Construction and - Aitsolutions.ait.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AITS... · 2016-08-24 · 3...
Transcript of Construction and - Aitsolutions.ait.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AITS... · 2016-08-24 · 3...
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Workshop on
Earthquake Resilient Construction for School Buildings
Chandani Chandra Neupane
Post-earthquake School Reconstruction Project
Construction and Construction Safety
Day-2Session 3
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Construction
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.
Construction Material
Quality Control (Material, Construction)
Construction Practices
Construction Site Safety
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Construction Materials• Affect the seismic performance of a building.
• Suitability of construction materials depends on
characteristics of the materials themselves
their combination with other materials
• If the materials perform well both in compression and in tension, it is helpful
to resists the internal forces caused by earthquake.
A building constructed of brick in cement mortar will behave much better
than brick in mud mortar, provided all other parameters remain the same.
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Selection of Material
Construction Materials for earthquake safety
1. Highly suitable: steel, wood, RC
2. Moderately suitable: Brick, block, dressed stone masonry with good
mortar, compacted earth construction if appropriately reinforced
3. Slightly suitable: Unreinforced brick, block, stone masonry with good
mortar
4. Unsuitable: Unreinforced masonry with mud mortar, earthen walls
without reinforcement
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Selection of Material
Brick/Stone in
mud mortar
48%
Timber
19%
Brick/Stone in
cement mortar
18%
Others
15%
BUILDING TYPOLOGY
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Basic Materials & FinishesConstruction Material
Foundation
Brick on mud
Brick on cement
Stone on mud
Stone on cement
Concrete isolated footing
Wall
Brick on mud
Brick on cement
Stone on mud
Stone on cement
Interlocking Habitech blocks
Floor
RCC Slab
Wooden
Precast System
Openings
Timber
Aluminum
UPVC
CGI
Roof
CGI sheet on wooden joists
CGI sheet on steel truss
RCC slab
Roofing tiles on wooden joists
Roofing tiles on steel truss
Staircase
RCC
Timber
Steel
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Sand• From rivers/quarries• Clean, free of mud &
organic materials
Gravel • From rivers/quarries• Clean, free from mud and
organic materials• Diameter 1-2 cm
Cement• Portland Cement• Not hardened• Dry• Uniform color• Not mixed with other
materials
Burnt Bricks• Completely burnt• Flat, not warping• Doesn’t break easily• Uniform size• Corners not damaged• Over-burnt, under-burnt &
deformed bricks should be avoided.
CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING APPROPRIATE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
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CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING APPROPRIATE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Testing of sand
Sand for different uses:
a) fine sand for plaster construction;
b) coarse sand for mortar and concrete
construction, and
c) Excessively coarse sand
a b
c
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Timber•Dry•Straight•No cracks•No notch•Treated against termite
Water• Clean • Clear and no smell• No oil, acid, alkali, salt, organic
materials that can affect the R.C. bars
• Potable
Concrete Block
• Best from concrete mix• No cracks• Corners not damaged
Habitech interlocking block
• Dry• Flat, not warping• Undamaged frogs• Corners not damaged• No cracks
CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING APPROPRIATE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
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Steel Bars• Uniform size• Conform with standard bars• Not rusted• Straight• Diameter in accordance with
drawings
Rubble Stone
• Size as uniform as possible• Hard, tough, compact
grained, uniform in texture
• Rough surface (not smooth)
CGI Sheet• Uniform corrugation• Not rusted• Thickness according to
drawing
Steel Bars• Uniform size• Not rusted• Straight• Diameter in accordance
with drawings
CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING APPROPRIATE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
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Quarry Stones• Easily breakable soft stones
should be avoided.• Only solid & strong quarry
stones with no obvious fractures should be used.
Boulder Stone• Round boulders don't provide
uniform binding when used in wall construction, resulting in movement of individual boulders and ultimate failure of the wall during earthquake.
• Round boulders should be avoided or broken into angular pieces.
Mud Mortar • Mud for mortar should be free from organic
materials, pebbles & other hard materials which will upset the mortar thickness.
• Dry mud should be thoroughly kneaded with water to prepare a dense paste.
CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING APPROPRIATE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
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Attributes
Fiber
Cement
Board
Gypsum
BoardPlywood/OSB CGI Sheet GFRG Panel
Shera Wall
Board
Fire Resistance <3 hours X XNon-
combustible
>3 Hrs/Non-
combustibleFire resistant
Water & Moisture
ResistanceGood X X Excellent Excellent Good
Mold & Mildew
FreeGood X X Excellent Excellent Excellent
Insect Resistant Good X X Excellent Excellent Excellent
Water Absorption ≤35% 10%34-46% (Plywood)
13-26%(OSB)X <4% ≤35%
Thermal
Conductivity0.15 w/mk
6.3-17.3
w/mk0.13 w/mk 38 w/mk
0.0918 w/mk
(Unfilled Panel)0.15 w/m.k
Density1300±50
kg/cu.m.
700
kg/cu.m.
500-650 kg/cu.m.
(pine plywood) 900
kg/cu.m. (hard
plywood)
7850
kg/cu.m.
1650-1795
kg/cu.m.
1300±50
kg/cu.m.
COMPARISION OF MATERIALS FOR WALL
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Attributes
Fiber
Cement
Board
Gypsum
BoardPlywood/OSB CGI Sheet GFRG Panel
Shera Wall
Board
Bending Strength 7-8 MPa2.25-3.79
MPa1.2 MPa -- -- --
Compressive
Strength5-7 MPa 2.75 MPa 4.48-17.5 MPa -- 4.77 MPa --
Modulus of
elasticity
5500±50
MPa
1750-
2500
Mpa
100x103 MPa 207x103 MPa 3000-6000 MPa5500±50 Mpa
(Wet)
Nail Yes Yes Yes Yes X X
Cut/Saw-No
special toolsX Yes Yes Yes
Specific machine &
hammerX
Wallpaper over X Yes X X Yes
Sound & Heat
InsulationYes X Yes X
Good (Unfilled panel)
Excellent (concrete
filled panel)
Yes
Strong & Durable Yes X Yes Excellent Excellent Excellent
Light Weight X Yes X Yes Yes (40kg/sqm) Yes
Reusable X X X Yes X X
COMPARISION OF MATERIALS FOR WALL
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Attributes Fiber Cement Board Gypsum Board Plywood/OSB
Fire Resistance <3 hours X X
Water & Moisture Resistance Good X X
Mold & Mildew Free Good X X
Insect Resistant Good X X
Water Absorption ≤35% 10% 34-46% (Plywood) 13-26%(OSB)
Thermal Conductivity 0.15 w/mk 6.3-17.3 w/mk 0.13 w/mk
Density 1300±50 kg/cu.m. 700 kg/cu.m.500-650 kg/cu.m. (pine plywood) 900
kg/cu.m. (hard plywood)
Bending Strength 7-8 MPa 2.25-3.79 MPa 1.2 MPa
Compressive Strength 5-7 MPa 2.75 MPa 4.48-17.5 MPa
Modulus of elasticity 5500±50 MPa 1750-2500 Mpa 100x103 MPa
Nail Yes Yes Yes
Cut/Saw-No special tools X Yes Yes
Wallpaper over X Yes X
Sound & Heat Insulation Yes X Yes
Strong & Durable Yes X Yes
Light Weight X Yes X
COMPARISION OF MATERIALS FOR FALSE CEILING
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Attributes CGI Sheet Shera Wall Board
Fire Resistance Non-combustible Fire resistant
Water & Moisture Resistance Excellent Good
Mold & Mildew Free Excellent Excellent
Insect Resistant Excellent Excellent
Water Absorption X ≤35%
Thermal Conductivity 38 w/mk 0.15 w/m.k
Density 7850 kg/cu.m. 1300±50 kg/cu.m.
Modulus of elasticity 207x103 MPa 5500±50 Mpa (Wet)
Nail Yes X
Cut/Saw-No special tools Yes X
Wallpaper over X Yes
Sound & Heat Insulation X Yes
Environmentally 'Green' & Non-toxic X Yes
Strong & Durable Excellent Excellent
Light Weight Yes Yes
Reusable Yes X
COMPARISION OF MATERIALS FOR FALSE CEILING
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Quality Control (Material, Construction)
Re
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ire
me
nts
Sa
tisf
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tio
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Clie
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Cu
sto
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r
Product/service realization
Management responsibility
Measurement, analysis &
improvement
Resource management
Clie
nt/
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Continual Improvement of the Quality Control/Management System
InputOutput Product/
Services
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Quality Control Concept
Quality Control
Covers all activities from
DesignDevelopm
entProduction Installation Servicing
Documentation
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Quality Control Concept
Elements of Good Quality Control
i. Regular testing of construction materials at qualified
laboratories (at site or away)
ii. Periodic training of workmen at professional training houses
iii. On-site evaluation of the technical work
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Quality Control
Need for Mason Training
• Key actors in every type of construction
• No awareness of earthquake resistant technology
• Unknown about reducing the earthquake risk
• Who recommend owner on materials selection & construction process
• Have greater role in building production in terms of quantity and quality
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Quality of Material
• Material quality has to be ensured for good final quality of Construction
• Quality of material should be selected beforehand the construction is
started
• The standard practice of construction should be decided during the
planning and designing phase
• Quality depends according to construction type, structural element and
location of site
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Use of Equipment
Manual Mixing of ConcreteMachine Mixing of Concrete at site
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Use of Equipment
Needle VibratorCompactor
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Service lines
1. Electricity line
2. Plumbing (Water supply and sewerage)
3. Telephone cabling
4. Gas pipe line
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Construction Practices
• Rapid growth of urban population: Doubling every 10-15 years
• Demanding high rate of building production.
Fig. Housing Scenario in Nepal
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Construction Practices
Masons
90%
Professionals
10%
Involvement in Construction
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Construction Practices
Key actors in Construction Practice
• Engineers or professionals
• Masons
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Construction Practices
• Most municipalities have a
system of building permits.
• But there is no provision in the
process to check the submitted
plans against the strength
criteria.
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Engineered Constructions: Buildings designed, supervised and constructed as per
standard engineered practices. Involvement of engineers and professionals throughout
the whole process of design, construction & completion.
Innovate l Integrate l Collaborate
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Engineered Constructions
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Engineered Constructions
Health Post constructed with Stone reinforced masonry in cement sand mortar, designed with
proper seismic bands and light weight roof, supervised by engineers.
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Semi-engineered Constructions: Involvement of engineers and professionals only in
design stage. Masons with the contractors take the rest of the responsibility.
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Semi-engineered Constructions
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Semi-engineered Constructions: Poor Engineered construction
RC Building with brick masonry
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Semi-engineered Constructions: Poor Engineered construction
RC Building with brick masonry
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Non-engineered Constructions: No involvement of any professional at any stage.
Stone Masonry Brick Masonry
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Residential Buildings in Hilly Region
Different types of Non-engineered Constructions in Nepal:
Stone Masonry
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Different types of Non-engineered Constructions in Nepal:
Stone Masonry
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Prevailing Construction Practices in Nepal
Different types of Non-engineered Constructions in Nepal:
Stone Masonry
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Unsafe buildings: Roots of Earthquake Risk
Main causes:
• Poverty
• Rapid population growth
• Lack of awareness, knowledge and skills for earthquake
resistant construction & earthquake risk
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Initiatives for improving seismic performance of
new school constructions
• Efforts to build the capacity of local authorities (municipalities)
in adopting seismic provision of building codes in their building
permit process.
• Seismic intervention with community participation & with local
mason involvement to promote safe construction
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Approaches to promote safe school construction
4 main strategies:
i. Raising awareness
ii. Improve capacity of engineering community, including
engineers, sub-engineers towards earthquake safety.
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Approaches to promote safe school construction
iii. Improve the capacity of the main actors of the building
production process – the masons, the chief masons, and
the sub-contractors
iv. Institutionalize quality control of construction materials as
well as that of the construction processes
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Construction Site Safety
No job is so important that it cannot be done safely
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Construction Accidents
Fall from height56%
Trapped by collapsing or overturning
21%
Struck by moving vehicle
10%
Electricity5%
Falling object4%
Moving Machine3%
Hot or hamful substance1%
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Safe Access On Site: Good practice
• Everyone can get to their place of work safely
• Edges from which people could fall are provided with double guard rails or other suitable edge protection
• Holes are protected with clearly marked and fixed covers to prevent falls
• Site is tidy
• Good lighting
• Fenced off from public
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Working at Height: Good practice
• Using ladders or scaffolding with proper fixing
• Never use incomplete scaffolding.
• Make sure there are hand rails and toe boards at all edges
• Things fall on sites, wear your helmet
• Before starting work at heights check for clearance from any overhead power lines
• Always inspect a roof before you walk on it
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Good practice
• All excavations deeper than 1.25 meters must be shored or battered.
• Make sure you know where any underground pipes and cables are before you hit them
• Remember: There is no safe ground that “will not collapse”
• Trench sides can collapse without warning
• Treat electricity with respect
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48welders operate without and with welding goggles
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Safety
Most construction sites require at least:
• Hard hat
• Safety Boots
• Safety jacket
• Safety Glasses
• Dust Mask
Wear them always for your safety
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