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Construction Fundamentals Chapter 1. Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective Architect comes from a Greek...
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Transcript of Construction Fundamentals Chapter 1. Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective Architect comes from a Greek...
Construction FundamentalsChapter 1
Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective
• Architect comes from a Greek word meaning – chief artifice,
– master–builder,
– director of works.
Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective
•Architect – Romans used the Latin form
architectus - the architect’s responsibilities was to design and superintend the construction of the work.
Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective
• Contractor – comes from the legal agreement or contract
that is negotiated and executed between the owner and the builder
• General Contractor – As there can be many builders involved on
a project a hierarchy of responsibility and authority needs to be established to insure proper coordination of the various efforts
Construction• Engineering and
construction are a unique combination of specific need and specific design in a process that yields an engineered work.
• Civilizations are built by construction efforts.
Construction • Civil Engineers
•Military Engineers
Engineering Education
• L’Ecole Polytechnique –authorized in 1795 by Napoleon
• U. S. Military Academy, West Point –organized by President Thomas
Jefferson 1802
Canals• Man-made canals were a major factor
in the development of early civilization
–Barge Canals
• Chesapeake and Ohio (1828-1850)
–Ship Canals
• Suez (1869)
• Panama (1914)
Rail Roads
Rail Roads• The railroads were the engine of
growth and expansion to the West
• By 1840 there were nearly three thousand miles of track in the United States
Rail Roads• Congress passed the Pacific Railroad
Act in 1862.
–The act authorized the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Companies to build a transcontinental rail line along the 42nd parallel
–May 10, 1869 Golden spike driven home
Golden SpikeNational Historic Site
"East Meets West" photo taken May 10, 1869 by Andrew J. Russell (National Park Service Photo)
Golden SpikeThe web site to learn more about this historic engineering accomplishment. http://www.nps.gov/gosp/Additional reading:C.P.R.R. The Central Pacific Railroad - Charles Nordoff, Outbooks, Golden, CO 1976 (originally written 1892). Empire Express; Building the First Transcontinental Railroad - David Haward Bain, Penguin Putnam, New York, NY. 1999.
Golden SpikeAdditional reading:History of the Union Pacific Railway - Henry K. White, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 1895. Nothing Like It In The World- The Men Who Built The Transcontinental Railroad 1863-1869 - Stephen E. Ambrose, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY. 2000. Rails From the West: a Biography of Theodore D. Judah - Helen Hinkley, Golden West Books, San Marino, CA 1969. Ten Mile Day; And The Building of the Transcontinental Railroad – Mary Ann Fraser Henry Holt and Company, New York, NY 1993.
Industrial Buildings
• Buildings of the mid-19th century tended to be narrow enclosures with load-bearing walls
Industrial Buildings• Between 1874 and 1904 many
advances made– Construction methods
and materials– fire protection– steel trusses framing
Industrial Buildings• 1920’s industrial buildings were
being constructed with skeleton framing and curtain walls
Industrial Buildings• Concrete building systems have
also been developed. –cast-in-place– tilt-up–precast
Highways• Appian Way
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Interstate Highway System (1956)
I-17/I-10 Phoenix AZ
AirportsPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix, AZ
AirportsConstruction at Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport, 2002
Skyscrapers
• 1800’s few buildings were more than 100 ft high
–Walls were load bearing (up to 5 feet thick)
–Doors & window penetrations were kept to a minimum
Skyscr
aper
s
Skyscraper
s
Skyscrapers• Four engineering innovations had to
come together before the height of building would rise to a level where they would be called skyscrapers.– Safe elevators– Steel Framing– Fireproofing– Caisson method of foundation
construction
Bolted steel connections
Construction IndustryEgyptians
Greeks
Romans – corvee - Latin corrogare, to
summon together – Collegia
Construction IndustryRomans – Collegia• Membership for skilled craftsmen
became mandatory• Workers had to follow the same
trade for life and their descendants after them
• Wages were fixed• Craftsmen could be transferred to
any location as directed by the state
Master Builders• Reported to the owner
• Responsible for both
–Design and
–Construction
Master Builders
• Used the principle of proportional geometry to construct complicated designs with a minimum of equipment
Contractors• From the legal agreement or contract
that is negotiated and executed between the owner and the builder
• General contractor (GC)
• Specialty or trade contractors
–Electrical
–Plumbing
–Heating and air conditioning (HVAC)
Assignment• Due next class• What is the largest or most famous
_____ in your state? And why!!–Canal–Road–Bridge–Skyscraper–Airport