Constitutional Issues - Chapter 11
Transcript of Constitutional Issues - Chapter 11
Michelle PalaroCJUS 2360Fall 2015
A Foundation for Understanding Constitutional Law
Chapter 11The Sixth
Amendment: Right to Counsel and a Fair
Trial
Introduction The 6th Amendment is not that familiar to
the public
It deals with the fairness at trial and the right to a lawyer during the time leading up to and during prosecution
The 6th Amendment protects the individual against the government’s unlimited resources and ensure a fair trial
Speedy and Public Trial The 6th Amendment require a speedy and
public trial A delayed or prolonged trial is inherently
unfairo With the assumption of a person is innocent
until proven guilty, each individual charged with a crime has the right to have their determination made as quickly as possible
Delay that harms the accused’s defense may cause the charges to be dismissed
Barker v. Wingo , 407 U.S. 514 (1972)
Facts: Defendant charged with murder and tried five years later after numerous continuances by the prosecution
Issues: Was the trial “speedy” enough under the 6th Amendment?
Holding: No Rationale: A trial is sufficiently “speedy” is
determined by:1. The length of the delay2. The reason for the delay3. The defendant’s assertion of this right4. The harm caused
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barker_v._Wingo
Where the Trial Is Held 6th Amendment requires that the trial occur in
the state and district in which the crime was committed
Venueo The geographical area in which a specific case may
come to trial, and the area from which the jury is selected
A defendant may seek a change of venue for several reasons:1. Such prejudice in the county where the case is to be
tried that the defendant cannot obtain a fair and impartial trial there
2. Another location is much more convenient for the parties and witnesses than the intended place of trial, and the interests of justice require a transfer of location
An Impartial and Representative Jury
The 6th Amendment requires an impartial and representative jury
All crimes involving the potential of jail time do not require a jury trialo “Petty crimes” do not require a jury trial• No definition from Supreme Court as to what
a petty crime is More serious offenses warrant a jury trial
o Generally those who punishments could exceed jail time of six months
An Impartial Jury Voir dire
o The process of questioning potential jurors to determine their impartiality
Peremptory challengeso A specific number of allowances
given to each side in a case so that they may assert to remove a potential juror for any reason whatsoever
Batson v. Kentucky , 476 U.S. 79 (1986)
Facts: Batson, a black man, was on trial charged with second-degree burglary and receipt of stolen goods. During the jury selection, the prosecutor used his peremptory challenges to strike the four black persons on the venire, resulting in a jury composed of all whites. Batson was convicted on both of the charges against him
Issues: Did the prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges to exclude the four blacks from the jury violate Batson's Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights?
Holding: Yes Rationale: Prosecutors’ peremptory challenges to
exclude from a jury members of the defendant’s race based only on racial grounds violates the equal protection rights of both the defendant and the excluded juror
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batson_v._Kentucky
Right to Counsel The right to counsel is the only 6th
Amendment guarantee that extends beyond the trial
Everyone has the right to legal representation
Every lawyer has an obligation to do everything legally permissible to see that the client’s rights are upheld
It is to ensure that those accused are afforded their legal right and that they understand the process in which they are involved
Powell v. Alabama
Facts: Nine black youths -- young, ignorant, and illiterate -- were accused of raping two white women. Alabama officials sprinted through the legal proceedings: a total of three trials took one day and all nine were sentenced to death. Known as the “Scottsboro” boys
Issues: Did the trials violate the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment?
Holding: Yes Rationale: The defendants were not given
reasonable time and opportunity to secure counsel in their defense
Gideon v. Wainwright
Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 (1963)
Facts: Gideon was charged with breaking and entering, a felony. At trial, Gideon appeared in court without an attorney and asked the judge to appoint counsel for him because he could not afford an attorney. The trial judge denied Gideon’s request because Florida law only permitted appointment of counsel for poor defendants charged with capital offenses
Issues: Was Gideon denied his right to counsel under the 6th Amendment?
Holding: Yes Rationale: The Court held that the 6th Amendment’s
guarantee of counsel is a fundamental right essential to a fair trial and, as such, applies the states through the 14th Amendment for this “deprivation of liberty.” Not only was the right to counsel absolute, but also in all serious cases, indigent defendants accused of a felony were to be provided with legal counsel
Argersinger v. Hamlin , 407 U.S. 25 (1972)
Facts: Argersinger was an indigent charged with carrying a concealed weapon with a maximum penalty of six months in jail and a $1,000 fine. During the bench trial in which he was convicted and sentenced to serve ninety days in jail, Argersinger was not represented by an attorney
Issues: Was the defendant entitled to an attorney? Holding: Yes Rationale: The Court extended the right to an
attorney to defendants accused of misdemeanor offenses. Any time the penalty could include prison, the defendant must have access to a lawyer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argersinger_v._Hamlin
Right to Counsel at Critical Stages of Criminal Proceedings
The Supreme Court has held that no one may be imprisoned for any level of crime without legal representation, unless the accused has knowingly and intelligently waived their right
6th Amendment right to legal counsel occurs at every critical stage of a criminal proceeding, including during the investigation, at hearings and during the trial
A critical stage is any step during a criminal prosecution where the accused’s rights may be affected by the absence of legal representation
Massiah v. United States , 377 U.S. 201 (1964)
Facts: After pleading not guilty and being released on bail, a co-defendant cooperated with the police to record defendant’s incriminating statements
Issues: Did this violate the 6th Amendment? Holding: Yes Rationale: Though it was proper to continue
the investigation, using the co-defendant to interrogate the defendant without his attorney present violated the 6th amendment and the statements are excluded as inadmissible
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massiah_v._United_States
Rights during Identification Criminal procedure defines ways police
identify suspects to victims or other witnesses
Show-up:o Identification technique in which only one
individual is shown to the victim or witness Line-up:
o Identification technique in which the victim or witness is shown several people, including the suspect
Blind Line-up:o One conducted by someone who does not
know who the suspect is
United States v. Wade & Gilbert v. California , 388 U.S. 218 (1967)
Facts: Two men were indicted for bank robbery and appointed counsel to defend them. They were brought before witnesses to participate in a line up identification procedure without the benefit of the presence of counsel, after indictment, but prior to trial. They were identified
Issues: Did the defendants have the right to notify their attorneys and have them present at the lineup?
Holding: Yes Rationale: The Court held that pretrial lineups invoke
the 6th Amendment protection and require that the suspect have a lawyer. This was a critical stage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Wade http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_v._California
Rights during Identification, cont’d Foster v. California (1969)
o Lineups may not be arranged in such a manner as to make the defendant stand out from the others in any unnecessarily suggestive ways
o https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/394/440/
Kirby v. Illinois (1972)o Pre-indictment identification procedures are
not critical stages of criminal proceedings, so there is no 6th Amendment right to a lawyer
o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_v._Illinois
Rights during Identification, cont’d Factors to consider in determining witness
reliability:o The opportunity of the witness to view the
defendant during the crimeo The level of attention the witness was paying to
the defendanto The accuracy of any descriptions of the
defendant made by the witness before the identification procedure
o The witness’s level of certainty in his or her identification
o The time between the crime and confrontation .
Critical Stages at Hearings, Trials and Appeals
Moore v. Michigan (1957)o Established that a defendant has the right to
counsel while submitting a guilty plea to the court
o https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/355/155/
Douglas v. California (1963)o Any hearing or trial through the first appeal of
right invokes the 6th Amendment right to counsel• But does not extend to any additional
appeals• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_v._Calif
ornia
The Presumption of Effective Counsel
Powell v. Alabama (1932)o The 6th Amendment right to counsel presumes
counsel is effective
Effective counsel - “The proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms …The benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result”
Waiver of 6th Amendment Right to Legal Counsel
A suspect cannot be forced to deal with an attorney and so may waive this right
Patterson v. Illinois (1988)o Held that a valid waiver of Miranda rights not only
waives the 5th Amendment right against self-incrimination but also waves the 6th Amendment right to counsel
The requirements that a waiver be knowing, voluntary, and intelligent remain the same
For a waiver to be effective, it need not be in writing, but whatever statement is made by the suspect must show there was, in fact an intentional relinquishment of the known right
The Right to Act as One’s Own Counsel
People may elect to appear in court pro seo Appearing in court without an attorney,
representing oneself Some defendants distrust attorneys in
general Others believe they can handle their
defense adequately The expense of hiring a lawyer or not
qualifying for legal aid compels some to defend themselves
The Right to Act as One’s Own Counsel, cont’d
Faretta v. California (1975)o Set forth three conditions to be met
before a person could represent themselves:1. Awareness of the right to counsel2. A valid waiver of 6th Amendment rights3. Competency
o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faretta_v._California
An accused who represents themselves cannot later claim ineffective counsel
In re Gault
In re Gault , 387 U.S. 1 (1967)
Facts: Gault was a 15 year-old accused of making an obscene telephone call to a neighbor. At his hearing, the probation officers filed a report listing the charge as lewd phone calls. An adult charged with the same crime would have received a maximum sentence of a $50 fine and two months in jail
Issues: Do procedural rights of a juvenile defendant in delinquency proceedings where there is a possibility of incarceration entitle the juvenile to counsel?
Holding: Yes Rationale: The 6th and 14th Amendment applies to
juveniles, gives them right against self-incrimination, receive notice of charges, confront and cross-examine witnesses and counsel
The 6th Amendment and Corrections
Like the 5th Amendment, the 6th Amendment is not frequently cited in prisoners’ rights lawsuits
For prisoners, cases based on the 6th Amendment involve the right to a speedy trial and the detainer problemo Document filed against inmates who have other criminal
charges pending against them Mempa v. Rhay (1967)
o Convicted offenders have right to assistance of counsel at probation revocation hearings in which sentencing has been deferred
o https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/389/128/ Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
o Probationers/parolees have a constitutionally limited right to counsel on a case-by-case basis at revocation proceedings
o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagnon_v._Scarpelli