estimate that the current intake for Ndiriti Aguthi can

supply a maximum of 2,347 m3/day for normal flows and 8,403 m3/day for flood flows. Kabunda dam site

on the other hand can supply ~200 m3/day for normal flows and ~750 m3/day for flood flows.


Dec. 2018


Table 4.9: Water balance at Aguthi intake

Net after current

abstraction:

Aguthi Intake

(m3/day)

Allocated flow

upstream of

Aguthi (m3/day)

Available water if

no abstractions

Q95 369

Q80 2,716

Q50 11,119

Normal flow (Q80-Q95) 2,347 1,836 4,183

Flood flow (Q50-Q80) 8,403 5,508 13,911

4.2.10 Impacts to downstream users

Irrigation is supposed to be obtained from flood flows and therefore the construction of storage reservoirs is

obligatory. Flood water can be harvested over the two rain seasons of MAM and OND. The amounts that

can be harvested are shown in Table 4. If a storage reservoir sufficient to meet the irrigation demand is

constructed and flow control devices installed at the intake to regulate the amount of water diverted to the

dam, there will be no negative impacts to downstream water users.

4.3 Topography

The ground slopes gently from the eastern to western side, the altitude ranging between 1800 m and 1900 m

above sea level

4.4 Geology

The geology of the project area consists of brown volcanic soil, Lateritic materials overlying a successive

matrix of weathering products of clay which are interrupted by Basaltic, Phonolitic, Tuffaceous and

Trachytic layers. Between these lava flows are the old land surfaces which are usually highly aquiferous.

4.5 Agriculture and Agronomy

Agriculture in Kieni East Sub-County is carried out on 570 Km2 (5700 Ha) of land which is arable and

suitable for crop production. Food and horticulture industry is one of the main sources of income in the Sub

County and over 70% of the farm families are employed directly or indirectly by the industry. The total

number of farmers in the Sub-county is estimated at 21,753. The sector has however been adversely affected

by prevailing economic trends with many exporting companies closing and cancelling contracts with

contracted farmer groups e.g. Home grown exporter and Everest. The horticulture sector plays an important

role in Ndiriti Sub Location employing 60% of the population (1200 persons- 2009 census) directly or

indirectly.

Agriculture in the Sub-County depends mainly on the short rains as the major season and most water is

harvested in this season. Marketing of farm produce by the farmers in the area has been a problem especially

with the exit of some horticultural companies in the area for example homegrown. This has left 25 farming

groups with no further market linkage to sell their produce.

Some of horticultural crops grown are cabbages, bulb onions, spring onions, potatoes, kales, shallots, Field

beans, snow peas, French beans, garlic, broccoli, cauliflower, sugar snaps, carrots, tomatoes, capsicum,


Dec. 2018


Courgette, Cut flowers Statice and Arabicum and Ammi, . fruit tree tomatoes, Avocadoes and macadamia.

Plate 4 2: shows mixed farming and irrigated vegetables for sell

Plate 4-2: Mixed Farming and irrigated vegetables


Dec. 2018


The crops are mainly grown under micro irrigation & with most being rain fed and supplemented from

various water sources.

Plate 4-3: Flowers and Citrus fruits for commercial farming

The ranking of crops in terms of contribution to food and income is as shown in the table below ranging

from 1- (highest) to 4- (lowest.)

Table 4.10: Ranking of crops in terms of contribution to food and income

CROP Contribution to food Contribution to income

Mixed Horticulture 1 2

Potato 2 1

Beans 3 3

Maize 4 4


Dec. 2018


4.5.1 Collaborators in Horticulture Industry

Table 4.11: Collaborators in Horticulture Industry

Name of Collaborator Activities undertaken during the year Remarks

Fresh Produce Exports (AAA,

Vegpro, Homegrown, Wilmar,

Maara etc)

Marketing of vegetables and cut flowers for export,

extension services to farmer groups on production,

pruning and pest & diseases control.

Main

exporting

agencies

Agro input Companies (Osho,

Syngenta, bayer, green life,

agrosolutions, mavuno

fertilizers, Toyota Tshusho, etc

Crop protection and fertilizer application through farmers

training during field days.

Extension

services on

Agric-inputs

Seed companies Carry out demonstrations on new varieties in various

farms in the division. E.g East Africa Seed companies

which have given farmers seeds for demonstrations of

new cabbage and carrots varieties.

Earth oil limited Provision of tee tree seedlings Processing of

essential oils.

Harvesting of farm produce is dictated by planting programme, company quotas and crop husbandry

techniques.

4.5.2 Seasonal calendar

Agriculture activities in the area follow a seasonal calendar as indicated below:

January Harvesting of potatoes, beans, wheat.

February Land preparation.

March Land preparation and Planting.

April Late planting and Weeding.

May Weeding and spraying

June Early/ premature harvesting of potatoes, peas.

July Harvesting beans, potatoes, peas and wheat.

August Land preparation and harvesting.

September Land preparation and early planting.

October Planting of maize, beans, potatoes, wheat and peas.

November Weeding, spraying and tree planting

December Premature harvesting of potatoes, peas and tree planting.

NB: The above activities are subject to onset of rain or availability of water for irrigation.

4.5.3 Marketing.

Harvested local market crops find their outlets to both local and outside markets of Nyeri, Karatina, Nanyuki,

Kagio, Nakuru, Nairobi and Mombasa.


Dec. 2018


4.6 Soils and Land suitability

4.6.1 Project Site Soil Characterization

A survey was carried out and the project area divided into 6 zones whose soil characteristic was studied as

shown in Table 4.12. Figure the division of study area into zones

Table 4.12: Project Site Soil Characterization

S/No Zone Soil Ecological Zone (FAO-Class)

Dominant Soils

1) LENANA VC Valley complex soils- Geysols; Fluvisols; Cambisols; Vertisols

2) KAHUHO LB3 Plateau soils of high to moderate fertility-Ortholuvic Phaeozems, with Chromic Luvisols

3) KABENDERA LB3/RB4

Plateau soils of high to moderate fertility-Ortholuvic Phaeozems, with Chromic Luvisols /Volcanic footridges, fertile but very erodible, Nito-Ferric Luvisols with Humic Nitisols

4) MURUA LB3/RB4

Plateau soils of high to moderate fertility-Ortholuvic Phaeozems, with Chromic Luvisols /Volcanic footridges, fertile but very erodible, Nito-Ferric Luvisols with Humic Nitisols

5) CENTRAL LB3 Plateau soils of high to moderate fertility-Ortholuvic Phaeozems, with Chromic Luvisols

6) RONGAI LB3 Plateau soils of high to moderate fertility-Ortholuvic Phaeozems, with Chromic Luvisols

KEY VC-Valley complex soils LB3-Plateau soils of high to moderate fertility RB4-Volcanic foot ridges, fertile soils but very erodible


Dec. 2018


4.6.2 Map of Zones Within the Project Area

Figure 4.12:: Division of Study Area into Zones


Dec. 2018


4.6.3 Soil Map and Characterization

Figure 4.13: Site soils Suitability Map

4.6.4 Current land use

The current land use in the catchment comprises of Moorland in the upper zone, Forest in the middle

zone and small holder agriculture in the lower zone (Figure 4). The farmers grow potatoes, cabbages,

carrots, peas and beans among other crops for subsistence and for sale. They also keep cows and sheep.


Dec. 2018


The moorland and forest areas lie in the Mount Kenya National Park and Mount Kenya Forest under the

jurisdiction of Kenya Wildlife Service and Kenya Forest Service while the agricultural land is under

individual land tenure.

Figure 4.14: Current land use asrepresented by Google-Earth image

4.6.5 Results of the Soil Study

Results from the six (6) zones indicated that they were all suitable for irrigated agriculture. However, OC

and N levels in all the Zones were low and could be improved by application of organic fertilizers (FYM)

or Nitrogen-rich fertilizers. Moreover, Crop rotation with leguminous plants should be practiced to

improve Nitrogen levels gradually. The soil pH for all the zones in the project site were rated as suitable.

However, Murua and Central zone exhibited seemingly higher pH levels of up to 8.2 and 8.4

respectively which could affect availability of micronutrients in the long run.

Bulk density (g/cm3) results from all the zones indicated that they were all optimum for soil water

movement and crop root development. However, Lenana and Kahuho exhibited some degree of

hardpan formation. Other than OC and N levels, which were rated as moderately/marginally suitable, the

soils in the zones exhibited suitable chemical and physical characteristics for irrigated agriculture.

Kahuho zone has the most ideal slope (class A/B - 0.2-4.0%), for most irrigation methods which is very

ideal for most irrigation methods. However, permeability (infiltration) results indicated that the zone

experiences high water table thus application of irrigation water should be controlled to avoid water

logging. Soil pF (water release/water retention) was moderately suitable but should be improved through

proper tillage practices as well as addition of FYM. The zone had suitable soil physical and chemical

characteristics (apart from OC and N) for irrigated agriculture. Kabendera zone had the most optimum

pH range (6.0) as well as drainage pattern.

The soils in Rongai were imperfectly drained hence exhibits water logging in some places. Murua zone

had shallow soils, which affect crop rooting and water holding capacity thus requiring close irrigation

scheduling to meet crop water requirement. Central zone exhibited high Phosphorus levels, which could

interfere with uptake of other elements such as; Iron, Manganese and Zinc. A recommendation is made

to limit Phosphoric fertilizers particularly compound fertilizers with high amounts of P. The zone had the

highest level of Organic Carbon compared to other zones although (still) below the recommended range.

4.6.6 Recommendations of the Soil Study

Soils of all the six (6) zones under investigation exhibited low Organic Carbon content (<3%), therefore

organic manure /fertilizer should be applied to improve OC content, water holding capacity and soil

structure.

During early irrigation stages, excess water should be applied to leach salts in areas with seemingly high

alkalinity levels (>8.0). This was particularly observed in Murua and Central Zones.


Dec. 2018


Soils from Central zones had high levels of Phosphorus. Use of compound fertilizers with low

Phosphorus content should be considered in these Zones. Excess phosphorus affects the uptake of

micronutrients (e.g. Boron, Iron Manganese and Zinc) by plants.

Trials on conservation tillage/agriculture practices should be embraced to reduce on energy use, water

loss and overall returns.

Establishing appropriate cropping patterns was highly recommended to gradually improve soil structure

and fertility levels.

Kahuho, parts of Rongai as well as Central zones exhibited poor soil permeability as indicated by

infiltration results. Moreover, the zones had accumulation of water in the lower horizons of the profile

pits. Water application during irrigation should be monitored especially in areas with high water table to

alleviate water-logging.

4.7 Water Quality Study

This section contains the results of quality analysis of water samples that were collected from the sources

of water for the existing and proposed improvement of Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Scheme in Nyeri County.

The report also contains our interpretation of the results. The sources of water for this scheme include

the reservoir located at (coordinates 37N 0285427and UTM 9981196 with elevation asl of 2074 m),

borehole located at (coordinates 37N 0282802 and UTM 9979294 with elevation asl of 2073 m) and the

River Naromoru sampling points located at 37N 0283384 (at the intake) and UTM 9980718 with

elevation asl of 2042 m. The purpose of the analysis was to ascertain the suitability of the water from

these sources with regard to domestic and irrigation applications.

Samples of water were collected by the consultant on 29th September, 2018 as shown in Table 8-1 in close

liaison with the scheme’s committee members. The samples were delivered to the Public Health

Engineering Lab at the Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, University of Nairobi to be

analyzed for physical, chemical and bacteriological quality.

For the purposes of comparing the quality results to the acceptable limits for domestic and irrigation

purposes, reference was made to the NEMA Quality Standards for Sources of Domestic and Irrigation

Water, WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2011 and KEBS Standards for Drinking Water.


Dec. 2018


The results of the laboratory analysis on the water samples are as shown in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13: Water Sampling Points

Sample No.

Source of water

Exact sampling point

Number of samples collected for

Physical and Chemical quality

Bacteriological quality

1 River Naromoru

Existing river intake

1 1

2 Dam Outlet pipe 1 1

3 Borehole Direct pipe 1 1

Total 3 3

There should be concern if the drinking water contains any of the following:

4.7.1 Physical Properties

a) Turbidity (i.e. the presence of material in suspension rather than in solution) and b) Unpleasant physical characteristics such as bitter, hard, odiferous, cloudy (or tinted)

conditions.

4.7.2 Chemical Properties

a) Presence of nutrients especially Nitrates and Nitrites; b) High concentrations of Sodium, Chloride and Hydrogen Sulphide; c) Excess levels of Iron and Manganese; d) Toxic elements such as Lead, Selenium and Arsenic; e) Dissolved solids such as organic, inorganic or toxic elements and f) Industrial chemicals or toxins.

Careful and complete monitoring of private and public water supplies is a necessity since they provide

drinking water for domestic and for consumption by human and animals. When the chemical properties

of water exceeded acceptable limits for intended use, water quality is impaired.

4.7.3 Microbial contamination

a) High concentrations of bacteria particularly coliform and e-coli .

The most common tests for physical, chemical and microbiological water quality analysis are:

a) Physical which includes turbidity, color, taste, odour and temperature; b) Chemical which includes pH, total alkalinity, hardness, salts, chlorine, fluoride, dissolved

oxygen, metals etc. and

Bacteriological which includes determination of disease-causing pathogens

.


Dec. 2018


Table 4.14: Comparison of water analysis results to the standards

DATE: 29TH

SEPTEMBER, 2018

Domestic

water

Irrigation water

Physical and chemical quality

pH 6.55 7.49 7.68 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 satisfactory

Apparent Colour, °H 5 15 5

True Colour, °H 5 10 5 15 15

Conductivity, µ/S/CM, mg/l 20 112 525 4000 4000 (50-500) satisfactory satisfactory

Turbidity (F.T.U.) 0.8 6.7 1.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 satisfactory

Calcium Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 2 8.0

Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 6 24 28 75-200 500 75-200

Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 20 72 235 100 100

Carbonate Alkalinity, mg/l 0 0 0

Iron (Fe), mg/l 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 1 satisfactory satisfactory

Fluoride (F), mg/l 0.05 0.40 1.52 1.50 1.50 1.5 1 satisfactory satisfactory

Sulphates (SO42-

), mg/l 0 20 25 250 400 250 satisfactory

Dissolved Oxygen, p.p.m. 6.80 6.7 6.30 100 satisfactory

Nitrates (NO3) 0.8 0.5 5.0 45.0 10.0 10 satisfactory

Nitrites (NO2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 satisfactory

Chlorides (Cl) 24 32 114 250 250 satisfactory

Dissolved Solids, mg/l 60 290 430 500 1200 1200 satisfactory satisfactory

Suspended Solids, mg/l 0 110 0 30 satisfactory

Total Solids, mg/l 60 400 430

Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/l

Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/l

Residual chlorine (FRC) 0.5

Bacteriological quality

Plate/Colony/Total Viable Counts at 37°C

MPN of coliform organisms 5 20 0 3 Nil 3

unsatisfactory

for river and

dam

MPN of E-coli 0 0 0 Nil Nil Nil Nil satisfactory satisfactory

satisfactory

satisfactory

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS: CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL

Feasibility Study, Design, Tender Document Preparation and Supervision for Construction of Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Scheme in Nyeri County

Remarks forNEMA Standards

for Irrigation

Water

NEMA Quality

Standards for Sources

of Domestic Water

KEBS

Guidelines for

drinking water

WHO

Guidelines for

drinking water

SAMPLE 3

Borehole

water

SAMPLE 2

Dam Water

SAMPLE 1

River

NaroMoroParameter


Dec. 2018


5 SOCIO-ECONOMICS REPORT

5.1 Respondents Characteristics

5.1.1 Baseline and Demographic Characteristics

Information used in the analysis and preparation of this report was collected from 326 respondents

(household heads with 47% being males and 53% females), this number reduced to 318 after data

cleaning. The gender distribution varied across the study locations (Table 5-1). Generally, the female

subset ratio was higher compared to males. This ratio however concurs with the documented statistics

in the general Kenyan population. For instance, in 2015, there were 98.81 males per 100 females in

the country’s demographic trends (World Data Atlas, 2015).

Table 5-1 Distribution of respondents by Zone based on Gender

Cross Tabulation of Respondents per Zone

Central Kabendera Kahuho Lenana Murua Rongai TOTAL

Female 34 24 43 27 24 21 173

Male 19 29 13 31 27 34 153

Total 53 53 56 58 51 55 326

*Total Population – 326; Females – 173; Males – 153

Figure 5.1 indicates the variation in family sizes of the respondents in Kieni East. The largest family

proportion had 4-6 members (51.8%) while smallest percentage was comprised of 7-9 members per

household (12.6%). In addition, the 4-6 family size was dominated by household heads in the 30-59-year

age bracket. However, majority of these household heads (respondents) were in the age bracket of 45-59

(34.4%) indicating an active and dynamic population followed closely by the 30-34 years. The lowest ages

of the heads of households interviewed were between 18-29 years (3.9%) (Figure 5.2).

Figure 5.1 Composition and distribution of household family size across the age categories of

house heads.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.2 Segregation of household heads by dominant age-groups

The level of education levels of the respondents also varied with age (Figure 5.3). Majority of the

respondents had primary level education, representing 46.9% of the household head population. This

observation is similar to Kenya’s National education level statistics according to the Kenya Institute of

Policy and Public Research (KIPPRA) in 2013, indicating that a majority of rural populations have

primary level of education. This is the basic certification level in the Country and qualifies holders for

trained in various life skills such as agricultural practices, artisan and basic management as well as

advanced level education (Odebero, Maiyo & Mualuko, 2007). Therefore, the population are viable for

inclusion in the irrigation project as they can have training on better and applicable technology that will

accompany the investment option.

Figure 5.3 Level of education with the age differences of the household heads

A comparison of family across the six zones displayed an erratic pattern with 42% of respondents in

Lenana recording 1-3 members followed by Central zone where 24% of households also falling under this

size range. Rongai on the other hand, had the highest percentage of households with 4-6 family members

category at 31%, Kahuho second at 23% while Kabendera gave the lowest score of 3% in the same


Dec. 2018


group. In the 7-9-member size-group, Kahuho scored highest overall (47%) with Rongai zone trailing

from a distance at less than half this value (20%). In summary, Rongai zone was fairly represented in all

the family-size classes with total percentage score of 85% (Figure 5.4)

Figure 5.4: Family size distribution in each zone

In Figure 5.5, concern should be focused on the residents of both Central and Lenana where 40% of

household heads had no formal education. Follow-up on heads of family at Kabendera zone where 20%

had not acquired formal education is necessary. However, majority of household heads in Kahuho had

attained some level of education; 33% pre-primary, 17% primary, 24% secondary and 12% post-

secondary education. Two other zones, Rongai and Lenana followed a similar pattern with Central zone

showing a lot of improvement at primary (16%), secondary (11) and tertiary level (25%) compared to the

high level of illiteracy initially observed.

Figure 5.5: Distribution of Education Level of Household Heads across the six zones


Dec. 2018


5.1.2 Migration Trends

Most of the respondents (82.4%) were natives of the area with only a small proportion (16%) relocating

into different parts of Kieni for some reason or the other. The most common reason for the resettlement

at 54%, was due to purchase of land in Kieni East (Figure 5-.6). This is evidence that there is availability

of land areas and space which can be further exploited for agricultural production and other economic

investments. Other reasons included inheritance of ancestral land (23%), business reasons at 12% and

farming at 8% and a minor 4% who just preferred to relocate for other reasons. It was notable that most

of the inhabitants who responded did provide concrete economic justification for their movement into

the areas. There was curiosity regarding small proportion the respondents showing that they immigration

was based on a need to join the area for farming. Therefore, an irrigation scheme which would improve

agricultural outcomes, has a potential improving livelihoods in the area by encouraging commercialized

farming.

Figure 5.6 Main reasons for immigration of respondents to Kieni East

Considering the different zones, all the respondents in Rongai immigrated largely to conduct trade and at

the same time settled down. About 50% of Rongai and Kahuho residents were farmers. Nearly 33% of

Murua residents had inherited ancestral land and only 9% of respondents in the same zone had relocated

via marriage. Over a third of Kabendera residents (38%) had immigrated in the zone to occupy purchased

land but only a dismal proportion (6%) of families settled in Lenana and Rongai respectively had

purchased their parcels of land as depicted in Figure 5.7.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.7: Main reasons for immigration of respondents in the different zones in Kieni East

5.1.3 Land Tenure and Housing Characteristics

5.1.4 Land Tenure

Most respondents (84.0%) owned the piece of land in which they resided. Individual purchase of land was

the common (45.1%) land acquisition process, whereas the least approach was through leasing from other

owners (Figure 5.8). Apart from the residential pieces, more than two-thirds (69.2%) of the respondents

did not have other parcels of land in different locations. Only 13.2% had alternative land property in

other locations. The land sizes are average with majority (49.4%) owning sizes ranging between 1-3 acres

of land. This was almost half of the population. However, a significant of almost one-third (23.3%) own

less than 1 acre. However, some respondents own large pieces of land larger than 3 acres. Land sizes

greater than 3 acres would support subdivision for commercialization and still support residential options

for family members. However, the population owning less than an acre would face much risk. This

indicates that the proposed projects must be planned in a humane and considerate way to avoid the risk

of creating displacement of residents or interfering with their long-term livelihood support base.

Figure 5.8 Description of the various land acquisition methods

Across the six zones as illustrated in Figure 5.9, purchase of land through co-operative shareholding was

the most popular way of acquiring land in Lenana zone (67%). In Kahuho, 31% of land owners occupied

under lease agreements while still others (18%) in this zone had purchased land parcels. About 20% of

Rongai residents lived on ancestral land, 31% under lease and only 18% had bought land in the zone.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.9: Characterization of ways of acquiring land in the different zones of Kieni East

5.1.5 Land Ownership Types

The land ownership types indicated that a great proportion of the respondents had absolute ownership

and can make development decisions on their property (Figure 5.10). Title-deed ownership was the most

common document (82.9%) showing property rights by the residents. A negligible proportion (2.4%)

having leasehold rights. A concern should be directed on the 7% of the residents who had no form of

evidence to claim ownership of the land which they occupied. Other ownership documents were

temporary occupation (0.3%), allotment letters (5.2%) and titles from cooperative shares titles (1.7%).

Therefore, the form of land ownership indicates that the residents can be engaged in discussions

culminating in reorganizing their owned lands into the proposed project activities.

Figure 5.10 Forms of land ownership among the respondents

From Figure 5.11, about 60% of Rongai residents had allotment letters, another 16% had been issued

with freehold titles and only 5% had no form of evidence of land ownership. In Kahuho, most

respondents (60%) had no proof of land ownership with only 13% possessing land titles. In contrast, all

the respondents from Lenana had either evidenced of purchase by self or through cooperative

shareholding. Also, all Kabandera residents had been issued with temporary land occupation documents.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.11: Evidence of land ownership in the different zones

5.1.6 Housing Types and Assets

5.1.7 Housing Materials

Variables on housing types analyzed shows the area have a wide range of types of houses and materials

used as an indicator of economic wellbeing and equality. The key structural sections documented were the

materials used for the following parts; foundation, floor, walls and roofs. These components can be used

as indicators of the quality of housing which can further be correlated with income and assets.

International, a decent home is a measure based on individual perception on the quality of housing.

However, there are underlying structural designs and materials that would be classified as improved or

non-improved housing. The study did not further review the quality of housing in terms of issues such as

ventilation, age, leaking roofs, illumination etc.

Foundation of buildings play a significant role of ensuring structural stability of the superstructure.

Structural engineering recommendations indicate that concrete based foundations provide better

foundation, but in this study majority buildings had earthen foundation (32.4%). On the other hand,

majority of the floors were cemented (45%). Roofing materials were mainly from iron sheet and tins

(85.8%) and this statistic is similar to statistics from most parts of Kenya. Wood walling lead at 65.7%,

this was because the area is neighbored by high forest covers and trees perform relatively well. The initial

cost and maintenance cost of such facilities are equally affordable to the population. However, such

structures are high risk in case of fire. In terms of environmental conservation, they encourage

deforestation and have a negative impact on forest cover. Table 5-2 provides the statistics showing

various housing materials used.

5.1.8 Assets

Asset ownership is quite important when gauging the level of social security and community priorities

because of the opportunities and options it gives the property owner. It is a key guiding variable in

addition to economic income in understanding the community or household value and basic investments.

The information sharing platform documented was the ownership of Television which indicated that

67.6% owned one. This shows interest not only in information but also the access to power sources that

would support use of television. However, ownership of basic means of transport at household level

which was measured by ownership of bicycles and motorcycles was relatively low at 35.5% and 17.6%

respectively. The statistics shows that delivery of farm products to markets would face challenges as

farmers would always procure transportation services at higher cost compared to if they had their own

machinery. On the other hand, car ownership was relatively low at 11%. This is consistent with socio-


Dec. 2018


economic surveys done across Kenya indicating that car ownership still ranks as a low priority among the

rural populations. Ownership of tractors was documented as a variable that would inform the extent of

farm mechanization. However, the study objectives did not expect that each household would own a

tractor. Only 1.6% had a tractor and in most parts of the country such would be commercialized (tractor

hire services) to serve more farmers hence still meet the demands of an area. Nevertheless, there is room

for expansion and introduction of more machinery. Any decision towards such options should follow a

comprehensive needs analysis

Table 5.2 Statistics showing housing materials

Section Material Percentage Section Material Percentage

Foundation

Blocks 17

Wall

Blocks 12

Bricks 8 Bricks 3

Concrete 29 Cement 4

Earthen* 37 Cement and Wood 0

Stone 3 Corrugated Iron sheet/tin 1

Wood 7 Cow dung 1

Floor

Cement* 51 Mud 3

Concrete 4 stones 2

Cow dung 1 Wood* 74

Earthen 40

Roof

Corrugated Iron sheet/tin* 98.9

Tiles 3 Wood 1.1%

Wood 1

*Variables that had the highest percentage proportion of use

5.2 Economic Activities

5.2.1 Household Economic Status

Spectrum of primary economic activities were evaluated to cover all activities that are intended to support

household economic ventures. Some household had cross cutting income activities but the study

intention was to document activities which provided the most significant livelihood support to each

household. Mixed farming (85.9%) was the highest primary economic earner even though other sources

complimented household income. Figure 5.12 illustrates the various forms of economic sources reported

in the study area.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.12 Primary source of livelihood per household

At the zonal level, majority of household heads were predominantly farmers particularly in Lenana

(23.9%) and Kahuho (23.4%) while Kabendera trailed with only 7% taking up farming as the core activity

for economic gain (Figure 5.13).


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.13 Distribution of farming as primary economic activity of household head across the

six zones in Kieni

Others income generation activities included business (6%), salary (3.5%), wages and remittance (1.9%).

Relationship between income and expenditure indicated high cost of expenses across the community with

a difference of Kshs 1,667. The scenario may explain the lower rates of savings that was documented.

Saving culture was not common and even common saving systems which are available in most parts of

the country are a missing phenomenon. More than half (60.1%) of the population do not save in any

form of financial institution. Therefore, improvement of incomes through income generating activities

would reverse the documented scenario and improve aspects of saving across the community.

5.2.2 Three-year Agricultural Crop Farming Patterns

The main crops farmed in the study area include intercropping (maize, beans, potatoes and peas),

vegetables (spinach, cabbages, kales, onions and carrots) and fodder (Napier and hay grass). The trends in

the number of farmers practicing these approaches was documented from 2016 to 2018. Some cropping

approaches have increased over the years with intercropping growing from 30.8% in 2016, 34.1% in 2017

and 43.7% in 2018. This shows that there may be an increase in revenues from such approaches hence

positive reception from the residents.

However, vegetable production has had an irregular graph with an increase in adoption from 2016 to

2017 (7.2% to 11%) and a further great drop in 2018 to 5%. This presents a key area of concern which

should be further reviewed. It may be due to market forces and other natural hazards such as weather and

pests. On the other hand, issues of appropriate technology and associated management shortfalls may

have contributed to the documented significant drop in production.

Most farms have small pieces of land hence animal production is mainly domiciled in small parcels.

Therefore, animal production is largely supported through zero grazing and feeding them using fodder.

However, a small proportion of farmers invested in fodder production in the first season with only 0.6%

in the 2016 and 2017 and a further 0.9% in 2018.

.

5.2.3 Challenges in Crop Production

Crop production is integral to most rural communities across the country and even small failures in

agricultural output presents massive impacts on the economy, nutrition and community stability. Recent

changes in climate have caused unpreceded challenges to agricultural communities across Kenya which

include pest and diseases, extreme weather conditions etc. However, the study area faces its greatest

challenge from pests and diseases which was reported by more than half of the respondents (63%). Other

challenges include; extreme weather condition, 15.5%, water shortage 11.7%, lack of farm inputs 2.6%,

lack of markets, 3.4%, absence of financial support, 1.8% and post-harvest losses at 2.3% (Figure 5.14).

These challenges can be solved at community level to ensure involvement of all the stakeholders with an

aim of long term prosperity.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.14 Challenges in crop farming

In Figure 5.15, about 20-25% of farmers in Kahuho, Lenana and Murua cited pest infestation and

diseases as a major challenge in farming. Water shortage was a major issue in Kabendera (39%) while

unpredictable weather was a concern to Central zone farmers (39%). Lack of farm inputs needed

attention in Rongai whereas lack of markets coupled with low prices was a challenge again in Lenana

(56%). Farmers in Central, Kahuho and Rongai equally agreed (33%) that financial support was vital in

enhancing farming in the respective zones.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.15: Challenges in Crop Farming by Zone

5.2.4 Current Mitigation Measures

The current mitigation measures employed across the community to the identified problems varied from

household to household. It was notable that a significant population solved the key problem of pest and

diseases through use of pesticides (78%). However, it was equally worrying that a large proportion did not

attempt to seek direct solution to the underlying issue. This is a key area that would need attention if crop

production is to improve. Figure 5.16 indicates the other actions taken by the community in solving the

current problems faced by farmers.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.16 Current mitigation measures executed to solve crop farming challenges

In Figure 5.17, 33% of respondents in Kahuho proposed higher access to farm inputs, 50% of Central

zone residents proposed increased water harvesting and storage infrastructure. Also, 26% of residents in

Kabendera and Rongai preferred increased supply of water for agriculture. Extension services were the

main concern for Rongai residents at 42% while residents of Kahuho wanted training on modern farming

methods. Lenana and Murua highlighted new markets (63%) and infrastructure (67%) as proposed

mitigation measures.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.17: Proposed mitigations to improve crop farming for increased food production

5.3 Challenges in Livestock Farming

The challenges in livestock farming varied across the study areas but was consistent with literature reports

across the region. The farmers have livestock held in controlled grazing zones or in zero grazing units.

Therefore, mechanization and operations are high intensity because a great proportion is meant for milk

production. The most common challenge was the high cost of veterinary services (46.2%). This is a

common scenario due to the limited number of such officers plus the almost non-functional agricultural

extension services within the area and across Kenya. Other challenges included; inadequate feeds (38.9%),

inefficient husbandry skills (1.4%) and disease infestation (13.5%) (Figure 5.18).

Figure 5.18 Challenges experienced by livestock farmers in Kieni East

In Figure 5.19, 27% of farmers in Murua and 25%in Lenana faced challenges in procuring adequate feeds

for livestock feeds. Inadequate husbandry skills was the major challenge among farmers in Central zone

(33%). Livestock diseases was a problem in Lenana and Rongai zones for 32% of farmers while 27% and

25% of farmers in Central and Kahuho zones respectively decried high cost of farm services.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.19: Current challenges to livestock production across the six zones

5.4 Current and Proposed Mitigation Measures

The preferred mitigation measure to the above stated identified problems is application of smart farming

approaches such as fodder crop production, zero grazing and use of livestock supplements. Figure 20

illustrates the current methods applied by the community in mitigation of various identified problems.

The proposed mitigation measures focused mainly on smart agricultural production and practices, but

there is also the need for extension services by government and other stakeholders. Other proposals

included the need for government subsidies such as farm inputs (11%), farmer groups such as SACCOS

(6%) and smart farming (0.3%).


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.20 Current mitigation measures against challenges in livestock production

More than half of farmers in Kahuho (53%) suggested improved Government services to increase

livestock production, 25% proposed adoption of smart livestock production technologies in Central and

Kabendera while all the farmers contacted in Murua supported formation of farmer groups. In Central

zone 37% proposed upscaling of government subsidies towards acquisition of farm inputs and services

while 26% from the same zone considered increased provision of agricultural water to increased livestock

production (See Figure 5.21).

Figure 5.21: Proposed measures to mitigate challenges in livestock production in different zones


Dec. 2018


5.5 Access to Credit

The spectrum of evaluation regarding credit access focused on all forms of funding institutions. Private

and public financial facilities were reviewed in the study. Only 20.1% of the respondents had access to

credit facilities. Credit facilities are quite crucial in improving production. However, the scenario in the

study area indicates that the community maybe greatly impeded by this factor of production. It was noted

that the greatest reason why the community was not accessing credit was associated with high interest

rates (68.1%). Table 5.3 shows information on the responses as to why the respondents were not taking

credit facilities.

Table 5.3 Reasons of lack of Credit Facilities

No information

on Services

High interest

rates

Not necessary Not Available

High Risks Total

Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count

No 8 8.5 64 68.1 12 12.8 8 8.5 2 2.1 94

NR for no option=141, therefore responses =94

From Figure 5.22, half of respondents from Rongai and 38% from Lenana are unaware of available credit

facilities. About 34% of Central zone residents do not prefer credit due to high interest rates charged on

repayment but most respondents in the zone (50%) however feel the facilities are not available. Nearly

50% of Kabendera and Kahuho consider credit to be a higher risk endeavor.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.22: Main reasons for lack of access to financing in the different zones

5.6 Infrastructure and Utilities

5.6.1 Accessible Facilities

Analysis of infrastructure available was used to understand accessibility of the resources. In addition, it

can provide a clear deduction of the key issues that affect demand of some parameters of utilities within

the location. In addition, understanding their availability would give an indicator of facilities that are

missing and the community would provide better benefits to the people. Some of the available utilities

within the location include; schools, hospitals, churches, social hall, public market, roads, public lands,

banks, piped water supplies and post office. The section below provides a description of all analysed

infrastructure and utility within the area.

5.6.2 Water Sources and Use

The water sources available and used by the community varied across households (Table 5.4). This was

based on availability and purpose of use. The water used for domestic purposes is mainly from piped

water sources (62.2%). This is an improved water source since by Kenyan regulation all piped water must

undergo complete water quality analysis and treatment. Therefore, majority of the population are using

water that could be classified safe and portable water sources. Livestock water were also majorly drawn

from piped water sources (71.9%). High use of the same source can also lead to high water bill costs to

the farmers hence lowering the profit margins to the farmers. Irrigation that consumes high volumes of

water also drew most of the water resources from piped systems. The current water sources, mainly

(piped water) presents a competing water source use which can lead to resource conflicts if not properly

managed. Equal sharing of the resource should have a basis on proper allocation and sharing strategies

(Pimentel et al., 2004). Moreover, better and more accessible water sources should be a development

priority in the area so as to achieve a common progress status in the community. However, most farmers

used rain water for farming hence an irrigation system would improve production.

.

Table 5.4 Different sources of water and their use

Water sources for main applications %

Domestic Water

Rain 24.0

River/Stream 3.4

Piped 62.2*

Borehole/Well 2.0

Dam 8.4

Livestock water

River/stream 5.8

Piped 71.9*

Well/Borehole 3.3

Dam 6.6

Rain 12.4

Irrigation water

River/stream 3.6

Piped 73.4*

Well/Borehole 4.0

Dam/water pan 1.6

Rain 17.3

*Variable with the highest percentage use per sector


Dec. 2018


In Lenana, 51% and 80% of respondents have access to rain and river water respectively for domestic

consumption. A small proportion (4%) however, in Lenana, can access piped water for domestic

purposes. Most Kabendera residents (72%) use water stored in dams or boreholes (33%) for domestic

consumption. Half of the respondents from Rongai have ground water sources for domestic use while

20% also access river water for the same purpose (Figure 5.23).

Figure 5.23: Sources of water for domestic consumption

Bore hole (63%) and river water (57%) are the main sources of livestock watering in Rongai (Figure 5.24).

Most Kabendera residents use water from dams (57%) and a small percentage (17) from river and yet a

smaller proportion (9%) use piped water. In Murua, 38% mostly use ground water and 24% have piped

water for this purpose. About 27% of residents in Rongai use piped water while 7 and 6% use rain and

dam water to water livestock respectively.

.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.24: Sources of water for livestock watering

In Figure 5.25, 44% and 13% of Lenana residents use rain and piped water respectively for irrigation. In

Kabendera, 28% use rain water and another 11% obtain irrigation water from piped supply. River water is

the most preferred source in Rongai (100%) although 60% and 25% also use water from borehole and

dams respectively for irrigation. In Central zone the major source is dam or water pan (50%) followed by

borehole (20%) and piped water supply (8%).


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.25: Water sources for irrigation

5.6.3 Proximity to Utilities

The distance to utilities is important in determining how effective the services are received by the

community. In addition, it helps in determining resource allocation in accessing the different utilities. This

variable was documented in terms of average distance travelled to the utility site or source. Most of the

respondents (29.6%) travel averagely short distances of up-to 1km to utility sites. Equally, there are some

respondents who travel long distances to access utilities. A significant percentage travelled more than 10

kilometers (9.8%) to access utilities. The average distance travelled to various utilities are as described in

Figure 5.26. This leads to time loss and can deny populations access to fundamental resources (Feikin et

al., 2009).


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.26 Proximity of utilities to residents

5.6.4 Utility Providers and Condition

The utilities are provided by the Government in most cases. The government provides 83.1% of the

services, followed by the church (8.0%), private service providers (6.5%), NGOs (2.2%) and the

community is the lowest utility provider (0.2%). This distribution of the service providers gives more

power and control of all utilities on Government as they are the major stakeholders. Sustainability of such

resources would be better and improved if community have more involvement and stake in shared

resources as utilities. Therefore, development programs and future utility projects should have a basis of

ensuring participation of users and sense of ownership that lead to community synergies (Smith et al.,

2016).

Regarding the condition of the utility services, there was a critical aspect on the status/perception of the

community regarding conditions of services delivered to them. It was notable that most residents gauged

the conditions as fair. Both the government and church services were viewed as fair by 65.1% and 3.3%

respectively. There, is room for improvement of the condition of services across the major stakeholders.

Figure 5.27 shows responses regarding the condition of services delivered to the community.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.27 Perception of the condition of utility services

5.7 Development of Irrigation Project

5.7.1 Main development Projects in the Area

The area has experienced some recent development activities which vary in the kind of services to the

community. Most of the services are in regards to water supply and associated storage (30.7%). Other

projects documented included infrastructure in terms of housing, roads and medical facilities (21.7%),

irrigation (18.9%), farming; crop and livestock (16%) and electrification (12.7%). These developments

have an effect on improving the welfare of the community but do not improve production.

5.7.2 Awareness of the Irrigation Project

The proportion of members of the public who had knowledge regarding the proposed irrigation scheme

was slightly more than half of the respondents (57.6%) (Figure 5.28). This was positive regarding

improved information sharing on the projects. There is need to create more awareness regarding the

project among the community so as to improve awareness. Community reception and embracing of the

project can be improved by creating awareness (Gu & London, 2010).


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.28: Proportion of respondents who were aware of the proposed water project

5.7.3 Benefits of Irrigation Project and Willingness to Pay for Irrigation Water

Almost all the respondents (98.9%) had a strong conviction on the key benefits they would extract and

consume from the proposed project. This is mainly associated with supply of water for irrigation

purposes. The perception of such benefits is an indication that there is a serious need for such a project

and feasibility of demand.

Equally, most respondents (97.5%) were willing to pay for the services associated with the project.

Projects have operation costs and initial capital needs to be recouped after a certain duration. These are

fundamental aspects that contribute to the aspect of breaking-even by key stakeholders (Tiwari, 1998).

Therefore, the ability to handle all these issues would be a key indicator of potential project success.

Majority of respondents in Kieni East concurred on provision of irrigation water as the main benefit

ranging from 38% in Lenana to 82% in Cental zone. Only 2% of Kahuho and Rongai residents saw the

initiative to be a source of domestic water supply (Figure 5.29).


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.29: Main potential benefits of proposed water project

5.7.4 Potential Negative Impacts of the Project

The proposal is deemed to be a key development project within the area with a potential of improving

livelihoods. However, the community has few reservation and thoughts regarding its negative

perspectives. One of the most outstanding negative impacts is water shortage given that most of the

available water will be used for agricultural production hence limiting available water allocated to other

competing uses. The use of water for agricultural production in water scarce regions require innovative

and sustainable research models accompanied by transfer of appropriate technologies to stakeholders.

Some solutions should include use of waste water and applying supplemental irrigation models to ensure

minimal wastage plus use of water in controlled systems (Pereira, Oweis & Zairi, 2002). Other key factors

that may have a negative impact as on the community include high operation cost and mismanagement.

However, all these are operational attributes and can be managed and adjusted through transparency,

accountability of resources and evidence-based models of utilization. Figure 5.30 provides the statistical

representation of all the other variables that the respondents perceived to have potentially negative

impacts.

.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.30 Predicted potential project negative impacts

From Figure 5.31, water shortage would be a major challenge (27%) followed by negative impacts on the

environment (5%) and management challenges (4%) in Rongai. Increased costs of operation (12%) and

mismanagement (7%) is a concern to Kabendera residents while in Central zone, mismanagement (8%)

and water shortage (4%) is likely to arise.

.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.31: Potential negative impacts of the proposed water project in Kieni East

5.8 Priority Development Projects

The community had numerous priority issues regarding what they felt was lacking and need consideration

if their lives were to be improved. It was notable that infrastructure in terms of road network, electricity

and health facilities are not key problem areas that may need immediate consideration. This is contrary to

most parts of Kenya where priority issues are in terms of the mentioned variables. The respondents

presented key priority issues around aspects of water supply and irrigation water sources that would

improve agriculture. Some notable variables that had prominence included; poor health services (4.2%)

and high cost of energy (11.9%). It was notable that inadequate irrigation water was the most important

priority variable because it had the highest percentage interest (32.8%) and followed by high energy cost

(21.5%). Figure 5.32 shows the priority areas according to the respondent’s needs analysis. Therefore, an

irrigation project that would solve the issue of water supply targeted at irrigation with a focus on reducing

current competition for the resource would be a great welcome idea in the area.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.32 Priority community development options

Residents in the zones considered provision of adequate water for agricultural production as a priority

development issue (Figure 3-54), particularly in Kahuho (52%), Rongai (33%) and Central (27%).

Tackling the high cost of farm inputs is priority among Lenana residents (29%) while Kabendera

residents consider high energy costs (33%), poor road network (23%) and inadequate irrigation water

(19%) as major considerations during development planning. Also, 35% of residents in Central see the

need to provide adequate domestic water alongside other development.


Dec. 2018


Figure 5.33: Priority issues to be considered in the development plan of the different zones

5.9 Conclusion

The principle objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of the water supply project in Kieni

East. In addition, there was an aim to document livelihood support systems to make an informed decision

of the potential of the water project benefit to the community. Various variables have been analyzed with

focus on those that affect agricultural production while documenting changes in farm outputs over three

years preceding this study. Mixed farming is a key farming option used in the community as a source of

income and for supporting household level consumption. However, factors that would improve

production such as extension services and associated training are a major missing link. The main source

of water supply is through piped systems, the same source ranks highest for use in agriculture and for

household consumption. There is potential for conflict over the resource for the different uses, domestic

versus irrigation.

It was notable that most residents have property rights to their land hence can be incorporated in projects

with minimal land tenure related tussles that maybe associated with use options if the lands were owned

by third parties. Infrastructure development is a major determining factor in the overall improvement of

agricultural productivity and livelihoods in Kieni East. The proposed irrigation project would be such an

infrastructure to improve livelihoods and economic status of the community based on the findings and

needs of analysis that have been documented

5.10 Recommendations

a) There is need to empower the farming community in Kieni East both in knowledge and technology that will boost agricultural productivity and food security in the area and Nationally. Extension services and capacity building should be promoted further.


Dec. 2018


b) There is need to develop key infrastructure and utilities, including adequate water supply, that will enhance agricultural productivity, socioeconomic development and improved livelihoods in Kieni East.

c) An integrated water resources management approach is therefore proposed to mitigate against the foreseen conflicts/ competing interests from utilization of water resources


Dec. 2018


6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

6.1 Introduction

The following section describes the consultations and public participation held to assess the opinions and

attitude of the various stakeholders to the irrigation project. The goal and objective of public participation

is to ensure adequate information is provided to all stakeholders in a clear and timely manner and to

present sufficient opportunity to these groups to voice their concerns and opinion so that their views can

be incorporated into the project design and development as well as augment overall benefits and avoiding

potential conflicts.

The client is committed to pro-active and on-going communication with all parties interested in the

development of the project. During our field inspections, we established that the project, stakeholders

including individuals and groups had been actively engaged in the consultation process. Public

consultations in relation to the ESIA occur at all stages, starting with inception and planning when the

potential lands and alternative sites are being considered. A participatory approach was adopted as an on-

going strategy throughout the entire project cycle. Public participation and consultations were done

through individuals, groups and community meetings. Selection of ways to consult, and expand

participation by community and other stakeholders, took into consideration literacy levels prevalent in

affected communities; ethnicity and cultural aspects and practical conditions (like distance). The role of

political and cultural leaders, including the community elders, in the participation strategy was important.

6.2 Stakeholders

During the public consultations, multiple groups of stakeholders were consulted. The stakeholders were

those who have an interest in the project development, and who will be involved in the further

consultative process. The main groups of stakeholders are:

6.2.1 Directly Affected People

These are the people who reside in Kieni East or derive their livelihood from the affected land. These

people will benefit from the irrigation project. Most of the directly affected people were informed and

consulted on major issues concerning the proposed project, livelihood enhancement and income

generation. They participated in the socio economic survey.

6.2.2 Indirectly Affected Persons

This group of stakeholders includes all those who reside in areas neighbouring the project area or are

reliant on resources in the project area and will have no change or the project may not adjust their

livelihood e.g. groups such as those residing downstream of the river.

6.2.3 Government Agencies and other organizations

These included:

a) Kenya Forest Service (KFS)

b) Water Resources Authority (WRA)

c) National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

d) Ministry of Agriculture Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation

e) Ministry of Water and Sanitation

f) National Drought Management Authority (NDMA)

g) County government of Nyeri

h) Kieni East Sub County Offices

Plates 6.1-6.11 show the varoius levels of public consultations.


Dec. 2018


Plate 6.1 :Consultant team and the scheme members during a baraza

Plate 6.2: Focused group discussions


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Plate 6.3: Consultative Meeting with the Scheme Officials and Sub-County Officers


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Plate 6.4: Training of Enumerators.

Plate 6.5: Discussions with the County and sub-County staff.


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Plate 6.6: Consultant de-briefing meeting

Plate 6.7: Meetings with sub-County staff


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Plate 6.8Meeting with County water and irrigation officers

Plate 6.9: Consultant Team Presentation as Members follow the Proceedings

Plate 6.10: Members are Enlightened on the Project Developments and Outputs


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Plate 6.11: Administering the questionnaire

6.3 Key Issues Arising from Public Participation Meetings

The consultant held a public consultative meeting (barazas) with the community in conjunction with the

proponent and the administration

The lists of attendees are presented in Appendix I. The agenda for the meeting was to inform the

community about the project and receive comments and suggestions from the participants.

The following is a summary of issues raised by the members who attended the meetings:

6.3.1 Perceived Benefits

(a) The proposed project will create significant economic and social benefits to the communities and contribute to the attainment of the National priority goals and ongoing National efforts to accelerate economic growth and alleviate poverty.

(b) Irrigated agriculture will contribute to enhanced food security and improved nutrition at the household level. This will alleviate the negative impact of erratic and unreliable rainfall pattern on the community’s productive resources.

(c) Income diversification strategy; Investment in irrigation development is a strategy in reducing risks associated with rainfall variability and achieving food security.

(d) Employment opportunities will be offered to the construction workers and any other person who will be hired to provide her/his services during the construction phase. In addition to direct employment, supplies of basic necessities to the workers will also lead to more employment opportunities and acquisition of entrepreneurial skills. This will engrain a sense of project ownership within the community.

(e) The irrigation scheme will also play a role in reduction of idleness particularly amongst the youth due to an increase in income generating activities both directly or indirectly.

(f) The standard of living of the community especially vulnerable beneficiaries (elderly, female headed households and children) since there will be a reduction in distances traveled and time spent in search of water and time on agriculture. Therefore playing a significant role in income generation and increasing food and nutritional security amongst the vulnerable households.

(g) By providing direct and indirect local employment, the project will ease the direct resource dependency pressures on forest and forest resources.

(h) Reduced poverty levels through increased incomes and improved livelihoods resulting from construction of the proposed project and maintenance employment and consumption from the local markets, emergence of other associated economic opportunities and activities.

6.3.2 Issues and Concerns

a) Inadequate water for farmers at the downstream, the community expressed concern over water distribution and rationalization. The project management will put in place mechanisms to enable all to access water in compliance with regulations.


Dec. 2018


b) Health risks associated with increased incidences of mosquito and malaria borne diseases due to increased breeding sites. This would be mitigated through capacity building of the community on mosquito preventive and control measures.

c) Lack of marketing strategy and infrastructure for products; currently farmers do not have a crop storage and marketing plan. There is an urgent need for scheme beneficiary farmers to develop collaborative and effective marketing strategies to access larger and more sustainable markets.

d) Lack of adequate knowledge in irrigation; the community in the project area have limited knowledge on irrigation crop development. This could be attributed to limited knowledge and lack of irrigation crop production skills, tillage services, fertilizer, seed, chemicals and operation of irrigation equipment and management.

e) Damage of road infrastructure that is currently being developed during transportation and haulage of construction materials to project sites.

f) Clearing of vegetation during construction phase, this would be addressed through reforestation programs and sparing of indigenous trees during the clearing process.

g) The potential for pesticide and agro-chemical residues getting into the aquatic resources as the agricultural activities intensifies

h) Lack of credit especially for irrigation purposes to enable farmers to grow high value crops and source inputs on time, and at competitive rates may hamper scheme productivity and adoption of climate smart agriculture techniques. The Project beneficiaries through collective action can enhance access to financial service providers.

Almost all the respondents (99%) had a strong conviction on the key benefits they would have from the

proposed project. This is mainly associated with supply of more water for irrigation purposes. The

perception of such benefits is an indication that there is a serious need for such a project and feasibility of

demand. Equally, most respondents (97.5%) were willing to pay for the services associated with the

project. Projects have operation costs and initial capital needs to be recouped after a certain duration.

These are fundamental aspects that contribute to the aspect of breaking even by key stakeholders.

Therefore, the ability to handle all these issues would be a key indicator of potential project success.


Dec. 2018


7 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

7.1 Introduction

This chapter looks at the alternatives to the proposed project in terms of site, technology, design, scale

and extent. The comparisons of these with the proposed project give rise to the best project option for

adoption.

7.2 The proposed alternative.

This report has been prepared based on sound desktop and field studies made by the ESIA team. The

findings and recommendations are based on the proposed site, materials and the proposed technologies

to be used in implementation of the proposed project. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying

irrigation water that is similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by

pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops

which fall to the ground. The pump supply system, sprinklers and operating conditions must be designed

to enable a uniform application of water. This system is ideal to the extent that it conserves irrigation

water.

With drip irrigation, water is conveyed under pressure through a pipe system to the fields, where it drips

slowly onto the soil through emitters or drippers which are located close to the plants. Only the

immediate root zone of each plant is wetted. Therefore this can be a very efficient method of irrigation.

Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation. This technology is too labour intensive and is

expensive to operate. That notwithstanding, the consultant proposes for consideration and adoption of

the technology.

7.3 Project Alternatives

7.3.1 Alternatives to Site

The proposed site has been selected by the State Department for Crop Development, based on selection

criteria for irrigation development in the country. The consultant was therefore supposed to come up

with the best irrigation system that suits this location. A feasibility study and ESIA was conducted in the

area and the best irrigation technology for the area was identified.

7.3.2 Alternative to Technology

There are various alternative irrigation technologies that may be applied to the scheme and they include

the following:

Surface Irrigation

Surface irrigation is the application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field. Either the entire

field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels (furrows) or strips of land

(borders).

i. Basin Irrigation

Basins are flat areas of land, surrounded by low bunds. The bunds prevent the water from flowing to the

adjacent fields. Basin irrigation is commonly used for rice grown on flat lands or in terraces on hillsides.

In general, the basin method is suitable for crops that are unaffected by standing in water for long periods

(e.g. 12-24 hours). The crops proposed for irrigation in this system do not fall in this category.

Environmental and public health impacts associated with this system are also numerous and it is on this

account that it is not considered in this scheme

ii. Furrow Irrigation


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Furrows are small channels, which carry water down the land slope between the crop rows. Water

infiltrates into the soil as it moves along the slope. The crop is usually grown on the ridges between the

furrows. This method is suitable for all row crops and for crops that cannot stand in water for long

periods (e.g. 12-24 hours). Environmental impacts associated with this technology are also enormous and

this informed the consultant’s decision not to consider it for implementation.

iii. Border Irrigation

Borders are long, sloping strips of land separated by bunds. They are sometimes called border strips.

Irrigation water can be fed to the border in several ways including opening up the channel bank, using

small outlets or gates or by means of siphons or spiles. A sheet of water flows down the slope of the

border, guided by the bunds on either side.

Sub-Surface

Sub-irrigation systems provide water to crops by controlling the water-table level so that crop roots can

reach the capillary fringe above the water table and extract all their water needs from it. Although sub-

irrigation often provides some benefits, the extra investments required in durable inputs are not always

offset by the benefits. Managers need to evaluate the changes in the input-output relationships and prices

associated with the new technology to determine profitability. From a financial perspective, the key

factors to consider when making capital investment decisions are a project’s profitability and potential

risk.

7.3.3 No project Alternatives

Kenya’s GDP was US$29.5 billion in 2007, of which the Agricultural sector contributed 24% and a

further 27% through value adding by the sector1. The agricultural sector accounts for large percentage

of rural employment. Kenya relies on rainfed agriculture for production of foodstuffs and other

marketed crops. Rainfall is intermittent and unreliable in some years. The estimated potential area for

irrigation in Kenya is about 540,000 hectares (3,240Km2)2

The country is faced with the problems of an increase in the number of people living below the poverty

line of less than US $ 1 per day. Currently there has been a dramatic increase in food prices in the country

necessitating the need for increase in food production. The proposed project will go a long way in

improving the current situation on food prices in the country and the standards of living of the people

near the project area.

Not rehabilitating the existing irrigation scheme and continuing with the current farming practices and

information systems would mean that benefits, including increased agricultural production expected from

the project and the associated National economic benefits, would not be achieved. Current system uses

domestic and irrigation water as one system, hence bringing competition towards domestic use. At the

same time, the negative impacts associated with the project would not materialize Therefore the ‘No

Action’ alternative is not feasible for Kieni East, Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Project.

1 GOK/MOA: Economic Review of Agriculture,, Min of Agric, 2007

2 Source: Ministry of Water Development, National Water Master Plan, 1992


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8 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

8.1 Preamble

This chapter presents the assessment of the issues likely to arise as a result of implementation of the

proposed Ndiriti Aguthi irrigation project. The anticipated impacts are discussed in three phases namely:

construction, operational and decommissioning phases and as well in-regard to their likelihood of

occurrence on the physical, biological, occupational and socio-economic environments.

8.2 Impacts during Construction Phase

8.2.1 Positive Impacts

I. Creation of Employment opportunities for residents of the project area

The proposed project will provide short term and long term employment opportunities to the local

community. During the construction of the proposed Ndiriti Aguthi Irrigation Project, there will be

employment opportunities for both professionals and unskilled workers. Several workers including casual

labourers, plumbers and engineers are expected to work on during the construction period. Semi-skilled,

unskilled labourers and formal employees are expected to obtain gainful employment during the period of

construction. With labour intensive construction technologies, the project will provide employment for

youths and provide support to the Government of Kenya initiatives on creation of jobs.

The creation of employment opportunities is beneficial both from the economic and social point of view.

Economically, it means abundant unskilled labour will be used in digging of trenches, laying of pipes, and

transport of construction materials. Socially these people will be engaged in productive employment and

minimize social ills like alcohol abuse which is rampant in the project area. This positive social change in

the social behaviour will be one of the anticipated transformational indicators in the project area.

II. Injection of money into the local economy

The project will contribute to the National kitty. The contractor will pay Value Added Tax (V.A.T) on

purchasing materials for the project. Construction workers will also pay income tax from their earnings

while working on the project. A large sum of the project money shall be released into the local economy

due to the construction activities. This money will be inform of payments for skilled and unskilled labour;

Purchases of construction materials; and payments for local provisions including fuel, foods and

accommodation.

III. Creation of market for construction materials

The project will require materials, some of which will be sourced locally within the project area. Some of

this include sand, hard-core and soft stones for the construction of the trenches, minor road, crossing

e.t.c. Servicing of the and strengthening of the spillway. Local suppliers will be given first priority in

supply of construction materials.

8.2.2 Negative impacts

I. Soil Erosion

Impact

The project will involve excavations. These earthworks will result in soil erosion and especially along the

steep sections. Improper drainage of runoff from the project area to lower catchments can also cause

erosion. Clearing of vegetation during the construction and excavation works for the pipeline could also

result in an increase in runoff along the line and thus encourage erosion.

II. Interference with the physical setting

Impact


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The proposed project could result into the interruption of existing infrastructure such as access roads to

farm, water supply lines, fences and farm structures. These services are critical and have implications with

the general social and economic performance.

III. Noise Pollution and Vibrations

Impact

Construction of the proposed project will most likely result in noise emissions as a result of the machines

used such as tractors, bulldozers, excavators, vehicles delivering materials to the site etc. Noise could

impact negatively on the workers during the construction phase. Noise can also be a nuisance to the local

community if construction works begin too early in the day and continues into the night. Noise levels

from construction activities exceeding 60 dB (A) at the construction campsite have a negative impacts to

the environment.

IV. Slope stability

Cases of landslides, mainly triggered by rainfall and human activities have been reported in the past and of

recent in Nyeri County. Moreover, the areas along the pipeline route where it is characterized by highly

mountainous landscapes with ragged terrain. Trenching activities during construction phase might

interfere with dormant shear zones there thus leading to land damages where volumes of soil being

transported downhill where proper care is not taken.

V. Air Quality Degradation/ Dust Emissions

Impact

Dust will be emitted during excavation, movement of vehicles and related earthworks. Particulate matter

pollution is likely to occur during the route clearance, excavation and during the transport of construction

materials. This is likely to affect site workers and the residents, in extreme situations leading to respiratory

problems and eye site problems.

VI. Workers Accidents and Hazards during Construction

Impact

Construction workers are likely to have injuries and hazards at the construction works, unavoidably

exposing them to occupational health and safety risks. The workers are also likely to be exposed to risk of

accidents and injuries resulting from accidental falls, injuries from hand tools and construction

equipment.

VII. Extraction and use of Construction Materials

Impact

Construction materials such as hard-core, soft stones and sand will be obtained from quarries. These

materials will be harvested from natural resource and banks such as rivers and land. The proposed

development is being carried out at a level that can create considerable damage to the resource due to

materials extraction.

VIII. Rock Blasting

Impact

There will be local community members whose crops will be affected by the excavation work, rock

blasting, and storage of materials which may affect their crops / animals. There is risk of rock falls during


Dec. 2018


blasting. The contractor should adopt controlled blasting techniques, preventing flying rock debris and

high intensity vibrations.

IX. Generation of Liquid and Solid Waste

Impact

Solid wastes generated during construction include papers used for packing, plastics, cuttings and

trimmings off materials among others. Dumping around the site will interfere with the aesthetic status

and has a direct effect on the surrounding community. Disposal of the same solid wastes off-site could

also be a social inconvenience if done in the wrong places. The off-site effects could be pest breeding,

pollution of physical environment including water resource, invasion of scavengers and informal recycling

by communities. Liquids generated include used oil, petrol/diesel, greases etc. When this waste gets into

surface and subsurface water, resources it causes pollution and this might affect humans and animals.

X. Loss of flora and fauna

Impact

There are no trees established where the water pipes would be laid; there are also no habitats for rare/

extinct faunal species. The reserve harbours scattered shrubs and grasses. Lower class animals and variety

of insecta family are common and will inevitably be affected during the construction stage. Construction

activities will therefore have minimal impact on flora and fauna characteristic of the area.

The removal of natural vegetation will also lead to loss of biodiversity. However, some natural trees

within the agricultural landscape can be retained to ensure maintenance of biodiversity. Agro-forestry can

also be adopted. The conversion of semi-natural grasslands to improved irrigated pastures will

significantly reduce indigenous plant and invertebrate biodiversity. This can be mitigated by proper

planning and management of the Project’s activities.

The nature of irrigation scheme will radically change both the agricultural and natural ecology in the

project area. The creation of reservoirs and channels provides the possibility of enhanced aquatic habitats.

In particular, reservoirs and channels may also offer favourable habitats for disease transmitting insects

and snails. The consumption of water for irrigated agriculture and the reduced quality of return flows is

likely to adversely impact on downstream ecosystems. Reduced flows, increased salt concentrations, lower

oxygen levels, higher water temperatures and increased pollution and silt loads all tend to favour vigorous,

tolerant species (aquatic weeds). Marked changes to the water environment, both in quantity and quality,

are liable to have negative impacts on downstream aquatic biota which may be adversely affected by

changes to the hydrology or morphology of a river system.

The introduction of exotic species of plant or animal may oust indigenous species or introduce disease

agents which may affect plants, animals and/or man, causing ecological imbalances

XI. Public Health

Impact

Construction and rehabilitation works and traffic during operation will create dust, air and noise

pollution, which can have an impact on public health. Oil wastes from vehicles can also impact on public

health if they find their way into water sources. The leaded compounds will accumulate on any vegetation

planted for consumption purposes. Sanitation and hygiene in the workmen’s camp are also issues of

concern, and if not properly addressed can lead to outbreaks of illness such as hepatitis, typhoid, intestinal

worms, etc. Construction works are associated with an increase in sexually transmitted diseases such as

STDs and, HIV/AIDS due to the influx of workmen interacting with the local people. Construction

teams can also cause social upheaval among communities near the project area.


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XII. Workers accidents and hazards during construction

Impact

During construction of the proposed project, it is expected that construction workers are likely to

encounter occupational health hazards as a result accidents at the construction site. Because of the

construction activities including metal grinding and cutting, concrete work, steel erection and welding

among others, construction workers will be exposed to risks of accidents and injuries. Such injuries can

result from injuries from hand tools and construction equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets

and collapse of building sections among others.

8.3 Impacts during Operational Phase

8.3.1 Positive Impacts

I. Contribution to the flora, fauna and micro-climate

The supply of irrigation water to the farms in the project area will motivate the farmers to grow crops,

fodder crops for the animals and trees. Through this, it is envisaged that the number of flora and fauna

species will increase. This means that micro climate within the project area will be enhanced. This will

immensely contributed to the property value, land value and aesthetic value of the area while ensuring

that the environment remains healthy and productive.

II. Creation of Employment

During operational phase, there will be employment opportunities especially for those who will be

employed to manage, maintain irrigation water supply system. A number of youths within the project area

will be employed in the farms to undertake such activities as cultivation, weeding, harvesting collecting

centers and storage & cooling facilities among others. This will improve their living standards and by

engaging, they will also change their social behaviour.

III. Creation of Wealth

The proposed irrigation project will ultimately provide revenues to the beneficiaries and expand the

wealth base for the Nation. It will pump both liquefied and tied up wealth hence making the nation gain.

It will also go a long way in uplifting Nyeri County and its neighbourhood as a whole. Once the people

will be empowered in the project area, some will invest and develop the nearby towns.

IV. Improved Food Security

Crop production through rain-fed agriculture and minimal irrigation has not been reliable due to the

unreliable rainfall in the area. This has led to the rampant cases of food shortage in the households. The

improvement and use of irrigation water through the proposed project will increase crop production and

thus alleviate the food shortage problem in the households. Surplus produce could be sold and earn

households much needed income.

V. Improved Well-being of Women and Children

At the household level, women and children bear the burden of fetching water. Other than the time spent

in getting water from long distances, these practices has far reaching consequences on their health and

wellbeing.

Improved Irrigation water accessibility at homesteads would translate to time saving by the women. Time

saved thus would be invested in other engagements that could bring financial benefits to the family.

Children also bear the brunt of water borne diseases while women are tied down to provide nursing care


Dec. 2018


to the sick family members. With proximity of water all these negative impacts will be reversed in the

project area.

8.3.2 Negative Impacts

I. Water logging and Soil salinity

Impacts

Water-logging and salinization of soils are common problems associated with irrigation. Water-logging

results primarily from inadequate drainage and over-irrigation and, to a lesser extent, from seepage from

canals and ditches. It concentrates salts, drawn up from lower in the soil profile, in the plants' rooting

zone. Alkalization, the build-up of sodium in soils, is a particularly detrimental form of salinization which

is difficult to rectify. On irrigated land, salinization is the major cause of land being lost to production

and is one of the most prolific adverse environmental impacts associated with irrigation. However, very

limited research has been conducted to quantify the economic impact of irrigation induced salinization.

The use of irrigation water might also alter the structure of the soil. This can be mitigated by performing

salinity test which will help ensure the soils are not destroyed in the long run and proper choice of the

irrigation method.

During the operation of the irrigation scheme it is expected that soil erosion will occur from the tilled

land (agriculturally induced erosion), the canals, dykes, drains etc. The method of irrigation profoundly

affects the vulnerability of the land to erosion. Because irrigated land is wetter, it is less able to absorb

rainfall and runoff will therefore be higher.

Reasons for an increase in soil salinity on the irrigation scheme could be as a result of the following:

Salts carried in the irrigation water are liable to build up in the soil profile, as water is removed by plants and the atmosphere at a much faster rate than salts.

Solutes applied to the soil in the form of artificial and natural fertilizers as well as some pesticides may not all be utilized by the crop.

Salts which occur naturally in soil may move into solution or may already be in solution in the form of saline groundwater. This problem is often severe in arid areas where natural flushing of salts (leaching) does not occur.

II. Increase in Waterborne Diseases

Impact

Once the irrigation water is supplied to the farms, most households will use the same as drinking water

and for domestic use without any treatment. This would increase the chances of contracting waterborne

diseases such as typhoid and cholera. There will be increased chances of stagnating water in the farmers

and thus attracting the breeding of mosquitoes, which will be responsible for the spread of malaria. This

will lead to ill health problems among the residents and even increase the chances of child mortality rates

in severe cases. Aim is to have separate system for domestic and irrigation water.

III. Reduced socio-economic conditions

Impact

Uneven distribution of irrigation water between the beneficiaries will result into water use conflicts. This

scenario will arise when some farmers in the upper section of the project will over abstract the water and

minimize the water availability to the downstream users. This will result in conflicts and could even

interfere with the sustainability of the project. Secondly, too much abstraction of water from the River

would result into conflicts between the upstream and downstream users. This will be a one of the worst

case scenarios that could result to the withdrawal of the water abstraction permit for Ndirithi Aguthi

Irrigation Project by WRA.


Dec. 2018


Increased inequality

The impact of irrigation on poverty reduction depends upon the structure of a rural economy and on how

the additional farm income generated by improved access to irrigation is actually spent within a rural

economy, and its feedback impacts on rural employment and rural wage structures. In some cases new

technologies and interventions can unintentionally create new burdens for women

IV. Pollution of Water

Impact

The key environmental issue during operation will be the increased use of agricultural biocides

(insecticides, herbicides, fungicides etc.) and fertilizers due to expected intensification of agricultural

activities in the project area. Production of horticultural crops will demand increased use of biocides

many of which are toxic and can have a long term effect in soils. This might also find their way into the

River and thus impact negatively the downstream ecosystems.

The pollution of surface & underground water by agricultural chemicals leads to the deterioration of

water quality while increased nutrient levels in the irrigation and drainage water results in algal blooms,

proliferation of aquatic weeds and eutrophication in irrigation canals and downstream waterways. This

can be mitigated by the enforcement of relevant legislations in the upstream areas.

V. Soil Erosion and Slope stability

Impact

Some parts of Nyeri County is susceptible to landslides. The operation phase of the project will be

characterised by periodic excavation to repair the pipeline to connect new distribution networks.

Excavation along existing shear zones within the water pipeline may trigger landslides. Furthermore, pipe

bursts and water leakages from the pipeline system may also cause soil liquefaction and slope instability

leading to lands damages.

Soil erosion from cultivation of steep slopes and stream banks in the project area will lead to silt

deposition in the rivers. This will increase the turbidity levels in the rivers and could also affect the

hydrology of the rivers and the downstream ecosystems.

VI. Negative impacts on Hydrology

Flow regime

The water used for irrigation from the Naru Moru River will inevitably lead to the reduced flow

downstream which are often utilized by other farmers or wildlife habitats. Changes to the flow regime

may have significant negative impacts on downstream users.

Rise of water table

In the long-term frequent problems of irrigation schemes is the rise in the local water-table (water

logging). Low irrigation efficiencies are one of the main causes of rise in water table. Poor water

distribution systems, poor main system management and old in-field irrigation practices are the main

reason. The problem can be of particular concern in scheme, parts of project area in Rongai have salinity

problems. High water table also makes the soil difficult to work. Good irrigation management, closely

matching irrigation demands and supply should be put in place.


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VII. Ecological change

The nature of irrigation scheme will radically change both the agricultural and natural ecology in the

project area. The creation of reservoirs and channels provides the possibility of enhanced aquatic habitats.

In particular, reservoirs and channels may also offer favourable habitats for disease transmitting insects

and snails. The consumption of water for irrigated agriculture and the reduced quality of return flows is

likely to adversely impact on downstream ecosystems. Reduced flows, increased salt concentrations, lower

oxygen levels, higher water temperatures and increased pollution and silt loads all tend to favour vigorous,

tolerant species (aquatic weeds). Marked changes to the water environment, both in quantity and quality,

are liable to have negative impacts on downstream aquatic biota which may be adversely affected by

changes to the hydrology or morphology of a river system.

Changes to the morphology of river estuaries can result from increased erosion or sedimentation. Areas

of mangrove may be threatened by changes to the estuary morphology. Mangroves need both significant

fresh water recharges and sediment rich flows in order to thrive. A reduction in flow leads to an increase

in the soil salinity which favours more salt-tolerant species. Mangroves trap silt, transported by flood

flows, and obtain their inorganic nutrients from it. These flushing flows also serve to keep the deltaic

channels open. Irrigation can have a direct impact on wetlands by either changing the hydrological

conditions or by reducing water quality in downstream areas.

The introduction of exotic species of plant or animal may oust indigenous species or introduce disease

agents which may affect plants, animals and/or man.

VIII. Occupation Health and Safety

There will be numerous activities in the many enterprises in the Irrigation Project. There will be many

people working in the farms. The activities in the sectors pose numerous occupational and health risks.

The players in these sectors need to take precautionary measures for the workers such as use of safety

kits, trainings and awareness creation on health and safety issues and insurance schemes for workers. A

full pledged health and safety plan need to be

8.4 Impacts during Decommissioning

8.4.1 Negative Impacts

I. Reduced availability of Irrigation water to users

The termination of the project at the end-of-project life will reduce the amount of water for irrigation

available to the established beneficiaries. This will cause increased competition for the water resources e.g.

for household use diverted for irrigation. Consequently, water-related conflicts and utilisation of

contaminated sources will occur. Aim is to have separate system for domestic and irrigation water.

II. Slope stability

The decommissioning phase will involve excavation of the pipeline to remove pipe sections and fittings.

Excavation activities might interfere with dormant shear zones thereby triggering water land inflicted

damages.

III. Soil erosion and Siltation of Surface Water Resources

Excavation activities during decommissioning will loosen soil thereby making it vulnerable to erosion due

to wind and surface water run-off. Excavated soils could be swept into surface water bodies by storm

water floods during rains. This will increase the turbidity and sediment loads of the water bodies nearby

thereby increasing the cost of surface water de-siltation.


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IV. Air Quality Degradation/ Dust Emission

Potential air quality degradation will occur as a result of vehicular and equipment emissions/ exhaust

gases. Generation of dusts from trucks and vehicles accessing the project site and camp sites as well as

piling of excavated material is expected to degrade the local air quality.

V. Interruption of Existing Infrastructure and Services

The water pipeline route traverses an existing road reserve but some sections will cross tarmacked and

feeder roads. Construction work will interfere will existing supply and distribution pipeline networks

thereby interrupting irrigation water supply services. These services are critical and have implications with

spill over from the weirs effects on the social and economic performance.

VI. Effect on Socio-Economic Activities

During the decommissioning phase, any crops planted along the irrigation water pipeline will be cleared

to make way for decommissioning activities. Visits to the project area will have minimal encroachment by

way of farmlands. This impact will therefore have minimal adverse effect to the local communities.

VII. Loss of Flora and Fauna

There will be no trees established within the pipeline rout reserve during the operational phase of the

project other than shrubs and grasses. Decommissioning activities will therefore have minimal impact on

flora and fauna.

VIII. Increased Vehicular and Human Traffic

An influx of workers to the project sites will be experienced during the decommissioning phase of the

project. This might contribute to the disruption of social order within the local communities. Increased

vehicular traffic during the transportation of decommissioning wastes and salvaged materials might result

in the destruction of light traffic roads and increase the risk of transportation accidents.

IX. Generation of Liquids and solid wastes

Decommissioning activities will generate various solid wastes ranging from earth material, pipe and fitting

debris, wrappings, equipment oils and greases, waste asphalt concrete, human wastes to food wastes. Poor

handling and disposal of such waste will lead to environmental pollution. Such wastes have the potential

to enter and clog the local drainage channels thereby causing flooding.

X. Health and Safety Hazards

Workers and the local community will be susceptible to health and safety hazards during the

decommissioning phase of the project. Inherent occupational risks include muscular-skeletal injuries, falls

into un-marked/ uncovered trenches and accidents from construction vehicles. The influx of

construction workers may put pressure on existing local resources, cause social conflicts, promiscuity and

related sexually transmitted diseases


Dec. 2018


9 IMPACT ENHANCEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

9.1 Preamble

In the context of sustainable development, projects should be implemented in a manner to enhance the

living standards of the targeted beneficiaries and the resident communities. The consultant was guided by

the principles of sustainability in the formulation of practical mitigation measures for potential impacts

identified through stakeholder engagement, public consultation and expert knowledge. The main

objective was to maximize social, environmental and economic benefits of the project and to minimize

any associated adverse impacts. This chapter presents the proposed enhancement and mitigation

measures of potential impacts for the project.

9.2 Enhancement Measures for Positive Impacts

Enhancement refers to the deliberate attempts taken in the design and subsequent phases of the project

to ensure the success of a wider range of direct and indirect positive outcomes to communities and/or

the biophysical environment. This can be in the form of opportunities for social and community

development, improved health and wellbeing, improved biodiversity, restored ecosystems and landscape

character, and protected and respected cultural heritage3.

The project will strive to enhance the positive impacts envisaged. The proponent will support the

implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) at construction and

operation phases of the project. Any impacts not envisaged under the ESMP will be identified through

structured monitoring and evaluation under the project. The proponent will improve the experience its

customers through better irrigation services and expansion of coverage area. The contractor will maximise

the utilisation of local labour for construction activities to enhance the socio-economic status of the local

communities.

9.3 Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts

9.3.1 Construction Phase

I. Soil Erosion

Incorporating soil conservation measures during construction would help to mitigate damage caused by

erosion.

II. Interference with the physical setting

During construction, adequate survey should be done on the water pipeline route and anyone whose

property is affected should be compensated for disturbance. This can be sought by engaging formally

with land owners within the project area.

The contractor should be in a position to pass relevant information to each of the affected persons and at

the end, an equal engagement should be done to assess whether there is grievances.

3 João , E., Vanclay, F., & Broeder, L. (2011) Emphasising enhancement in all forms of impact assessment: introduction to a

special issue, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 29:3, 170-180, DOI: 10.3152/146155111X12959673796326


Dec. 2018


III. Noise Pollution and Vibrations

The contractor should maintain the levels of noise pollution from the machinery in accordance to the

manufacturer’s specification. The required decibels should be adhered to and to those operating the

machines they should put on ear masks to prevent direct noise from the machinery.

The contractor should use machines that are less vibrating and those that are well serviced to prevent

excessive vibration. Where vibration due to compacting is very high, We propose the compaction to be

done during the day.

IV. Slope stability

The contractor shall avoid the usage of heavy excavation machinery along the pipeline route. Manual

labour shall be used for trenching and backfilling during construction.

V. Air Quality Degradation/ Dust Emissions

The following measures will be observed during the construction phases of the project to mitigate against

the degradation of local air quality/ dust emissions;

i) Supply and construction vehicles will only use the designated transport routes. The drivers will also be advised to stick to prescribed speed limits

ii) The contractor will ensure proper repair and maintenance of vehicles and equipment to minimize exhaust gases

iii) The contractor shall ensure appropriate vehicle speeds road sections that will be used by construction vehicles on a needs basis to eliminate the creation of dusts

iv) Construction workers will be provided with dust masks to mitigate against occupational health risks of inhaling exhaust gases and dust

v) The contractor should sprinkle water to maintain dust to the low minimum at all times

VI. Workers Accidents and Hazards during Construction

Proponent will develop and commit the contractors to Site Occupational Health and Safety rules and

regulations as stipulated in the Occupational Safety Act of Kenya of 2007 and revised in 2010. It provides

for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all persons lawfully present at workplace. It shows that it

is the responsibility of every employer to ensure the safety, health and welfare of all employees at work

working in his/her workplace.

Section 101 of the occupation safety and health Act, requires that in workplaces where employees are

exposed to any injurious or offensive substances, the employers must provide and maintain clothing and

appliance that are adequate, effective and suitably protective, including where necessary, suitable gloves,

footwear, goggles and head coverings. Again, section 102 provides that employer supply suitable goggles

or effective screens to protect the eyes of person

Should an accident occur on the site;

i) The injured person should be given first aid and immediately taken to the hospital ii) An investigation should be initiated immediately to ascertain the cause of the accident and

preliminary findings released within 12 hours.

VII. Extraction and use of Construction Materials

The contractor should ensure that after the construction materials such as marram, ballast, soft stones etc.

have been extracted, the site should be backfilled to help retain the value of the land resource, before the

site is to be backfilled it should be fenced to prevent the following: Deaths of persons and livestock due

to falling in it or drowning when filled with rainwater, and creation breeding ground for mosquitoes,

which cause malaria


Dec. 2018


VIII. Rock Blasting

There will be local community members whose crops will be affected by the excavation work, rock

blasting, and storage of materials which may affect their crops / animals. There is risk of rock falls during

blasting. The contractor should adopt controlled blasting techniques, preventing flying rock debris and

high intensity vibrations. Blasting of rock should be done in line with the provisions of the Explosives

Act Cap 115, and only after a stability analysis has been conducted. The management should equally

observe relevant explosives use and blasting permits provided by the Inspector of Mines and Geology.

Blasting should be done during the day, and residents in the vicinity of the quarry should be suitably

warned in advance of the proposed blasting activities, including the time and date that the blasting is to

take place. Blasting should not be carried out at night or anywhere near houses or public utilities. The

movement of the people on nearby roads and any other movement in the vicinity of the blast must be

must be told to keep a safe distant during the blast.

A time-table should be developed regarding rock blasting, so as to prevent stress arising from noise

pollution. Blasting activities should be done during the day and the public should be properly informed of

the activity in time. Community should be pre warned on the times of using explosives for rock blasting

purposes. The contractor must prepare rehabilitation management plans for each quarry opened which

shall be a part of the contracting document. Signage and flag bearers are to be stationed at the safe

distance to restrict movement during such times. These requirements must be specified in the

specifications.

IX. Generation of Liquid and Solid Waste

The project contractors should take adequate measures on the spilled substance on land and water bodies

during construction. They should ensure that there is minimal spillage and if it is more, then scooping and

adequate, dumping required. With liaison with the relevant authorities they should as well make sure that

the required measures is followed on the spillage.

The project contractor will provide solid waste collection facilities (waste bins) for the temporary storage

of wastes prior to disposal at an appropriate and designated location. The contractor will also liaise with

the County government and the local NEMA office for direction on licensed waste collectors and suitable

dumping sites for generated wastes. The contractor will also sensitize construction workers on proper

disposal of wastes.

X. Loss of flora and fauna

The proponent shall ensure that clearing of any vegetation is limited to the water pipeline trench area (i.e.

0.5 meters width) within the road reserve and that transportation of construction materials is done

through the existing local roads. The areas to be cleared for the water pipeline trench, camp-site and

materials holding yard shall be identified and marked out prior to the start of construction activities. In

addition, clearance of vegetation on riparian land will be avoided.

The construction work-force will be sensitized on the importance of environmental conservation and

ecological protection to prevent the exploitation of natural resources around the project area and

destruction of ecosystems. On completion of the construction work, the trenched pipeline areas will be

allowed to re-vegetate with fibrous rooted vegetation species.

XI. Occupational Safety and Health

The following measures will be observed/ implemented to reduce/ eliminate potential health and safety

risks;


Dec. 2018


The contractor shall erect an appropriate project signboard as directed by the proponent. The signboard

shall include information on the project proponent, funding organization, project contractor, project

manager, civil and structural engineer among other relevant information that will be required by the

proponent

The contractor will erect the appropriate safety signage along the construction route cautioning against

various health and safety risks and prescribing particular mandatory actions. Road signs will also be

erected to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities and diversions at road sections where

the pipeline will cross.

The contractor and the proponent will provide adequate first-aid facilities in the project sites to handle

medical emergencies during construction. A standby vehicle will also be provided to swiftly transport ill/

injured staff and members of community to the nearest medical facility.

The contractor will comply with National and international labour laws in recruiting construction staff.

All workers will be required to produce their National identification cards, NHIF and NSSF registration

numbers. Child labour will not be used in construction work.

All construction workers will be required to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) i.e. helmets,

gloves and safety boots during the construction phase. The workers will also be sensitized on health and

safety standards that they should observe.

A comprehensive HIV/AIDs sensitization programme will be formulated to create awareness among

construction workers and local community. The programme will be supported by a qualified community

health practitioner who will also offer testing and counselling services. Information fliers and protection

devices will also be made freely available during the construction phase.

9.3.2 Operation Phase

I. Water logging and Soil salinity

Careful management should be practiced to reduce the rate of salinity build up and minimize the effects

on crops. Management strategies include: leaching; altering irrigation methods and schedules; installing

subsurface drainage; changing tillage techniques; adjusting crop patterns; and, incorporating soil

ameliorates.

II. Increase in Waterborne Diseases

Waterborne diseases such as bilharzia, malaria, foot rot will be realised during the operation phase of the

project. Prevention is by choosing an irrigation system that is very efficient and does not cause water

logging in the field. As well, the design irrigation scheduling should be followed to prevent an increase in

the irrigation hours in one section.

During the operation phase of the project, repair and maintenance staff shall drain the pipeline sections

to be worked on to avoid spillage of water. Any pipeline leakages or bursts shall be swiftly repaired to

avoid triggering land-damages on steep slope

III. Reduced socio-economic conditions

Water use Conflicts

Water abstraction from any water body in Kenya, is guided by Water Resources Authority (WRA). The

authority outlines the quantity of water abstracted by any user. Within the catchment, WRUAs solves any

conflict of water use in any river in that catchment. In an irrigation field, there is Irrigation Water Users

Association (IWUA) who will be formed to guide the use of the water in the irrigation fields. The IWUA

will assist in the following:

Assist in the formation of the committee who will be required to form strict by-laws that will guide on

water usage and conflict resolution in the irrigation scheme. Conduct farmers training on best irrigation


Dec. 2018


practices that aims at efficient water use. Install a water meter at the intake and at household levels in

order to control water usage and form a basis of rationing. Strictly enforce the Water Act 2016, in order

to guide on water usage for the benefit of all stakeholders.

Increased inequality

Targeting and empowering women starts at the household level to manage water resources and

related irrigation technologies.

Increasing women’s access to market and production information, joint financial services and

mobile money services

Mobilize groups of women to adopt technology to ensure more accountability for its

management, use, and transparency of benefits.

Establish clear, precise rules for incorporating women in water management

Strengthen the role of women, improving their ability to enhance their self-esteem, degree of

integration, and position, and increasing their democratic participation in water management

Train women in production issues

Highlight and value women’s contribution to their household’s economy.

IV. Pollution of Water

The loss and deterioration of water quality has both regional and national costs through impacts on

recreation and other amenity values, human health and vulnerable ecosystems. This risk may be partly

offset by the method of irrigation used and other improved land management techniques.

V. Soil Erosion

The project contractor shall ensure that excavated earth materials and grass planted on them to prevent it

from being washed away. The same soil can be used for backfilling the water pipeline trenches where

needed. The backfilled soil will also be sprinkled with water and compacted to a similar density to the

existing ground. The cleared sites will be re-vegetated to improve ground cover and minimize soil erosion

and also improve on aesthetics of the project area. Some of the following activities will further improve

soil management.

i) Promote good farm management practices that aim at soil conservation ii) Training should be conducted during project implementation to ensure that members, IWUAs

and scheme management understand and take up their role in catchment management; iii) Train farmers in soil and water management to avoid land degradation iv) Proper tillage methods e.g. minimum tillage

VI. Negative impacts on Hydrology

Flow regime

Ensure sustainable abstraction of water from River Naru Moru

Rise of water table

Use of good irrigation management, closely matching irrigation demands and supply

Installation and maintenance of adequate drainage system. This will help reduce seepage and increase

irrigation efficiency, thereby reducing groundwater recharge.


Dec. 2018


VII. Ecological change and imbalances

The use of herbicides should be limited as far as possible. Herbicides should only be used under strict

control and only when other options are not available. Herbicides may not be used near sensitive

environments especially wetland areas

Use “best practices” in handling/ using agricultural chemicals

The proponent and other relevant government should ensure that invasive alien plant species are not

introduced to the area and should they be identified then this should be immediately removed

VIII. Occupation Health and Safety

All workers will be required to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) i.e. helmets, gloves and safety

boots during the operation phase. The workers will also be sensitized on health and safety standards that

they should observe

During the operation phase of the project, repair and maintenance staff shall drain the weir and should be

cleaned of debris and logs to avoid clogging and hence spillage of water to the neighbouring farms,

homesteads and possible landslides. Protective clothing’s should be used as well.

9.3.3 Decommissioning Phase

I. Reduced availability of Irrigation water to users

The proponent shall provide an alternative source of irrigation water to the beneficiaries of the project.

Assessment on the water resources in the area will be done.

II. Slope stability

The use of manual labour for excavation and backfilling is recommended. Avoidance of utilisation of

heavy machinery near steep landscapes and as well this activities to be conducted during dry season.

III. Soil erosion and Siltation of Surface Water Resources

The project contractor shall ensure that excavated earth materials during decommissioning should be well

extracted and prevented from flowing to the nearby water bodies to cause siltation. The same soil should

be returned to the same spot and gentle compaction done manually to prevent it from being washed

away. The cleared sites will be re-vegetated to improve ground cover and minimize soil erosion and also

improve on aesthetics of the decommissioned area.

If the soil causes siltation, then proper desiltation should be done along the sites that decommissioning

would be done.

IV. Air Quality Degradation/ Dust Emission

The following measures will be observed during the decommissioning phases of the project to mitigate

against the degradation of local air quality/ dust emissions;



The contractor shall ensure appropriate vehicle speeds on road sections that will be used by construction vehicles on a needs basis to eliminate the creation of dusts

Construction workers will be provided with dust masks to mitigate against occupational health risks of inhaling exhaust gases and dust

The contractor should sprinkle water to maintain dust to the low minimum at all times


Dec. 2018


V. Interruption of Existing Infrastructure and Services

The project proponent will apply for authorisation from relevant National authorities to interfere with

existing infrastructure. The proponent will liaise with KURA and KeRRA for authorisation to cut

through main roads and feeder roads that fall under their jurisdiction. The contractor will immediately

restore the damaged sections of roads and water supply networks to pre-construction conditions.

VI. Effect on Socio-Economic Activities

The local community members whose farms have encroached on the reserve will be notified of pending

construction activities in advance and asked to harvest any crops and salvage any useful fence materials

there-in.

VII. Loss of Flora and Fauna

The proponent shall ensure that clearing of any vegetation is limited to the water pipeline trench area

when the pipes are removed in decommissioning phase. The areas to be cleared should be of minimal

plants and birds for campsite and decommissioned materials holding yard shall be identified and marked

out prior to the start of decommissioning activities. In addition, unnecessary clearance and especially in

riparian land discouraged.

Sensitisation to the work force on environment and ecological protection to prevent the exploitation of

natural resources around the project area and destruction of ecosystems encouraged. On completion of

the decommissioning, the trenched pipeline areas, soil will be put back and re-vegetate with the

surrounding vegetation.

VIII. Increased Vehicular and Human Traffic

Transportation of decommissioned material to specific sites will be done through the existing local roads

where possible. The contractor will rehabilitate the local roads that will be damaged during decommission

phase. Vehicular and human traffic shall be restricted to the road reserve as much as possible. Drivers/

operators of vehicles will be advised to comply with prescribed speed limits to reduce the risk of road

accidents.

IX. Generation of Liquids and Solid wastes

The project contractors should take adequate measures on the spilled substance on land and water bodies

during decommissioning. They should ensure that there is minimal spillage and if it is more, then

scooping and adequate, dumping required. With liaison with the relevant authorities they should as well

make sure that the required measures are followed on the spillage.

The project contractor will provide solid waste collection facilities (waste bins) for the temporary storage

of wastes prior to disposal at an appropriate and designated location. The contractor will also liaise with

the County Government and the local NEMA office for direction on licensed waste collectors and

suitable dumping sites for generated wastes. The contractor will also sensitize construction workers on

proper disposal of wastes.

X. Health and Safety Hazards

The following measures will be observed/ implemented to reduce/ eliminate potential health and safety

risks;

i) The contractor shall erect an appropriate project signboard as directed by the proponent. The signboard shall include information on the project proponent, funding organization, project contractor, project manager, civil and structural engineer among other relevant information that will be required by the proponent

The contractor will erect the appropriate safety signage along the construction route cautioning against various health and safety risks and prescribing particular mandatory actions. Road signs


Dec. 2018


will also be erected to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities and diversions at road sections where the pipeline will cross.

The contractor and proponent will provide adequate first-aid facilities in the project sites to handle medical emergencies during construction. A standby vehicle will also be provided to swiftly transport ill/ injured staff and members of community to the nearest medical facility.

The contractor will comply with National and international labour laws in recruiting construction staff. All workers will be required to produce their National identification cards, NHIF and NSSF registration numbers. Child labour will not be used in construction work.

All construction workers will be required to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) i.e. helmets, gloves and safety boots during the construction phase. The workers will also be sensitized on health and safety standards that they should observe. During the operation phase of the project, repair and maintenance staff will also be required to use PPEs.

A comprehensive HIV/AIDs sensitization programme will be formulated to create awareness among construction workers and the local community. The programme will be supported by a qualified community health practitioner who will also offer testing and counselling services. Information fliers and protection will also be made freely available during the construction phase.

During the operation phase of the project, repair and maintenance staff shall drain the weir should be cleaned of debris and logs to avoid clogging and hence spillage of water to the neighboring farms and homesteads and also landslides.


Dec. 2018


10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND

MONITORING PLAN

10.1 Preamble

The purpose of the ESMP is to ensure that environmental and social impacts and risks identified during

the ESIA are effectively managed during the construction, operation and decommissioning of the

proposed project. The ESMP specifies the mitigation and management measures for each impact/ risk,

party allocated responsibility, means of monitoring and frequency, objective verifiable indicators and an

indicative budget. The ESMP also establishes a monitoring plan, capacity building plan and institutional

arrangements to support its implementation.

The project proponent shall avail this ESMP to the successful contractor awarded the tender for

construction work for this project. The contractor will be required to formulate a more specific ESMP

and work methods that will ensure construction of the project in compliance with established standards

and legislation. The contractor will factor the costs of implementing the ESMP into their budget. The

project proponent will take the necessary steps to ensure that the ESMP is fully implemented.


Dec. 2018


10.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan

Figure 10.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

Potential Impact Mitigation/ Enhancement Measures Responsibility Monitoring means /

Frequency

Verifiable Indicators Estimated Costs

(Kshs.)

Construction Phase

Soil Erosion Incorporating soil conservation measures during construction would help to mitigate damage caused by erosion.

Carry out inspection of each of the sites’ soil stability before excavation;

All borrow pits sites shall be clearly indicated on a plan and approved by the Engineer;

Borrow pits and quarries to be located more than 100 metres from watercourses to minimize storm water runoff into watercourse

Contractor During construction Soil erosion rates,

stability of bank Contractor Cost

Interference with the

physical setting

Adequate survey should be done on the water pipeline route

Anyone, whose property is affected to be compensated for disturbance

Engagement shall be do to assess whether there is grievances.

MOALF&I Prior to project

implementation

No. of person affected

No. of properties destroyed 500,000

Noise pollution and

vibration

Noise maintained in accordance to the manufacturer’s specification

Operators to put on ear masks to prevent direct noise from the machinery

Machines that are less vibrating to be used

When high vibration needed, to be done during the day

Contractor During construction State of machines used

Type of machines used for compaction

250,000


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

Slope Instability Use of manual labour for trenching and backfilling


Construction activities to be conducted during dry season

Contractor Throughout the

construction phase

Type of technique utilised for trenching and backfilling

150,000

Air Quality

Degradation/ Dust

Emissions



The contractor shall ensure the appropriate speed limits are observed at along all road sections that will be used by construction vehicles on a needs basis to eliminate the creation of dusts


Contractor Daily Monitoring Records of speed limits signs erected

Records of machine and vehicle service

Evidence of use of dust masks by workers on site

150,000

Workers Accidents and

Hazards during

Construction

Contractors to adhere to Occupational Health and Safety rules and regulations as stipulated in the Occupational Safety Act of Kenya of 2007 and revised in 2010

Employers must provide and maintain clothing and appliance that are adequate, effective and suitably protective, including where necessary, suitable gloves, footwear, goggles and head coverings

In case of accidents, injured persons should be given first aid and immediately

Contractor Daily Monitoring No of persons injured

Type of injury experienced Contractor Cost


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

taken to the hospital

Investigation on the cause of accidents done and adequate conclusion to be arrived at

Extraction and use of

Construction Materials

The construction extraction site should be backfilled to help retain the value of the land resource

Fencing to be done before backfilling to prevent accidents of humans and livestock

Contractor After extraction of

construction materials

No. of open sites

Type of fencing required Contractors costs

Rock Blasting In case of blasting: Obtain a current and

valid authorization from the Department

of Mines and Geology prior to any

blasting activity; o A qualified and

registered blaster shall supervise all

blasting and rock-splitting operations;

Develop a safety policy on site.

Contractor Contractors costs

Generation of Liquid

and Solid Waste




The contractor will maintain all site vehicles and equipment is a serviceable state

Temporary latrines will be provided on site to be used by construction workers


Contractor Daily Inspection Presence/ absence of scattered solid wastes at sites

Availability of waste receptors

No. of sensitization meetings held with workers

100,000


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

Water from cleaning of equipment will be utilised within the project site and will not be discharged into watercourses.

Loss of Flora and Fauna The proponent shall ensure that clearing of vegetation clearing is limited to the pipeline trench area (i.e. 0.5 meters width) within the road reserve

Transportation of construction materials to be done through the existing local roads

Avoidance of vegetation clearing along riparian land

Sensitization of construction work-force on environmental conservation and ecological protection

Re-vegetation of completed pipeline route with fibrous rooted indigenous vegetation species

Define ecological requirements.

Operate reservoirs to suit downstream requirements and encourage wildlife around reservoirs.

Designate land (in law and supported by protection institutions) for flood plains; wetlands; watersheds; drainage water disposal; river corridors

MOALF&I /

Contractor

Routine inspections No. and type of vegetation cleared

No. and type of indigenous species re-planted

Size of area cleared

Size of area re-vegetated

250,000


Human Traffic

Transportation of construction material to specific sites will be done through the existing local roads

The contractor will rehabilitate the local roads that will be damaged during

Contractor Routine inspections No. of accidents involving project vehicles

Transportation control logs

No. of road spots rehabilitated

Routine project

activity


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

construction activities

Consultation with the local communities on planned road diversions if any



Community complaints

Occupation Health and

Safety

Continuous supervision of occupational, health and safety management to ensure compliance

MOALF&I Routine Inspection HSE inspection reports 50,000.00


Contractor Throughout

construction phase

Training reports

Training attendance sheets 30,000.00

Conduct orientation talks and visits Contractor At employment of new

staff

Orientation report No direct costs

anticipated

Conduct toolbox talks Contractor On a daily basis No. of toolbox talks conducted

No direct costs

anticipated

Sub-Total of Cost Estimates for the Construction Phase 1,980,000

Operation Phase

Increased soil salinity Improve Irrigation and Drainage operation to match demand both how much and when

Provide drainage including disposal of water to evaporation ponds if quality of river flow adversely affected by drainage water

MOALF&I

Farmers

200,000 per month


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

Maintain channels to prevent seepage, and reduce inefficiencies resulting from siltation and weeds

Allow for access to channels for maintenance in design.

Provide water for leaching as a specific operation.

Set-up or adjust irrigation management infrastructure to ensure sufficient income to maintain both the irrigation and drainage systems.

Analyse soils and monitor changes so that potential problems can be managed.

Careful management should be practiced to reduce the rate of salinity build up and minimize the effects on crops.

Increase in Waterborne

Diseases

Choice of irrigation system that is efficient in water use

Removal of any stagnant water

Use of nets at homes

Use of gumboots in the irrigation field

Manage Irrigation and Drainage to prevent disease spread.

Educate about causes of disease

Improve health facilities.

MOALF&I

Farmers

On need basis Type of irrigation system used

Amount of stagnant water Proponent’s cost

Slope-instability Operations and maintenance staff shall drain the pipeline sections to be worked on to avoid spillage of water

Pipeline leakages or bursts shall be swiftly attended to

MOALF&I

On a needs-basis No. of water inflicted lad damages attributable to the project

Proponent’s cost


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

Water use conflicts Water abstraction laws followed

Farmers training on water use

Installation of water meters

Enforcement of water Act, 2016

Establishment of an Irrigation Water User Committee

Allow sufficient time and money for extensive public participation to ensure that plans are optimal, that all sections of affected society are considered and that local institutions are in place to sustain irrigated agriculture, particularly in respect of land and water rights.

WRA

IWUA

Farmers

During water

abstraction and use

Amount of water flowing in a river

Amount of water abstracted

Number of farmers plots

Irrigation frequency per plots

Committee Established

Proponent’s cost

Pollution of Water Machines used during operation maintained in good condition

Oils and greases emanating from operations and maintenance activities will be collected in containers to avoid entry into local drainage channels

All polluted water treated before discharging to water bodies

MOALF&I

Farmers

All farming operations Number of machines e.g. tractors used

Proponent’s cost

Soil erosion and Siltation

of Surface water

resources

Use erosion control techniques which disperse erosive energy and avoid concentrating it e.g providing good vegetative cover will disperse the energy of rain drops and contour drainage will slow down surface runoff

Proper maintenance of irrigation infrastructures.

MOALF&I

Farmers On a needs-basis Soil conservation techniques

put in place Proponent’s cost


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

Adopt conservation tillage systems and ripping to control hardpan

Negative impacts on Hydrology

Ensure sustainable abstraction of water from River Naru Moru

Use of good irrigation management, closely matching irrigation demands and supply

Installation and maintenance of adequate drainage system. This will help reduce seepage and increase irrigation efficiency, thereby reducing groundwater recharge.

MOALF&I

WRA

WRUA

Project

Engineer

Monthly River Flow Readings 50,000

Ecological change and

imbalances

The use of herbicides should be limited as far as possible. Herbicides should only be used under strict control and only when other options are not available. Herbicides may not be used near sensitive environments especially wetland areas

Use “best practices” in handling/ using agricultural chemicals

The proponent and other relevant government should ensure that invasive alien plant species are not introduced to the area and should they be identified then this should be immediately removed

MOALF&I

NEMA

PCPB (Pest

Control and

Products Board)

Periodic activities No. Water Quality Tests Undertaken

50,000

Health and Safety

Hazards

Train all workers on Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) with an aim of improving awareness

The proponent will erect appropriate safety signage during operations and maintenance activities

MOALF&I On a needs-basis Training on HSE conducted

Prominently erected safety signage during R&M work

Availability of first-aid kit during R&M work

Proponent’s cost


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

The proponent shall provide first-aid facilities for R&M staff

Proponent’s staff will be required to use PPEs during R&M work

Decommissioning Phase

Reduced availability of

irrigation water to users

The proponent shall provide an alternative source of irrigation water to the users of the project

MOALF&I During and after the

decommissioning phase

Customer complaints

Alternative sources of water provided

Proponent’s cost

Slope Instability Use of manual labour for excavation and backfilling


Decommissioning activities to be conducted during dry season

Contractor Throughout the


Type of technique utilised for trenching and backfilling

No. of water inflicted land damages that occur during the decommissioning phase

No direct costs

(integrated in the

works costs)

Soil erosion and Siltation

of Surface water

resources





Channelling of surface water runoff away from the pipeline route

Contractor Daily Inspection Presence/ absence of stockpiled excavated earth material

No. of silt traps installed

No. of surface drains constructed

No direct costs

(integrated in the

works costs)

Air Quality

Degradation/ Dust

Emissions

Evacuation vehicles will only use the designated transport routes. The drivers will also be advised to stick to prescribed speed limits


Contractor Daily Monitoring Records of water sprinkling

Number of speed limit signs erected

Evidence of use of dust masks by workers on site

Contractors cost


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

The contractor shall ensure recommended speeds on road sections that will be used by construction vehicles are adhered to on a needs basis to reduce the creation of dusts


Interruption of Existing

Infrastructure and Socio-

Economic Activities

The proponent will liaise with KURA and KeRRA for authorisation to cut through main roads and feeder roads that fall under their jurisdiction.

The contractor will immediately restore the damaged sections of roads and water supply networks to pre-construction conditions

MOALF&I

Contractor

Before and during the


Permit from KURA/ KeRRA

Engineer’s inspection of repaired road sections

Complaints from the local community

Proponent’s cost

Impact on Socio-

Economic Activities

Notification to local community members whose farms have encroached on the reserve will be notified of pending decommissioning activities

MOALF&I Before the


Complaints from the local community during decommissioning activities

No direct costs

anticipated

Loss of Flora and Fauna The proponent shall ensure minimal clearing of vegetation

Transportation of decommissioning wastes to be done through the existing local roads

Sensitization of decommissioning work-force on environmental conservation and ecological protection

Re-vegetation of cleared areas with indigenous vegetation species

MOALF&I

Contractor

Routine inspections No. and type of vegetation cleared

No. and type of indigenous species re-planted

Size of area cleared

Size of area re-vegetated

Routine project

activity

Increased Vehicular and Transportation of decommissioning wastes to specific sites will be done

Contractor Routine inspections No. of accidents involving project vehicles

Routine project


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)

Human Traffic through the existing local roads

The contractor will rehabilitate the local roads that will be damaged during decommissioning activities

Consultation with the local communities on planned road diversions



Transportation control logs

No. of road spots rehabilitated

Community complaints

activity

Generation of solid and

liquid waste




The contractor will maintain all site vehicles and equipment to a serviceable state.


Water from cleaning of equipment will be utilised within the project site and will not be discharged into water courses.

Contractor Throughout


Presence/ absence of scattered solid wastes at sites

Availability of waste receptors

No. of sensitization meetings held with workers

Evidence of oil leaks and greases on site

Evidence of waste water flowing through local drainage channels

100,000.00

Health and Safety Continuous supervision of occupational,

health and safety management to ensure

compliance

MOALF&I Routine Inspection HSE inspection reports 50,000.00


Contractor Throughout Training reports

Training attendance sheets 30,000.00


Dec. 2018



Frequency


(Kshs.)


Orientation talks and visits Contractor At employment of new

staff

Orientation report No direct costs

anticipated

Toolbox talks Contractor On a daily basis No. of toolbox talks conducted

No direct costs

anticipated

Sub-Total of Cost Estimates for Decommissioning Phases 180,000.00

Grand-Total of Cost Estimates 1,660,000.00


Dec. 2018


11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

11.1 Conclusion

Based on the findings, it is evident that rehabilitation, construction and operation of the proposed

irrigation project will result in overall economic growth and development of a result as improvement in

the availability of water for agricultural use within the project area. As it is indicated in chapter nine, the

potential negative impacts can be easily mitigated without any major effect to the environment. However,

some important resources may be affected negatively such as flora, fauna, and water resources within the

project area. These impacts vary from temporary to short term impacts. These impacts can however be

mitigated as indicated in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) discussed in chapter 10

of this report.

The water diversion and intake works will be constructed across a river valley with minimal destruction to

the environment. Any destroyed vegetation and trees will be planted elsewhere through massive

afforestation activities to protect the intake works catchment. Many people are also likely to benefit from

the project and the agricultural improvement anticipated will lead to improved food security not only

within the area but across the region and Nationally. No conflict between domestic and irrigation water

since we envisage to harvest flood water.

11.2 Recommendations

The following should be observed:

I. Minimal vegetation destruction

Ensure minimum destruction of vegetation especially at the water diversion and intake works for the

scheme. If possible, all project –related activities should be done within the designated project alignment

areas.

II. Rehabilitation of quarries and borrow pits

Rehabilitate quarries, borrow and gravel pits to avoid potential health hazards.

III. Afforestation within intake works area and along river valleys

Replant bare areas within the vicinity of the intake works with vegetation cover to prevent soil erosion.

This should also be done along the river valleys to help in ensuring that siltation of water courses from

the anticipated increased agricultural activities are mitigated.

IV. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) management

Ensure that both construction and agricultural worker’s occupational health and safety standards are

maintained through capacity building, proper training on protection, clothing and managing their

residential camps up to the required health standards. The proponent, project beneficiaries and the

contractor therefore need to ensure all the workers wear safety gears/clothinglike gas masks while in

dusty working areas. Use of earmuffs must also be ensured by the contractor especially for the people

working in areas where the noise level is high.

V. Environmental audits and monitoring

Annual environmental audits should be carried out on the project in order to ensure compliance of the

project with the mitigation measures outlined in the ESMP. To ensure that the impact on the

environment can be completely minimized, a monitoring and training activity should be carried out as

outlined in the report.


Dec. 2018


VI. Good Housekeeping

The design and the quality of construction of the abstraction works need to be strictly controlled to

ensure maximum life of the works in order to get value for money from the investment. All activities

concerning construction and maintenance such as, work execution, site inspection and material testing,

shall be strictly monitored by an engineer or a designated official. This is important to ensure the quality

of maintenance works. Engineers and/or designates official shall be trained and experienced enough to

judge the appropriateness of the work executed in order to carry out the monitoring properly.

VII. Community Participation

There is need for strengthening and promotion of the role of community groups, women and youth to

fully participate in health, sanitation, water resources and environmental management and conservation.

VIII. Water Quality Tests

Strengthen various water testing laboratories within the project area through the provision of adequately

trained personnel and necessary laboratory equipment. These would in turn strengthen field operations

especially water quality monitoring. The laboratories should also research into suitable technologies to

support standards on drinking water, effluent discharge and solid waste disposal and waste water

management.


Dec. 2018


12 REFERENCES

Agriculture Act (Chapter 318 of the Laws of Kenya)

Biswas A.K. and Geping Q.U (Eds) 1987: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Developing

countries. The United Nations University. Tycooly Publishing, London, UK.

Controlled Substances Regulations, 2007 (Legal Notice No.73 of 2007)

Design manual for small dams and pans in Kenya 1992

Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2003

Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (EMCA)

Hydrological Assessment Report (2012). Kabunda stream tributary of Naromoru River for Ndiriti Aguthi

water project. Upper Ewaso Ngiro Water Management Unit.

Kenya Vision 2030. A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya. 2007

Land (Group Representatives) Act (Chapter 287 of the Laws of Kenya)

Land Adjudication Act cap 95

Legal Notice No. 101: The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003)

Local Government Act (Cap 265) Laws of Kenya.

National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan

National Poverty Eradication plan. Government printers, Nairobi 1999:

Occupational Health and Safety Act (2007)

Physical Planning Act (Cap. 286)

Practice manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya 2005 Edition

Proposed Design Report (2012). Dam Design for Ndiriti Aguthi water project. Upper Ewaso Ngiro

Water Management Unit.

Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development

Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development.

Sessional Paper No.1 of 1986 on Development prospects and Policies, Government printers.

Sessional Paper No.3 of 1999 on National Poverty Eradication 1999-2015.Government Printers,

Nairobi

The Antiquities and Monuments Act 1983 cap 215

The Employment Act, 2007

The Environment (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003

The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations. Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 75 of

14th Sep, 2003

The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Conservation of Biological Diversity and Resources,

Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing) Regulations, 2006

The Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution) (Control)

Regulations, 2009

The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore

Management) Regulations, 2009

The Forests Act (Chapter 375 of the Laws of Kenya.)


Dec. 2018


The Lake and Rivers Act Cap 409

The Limitation of Actions Act Cap 22

The Local Government Act (Cap. 265)

The National Biodiversity Strategy and action Plan, 2000

The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)

The National population census statistics, 2009

The National Poverty Eradication Plan (NPEP)

The Penal Code (Cap. 63)

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

The Public Health Act (Cap. 242)

The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

The Valuers Act Chapter 532

The World Commission on Environment and Development

Waste Management Regulations, 2006 (Legal Notice No.121)

Water Act Laws of Kenya. Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 107 (Acts No.9), Nairobi, 24th Oct, 2002

(revised 2012)

Draft Report Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Ndiriti Aguthi

Irrigation Scheme in Kieni East Sub-County, Nyeri County Oct. 2018


13 APPENDICES

Appendix A: Results of The Laboratory Water Analysis




Courtesy Call at the CEC’s Office Nyeri County




Courtesy Call at the Sub-County Office, Naromoru




Meeting with the farmers at Upper Kabendera




Sample Household Questionnaire




Sample Filled Key Informant Questionnaire

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