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ONSTRU TION
MA HINARY
PLANNING AND
EMPLOYMENT
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THE TERM, ENGINEER CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY COVERS A
VERY WIDE RANGE OF MACHINES. EARTH MOVING MACHINES AND
CRANES ARE GROUPED UNDER THE TERM, C VEHICLES. OTHERS
SUCH AS PAVEMENT LAYERS AND FINISHERS, COMPRESSORS, ROAD
ROLLERS, PUMPS AND CONCRETING MACHINES HAVE NO GROUP NAME.
MANUFACTURERS ARE CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVING THEIR
DESIGNS WITH THE RESULT THAT THE SPECIFICATIONS ARE
CONTINUALLY CHANGING. SELECTION OF RIGHT MACHINE FOR THE
RIGHT JOB WITH ITS OPTIMAL UTILIZATION BY TAKING CARE OF
TRAINED OPERATORS ITS PROPER SERVICES AND MAINTENANCE WILL
ALWAYS ADD POSITIVELY TOWARDS THE PROGRESS OF ENGINEER
WORKS.
INTRODUCTION
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PART I CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY CLASSIFICATION
AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS.
PART II CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY SERVICE AND
ITS MAINTENANCE.
PART III CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
SCOPE
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ONSTRU TION MA HINERY LASSIFI ATION
AND ITS HARA TERISTI S
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CLASSIFICATION
EARTH MOVING AND EXCAVATING MACHINES
DOZERS ALL TYPES
EXCAVATORS
DRAGLINES
FRONT END LOADERS
MOTOR GRADERS
SCRAPPER
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ROLLER PLAIN STEEL WHEEL
ROLLER PLAIN VIBRATORY
ROLLER TANDEM
ROLLER SHEEP FOOT VIBRATORY
ROLLER SHEEP FOOT TOWED
ROLLER PNEUMATIC TYRE
ROLLER WALK BEHIND
ROAD ROLLERS
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ASPHALT MIXING AND WEIGHING PLANT
ASPHALT PAVER
BITUMEN HEATER AND SPREADER
ASPHALT RECYCLING PLANT !HOT AND COLD"
ASPHALT LAYERS AND RELATED E#UIPMENT
CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT
CONCRETE MIXERS
CONCRETE TRANSIT MIXERS
CONCRETE SHOTCRETING MACHINES
CONCRETE VIBRATORS
CONCRETE PUMPS
CONCRETE PREPARATION AND LAYING MACHINES
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DUMP TRUCKS
CRANES
AIR COMPRESSORS
DRILL MACHINES
CRUSHING PLANTS
WATER PUMPS
TRACTORS
MISCELLANEOUS
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CHARACTERISTICS
AND
EMPLOYMENT OF MACHINES
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DOZER
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STRIPPING
FOR REMOVING TOP SOIL USE DOZERS WHERE HAULS ARE
SHORT. FOR LONG NARROW LANES $ FT TO %& FT WIDE, ANGLE DOZER
ALONG THE LANE LEAVING SPOIL AT THE EDGES OF THE
LANE.
FOR WIDER LANES BULLDOZE ACROSS THE LANE
DOZERS
DOZERS ARE AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SIZES I.E SIZEI, SIZEII AND
SIZEIV BOTH TRACKED AND WHEEL.
USES OF DOZERS
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ANGLE DOZER IS THE MOST USEFUL TYPE OF DOZER FOR
THIS JOB AS IT CAN EXERT GREATER PRESSURE IN CUTTING
STOUT ROOTS BY ANGLING THE BLADE.
WHEN LIGHT SHRUBS AND TREES UPTO & INCH DIAMETER, KEEP
THE EDGE OF THE BLADE A FEW INCHES BELOW GROUND LEVEL.
TRAVEL AT TRACTOR SPEED IN HIGHEST POSSIBLE GEAR.
WHEN TREES ' INCH TO %& INCH DIAMETER, PUSH WITH THE
BLADE HELD HIGH APPLYING STEERING CLUTCHES TO SWAY THE
TREE TILL IT BEGINS TO FALL.
CLEARING VEGETATION
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BACK UP AND LOWER THE BLADE UNDER THE ROOTS. CLEAR
THE TREE WITH A PUSHING LIFTING ACTION OF THE BLADE.
UNDER AVERAGE CONDITIONS TIME TAKEN TO FELL A TREE IS
% TO ( MINUTES. TREES %& TO () INCH DIAMETER, CUT THE ROOTS ON THE SIDE
OPPOSITE TO THE RE#UIRED DIRECTION OF FALL, PILING
SPOIL NEAR BY. NORMAL DEPTH OF CUT IS & FEET TO &.*
FEET.
CUT THE ROOTS ON THE LEFT AND RIGHT HAND SIDES OF THE
TREE PUSHING THE SPOIL INTO THE FIRST CUT. DOZE
SURPLUS SPOIL BACK TO FORM A RAMP OVER THE FIRST CUT.
CLEARING VEGETATION
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CLIMB THE RAMP WITH BLADE HIGH SWAYING THE TREE BY
USE OF STEERING CLUTCHES UNTIL THE TREE BEGINS TO
FALL. BACK OUT #UICKLY TO AVOID ROOTS COMING UP UNDER
THE TRACTOR AND DAMAGING OR OVER TURNS IT.
WHEN THE TREE HAS FALLEN, FILL THE HOLES AS NECESSARY
AND CLEAR THE TREE BY A LIFTING AND PUSHING ACTION OF
THE BLADE UNDER THE EXPOSED ROOTS.
CLEARING VEGETATION
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SIDE HILL CUTTING
PUSH LOADING SCRAPPERS
CAMBERING
DITCHING
BATTERING AND SLOPING
BACK FILLING
SPREADING AND ROUGH GRADING
USES OF DOZERS !C+-.."
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WORK DOWN HILL WHENEVER PRACTICABLE
WHEN BULLDOZING, KEEP THE LENGTH OF HAUL WITHIN THE
ECONOMIC LIMITS/
o TRACKED DOZER/ MAXIMUM ()) FT, BETTER &)) FT
o WHEEL DOZER / MAXIMUM ')) FT
PUSH A FULL LOAD AND USE THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE GEAR.
ALWAYS AIM AT ARRIVING AT THE DUMPING AREA WITH AS FULL A
LOAD AS POSSIBLE IN FRONT OF THE BLADE.
SLOT DOZING, WHEN BULLDOZING TO MOVE LARGE #UANTITIES
OF MATERIAL, REDUCES SPILLAGE AT THE SIDES OF THE BLADE.
BULLDOZE SIDE BY SIDE, WHEN CLEARING A LARGE AREA.
SPILLAGE FROM INSIDE EDGES OF BLADES IS REDUCED.
EMPLOY WELL TRAINED OPERATORS OR DAMAGE TO TRACTORS
WILL RESULT.
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KOMATSU
CATERPILLAR
TEREX
MAIN MANUFACTURERS OF DOZERS
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EXCAVATOR
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THE BASE MACHINE CAN BE RIGGED WITH DIFFERENT FRONT END
E#UIPMENTS FOR EXCAVATING/
FACE SHOVEL
BACK ACTOR
DRAGLINE
CRAB OR CLAM SHELL
IT CAN ALSO BE RIGGED AS A CRANE OR A PILE DRIVER/
CRAWLER MOUNTED
TRUCK MOUNTED
WHEEL MOUNTED
EXCAVATORS
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CYCLE OF OPERATION IS VERY SHORT, HENCE SECONDS
SAVED IN EACH CYCLE HAVE GREAT EFFECT ON OUT PUT.
RESTRICT SWING OF EXCAVATORS TO 0) DEGREES MAXIMUM.
PROVIDE SUFFICIENT HAULAGE TRUCKS FOR REMOVAL OF
SPOIL.
ARRANGE FOR RAPID POSITIONING OF TRUCKS BOTH AT
LOADING AND DISCHARGING SITES. USE SPORTING LOGS FOR
VEHICLES WHICH HAVE TO BACK INTO POSITION.
OPERATOR SHOULD MAKE FULL USE OF ANY WAITING TIME.
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KEEP HAUL ROADS IN GOOD CONDITION WITH ADE#UATE
PASSING PLACES.
ENSURE EXCAVATOR IS STANDING ON A LEVEL SIDE. USE
SLEEPER MATS IF NECESSARY.
KEEP BUCKET TEETH SHARP.
KEEP CLUTCHES CORRECTLY ADJUSTED AS PER MACHINE
HAND BOOK.
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POSITION HAULAGE VEHICLES SO THAT BUCKET SWINGS
OVER BACK AND NOT OVER CAB.
DRIVER OF HAULAGE VEHICLE MUST DISMOUNT DURING
LOADING.
EXCAVATOR BUCKET MUST BE BROUGHT DOWN CLOSE TO
VEHICLE BEFORE DISCHARGING.
LOAD A CUSHION OF EARTH ON BED OF VEHICLE BEFORE
LOADING A BOULDER IF ANY.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
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PRIMARY ROLE OF DRAGLINE IS BULK EXCAVATION BELOW TRACK
LEVEL IN SOFT SOILS OR LOOSE MATERIALS INCLUDING SHALE
AND SHATTERED ROCKS. THE MOST SUITABLE ROLLERS ARE
THOSE RE#UIRING LIGHT CUT OVER WIDE RADIUS 1.2. BATTERING
BANKS, CUTTING BACK LONG SLOPES AND CLEARING OUT
STREAMS AND CANALS.
DRAGLINES
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OUTPUT DEPENDS ON/
ANGLE OF SWING FROM DIG TO DISCHARGE. KEEP THIS AS
SMALL AS POSSIBLE.
DUMPING ON TO SPOIL HEAPS INSTEAD OF INTO TRANSPORT.
TIME IT TAKES TO FILL THE BUCKET
SHARPNESS OF TEETH
SKILL OF THE OPERATOR.
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WH EXCAVATOR
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EXCAVATION
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EXCAVATION
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EXCAVATION
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exx
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DRAGLINE
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DRAGLINE
DRAGLINE
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DRAGLINE
DRAGLINE
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DRAGLINE
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FE LOADER
FE LOADER
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FE LOADER
EMPLOYMENT
THE PRIMARY ROLE OF LOADER IS LOADING/
LOOSE MATERIAL FROM STOCK PILES AND SPOIL HEAPS
INTO HAULAGE VEHICLES.
AGGREGATE INTO CONCRETE MIXING AND BATCHING PLANT.
STONE IN TO CRUSHING PLANT.
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OUTPUT DEPENDS ON/
REDUCING TO A MINIMUM THE TIME TAKEN TO TRAVEL
BETWEEN LOADING AND DISCHARGING POINT AND BACK.
FOR EFFICIENT OUT PUT/
HAUL DISTANCE SHOULD NOT EXCEED &) YARDS.
AVOID TURNS
FOR FRONT LOADING AND FRONT TIPPING MACHINES, USE
THE MOBILITY OF THE HAULAGE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE
LENGTH OF HAUL OF THE LOADER.
FOR FRONT LOADING AND REAR TIPPING MACHINES,
POSITION THE HAULAGE VEHICLE IMMEDIATELY BEHIND THE
LOADER AND AS CLOSE AS PRACTICABLE.
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FOR MACHINES LOADING FROM STOCKPILES INTO STATIC
PLANT, PLACE THE STOCK PILE CLOSE TO THE PLANT AND IN A
POSITION WHICH REDUCES MANEUVERING OF THE LOADER TO
A MINIMUM.
KEEP THE SHOVEL CLEAN.
KEEP THE TYRE PRESSURE CORRECT AND #UAL.
CHOOSE GOOD OPERATOR HAVING MATCHING APTITUDE.
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FE LOADER
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FE LOADER
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FE LOADER
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MOTOR GRADER
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EMPLOYMENT
STRIPPING
SLOPING AND BANK CUTTING
CAMBERING AND LEVELING NEW WORK
SPREADING
MAINTENANCE OF EXISTING WORK RESHAPING
DITCHING
CLEARING EXISTING DITCHES
MIXING AGGREGATES OR AGGREGATE BITUMEN
MATERIALS
CLEARING SNOW
MOTOR GRADER
MOTOR GRADERS ARE AVAILABLE WHICH MAY BE $3', IN WHICH CASE
THE FRONT WHEEL CAN BE TILTED, OR '3' WITH NONE OF THE WHEELSTILTING. THEY CAN WORK IN REVERSE AS WELL.
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WORK IN PASSES NOT LESS THAN %))) FT
PLAN THE METHOD OF WORK CAREFULLY TO REDUCE THE
NUMBER OF PASSES.
DIVIDE THE WORK INTO SECTIONS SO THAT EACH PASS IS AS
LONG AS THE NEEDS OF SUPERVISION WILL ALLOW.
WORK AT AS HIGH SPEED AS POSSIBLE
FOR MAXIMUM TRACTION, INFLATE TYRES E#UALLY AND TO
CORRECT PRESSURE. ON SOFT GROUND REDUCE TRYE
PRESSURE TO INCREASE TRACTION.
GREATER EFFICIENCY CAN BE ACHIEVED IF GRADERS WORK IN
TEAMS.
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SET THE BLADE TO SUIT THE SOIL. ON LOOSE GRANULAR
SOILS, SET THE FACE OF BLADE ALMOST VERTICAL, CAUSING
THE SOIL TO BOIL UP AND ROLL FORWARD SO EASING THE
LOAD. ON COHESIVE SOILS SET THE BLADE TO ACUTE ANGLE
TO SLICE OFF THE SOIL WITH A PLANE LIKE ACTION.
WHILE WORKING ON MAINTENANCE OF EARTH AND GRAVEL
ROADS, BEGIN AT THE FIRST SIGNS OF RUTTING. MAINTENANCE
IS OFTEN BEST DONE AFTER RAIN WHEN THE SOIL HAS CEASED
TO BE MUDDY BUT IS STILL DAMP.
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MOTOR GRADER
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MOTOR GRADER
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SINGLE DRUM ROLLER
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SINGLE DRUM ROLLER
ROLLER PLAIN STEEL WHEEL
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THE BEST WEIGHT OF ROLLER TO BE USED FOR ANY TASK WILL
DEPEND ON/
THE NATURE OF WORK.
THE NATURE OF THE MATERIAL.
THE THICKNESS OF EACH LAYER TO BE COMPACTED.
THE COARSER THE MATERIAL AND THE THICKER THE LAYER,THE HEAVIER THE ROLLER.
TOO HEAVY A ROLLER, MAY HAVE TOO GREAT A CRUSHING
EFFECT, MAY CAUSE MATERIAL TO GIVE WAY, OR MAY
S#UEEZE IT OUT IN THE FORM OF A WAVE IN FRONT OF THE
ROLLER.
ROLLER PLAIN STEEL WHEEL
SMOOTH STEEL WHEEL ROLLERS ARE USED WHEN CRUSHING ACTION
IS RE#UIRED, AND FOR THE INITIAL AND FINAL ROLLING OF WATER
BOUND MACADAM, TAR MACADAM AND BITUMINOUS MATERIAL.
WEIGHT
ROLLER PLAIN STEEL WHEEL
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MAKE FIRST PASSES ALONG THE SIDES OF THE TASK AND
SUBSE#UENT PASSES GRADUALLY WORKING TOWARDS THE
CENTRE.
EACH PASS SHOULD OVERLAP THE PREVIOUS ONE BY ABOUT
%& INCHES.
ROLL SLOWLY, STEADILY AND UNINTERRUPTEDLY THROUGH
OUT EACH PASS.
AVOID OVER ROLLING, THE NUMBER OF PASSES TO ACHIEVE
COMPACTION SHOULD BE SPECIFIED.
FURTHER ROLLING DOES NO GOOD AND IS LIKELY TO CAUSE
DAMAGE.
OPERATION
ROLLER PLAIN VIBRATORY
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IN THIS TECHNI#UE THE VIBRATING ROLLER IS IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH
ANY LAYER OF MATERIAL AND EXERTS TWO ACTIONS/
THE REDUCTION OF THE INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE
MATERIAL
THE TAMPING EFFECT
THE PROCESS OF THE REDUCTION OF THE INTERNAL FRICTION OCCURS
LIKE/ AS THE VIBRO COMPACTOR PASSES OVER THE MATERIAL, IT
BEGINS TO VIBRATE INTENTLY. THE PARTICLES DETACH THEM SELVES
ONE FROM OTHER, THUS ACHIEVING REDUCTION OF THE INTERNAL
FRICTION. IN THIS PARTICULAR PHASE THE PARTICLES MOVE ON TOP OF
EACH OTHER AND READJUST THEMSELVES WITHIN THE VOIDS, UNTIL ALL
THE VOIDS HAVE BEEN FILLED. IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED THAT VIBRATION
IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY FOR COMPACTION OF NATURAL SOIL,
GRANULAR MATERIALS, CRUSHED ROCK AND BITUMINOUS MIXERS.
VIBRO COMPACTION
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PASSES USUALLY '$ PASSES ARE ADE#UATE. COMPACTORS
ACHIEVE THEIR MAXIMUM EFFORT IN THE FIRST FEW PASSES.
THEREAFTER THE DENSITY INCREASES VERY SLOWLY. IT MAY
EVEN DECREASE DUE TO CHANGES IN THE SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS CAUSED BY OVERSTRESSING. IT IS POINTLESS
TO GO ON TRYING WITH MORE PASSES IF SPECIFIED COMPACTION
IS NOT BEING OBTAINED.
LAYER THICKNESS GENERALLY, THINNER THE LAYER THE
COMPACTION IS EASIER AND FAST AS MOISTURE CONTROL ISEASIER. %& INCH LOOSE SOIL IS IDEAL, %4 INCH THE MAXIMUM AND
&' INCH AS AN EXCEPTION. IT IS WISE TO RUN TEST STRIPS TO
DECIDE THE LAYER THICKNESS AND NUMBER OF PASSES
RE#UIRED.
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SPEED
o THE MAXIMUM EFFECT OF VIBRATOR IS BETWEEN %%5&
MPH AND &%5& MPH. EFFICIENCY FALLS OFF VERY
#UICKLY ABOVE &%5& MPH.
o IF THE ROLLER BEGINS TO BOUNCE, STOP ROLLING.
BOUNCING INDICATES THAT THE MAXIMUM DENSITY
HAS BEEN ACHIEVED.
TO GET A SMOOTH SURFACE, & TO ( PASSES OF STATIC
ROLLING !WITHOUT VIBRATION" SHOULD BE MADE
INCASE OF SHARP AND ABRASIVE ROCK, IT IS BETTER TO ROLL
IT TWICE WITH SMOOTH STEEL WHEEL ROLLER BEFORE
BRINGING ON THE VIBRO COMPACTOR. THIS IS RE#UIRED
ONLY TO SAVE THE RUBBER TYRES.
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DO NOT ROLL VERY CLOSE TO THE RETAINING WALLS AND
OTHER MASONRY STRUCTURES. THEY ARE LIABLE TO BE
DAMAGED.
STRICTLY FOLLOW THE MANUFACTURERS GUIDE REGARDING
NUMBER OF VIBRATION PER MINUTE, THEY VARY WITH EACH
MAKE.
MAKE SURE THE OPERATORS ARE WELL TRAINED OTHERWISE
THEY WILL DAMAGE THE EXPENSIVE MACHINE.
PRECAUTIONS
ROLLER SHEEP FOOT
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COMPACTION EFFECT OF SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS ON EACH
LAYER OF SOIL IS FROM THE BOTTOM UPWARDS AND IS
AFFECTED BY THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY THE FEET.
IN GENERAL SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS ARE MOST USEFUL FOR
COMPACTING COHESIVE SOILS OF LOW MOISTURE CONTENT.
THEY ARE INEFFECTIVE FOR CLEAN SANDS, GRAVEL AND
CRUSHED ROCK WITHOUT CLAY OR OTHER BINDER.
THE MAXIMUM DEPTH OF LAYER WHICH CAN BE COMPACTED IS
& INCHES GREATER THAN THE LENGTH OF FEET. TO
COMPACT A LAYER OF THIS DEPTH &' TO (& PASSES ARE
NECESSARY.
SPEED OF TRAVEL TO ACHIEVE THE BEST RESULT IS &%5& TO
(%5& MPH.
WHEN SUCCESSIVE LAYERS ARE TO BE COMPACTED ON TOP OF
EACH OTHER, LEAVE THE TOP & TO * INCHES OF EACH LAYER TO
BE COMPACTED WITH THE NEXT LAYER ABOVE IN ORDER TO
PROVIDE A KEY.
PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLERS
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PNEUMATIC ROLLER IS MAINLY USED ON BITUMINOUS SURFACES.
COMPACTION OF BITUMINOUS SURFACE INCLUDES THREE TYPES OF
ROLLING/
BREAK DOWN ROLLINGAT &$) OF 6 %*OTEMPERATURE. THIS IS
DONE BY STEEL THREE WHEEL ROLLER. IT IS A UNIVERSAL
PRACTICE TO START ROLLING AT THE OUT SIDE EDGES OF A
NEWLY LAID MAT AND ROLLS INWARD TOWARDS THE CENTRE
OR CROWN. INCASE OF SUPER ELEVATED CURVES, ROLLING ISSTARTED AT THE LOW SIDE AND CARRIED TO THE HIGH SIDE IN
THE SAME MANNER.
PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLING AT %$) OF 6 %*+7 IMMEDIATELY
FOLLOWING THE INITIAL ROLLING OPERATION, THE SURFACEOF THE MAT SHOULD BE CHECKED WITH A STRAIGHT EDGE
AND LEVELS ARE CORRECTED IF NECESSARY. AFTER
NECESSARY ADJUSTMENT OF SURFACE, THE PNEUMATIC TYRE
ROLLING IS UNDER TAKEN FOLLOWING THE SAME PATTERN E.Y
FROM OUTSIDE EDGE TOWARDS THE CENTRE OR CROWN.
PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLERS
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FINISH ROLLING AT %() OF 6 %*O .AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE
PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLING OPERATION, THE SURFACE OF THEBITUMINOUS MAT, ALTHOUGH ALMOST TOTALLY DENSIFIED AND
COMPACTED TO THE SPECIFICATIONS MAY PRESENT AN
UNFINISHED APPEARANCE. THE APPLICATION OF A TANDEM STEEL
WHEEL FINISHING ROLLER WILL ELIMINATE ANY MARKS LEFT BY
THE PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLING AND PROMOTE A SMOOTH UNIFORM
SURFACE TEXTURE.
THE SIZE AND WEIGHT OF THE THREE ROLLERS MOSTLY USED IN
BITUMINOUS WORK IS/
THREE WHEEL BREAK DOWN ROLLER VARY IN WEIGHT FROM
%) TO &) TON.
SELF PROPELLED PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLERS HAVE WIDER
RANGE OF WEIGHT FROM * TO (* TONS OR MORE.
THE TANDEM AXLE ROLLERS VARY FROM 4 TO %& TONS.
PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLERS
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NUMBER OF PASSESHAS TO BE DETERMINED BY ACTUAL TRIALS.
GENERALLY THE PASSES OF THREE OF ROLLERS ARE/
THREE WHEEL STEEL ROLLER !%& TON" & TO ' PASSES
PNEUMATIC TYPE ROLLERS %4 TO &) TON %8 TO &* PASSES
TANDEM SMOOTH WHEEL !TWO WHEEL" $ TO 4 TONS WITH '
TO %) PASSES.
PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLERS
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PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER
SINGLE DRUM
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ROLLER
ROLLER PLAIN 3
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WHEEL
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SINGLE DRUM
ROLLER PLAIN 3
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WHEEL
ROLLER SHEEP FOOT
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ROLLER SHEEPFOOT
VIBRATORY
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THESE PLANTS MAY BE EITHER BATCH MIXING OR CONTINUOUS
MIXING PLANTS. THE FORMER DELIVER A SERIES OF BATCHES
PROPORTIONED BY WEIGHT, THE LATTER A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY
PROPORTIONED BY VOLUME.
ASPHALT MIXING PLANT
BATCH MIXING PLANT
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THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF BATCH MIXING PLANTS/
SMALL MOBILE MACHINES PERMANENTLY MOUNTED AS A
SINGLE UNIT ON PNEUMATIC TYRED ROAD WHEELS READY FOR
TOWING FROM SITE TO SITE.
TRANSPORTABLE PLANTS DESIGNED FOR RAPID ERECTION AND
DISMANTLING. EACH PART CAN EITHER BE TOWED ON ITS OWN
WHEELS OR LIFTED ONTO A TRUCK.
LARGE STATIC INSTALLATIONS ASSEMBLED AND ERECTED ON
THE SITE.
BATCH MIXING PLANT
BATCH MIXING PLANT
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COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL BATCHING PLANT CONSISTS OF/
o AN AGGREGATES FEEDER
o A ROTATING CYLINDRICAL AGGREGATE DRIER AND
HEATER.
o AGGREGATE SCREENS AND BINS FOR THE HOT
AGGREGATE.
o STORAGE AND HEATING TANK FOR THE TAR OR
BITUMEN.
o WEIGH BUCKETS
o A MECHANICAL MIXER
o FILLER E#UIPMENT AND DUST COLLECTORS CAN BE
ADDED TO IF DESIRED
BATCH MIXING PLANT
BATCH MIXING PLANT
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CARE MUST BE TAKEN WHEN ERECTING THE PLANT TO ENSURE
TRUE LEVELS SO THAT THE COMPONENTS ARE TRULY ALIGNED
AND ELEVATORS VERTICAL.
IT IS ADVISABLE TO SITE THE PLANT CLOSE TO CRUSHERS IF
ITS OUTPUT IS %) TON PER HOUR OR MORE.
VERY SMALL PLANTS OF LOWER CAPACITY ARE USUALLY SITED
NEAR THE JOB, AGGREGATE BEING BROUGHT FROM THE
#UARRY STOCK PILE.
BATCH MIXING PLANT
CONTINUOUS MIXING PLANT
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THESE PLANTS USUALLY CONSIST OF A SERIES OF COMPONENT, SOME
OF WHICH ARE INDEPENDENTLY MOUNTED FOR MOVEMENT, OTHERS
HAVE TO BE DISMANTLED AND REERECTED ON A CHANGE OF SITE.
THEIR OUT PUT IS HIGH AND THEY NEED AN ADE#UATE SCALE OF
#UARRY MACHINERY, TRANSPORT FOR THE MIX AND SPREADING AND
FINISHING MACHINERY.
CONTINUOUS MIXING PLANT
ASPHALT
PLANT
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PLANT
ASPHALT
PLANT
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PLANT
ASPHALT
PLANT
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PLANT
CONCRETE WEIGH BATCHING PLANT
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WEIGH BATCHING IS PREFERRED TO BATCHING BY VOLUME ON
ACCOUNT OF ITS GREATER ACCURACY. WHEN DECIDING THE
WEIGHT OF SAND AND AGGREGATE ALLOW FOR THEIR MOISTURECONTENT. WATER CAN BE MEASURED BY WEIGHT OR BY VOLUME9
MOST MIXERS HAVE EITHER GAUGED WATER TANKS OR METERING
DEVICES. WEIGH BATCHERS ARE OF THREE TYPES:-
SMALL. USED WITH SMALL TRANSPORTABLE MIXER UPTO %)
CUBIC FEET CAPACITY. TRANSPORTABLE AND FED BY HAND.
MEDIUM. USED WITH MIXERS OF FROM %' TO &4 CUFT. CAN
BE RAPIDLY SET UP AND FED BY HAND.
LARGE STATIC PLANTS. USED FOR SUPPLYING MIX TO
TRANSPORT VEHICLES OR TO LARGE STATIC MIXERS OF %
CUYD OR LARGER. TAKES DAYS TO ERECT, FED BY
ELEVATOR OR DRAGLINE.
EMPLOYMENT OF WEIGH BATCHING PLANT
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CENTRAL BATCHING IS MORE ECONOMICAL AND SAVES
LABOR BUT RE#UIRES AN ADE#UATE DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM.
SITE BATCHING, EXCEPT FOR SMALL MIXERS IS LIKELY TO
BE UNECONOMIC.
THE USE OF OVERHEAD HOPPER TYPE OF WEIGH BATCHER
WHICH INVOLVES MECHANICAL LOADING IS USUALLY
ECONOMICAL FOR MIXERS OF %' CUFT AND LARGER.
EMPLOYMENT OF WEIGH BATCHING PLANT.
CARE OF WEIGHING DEVICES
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CHECK THE CALIBRATION OF THE DEVICE WHEN NEW AND
PERIODICALLY THERE AFTER.
KEEP THE DEVICE CLEAN AND IN REALLY GOOD CONDITION BY
FRE#UENT SERVICING.
ALWAYS LOCK THE DEVICE IN PLACE DURING MOVEMENT
CARE OF WEIGHING DEVICES
CONC BATCHING PLANT
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CONC BATCHING PLANT
CONC BATCHING PLANT
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CONC BATCHING PLANT
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ONSTRU TIO
N
MA HINERY
SERVI E AND
MAINTENAN E
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SERVICING.
THIS COVERS ALL FUNCTIONS CARRIED OUT TO KEEP THE
PARTICULAR E#UIPMENT IN AN EFFICIENT CONDITION. THESE
FUNCTIONS ARE DETAILED IN THE MAINTENANCE MANUALS OF THE
E#UIPMENT. THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN IN THESE MANUALS SHOULD
BE FOLLOWED VERY STRICTLY.
MAINTENANCE.
THIS INCLUDES SERVICING, INSPECTION, TESTING, ADJUSTMENTS,
REPAIR AND OVERHAUL OF THE E#UIPMENT.
SERVICE SYSTEM
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THE SYSTEM APPLIES TO ALL E#UIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND PLANT
SERVICE ON AN HOURS RUN BASIS. THE SYSTEM INCLUDES/
A PLANT SERVICING SCHEDULE FOR EACH PARTICULAR
MACHINE WHICH DETAILS THE SERVICING TASKS TO BE
CARRIED OUT AND THE LUBRICANTS TO BE USED. THIS
SCHEDULE IS LAID DOWN IN USER:S HANDBOOK OR
MAKER:S MAINTENANCE MANUAL
A PLANT DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM
SERVICE SYSTEM
SERVICE SYSTEM
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ON RECEIPT OF THE MACHINE.
AFTER THE RUNNING FOR A PERIOD OF $) HOURS OR AS
DESCRIBED IN RELEVANT MAINTENANCE MANUAL.
AT SPECIFIC INTERVALS. THESE ARE NORMALLY AS UNDER/
%) HOURS OR DAILY
$) HOURS OR WEEKLY
%&) HOURS OR FORTNIGHTLY
&') HOURS OR MONTHLY
SERVICE SYSTEM
SERVICE SYSTEM
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CLEANLINESS, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL.
LUBRICATION.
DRAINING AND REFILLING.
TOPPING UP
CHECKING
SERVICE SYSTEM
SERVICE SYSTEM
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EXTERNAL CLEANLINESS. THIS IS IMPORTANT TO/
PERMIT ACCESS TO LUBRICATION POINTS.
REDUCE WEAR ON EXTERNAL MOVING PARTS.
AVOID DANGER TO OPERATIONS CAUSED BY SLIPPERY
MIXTURES OF OIL AND DIRT ON THE MACHINE.
HELP TO MAINTAIN THE OPERATOR:S PRIDE IN HIS MACHINE.
CRAWLER TRACKS IN PARTICULAR MUST BE CLEANED AFTER
EVERY SHIFT. THEY ARE VERY SUSCEPTIBLE TO WEAR, WHICH
IS GREATLY INCREASED BY ACCUMULATIONS OF MUD. IN
COLD CLIMATES CAKED MUD WILL FREEZE AND CLOG
TRACKS OVERNIGHT.
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INTERNAL CLEANLINESS
LUBRICATION
REFUELLING
CHECKING
SERVICE SYSTEM
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ONSTRU TION
PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT
PLANNING
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IT IS DEVISING OF A WORKABLE SCHEME OF OPERATIONS WHICH IS
DESIGNED TO ACCOMPLISH AN ESTABLISHED OBJECTIVE WHEN PUT INTO
ACTION. IT DETERMINES THE FOLLOWING/
WHAT IS TO BE DONE !OBJECT"
WHERE IT IS TO BE DONE !VENUE"
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DOING IT !RESPONSIBILITY"
WHEN IT IS TO BE DONE !TIME"
HOW IT IS TO BE DONE !METHODOLOGY"
PLANNING
STRATEGIC PLANNING
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STRATEGIC PLANNING
DETERMINING OVERALL POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES.
DECIDING ON ANY CHANGES IN THESE POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES.
DECIDING ON THE RESOURCES TO BE DEVOTED TO ATTAINING THESE
OBJECTIVES.
MANAGEMENT.
IT IS THE JUDICIOUS ALLOCATION AND EFFICIENT USAGE OF
RESOURCES TO ACHIEVE A DESIRED END. RESOURCES ARE MONEY,
PERSONS, E#UIPMENT, MATERIALS AND TIME.
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MANAGER
HE WHO EMPLOYS HIS RESOURCES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR
CAPABILITIES TO ACCOMPLISH SOME PURPOSE. HIS FUNCTION IS TO
PLAN, SCHEDULE, CONTROL AND COORDINATE THE WORK AND
ENSURES THAT THE TASK IS COMPLETED WITHIN THE TIME AND
COST RE#UIREMENTS. TO PERFORM THESE FUNCTIONS HE MUST
HAVE THE AUTHORITY AND POWER TO TAKE DECISIONS.
MANAGEMENT CONTROL
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.OPERATIONALCONTROL DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC MANPOWER, E#UIPMENT, MATERIAL
AND INFORMATION NECESSARY TO ACCOMPLISH THE
SUBDIVISION OF THE PLAN.
ASSIGNING THE RESOURCES SO THAT THE PLAN CAN BE
CARRIED OUT IN THE MOST EFFICIENT MANNER.
COMPARING ACTUAL RESULTS WITH PLAN AND TAKING
CORRECTIVE ACTION WHERE APPROPRIATE.
DIVIDING THE STRATEGIC PLANS INTO LOGICAL
SUBDIVISIONS.
PROVIDING FUNDS TO CARRY OUT THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE
PLAN.
ASSIGNING THE RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CARRYING OUT EACH
OF THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PLAN TO INDIVIDUALS.
FOLLOWING UP TO SEE THAT THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE BEING
SATISFACTORILY CARRIED OUT.
MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES
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MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES
REVIEWING CRITICALLY AND RESTATING THE ORGANIZATION:S
STRATEGIC AND THE SUPPORTING TACTICAL PLANS.
CLARIFYING WITH EACH MANAGER THE KEY RESULTS AND
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS HE MUST ACHIEVE, IN LINE WITH
UNIT;S AND ORGANIZATION:S OBJECTIVES, AND GAINING HIS
CONTRIBUTION AND COMMITMENT TO THESE.
AGREEING WITH EACH MANAGER A JOB IMPROVEMENT PLAN
WHICH MAKES A MEASURABLE AND REALISTIC IMPROVEMENT
TO THE UNIT;S AND ORGANIZATION:S PLANS FOR BETTER
PERFORMANCE.
MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES
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MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES
USING SYSTEMATIC PERFORMANCE REVIEW TO MEASURE AND
DISCUSS PROGRESS TOWARDS RESULTS AND POTENTIAL
REVIEW TO IDENTIFY MEN WITH POTENTIAL FOR
ADVANCEMENT.
DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT TRAINING PLANS. TO HELP EACH
MANAGER TO OVERCOME HIS WEAKNESSES, TO BUILD ON HIS
STRENGTHS AND TO ACCEPT A RESPONSIBILITY FOR SELF
DEVELOPMENT.
STRENGTHENING A MANAGER;S MOTIVATION BY EFFECTIVE
SELECTION, SALARY AND SUCCESSION PLANS.
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OBJECTIVES SETTING
PLANNING
AND
CONTROL
SETTING OF OBJECTIVES
DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION
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INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DATA IS COLLECTED AND SUBSE#UENTLY
EVALUATED TO DEFINE THE OBJECTIVES. WHERE SOME FACTS ARE
NOT AVAILABLE, TOP MANAGEMENT HAS TO USE ITS JUDGMENT AND
BALANCE RISKS.
INTERNAL DATA. DETAILED INFORMATION REGARDING STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES OF THE ORGANIZATION, ITS PERFORMANCE ANDEXPECTATIONS OF ITS WORKERS.
EXTERNAL DATA. IT ENCOMPASSES FINANCES, PERSONNEL,
MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGY, COMPETITION AND WORKING
ENVIRONMENTS.
EVALUATION. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA WOULD YIELD
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.CLARIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES. OBJECTIVE MUST BE SET IN
CLEAR AND UNAMBIGUOUS TERMS TO AVOID WASTE OF EFFORT.
.SUCCESSION OF SPECIFIC GOALS. INTEGRATED SHORT RUN
OBJECTIVES MUST= BE SET ON THE WAY TO ACHIEVE A DISTANT GOAL.
SHORT RUN OBJECTIVES CAN BE ACHIEVED #UICKLY, AS, BEST
ATTENTION AND CONSISTENT EFFORT CAN BE DEVOTED TO THEM.
SUCH SMALL SUCCESSES OR THE LARGER ONE WILL ENABLE A SETUP
TO CONTINUE IN THE PURSUIT OF ITS GOALS WITH UNABATED VIGOR,
ENERGY AND INTEREST.
.DELEGATION BY OBJECTIVES. AFTER HAVING SPECIFIED THE
OBJECTIVES, AUTHORITY NEEDS TO BE DELEGATED TO THE
SUBORDINATES TO ACCOMPLISH THE ASSIGNED TASKS. THEY MUSTHAVE THE FULL POWER TO OPERATE AS THEY SEE FIT. ON THIS
AUTHORITY THE SUBORDINATES WOULD CREATE AND MAINTAIN AN
ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUAL WORKING IN A
GROUP.
PRERE#UISITES FOR SUCCESS OF THE SYSTEM
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FREEDOM TO ACT. SUBORDINATE CAN USE THEIR INITIATIVE PROVIDED
CLEAR OBJECTIVES ARE SET ALONG WITH THE AUTHORITY TO ACHIEVE
THEM. GIVEN THIS POWER, THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO READJUST,
IMPROVE SCHEME OF THINGS AND WORKING CONDITIONS FOR
ATTAINING THE GIVEN OBJECTIVE.
VERIFIABLE RESULTS.
REALISTIC APPRAISAL BECOMES POSSIBLEWHEN OBJECTIVES ARE SET #UANTITATIVELY OR #UALITATIVELY. WHEN
AN OBJECTIVE IS #UALITATIVELY DEFINED, THE EMPHASIS IS ON HOW
WELL RATHER THAN HOW MUCH.
CLEAR COMMUNICATION. IT WOULD BE POSSIBLE ONLY WHEN
OBJECTIVES ARE SPECIFIC, AGREED UPON AND AUTHORITY TO ACHIEVE
THEM IS GIVEN.
PRERE#UISITES FOR SUCCESS OF THE SYSTEM
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SHARED RESPONSIBILITY. COOPERATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE
RESULTS TO BE ACHIEVED PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A FEELING OFINCREASED RESPONSIBILITY TO ATTAIN ON THE PART OF BOTH
SUPERIOR AND SUBORDINATE.
PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY. APPRAISAL SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY
PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY. TO DO THIS, MAKING OF ASSIGNMENT BY
RESULTS AND DELEGATION OF NECESSARY AUTHORITY ARE PRE
RE#UISITES. PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY WOULD RESULT IN INCREASE
IN EFFICIENCY AND ENTHUSIASM OF THE INDIVIDUALS.
WORKING ENVIRONMENTS. ALL EMPLOYEES MUST BE E#UALLY
MOTIVATED AND ONLY THEN THEY WILL DEVELOP SELF CONTROL AND
SELF DISCIPLINE RESULTING IN MINIMIZING EXTERNAL PRESSURE AND
CONSE#UENTLY CREATION OF HEALTHY AND CONGENIAL
ENVIRONMENT FOR WORK.
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IMPROVED MANAGEMENT ABILITY. AT EACH INTERVAL IN THE
ROUTINE APPRAISAL PROGRAMME, THE RESULTS TO BE ACHIEVED
RE#UIRE THE SUBORDINATE:S CONCENTRATION ON THE WEAKER
AREAS OF HIS PERFORMANCE. NEW TARGETS ARE SELECTED AFTER
NECESSARY CORRECTIONS ARE MADE. CONSE#UENTLY OVER A PERIOD
OF TIME ATTENTION IS DIRECTED TO SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES WHICH ARE
TO BE IMPROVED.
PRERE#UISITES FOR SUCCESS OF THE SYSTEM