Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of...

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Constructivism Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

Transcript of Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of...

Page 1: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

ConstructivismConstructivism

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 2: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

OutlineOutline

Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to

Constructivism Constructivist Teaching Strategies

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 3: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

ConstructivismConstructivism

Learners construct their own meaning from information in the environment

Behaviorism

Cognitive Theories

Constructivism

PassiveActively process

incoming information

Actively seek to understand

the environment

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 4: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Assumptions of Assumptions of ConstructivismConstructivism

Knowledge is constructed as learners make sense of their experience Knowledge constructions may not match

reality Learners actively seek meaning in the

environment In the learning process, learners create

and test theories until a satisfactory explanation is known

Knowledge is context-dependent Social interactions are vital to learning

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 5: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Constructivism:Constructivism:Process of LearningProcess of Learning

Schema:

Typically a misconceptio

n

Test Schema

Expected Results?

Develop new schema

(Accommodate)

AssimilateYes

No

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 6: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Discovery LearningDiscovery LearningKobo Large Block of Wood

OrangeMetalKnife

Large bagof Rice

Balloon

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 7: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Types of ConstructivismTypes of Constructivism

Psychological Constructivism: Learning as improving individual knowledge and cognitive abilities Many cognitive theories of learning can

also be classified as Psychological Constructivist theories

Radical Constructivism: There is no truth in the world, only individual’s perceptions of the world

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 8: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

ConstructivismConstructivism

Schema: Mental representation of the world

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 9: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

ConstructivismConstructivism

Equilibrium Balance between

world and mind Occurs when

schema works to explain world

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 10: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

ConstructivismConstructivism

Disequilibrium Disconnect

between world and mind

Occurs when schema cannot explain the world

Uncomfortable

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 11: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

ConstructivismConstructivism

Assimilation: Fit new information (world) into existing schema (mind)

Interpret world in terms of mind

Accommodation: Change schema (mind) to explain new situation (world)

Mind is changed because of the worldDr. K. A. Korb

University of Jos

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ConstructivismConstructivism

Schema World Type

Addition Subtraction is the opposite of addition Assimilation

Flat Earth Round Earth Accommodation

Four legs = dog

Animal has four legs. Calls a goat a dog Assimilation

Adding factions: Add top keep bottom same

Adjust denominator Accommodation

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 13: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Types of ConstructivismTypes of Constructivism

Social Constructivism: Learning as increasing the ability to participate with others in activities meaningful within the culture Culture influences thinking when a more

skilled person uses tools and practices from the culture to instruct another toward valued cultural goals

Thinking influences culture when members generate new practices and solutions to add to the cultural group’s repertoire

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 14: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Learning in ContextLearning in Context

Education should focus on teaching knowledge that will be useful for life-long learning

Learning Goals Ability to solve problems Critical thinking skills Personal inquiry skills

Ability to identify and pursue own learning goals

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 15: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

A general wishes to capture a fortress located in the center of a country. There are many reads radiating outward from the fortress.  All have been mined so that while small groups of men can pass over the roads safely, a large force will detonate the mines.  A full-scale direct attack is therefore impossible. The general's solution is to divide his army into small groups, send each group to the head of a different road, and have the groups converge simultaneously on the fortress.

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 16: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

The next passage is conceptually similar to the previous passage. Use the solution from the previous slide to solve the next problem.

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 17: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

You are a doctor faced with a patient who has a malignant tumor in his stomach. It is impossible to operate on the patient, but unless the tumor is destroyed the patient will die.  There is a kind of ray that may be used to destroy the tumor.  If the rays reach the tumor all at once and with sufficiently high intensity, the tumor will be destroyed, but surrounding tissue may be damaged as well.  At lower intensities the rays are harmless to healthy tissue, but they will not affect the tumor either.  What type of procedure might be used to destroy the tumor with the rays, and at the same time avoid destroying the healthy tissue?

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 18: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

TransferTransfer

Transfer: Effect of previous learning on new learning.

Factors that affect transfer: Similarity of learning situations Depth of original understanding Quality of learning experiences Context for learning Variety of experiences Emphasis on metacognition

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 19: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Situated LearningSituated Learning

Situated Learning: Skills and knowledge are tied to the situation where they were learned Knowledge learned outside of a

meaningful context is useless Focus on apprenticeships

Expert guides novice beginning with simple and increasing to complex

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 20: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Conditions of LearningConditions of Learning

Learning occurs in complex, realistic, and relevant environments

Social interaction is an important aspect of learning

Teach with multiple modes of representation

Foster ownership in learning Teach metacognitive skills

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

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Constructivist TeachingConstructivist Teaching

Goal of Teaching: Identify the skills or information that

the learner needs to know prior to problem solving

Learners more motivated to learn when faced with problem solving situation that requires a bit of new information

Prerequisite skills are focused on in the context of higher-order goals

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

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Problem-Based LearningProblem-Based Learning

Real World Problem Collaborate to find solution

Teacher’s Role Provide topic, Gather background

information, Create ways to incorporate a variety of subjects, Delegate tasks to students, Facilitate the project

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 23: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Instructional Instructional ConversationsConversations

Conversations with probing questions to facilitate deep learning

Teachers scaffold (Vygotsky)

Teacher’s Role Facilitate the discussion, Use good

questioning techniques, Be open to student input

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 24: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Cognitive Cognitive ApprenticeshipsApprenticeships

Students work with an expert Real-life situation

Expert’s Role Model, Guide, Scaffold

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 25: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Inquiry Learning ProcessInquiry Learning Process

Test

Evaluate

Hypothesize

Report

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 26: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Inquiry LearningInquiry Learning Scientific Procedure

Hypothesis Test Hypothesis Draw Conclusions Reflect

First-hand vs. Second-hand Investigations Teacher’s Role

Identify topic of study, Pose deep questions, Provide appropriate materials, Guide, Let students ask questions and discover the answer

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

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ConstructivismConstructivism

Common elements of all constructivist teaching strategies Students actively participate Teacher is a facilitator Requires deep thinking from students Real-world applications Social orientation

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

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Applying Constructivism to Applying Constructivism to InstructionInstruction

Elicit students’ ideas and experiences, then create learning situations to restructure current knowledge

Provide opportunities to engage in complex, meaningful, problem-based activities

Provide opportunities for students to apply the knowledge in many meaningful contexts

Teach self-regulation strategiesDr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

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ConstructivismConstructivism

Strengths: Learning is interesting Learning is relevant Students are active in classroom Deep learning Creativity from the students Motivated to learn

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 30: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

ConstructivismConstructivism

Weaknesses Hard to plan for Students may ask questions you don’t

know the answer to Difficult for low students Takes lots of classroom time Not cover as much material

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 31: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Research-Supported Research-Supported ConclusionsConclusions

Active learners are most successful Learning from examples and doing

fosters deep understanding Meaningful learning is most effective

as compared to rote learning The social structure of the learning

environment is critical to successful learning

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 32: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Constructivist Theories Constructivist Theories OverviewOverview

Results: Meaning of the environment Means: Attempt to develop a theory of

the world Inputs: New information from the

environment

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 33: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

Constructivist Theories Constructivist Theories OverviewOverview

Learning Outcomes: Reasoning, Critical Thinking

Role of the Learner: Make meaning of the world Role of the Instructor: Provide complex and

realistic learning environments that challenge learners to solve problems

Inputs for Learning: Self-regulation learning skills, Motivation to make sense of the environment

Process of Learning: Assimilation and Accommodation Weakness of constructivism

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Page 34: Constructivism Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Outline Overview of Constructivism Two Types of Constructivism Learning according to Constructivism Constructivist.

RevisionRevision

What are the assumptions of a constructivist view of learning?

What are the two types of constructivism?

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

What are a few constructivist teaching strategies?

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos