Construction and Monitoring Performance of Filterra® and...
Transcript of Construction and Monitoring Performance of Filterra® and...
NC APWA Conference September 2014
Construction and Monitoring Performance of Filterra® and BioPaveTM Units in
Fayetteville, NC
Andrew R. Anderson, M.S., EIT
Extension Associate
@NCSUstormwater
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North Carolina State University Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
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Courtesy Arkansas LID Manual
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Stormwater Control Measure Toolbox
• Bioretention • Vegetated swales • Green roofs • Rainwater harvesting • Permeable pavement • Sand filter • Catch basin insert • Stormwater wetlands • Detention/retention ponds
What about in series?
Proprietary devices?
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Stormwater Proprietary Devices
• New systems introduced faster than researchers can research them. How well do they compare to “traditional” BMPs?
• Numerous and varying testing protocols across U.S. • Unique opportunity between municipality,
manufacturers, and independent Universities to implement field-scale studies.
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Filterra® Bioretention System • High-flow surface
runoff filter (250-350 cm/h)
• Open-throat inlet ideal for curb flow
• Proprietary soil media with tree planter
Courtesy: www.filterra.com
Courtesy: www.filterra.com
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Filterra® BioPaveTM Stormwater System
Courtesy: www.filterra.com
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BioPaveTM Treatment Train
Permeable Pavement (PICP)
Filterra® Surface Inflow
To traditional storm drainage
network
LID Processes • Filtration • Infiltration
LID Processes • Filtration • Bio processes • Sorption • Evapotranspiration
Flow/WQ Flow/WQ Flow/WQ
Performance Evaluation: • PICP (in) PICP (out) • PICP (out) Filterra (out) • PICP (in) Filterra (out)
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Map Data source: http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/kidspg/geog.htm Climate Data source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina#Geography
Raleigh
Fayetteville Charlotte
Asheville
Wilmington
Fayetteville Characteristic Value
Annual Precipitation (mm) 1,143
Avg. Precipitation Days 111
Avg. Inter-Event Time (d) 3 to 4
10-yr, 24-h storm (mm) 140
Population (2010 Census) 374,157
Fayetteville, NC
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Research Site – Amtrak® Station
Amtrak Train Station
• 0.25-acre drainagearea
• 100% impervious • ~270:1 Loading Ratio
Installed Sept. 2012
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Stand-Alone Filterra® • Surface inflow from aging
asphalt parking lot • Media filtration and treatment • Outflow drainage to existing
storm sewer • Throat sized for the 10-yr
storm
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Stand-Alone Filterra® Sizing
Courtesy: www.filterra.com
*Re-surveyed area larger than originally thought
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PICP Area = 2,300 sf Runon Area = ~5000 sf (~2:1 ratio)
Filterra® BioPaveTM
Installed Sept. 2012
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Design Plan View
Check dam
Underdrain
4’x4’ Tree Filter
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Design Cross-Section
Concrete check dam
No. 2 Subbase
2” No. 8 Stone
3 1/8” Concrete
pavers
Subgrade
4” No. 57 Open-graded base
4” perforated underdrain
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To SW drainage network
OUTLET (TO STORM DRAIN)
INLET (FROM PICP)
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Constraints • Utilities • Traffic loading – 62,400
lifetime ESALs • Rel. High Slope • Soil parameters
– California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of 7-13
– Soil texture = sand/sandy loam
– Ksat = 0.25-0.5 cm/h
Courtesy: Tomorrow Lab L.L.C.
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Soil Excavation
• Avoid compaction of soil with heavy machinery as much as possible
• Preserve infiltration rate • Fayetteville install:
wanted less infiltration because of research – Could compact or line if
infiltration too high for research purposes
– BE CONSERVATIVE
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Subgrade Preparation • Ensure slope is correct (laser level, total station, etc.) • Install check dams
– Concrete – Filter fabric + No. 57 Stone
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Concrete Edging
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To Upturn or Not To Upturn?
• Generally: Yes in NC to store the Water Quality Volume
• Fayetteville Project: Goal was to also send water to the tree bioretention filter, so No upturn was used.
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Make sure quarry supplies washed stone!
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Finished PICP Surface
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Tree filter / bioretention install
Single Tree Planting
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Tree filter / bioretention install
• Outflow of tree filter connects to existing storm network
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Monitoring Goals
1. Evaluate water quality and hydrologic treatment performance of both PICP-Filterra and standard Filterra proprietary devices
– Monitoring Period from winter 2012 to present – To date: Fully analyzed sediment and hydrologic
performance for Stand-alone, nutrients on-going.
2. Collect hydrologic data of PICP SCM for use in calibration of DRAINMOD
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Hydrologic Monitoring • Multiple depth piezometers to see
what’s happening to zones • Monitoring drain time performance
throughout study and/or PICP lifespan
• Continuous rainfall at both sites
HOBO U20 Water Level Logger, Onset Computer Corporation
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Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs)
• Phosphorus (Total, Dissolved, Ortho-P) • Nitrogen (TKN, NOx, Ammonia, TN, Total & Diss.) • Total Suspended Solids • Suspended Sediment Concentration • Particle Size Distribution • Copper and Zinc (Total & Dissolved) • pH • Infiltration Rate of PICP
Monitoring Metrics
Hydrology
• Flow rate • Total volume • time metrics
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Water Quality Sampling: North End
(1) Standalone Filterra Inflow
• ISCO 6712 • Compound weir • Bubbler flow module • Rainfall
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Water Quality Sampling: North End
(2) Standalone Filterra Outflow
• ISCO 6712 • ISCO 6712 • Bubbler flow module • Cipoletti weir
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Water Quality Sampling: South End
(3) Inflow (sheet flow)
• ISCO 6712 • Slot drain • Rainfall
paced
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Water Quality Sampling: South End
(4) PICP Outflow/ Filterra Inflow
• ISCO 6712 • 30° V-notch
weir • Bubbler flow
module
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Water Quality Sampling: South End
(5) Filterra Outflow
• ISCO 6712 • 45° V-notch
weir • Bubbler flow
module
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PICP Clogging Monitoring • Can use ASTM C1781 for
permeable paver systems
single 300-mm diameter ring infiltrometer
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If Draining Impermeable Lot, Ensure It Is Clean!
• Maintenance is key! (more to come in the next presentation)
• Stabilized catchment • Leaf litter from tree
overhang
Clogging!
Old asphalt lot / PICP interface
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PICP Clogging Monitoring • Can use ASTM C1781 for
permeable paver systems • Extremely old and gritty lot
draining to pavers can be a maintenance issue
• Anecdotal evidence from this and other studies on upper-limit of contributing area
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PICP Clogging Monitoring • Accounted for reduced volume
infiltration based on a “clogging factor”
Restorative Maintenance (March 2014)
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Sediment Monitoring Data Characteristics
SEASON TSS Sample No.
SSC Sample No.
Winter 4 2
Spring 9 6
Summer 6 6
Fall 3 1
Total 22 15
• 22 water quality events captured • 103 hydrologic events captured
Parameter WQ Events Only
Hydrologic events
Average Rainfall (in.)
0.72 0.52
Max rainfall depth (in.)
1.94 4.94
Max intensity (in/h) 0.48 5.28
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Filterra® Hydrology
Metric Median Value
Inflow Peak (cfs) 0.33
Outflow peak (cfs) 0.082
Peak Ratio 0.47
Peak Flow Reduction 53%
• Peak flow reduction most noticeable for small storms
• Did not increase peak flow (pre vs. post)
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Filterra® Hydrologic Budget
Metric Median Value
Inflow Peak (cfs) 0.33
Outflow peak (cfs) 0.082
Peak Ratio 0.47
Peak Flow Reduction 53%
• Peak flow reduction most noticeable for small storms
• Did not increase peak flow (pre vs. post)
Inflow Outflow Bypass Other Total Volume (cubic feet) 44,691 34,106 8,361 2,190
Percent of Inflow (%) NA 76% 19% 6%
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Filterra® Hydrology
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Filterra® Sample Runoff Hydrographs
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Filterra® Capture Thresholds
• “Outflow” from Filterra® = underdrain + bypass
• Rational equation for pre- and post-construction (forested vs. paved) for various intensities
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Filterra® Capture Thresholds
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Filterra® Capture Thresholds
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Preliminary Phosphorus Statistics
Parameter All Storms (n = 21) TAPE (n = 9)
Influent Effluent Influent Effluent
Median EMC (mg/L) 0.07a** 0.038a** 0.20b** 0.048b**
Median Load (mg) 1.14c** 0.14c** 1.14d** 0.32d**
Low Phosphorus Inflow?
Median TP from typical parking lot (Passeport et al, 2009)
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Monitoring Results: Filterra® Total Suspended Sediment
Metric Parameter TSS SSC
Concentration Inlet mean (mg/L) 125 95 Outlet mean (mg/L) 4.9 4.3
Conc. Perc. Reduction (all storms) Median 94% 96%
Conc. Perc. Reduction (storms without bypass) Median 96% 96%
Event-based load reductions (all storms) Median 79% 82%
Event-based loadreductions (storms without bypass) Median 96% 96%
Cumulative load efficiency (all storms) 76% 79%
Cumulative load efficiency (no bypass) 96% 96%
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Monitoring Results: Filterra® Effluent Concentrations are Important!
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Monitoring Results: Filterra® Particle Size Distribution
Storm event Date
PSD Collected at Inlet?
PSD Collected at Outlet?
Feb. 26, 2013 X
Mar. 04, 2013 X
Mar. 19, 2013 X
Mar. 29, 2013 X
Jun. 10, 2013 X
Jun. 26, 2013 X X
July 02, 2013 X X
Aug. 13, 2013 X
Sep. 2, 2013 X X
Sep. 21, 2013 X
Nov. 1, 2013 X
Feb. 19, 2014 X
Apr 15, 2014 X X
Apr. 19, 2014 X
June 12, 2014 X
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BioPaveTM Water Quality:
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Parking Lot Underdrain Outflow
TSS
Load
ing
(Mg/
ha-
yr)
TSS
Permeable Pavement (PICP) Filterra®
Surface Inflow
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BioPaveTM Water Quality:
Permeable Pavement (PICP) Filterra®
Surface Inflow
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
PICP Filterra BioPave
TN L
oad
Redu
ctio
n (k
g/ha
-yr)
TN
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BioPaveTM Water Quality:
Permeable Pavement (PICP) Filterra®
Surface Inflow
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
PICP Filterra BioPave
TP L
oad
Redu
ctio
n (k
g/ha
-yr)
TP
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• 0.69 mg/L – “Excellent” WQ marker in the Piedmont for TN (McNett et al, 2010)
BioPaveTM Water Quality EMC: Total Nitrogen (Data 2012 – May 2014)
Site Median TN EMC (mg/L)
Runoff 0.83
PICP UD
0.81
Outflow 0.72
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BioPaveTM Water Quality EMC: Total Phosphorus (data from 2012-May 2014)
• 0.06 mg/L “Excellent” ambient water quality (McNett et al, 2010)
Site Median TP EMC (mg/L)
Runoff 0.069
PICP UD
0.043
Outflow 0.035
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Median Concentrations of Other Pollutants (as of May 2014)
Pollutant Inflow
(mg/L) Outflow (mg/L)
Ammoniacal Nitrogen-N 0.10 0.06
Nitrate/nitrite-N 0.11 0.15
TKN 0.90 0.42
Total Nitrogen 1.07 0.52
Total Phosphorus 0.07 0.04
Orthophosphate-P 0.03 0.03
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Low Nutrient Influent Loadings for Stand-Alone Filterra®….Why?
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Conclusions • Filterra device statistically treated 1” storms, and
showed similar outflow to pre-development conditions
• Filterra® sediment EMC efficiencies of 95%+ and load reductions of 75%+
• Clogging is an issue with dirty, large contributing areas
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Lessons Learned
• Maintenance is key to permeable pavement component
• City cooperation is key in field projects
• Not all urban watersheds are created equally
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References • ASTM Standard D448. (2008). “Standard Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge
Construction,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, DOI: 10.1520/D0448-08. • Brown, R.A., Skaggs, R.W, Hunt, W.F. (2013). “Calibration and Validation of DRAINMOD to Model
Bioretention Hydrology.” Journal of Hydrology, 486, 430-442. • Gee, G.W. and J.W. Bauder. (1995). Particle-size analysis in A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis,
Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. p. 383-411. • NC DENR (2007). Chapter 18: Permeable Pavement (rev. 2012) in Stormwater Best Management
Practices Manual. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality.
• Smith, D. R. (2011). Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements. 4th ed. Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, Montreal, Canada.
• Barrett, M.E., Lantin, A. and Austrheim-Smith, S. (2004). Stormwater pollutant removal in roadside vegetated buffer strips. Transport Res. Rec. 1890: 129-140.
• McNett, J. K., Hunt, W.F., and Osborne, J.A. (2010). Establishing storm-water BMP evaluation metrics based upon ambient water quality associated with benthic macroinvertebrate populations. J. of. Env. Eng. 136: 535-541.
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Acknowledgements • NCSU Stormwater Engineering Group • Filterra® Bioretention Systems • City of Fayetteville • Linda McKenzie & Jenny James, NCSU Center for Applied
Aquatic Ecology • AmtrakTM staff
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Andrew Anderson, E.I.T. [email protected] 919-515-8595